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Motives: This study was undertaken to fill in the gap in theoretical knowledge about the challenges associated with transformations in the modern urban environment, the socio-cultural consequences of external changes in the urban landscape, and growing interest in the urban environment as a unique locus of artistic and creative activity. Aim: The purpose of the study was to analyse modern methods of optimising the urban environment by means of visual art, lighting design, landscape architecture, and small architectural forms. Results: A harmonious urban environment was created in Kharkiv through the introduction of sophisticated design elements, art objects, and urban furniture in the architectural context. These elements were integrated to create distinct and high-quality urban recreation areas. Basic modelling principles for optimising the urban environment can be used to analyse and combine the existing methods, and search for new opportunities to implement creative design solutions.

It is well known that worsening of economic situation leads to pauperization of the population and deterioration in food quality, what in turn negatively affects the physical and mental health of people. In this regard, it is particularly relevant to study the problems of correlation between traditional nutrition together with the modern food practices and the standards of healthy nutrition. The aim of the study is to determine the role of traditional nutrition and modern food practices with regard to the health of the population of the Republic of Moldova. One of the main tasks is to define the scale of maintaining traditional nutrition by different ethnic communities of Moldova. The essence of the interdisciplinary approach is that, along with the approaches and methods customary for ethnology, it is planned to use some elements from the field of medicine, dietology and nutritiology in the future study. For example, the list of tasks includes identification of the new products and the new food practices in daily nutrition of the population, as well as calculation of calories consumed and their further comparison with the standards of healthy eating. This study will demonstrate the fact that the subject field of ethnology continues to expand and provides opportunities for new interdisciplinary research.

The issues of the Yakut language functioning — the native language of the majority of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) inhabitants — in the field of education are considered. The authors proceed from the fact that, being one of the key areas (along with such regulated areas of communication as the sphere of official office work, the media, science, etc.) necessary for the preservation and sustainable development of the language, the education sector is able to reflect the current language situation in the region, identify risks and threats to the existence of a particular language. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that we are on the eve of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022—2032), proclaimed by the UN General Assembly. The results of a comparative analysis of the status of the Yakut language de jure and de facto based on the analysis of relevant legislative acts and the results of surveys among residents of Yakutia in 2021 are presented. It is concluded that the analysis carried out makes it possible to judge the negative dynamics, which manifests itself in a moderate but continuous decrease in linguistic competence among native speakers of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. It is noted that this situation at the present stage is noticeable only to experts and philologists, but it poses a certain threat to the existence of the language in the long term.

В статье обсуждается характер языковой идентичности современной молодежи саха г. Якутска Республика Саха (Якутия), в том числе в динамике по материалам авторских исследований в ходе этносоциопсихолингвистического мониторинга 2007, 2014, 2021 гг. Установлена устойчивость этноязыковой идентичности молодежи саха при агрессивном влиянии внешних факторов (объективном снижении языковой компетенции, снижении активных навыков и усилении пассивных). Коммуникативная стратегия отличается замещением языковой компетенции социолингвистической компетенцией и социолингвистической аккомодацией. Значимой социолингвистической характеристикой молодежи является наличие этноязыковых ресурсов для воспроизводства родного языка. Они находятся в весьма инертном состоянии вследствие трансформации ценностей подрастающего поколения, сокращения условий билингвизма под воздействием лингвополитических, социально-экономических факторов, негативного воздействия массовой цифровизации.

The land fund is the most important economic category of any constituent entity of the Russian Federation. But as a space of a natural-territorial complex, represents a natural complex and a space of vital activity. Of particular importance today are agricultural land, which has been largely neglected in the development of spatial planning, and no land management documentation system has been developed for its rational use; behind which is a whole complex of works, including land administration. State land surveillance is also weak, as evidenced by the increase in the degradation of salinization, waterlogging, woodland and agricultural shrubs, especially arable land. There is therefore a need to ensure the effectiveness of existing measures to ensure the rational management and protection of agricultural land.

