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The article studies the social relationships of natives in the destination countries of migrants. Specifically, the article estimates the share of non-natives in natives' friendship opportunity pools (FOP) and its correlation with natives only having native friends. Danish data is used due to a unique possibility of linking register information, allowing the establishment of an objective measurement of FOP at various levels, and survey information, allowing the measurement of natives' friendship composition, at the individual level. In our sample, 55 per cent of the natives have a migrant friend, and it is found to be strongly correlated with FOP. In line with Blau's macro-sociological framework and assimilation theory, we thereby find support for a transformation of the 'weak' friendship ties of natives in destination countries. The FOP effects are found to be stronger for older respondents and those with negative attitudes toward immigration. The effects are found across measurement at the neighbourhood-, parish – and municipal level and after control for general attitudes toward immigration. In models with three levels simultaneously included, the effects are present at the neighbourhood and municipal level, but absent at the parish level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article employs a critical Black Atlantic frame to re-examine, re-evaluate and reinterpret the historical memory of the Black Peril in South Africa. It exposes the Black Peril as a wide-ranging racist discourse that demonised Black men as potential rapists of white women. This racist narrative was vehemently expressed in early twentieth-century South Africa. A key finding of this work is that the Black Peril was a highly successful racist campaign because it not only led to the criminalisation of interracial sex between Black men and white women but was also used to justify racist laws that had far-reaching effects on social relations in the broader society – eventually yielding a white supremacist state (apartheid) – which proceeded to use the Black Peril discourse to mobilise an aggressive racialisation process for both whites and Blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-documented harmful effects of Native-themed mascots, Native-themed mascots have many supporters who decry the politically correct efforts to remove these mascots. Although ostensibly unrelated to race/racism, we reasoned that invoking anti-PC attitudes allow prejudiced people to indirectly support Native-themed mascots while minimizing the appearance of being biased. Three studies (N = 587) found that anti-Native bias predicted anti-PC attitudes and, in turn, Native-themed mascot support. In Studies 2 and 3, participants varying in anti-PC attitudes considered a university changing their Native-themed mascot for PC or non-PC reasons. Anti-PC attitudes predicted opposition to changing Native-themed mascots in both conditions. However, the effect of anti-PC attitudes was stronger in the PC condition where social justice norms were salient. These results suggest that, for many, anti-PC attitudes reflect more than just opposition to political correctness and are used by prejudiced people to indirectly defend controversial mascots without appearing prejudiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian Aboriginal community has been on the land for 70,000 years and the contribution goes from medicine to food. Even in architecture, the invasion not only took the land but also destroyed them. They have covered millions of plants and weed out the poisons. This migrated community changed the barren lands of Eden to liveable space, they had a peculiar way of having urban designs, planning of architectures and even the art in the public form. During 1788, post the war The British wanted to take over the land to build prisons and have the prisoners in the island. The population of Aboriginal's were more than 250,000 later the colonists killed many due to the unnamed disease and refused to treat them. This left only with less than 50,000, they removed the indigenous people of the land and even declined the citizenship rights, they were removed in mass numbers, converted and even kidnapped to be slaves. The purpose of this research is to bring out the hardships and misery gone through the community for several hundred years. These people own the land straight away; they have been evaded and their houses have been destroyed by the ones with heavy machinery. Australia's first people were buried in the same land while their children were being slaved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple conservative parties in Europe and Australia have enjoyed a considerable level of electoral success in recent times on the back of their restrictionist asylum agendas. These agendas are often justified by the symbolic threat argument, which asserts that forced migrants hold values that represent a threat to host societies. However, despite the immense consequences of this belief, its empirical validity has rarely been investigated in previous literature. We addressed this problem by comparing the responses of forced migrants (N = 163) and both Australian and European (French, British, Polish and Spanish) natives (N = 816) to the same 10-item value questionnaire using latent profile analysis. Our findings revealed that forced migrant values appear to be at odds with established liberties in France, Spain, the UK and Australia, and to a much lesser extent, Poland. We encourage future researchers to use these discoveries as a basis for developing further knowledge on intergroup value discrepancies to ultimately facilitate peaceful integration of forced migrants in their host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of this article has as its scope of study one of the former Argentine National Territories (Chaco), and deals with the analysis of the discursive and epistolary exchanges exposed regarding the theme of indigenous integration during the forties, framed in a context of growing missionary activity by pastors of Protestant origin. Some new knowledge resulting from recent research in regional archives of northeastern Argentina is presented here. In this case we focus on the points of view raised as a result of the action of some of these missionaries, who with their work were able to demonstrate novel methodologies to obtain an unusual insertion of the natives within these new societies and in the process of formation. We also try to explain the reasons for the official reactions to this phenomenon, finally evaluating the innovations and advances that were outlined or produced in this regard during the forties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the connective networks among Native peoples that the Jesuit Colegio of San Gregorio and the Good Death Congregation promoted. Specifically, it discusses how aspects of what the article calls the economy of salvation allowed for the strengthening of social networks among Natives in the central part of Mexico City. Through the establishing of pious works within the colegio that supported the congregation's activities, Indigenous peoples fostered a sense of cohesiveness and bolstered their ethnic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of having an empire that was second only to Britain's by 1914, the French people remained mostly unconvinced by and mistrustful of the colonial idea. There is no better proof of this than the French colonial films between 1918 and 1945 which depicted the empire in a particularly unattractive way while seemingly advocating the colonial cause. The paradox is all the more surprising given that the negative image that emerges from the films made in France around the colonial theme was not the manifestation of an anti-colonialism subtly disguised to avoid governmental censorship, but the mere expression of the general feeling of the French about their colonies. The lack of Gallic enthusiasm for the empire translated on screen into an