Bimetallic Fe-Ag composites were fabricated based on silver (I) ferrite (AgFeO2) synthesized using a co-precipitation method with and without the polyvinyl alcohol as a nanoparticle stabilizer, followed by the heat treatment at 500, 700 and 900°C and electrochemical reduction. Phase compositions and morphological features of AgFeO2 samples produced after heat treatment and after electrochemical experiments were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy. A decrease in the temperature of the thermal decomposition of silver ferrite prepared with polyvinyl alcohol was established. The possibility of the electrochemical reduction of AgFeO2 in aqueous alkaline catholyte on a copper cathode with the formation of crystalline phases of both metals or their alloy was shown. The Fe-Ag composites formed during heat treatment and electrochemical reduction were used as electrocatalysts in the electrohydrogenation of p- and o-isomers of nitrobenzoic acid and exhibited high activity. Compared to their electrochemical reduction under similar conditions, the hydrogenation rate and hydrogen utilization coefficient were increased, and their conversion reached the maximum values. The main products of electrocatalytic hydrogenation are p- and o-isomers of aminobenzoic acid, which are widely used in the production of drugs (for example, benzocaine, novocaine., etc.).

26 species of invasive alien plant species enter the arable land in Bulgaria as weeds. Some of these species are already causing economic damage and are included in the list of the 100 most economically important weeds. For others, it is only a matter of time before they are included in this list. Possessing a complex of qualities, they spread quickly and aggressively, occupying new areas and settling permanently in them. As artificial habitats in which there is no permanent vegetation, arable land is one of the easiest terrains to invade. The study examines the biological characteristics that determine the invasive nature of this group of plants, their origin, distribution routes, weed crops and control measures that can be taken. Particular attention shall be paid to the additional effects that these species may have on human health, on cultivated crops and on natural habitats located in the neighborhood.

The city image presents an important part of urban research, because representations about the city basically underlie urban identities and are connected with its symbolic capital and attractiveness for the residents. Our earlier research of urban identity in Chisinau included images of the city it was based on and showed their inconsistency. Considering that images represent cognitive and emotional matrixes of the historic period of their formation, congruent with the existing social construct, it is important to trace dynamics of formation and contents of the Chisinau images, which are being formed as the public/brand ones in the touristic albums and guides of the Soviet period, as well as in the years of independence of the Republic of Moldova. For this purpose, we selected several sources from the both periods and carried out their comparison according to the identified categories. The results of the analysis proved the existing correlation between the city image from the albums and the main notional trends of the time of their creation. We can trace evolution of creation of the “new” city concept in the Soviet period and flourishing of this idea in 1980s. During the independence period the city image reflects some obvious ideas of identity search, revision of history, a European city, revival of traditional culture as one of the key components of national identity, which will define the appearance of the city as well. It is challenging to continue the research on additional sources from the last 5–10 years.

The topicality of the research is substantiated by the transformations in higher education, leading to changes in professional activity of teachers, working in the conditions of constantly updating educational environment and the lack of modern textbooks satisfying the educational needs of students, postgraduate students and university teaching staff members. The purpose of the article is to reveal the criteria for development and the requirements for the textbooks intended for students of universities and for university instructors in the process of continuing professional education, as well as to propose new approaches to involving students in active use of textbooks. The leading approach to the analysis of the stated problem was the competence-activity approach. The tendency of changing students’ views on the “ideal” textbook at the under-and post-graduate level is revealed. A promising technique of students ' work with textbooks, additional to the traditional types of work, is described. The methodology of the organization of learners’ activities with a textbook in the unity of specific professional and humanitarian contexts, as well as the rationale for designing the content of a textbook at the levels of subject knowledge and experience mastering are presented. The examples of publications based on different approaches are given – an electronic textbook with a fundamental representation of educational technologies and a textbook developed on the basis of the idea of a class designer. The presented results can be used for theoretical analysis of the methodology of textbooks development and for the improvement of textbook compiling practices.

The rational organization of land use is one of the main tasks in modern so-ciety. The article in the framework of the study was devoted to the determi-nation of the state and use of agricultural land in the Sverdlovsk region in the post-reform period, an analysis of the current organization for the use of agricultural land. According to the authors' planned development of the in-formation and analytical system "State and use of agricultural land of the municipal district", the authors proposed key provisions for rationalizing the use of rural land at the level of the municipal district.

The article presents a range of areas of sociolinguistic study of urban space in a variety of aspects and research objects. A variety of approaches to the study of the languages of the city and the language of the city takes into account the modern realities of the languages situation, ethno-linguistic processes and therefore proceeds from the actual linguistic, social, historical, cultural and legal factors in the process of interaction between languages. For students, graduate students, young researchers.

This paper examines the case of Chisinau urban milieu in the context of the ongoing process of transition. The capital city of the Republic of Moldova represents the reflection of society as a whole, being not just a political, cultural and economic center of the country, but a migration hub for the rest of the Moldovan population as well. As a post-Soviet and East-European city, it combines features of both modernization and degradation, generating such phenomena as ruralisation, gated communities in the center of the city, semi-public spaces, chaotic parking, lack of city planning, lack of heterogeneity of the urban space, etc. The urban milieu of Chisinau represents a complicated formation of coexisting social strata with different cultures, memories, aesthetics and urban identities, which can be sometimes conflicting. More uniform representations about the city need the actualization of its symbolic capital, as well as the creation and maintenance of a brand, which should unite core features of different urban identities.

The article deals with the integration of formal and informal education of university instructors within the framework of the School of Pedagogical Excellence (SPE) as an environment for pedagogical creativity. The authors analyze the general cultural competencies in the educational standards of higher education, reflecting the requirements for the creative training of university graduates. A brief overview of researches on educational technologies, creativity and professional development of university instructors, including medical ones, is given. The article presents the approaches to solving the problems of continuous pedagogical training of medical university instructors in terms of the SPE potential. The structure and activities of the SPE are demonstrated. The University instructors are trained in 11 additional professional programs of advanced pedagogical education and retraining. This diversity gives a possibility to satisfy various educational needs of staff members. The Center for Pedagogical Innovations of the University performs the function of psychological and andragogical support for teaching doctors in creativity and distribution of innovative experience. It also accumulates the experience and options for non-formal education. The results of the study can be used to create a system for continuous pedagogical training of university instructors of medical and other professional areas.

Photosynthetic organisms provide food and energy for nearly all life on Earth, yet half of their protein-coding genes remain uncharacterized1,2. Characterization of these genes could be greatly accelerated by new genetic resources for unicellular organisms. Here, we generated a genome-wide, indexed library of mapped insertion mutants for the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The 62,389 mutants in the library, covering 83% of nuclear, protein-coding genes, are available to the community. Each mutant contains unique DNA barcodes, allowing the collection to be screened as a pool. We performed a genome-wide survey of genes required for photosynthesis, which identified 303 candidate genes. Characterization of one of these genes, the conserved predicted phosphatase-encoding gene CPL3, showed it is important for accumulation of multiple photosynthetic protein complexes. Notably, 21 of the 43 highest-confidence genes are novel, opening new opportunities for advances in our understanding of this biogeochemically fundamental process. This library will accelerate the characterization of thousands of genes in algae, plants and animals., Editorial summary: Generation of a library of 62,389 mapped insertion mutants for the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii enables screening for genes required for photosynthesis and the identification of 303 candidate genes.

Studying a city image presents an important part of urban research, because representations about the city basically underlie urban identities, the city image being correlated with its brand and urban milieu. Scientific sources in general provide no explicit definition of city image, referring generally to analysis of its aspects from different research positions. Thus, city image can be handled through a contextual aspect, a narrative one, or from perspective of the process of its formation and interpretation by different subjects. Local urban research dealt with analysis of the Chisinau city image in fiction, historical sources, and touristic offers. Our previous research dealt with urban identity features of Chisinau residents, including city images and representations of respondents it was based on. The aim of the present research is to study the city image formed as an image-building one in the touristic albums and guides issued during both Soviet and independence periods of Moldovan history. For this purpose, we selected several sources from the both periods and carried out their comparison according to the identified categories and their contents. One of the tasks comprised detection of Chisinau image nucleus and its periphery. Image nucleus presents some consistent recurrent characteristics, while periphery is formed from inconsistent representations, formed by a historic, political, or sociocultural context. For example, apparent are ideological differences, determined by political contexts, such as focus on development of industry, system of education, infrastructure etc. during the Soviet times. A special interest presents the category of culture (ethnic), which is important for the both periods – before and after 1991. In general research of Chisinau images is essential for formation of a tailored modern city image, as well as for estimation of its attractiveness for the residents as a resource for a sustainable development of the urban community and country as a whole.

The results of an empiric research of urban identity, carried out by the author among the residents of Chisinau, showed the importance of the rural component in the city image. The present article deals with the juxtaposition of urban and rural characteristics in the image of Chisinau, selected from the empiric materials (interviews): life style, behavior, culture, visual practices of dealing with urban space, urban identity and the problem of its development, urban socialization and transmission of experience of living in an urban space, the problem of coexistence of the two city “centers” – an urban and a rural one. The relevance of this opposition for the city discourse can be explained by deviations from an ideal city image, existing in the representations of the residents with an expressed urban identity. In general, the given opposition represents a continuum with different forms and correlations of their typical features. It is a complex problem with reasons lying in the particularities of the urbanization process in the Republic, the harsh social stratification after the USSR disintegration and the intensive internal migration as a consequence of socio-economic reasons, typical for the transition period. Under the conditions of lack of coherent and positive representations about the city, special focus should be placed on the estimation and development of its symbolic capital, so that parallel to the active change of the city outlook and its infrastructure, its attractiveness for the residents could also be strengthened. &nbsp

Cerium-doped and cerium-boron co-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts were synthesized by non-aqueous sol-gel procedure. Titania samples were prepared from TiCl4 and benzyl alcohol, Ce(III) nitrate and boric acid were used as cerium and boron sources. All synthesized samples had anatase phase with an average crystal size of 12 - 20 nm. The photocatalytic efficiency of pure or doped titania was tested by degradation of dye malachite green (MG) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) irradiation. Doping with cerium and co-doping with cerium-boron did not lead to significant improvement of the photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. Under Vis light, the cerium-boron co-modified preparations containing 0.5 % and 1 % cerium showed improved photocatalytic activity compared to pure TiO2 . The most effective photocatalytic action under visible light irradiation showed the boron single-modified titania sample.

Summary Pure and nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) photocatalysts were prepared by non-aqueous sol-gel method by means of the reaction between titanium (IV) chloride (TiCl4) and C6H5CH2 OH (benzyl alcohol), used as precursors and urea serving as a nitrogen source. The phase formation and short-range order of the resulting particles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The crystallite size of as-prepared composite powders was in the range 12-35 nm. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficiency of N-doped TiO2 as a photocatalyst in degradation of model organic pollutants - dyes Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Malachite Green (MG), under ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) irradiation. 0ur results indicated that synthesized N-TiO2 nanocomposites slightly improved the photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation, compared to the pure titanium dioxide (TiO2), and had no effect under Vis light illumination.

The article provides the results of studies on the influence of microbiological risks caused by the used raw materials and the technological modes of manufacture on the quality and storage capacity of recombined butter. The objects of study were the following: butter - raw material; fat mixture before and after pasteurization; butter made according to the recombination scheme using pasteurization and without pasteurization of the normalized fat dispersion. Samples were stored at temperature conditions (3±2) °C, (10±1) °С, and (25±1) °С. Microbiological, organoleptic and physicochemical indicators were determined by standardized methods to assess the quality and storage capacity of the butter. The results of the research have shown that microbiological risks in the manufacture of recombined butter are due to the quality of raw materials, compliance with technological parameters of manufacture, sanitary and hygienic conditions of production, and temperature conditions for storing butter.

Porous materials with well-defined porosity have advantages in a wide range of applications, including filtration media, catalysis, and electrodes. The bottom-up fabrication of inverse opals have promised to provide those nanostructures, but fabrication of these materials is often plagued with large numbers of defects and macro-scale cracks. Here, we present a method for making nanostructured porous clay films with well defined pore size that are crack free over a large area (multiple cm2).

Photosynthetic organisms provide food and energy for nearly all life on Earth, yet half of their protein-coding genes remain uncharacterized1,2. Characterization of these genes could be greatly accelerated by new genetic resources for unicellular organisms that complement the use of multicellular plants by enabling higher-throughput studies. Here, we generated a genome-wide, indexed library of mapped insertion mutants for the flagship unicellular algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii(Chlamydomonas hereafter). The 62,389 mutants in the library, covering 83% of nuclear, protein-coding genes, are available to the community. Each mutant contains unique DNA barcodes, allowing the collection to be screened as a pool. We leveraged this feature to perform a genome-wide survey of genes required for photosynthesis, which identified 303 candidate genes. Characterization of one of these genes, the conserved predicted phosphataseCPL3, showed it is important for accumulation of multiple photosynthetic protein complexes. Strikingly, 21 of the 43 highest-confidence genes are novel, opening new opportunities for advances in our understanding of this biogeochemically fundamental process. This library is the first genome-wide mapped mutant resource in any unicellular photosynthetic organism, and will accelerate the characterization of thousands of genes in algae, plants and animals.

The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a leading unicellular model for dissecting biological processes in photosynthetic eukaryotes. However, its usefulness has been limited by difficulties in obtaining mutants in specific genes of interest. To allow generation of large numbers of mapped mutants, we developed high-throughput methods that (1) enable easy maintenance of tens of thousands of Chlamydomonas strains by propagation on agar media and by cryogenic storage, (2) identify mutagenic insertion sites and physical coordinates in these collections, and (3) validate the insertion sites in pools of mutants by obtaining >500 bp of flanking genomic sequences. We used these approaches to construct a stably maintained library of 1935 mapped mutants, representing disruptions in 1562 genes. We further characterized randomly selected mutants and found that 33 out of 44 insertion sites (75%) could be confirmed by PCR, and 17 out of 23 mutants (74%) contained a single insertion. To demonstrate the power of this library for elucidating biological processes, we analyzed the lipid content of mutants disrupted in genes encoding proteins of the algal lipid droplet proteome. This study revealed a central role of the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase LCS2 in the production of triacylglycerol from de novo-synthesized fatty acids.

The paper shows new approaches to the rational use of the urban area depending on the significant and technical features of the landscape (mouth of rivers, ravines) becoming the unique prerequisites for planning deep and spatial public-recreational urban areas created at the underground level. The issues of the analysis of the world and Russian experience in the underground urban planning are solved, the application of the ecological measures on the example of the experimental planning underground recreational spaces in Volgograd. Architectural and landscape planning rests on a hypothetic model of the underground spatial and recreational area with regard to the ravine relief. The research embrace landscape, architectural, ecological design of underground spatial and recreational urban spaces built on the peculiarities of the relief. The main techniques in the work became: the method of system approach; the analysis of design and scientific research in publication and regulation sources; modeling and experimental planning. The results of the work: some natural prerequisites have been revealed to organize public and recreational underground spaces the structure of which included the underground construction, an open landscape park zone and the space overlapped by contemporary envelopes and an exploited roof with planting. The planning is directed at the improvement of the ecological state of the environment, the provision of the efficient use of the territory, forming emotional expressive panoramas enhancing an aesthetic image of the city.

Urban planning is a critical issue in urban planning around the world. Real monitoring of landscape and environmental processes, urban planning and sustainable development designers associate with the construction of virtual models. The aim of the study is to develop methodological approaches to planning in the field of landscape and environmental sustainability taking into account the landscape features of the city of Volgograd and the formation of a topographic basis of a virtual model aimed at resolving environmental, social and figurative problems of the city. The construction of the landscape object of the Green ring in the suburban area of Volgograd and the environmental impact of the water surfaces of the Volga river on the sustainable development of the comfortable spaces of the city were analyzed. The modeling for the integration of a system of natural components of the landscape based on the climate aspect and the specifics of the topography in the virtual model of landscape ecological sustainable development the water-green landscapeology. The results of the study reveal the scientific and methodological provisions of urban planning and establish practical goals and implementation of virtual models aimed at preserving the true image of the city

The architectural and ecological model of civil engineering of socially oriented spaces of coastal landscape aimed at providing comfortable vital environment, development of the greatest possible variety of city activities, solution of environmental and social problems of the city, and development of the embankment as a self-valuable fragment of well-arranged natural landscape is substantiated. The research objective is the development of methodical bases for the process of architectural revitalization of postindustrial coastal landscape. The researchers utilize the methods of system analysis, reviewing of design practice, analysis of available scientific databases as well as referential and normative resources. The methods of modeling and experimental projecting were also used in the study. Architectural proposals on integration of the revitalized postindustrial coastal areas into socially oriented area of the Volgograd embankment are presented. The analysis of the experience in building and recovery of postindustrial landscapes of river basins is preformed to substantiate the proposed architectural and ecological principles of revitalization, "tree of properties" with the definition of environment quality indicator, the sequence of stages in planning of socially oriented area of the city embankment, and experimental project on integration of the studied coastal area into the vital space of the city of Volgograd.

Photosynthetic organisms provide food and energy for nearly all life on Earth, yet half of their genes remain uncharacterized. Characterization of gene functions could be greatly accelerated by new genetic resources in unicellular model organisms. We have generated a genome-wide, indexed library of mapped insertion mutants for the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which includes disruptions in 83% of nuclear genes. The abundance of individual mutants can be tracked with unique DNA barcodes, allowing the library to be screened as a pool. We demonstrated the power of this platform by performing a genome-wide screen that identified 3,109 mutants with defects in photosynthetic growth. Multiple alleles allowed identification of 44 genes required for photosynthesis, 21 of which are novel. Characterization of one of these genes, CPL3, showed it is important for photosystem I activity. The availability of the 62,389 mutants in our library will accelerate characterization of gene functions in photosynthetic eukaryotes.

The authors have employed methods of molecular dynamics to complete their analysis of the physical phenomena that occur in the process of spattering of nanoparticles over the metal surface. The contact between moving nanoparticles and the surface contemplates several simultaneous physical processes: transformation of the kinetic energy of motion into the thermal energy, partial or complete melting and partial melting of nanoparticles in contact with the surface, rapid cooling of nanoparticles and the surface, and crystallization of the melted portion of nanoparticles and the surface. The intensity of these physical processes is substantially dependent on the sizes of nanoparticles, their initial temperature and velocity. Therefore, the final state of the metal surface strongly depends on the process parameters. Numerical methods of molecular dynamics were employed to identify the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the process depending on the size, shape, chemical nature, velocity and temperature of nanoparticles. The authors have demonstrated that by changing the technological parameters of solenoid injection nanoparticles (by changing the composition of nanoparticles, their size, shape, temperature and initial velocity), nano-crystalline and amorphous states of the surface may be changed, and the surface strength may be improved.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are critically involved in atherogenesis in diabetes by binding to receptors for AGE (RAGEs) in vascular cells, thus inducing the expression of proinflammatory mediators. In animal models, interruption of the AGE-RAGE interaction reduces lesion size and plaque development. Therefore, limiting RAGE expression might be an intriguing concept to modulate vascular disease in diabetic patients. The present study investigated whether thiazolidinediones (TZDs), antidiabetic agents clinically used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes, might modulate endothelial RAGE expression. Stimulation of human endothelial cells with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone decreased basal as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced RAGE cell surface and total protein expression. In addition, TZDs reduced RAGE mRNA expression in endothelial cells. These effects on RAGE expression were caused by an inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation at the proximal NF-kappaB site of the RAGE promoter. The functional relevance of reduced RAGE expression was demonstrated by showing that pretreatment of endothelial cells with TZDs decreased AGE- as well as beta-amyloid-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. In conclusion, TZDs reduce RAGE expression in human endothelial cells, thus limiting the cells' susceptibility toward proinflammatory AGE effects. These data provide new insight on how TZDs, in addition to their metabolic effects, might modulate the development of vascular dysfunction in diabetic patients.

In article the technique of adoption of the design decision on placement of eco-friendly routes for the purpose of use is proved by steady transport, the technique of the choice of the optimal solution of development of local bicycle network of routes is offered and developed structural model of the choice of options of placement of cycle routes in system of street road system and recreational zones in the conditions of sustainable development of the city. The theoretical and practical experience of construction of cycle routes in Russia and abroad is generalized; the method of the analysis of hierarchies which allows to carry out the choice of the design decision taking into account different groups of factors is used; the structural model at the choice of options of placement of bicycle tracks on the example of linear structure of the coastal city is developed; experimental design in the territory of streets of Volgograd is executed. The offered structural model is used in development of design offers of construction of bicycle tracks for the streets of Volgograd providing to inhabitants and city visitors more attractive, healthy and cheap option of movement to place of work, training, rest and entertainments.

The research is directed to the development of a model for the “smart city” including an interior space with the developed system of information technologies to provide comfortability in the area of living environment and the natural external envelope forming a hurdle from negative natural and climatic phenomena. Some new landscape solutions are given that increase the potential of energy saving technologies in the city when later transforming it into the Smart city. The history of building the green belt around Stalingrad-Volgograd is analyzed, directions of the ecological type of their impact on the urban living quality are settled. New landscape solutions are presented increasing the potential of energy saving technologies of the city. The research embrace the theoretical principles of forming the landscape building objects in the concept of the Smart city. The article justifies the need for enlarging the landscape building techniques in terms of enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings as well as forming the territorial platform to transform the city into the “Smart city” region. The developed methodology of the landscape object building enables to apply the obtained proposals in the Russian and world construction under similar natural conditions when developing the city into the Smart city sphere.

Bacterial LPS is a potent proinflammatory molecule. In the lungs, LPS induces alterations in surfactant pool sizes and phospholipid (PL) contents, although direct actions of LPS on the alveolar type II cells (AT II) are not yet clear. For this reason, we studied short- and long-term effects of LPS on basal and agonist-stimulated secretory responses of rat AT II by using Ca2+microfluorimetry, a microtiter plate-based exocytosis assay, by quantitating PL and3H-labeled choline released into cell supernatants and by using quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. Long term, but not short term, exposures to LPS led to prolonged ATP-induced Ca2+signals and an increased rate in vesicle fusions with an augmented release of surfactant PL. Most notably, the stimulatory effect of LPS was ATP-dependent and may be mediated by the upregulation of the purinergic receptor subtype P2Y2. Western blot analysis confirmed higher levels of P2Y2, and suramin, a P2Y receptor antagonist, was more effective in LPS-treated cells. From these observations, we conclude that LPS, probably via Toll-like receptor-4, induces a time-dependent increase in P2Y2receptors, which, by yet unknown mechanisms, leads to prolonged agonist-induced Ca2+responses that trigger a higher activity in vesicle fusion and secretion. We further conclude that chronic exposure to endotoxin sensitizes AT II to increase the extracellular surfactant pool, which aids in the pulmonary host defense mechanisms.