intrinsic mistrust for what was regarded as the epitome of danger and despair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that psychoactive plants containing hallucinogenic compounds that cause changes in perception and condition have been used in rituals by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. In this context, ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage, has an important place in the religious, medical, social, and artistic lives of many indigenous tribes living in the Amazon forests since ancient times. Shamans, who regard ayahuasca as a means of opening people's perception of the spiritual world, used it for a wide variety of purposes such as magic, divination, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, hunting, etc. Ayahuasca is an extract obtained by mixing and boiling two plants native to the Amazon Forest, Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. The active chemical components of these herbs include harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). When either plant is ingested alone, it shows no noticeable effect. However, when the two plants are brewed together for many hours, they induce an extraordinary visionary mood. The main function of ayahuasca is to establish contact with other realms through these visions. Because of the hallucinogenic visions that make this contact possible, the drink is used among Amazonian groups in mass ceremonies as a means of spiritual guidance, protection from spirits, gaining knowledge, and also curing diseases. Indigenous people state that they comprehend the truths about themselves and the universe by accessing important information through visions formed under the influence of this plant. In addition, it is seen that the ayahuasca ritual also acts as a social network that transfers the spiritual and cultural accumulation of the tribe from generation to generation. With all these elements, ayahuasca ceremonies have been the most important spiritual ritual in this region for centuries. But Ayahuasca is a very powerful brew that ought to be taken with respect and under the right conditions for indigenous people, otherwise its haphazard use can turn into a dangerous and often confusing experience, rather than an enlightening one. Although its first use probably appeared among the inhabitants of the rainforests, ayahuasca is recorded today in most major urban centers in South America, particularly in Brazil, as well as in the United States, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, and even Japan. Many works have been written in the West about ayahuasca, which has moved far beyond its geographical and cultural borders today, and the subject continues to be investigated from various aspects. In our country, there is no independent research on this plant, which is considered sacred by the Amazon natives, in the field of History of Religions. With this study, we aim to contribute to the research to be carried out in our field by addressing issues such as its characteristics, how the ayahuasca ritual is performed, the visions that occur during the ritual, and the meaning and importance of the ritual for the indigenous people in the Amazon basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a destructive and serious problem among indigenous populations around the world. The drinking pattern differs from the non-indigenous populations by being short-term risky drinking such as binge drinking. In general, the treatment offered is based on conventional western strategies, though, in many regions' treatment facilities are poor. The present review summarizes the researched possibilities for alcohol treatment specific to indigenous populations. Method: A systematic search in four databases, Pubmed, Psyinfo, Cochcrane and Cinahl within the past ten years identified 19 articles that investigate the effect of different approaches to treat indigenous people with AUD. Result: Several studies suggest implementing native and traditional ways of healing in the treatment. Community-driven approaches have shown effect in the reduction of AUD among indigenous youth, as well as a web based brief intervention, motivational interviewing, and alcohol restrictions. Also, naltrexone as firstline medical treatment is suggested. Discussion and conclusion: In general, the studies included have a moderate to low quality and are difficult to compare but can provide an overview of elements that seem important in the treatment of indigenous people. There is a lack of research of both conventional treatment and treatment specific tailored to indigenous populations. The latter specifically minded to community prevention, the involvement of local people and implementing cultural traditions and healing methods and rebuilding native identity, seems as important elements in future treatment and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does economic inequality affect support for redistribution to native citizens and immigrants? While prior studies have examined the separate effects of inequality and immigration on redistribution preferences, the interaction between inequality and communal identity has been largely overlooked. This article explains that inequality triggers selective solidarity. Individuals exposed to inequality become more supportive of redistribution – but only if the redistribution benefits native-born citizens. Inequality therefore reinforces the already popular opinion that native citizens deserve welfare priority and widens the gap between support for natives and support for immigrants. This study first provides cross-national evidence with survey data linked to contextual socio-economic indicators from advanced industrialized countries. To evaluate causally identified effects, it then presents the results of a survey experiment administered to a nationally representative sample of Italian citizens. The findings imply that economic inequality can increase support for populist radical right parties that advocate discrimination in access to welfare services based on native citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐native species have invaded most parts of the world, and the invasion process is expected to continue and accelerate. Because many invading non‐native species are likely to become permanent inhabitants, future consideration of species‐area relationships (SARs) should account for non‐native species, either separately or jointly with native species. If non‐native species occupy unused niches and space in invaded areas and extinction rate of native species remains low (especially for plants), the resultant SARs (with both native and non‐native species) will likely be stronger. We used published and newly compiled data (35 data sets worldwide) to examine how species invasions affect SARs across selected taxonomic groups and diverse ecosystems around the world. We first examined the SARs for native, non‐native, and all species. We then investigated with linear regression analyses and paired or unpaired t tests how degree of invasion (proportion of non‐native species) affected postinvasion SARs. Postinvasion SARs for all species (native plus non‐native) became significantly stronger as degree of invasion increased (r2 = 0.31, p = 0.0006), thus, reshaping SARs worldwide. Overall, native species still showed stronger and less variable SARs. Also, slopes for native species were steeper than for non‐native species (0.298 vs. 0.153). There were some differences among non‐native taxonomic groups in filling new niches (especially for birds) and between islands and mainland ecosystems. We also found evidence that invasions may increase equilibrial diversity. Study of such changing species–area curves may help determine the probability of future invasions and have practical implications for conservation. Article Impact Statement: Increasingly, altered species–area relationships due to non‐native species invasions affect future conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the province of Ziro (Center-west of Burkina Faso), endowed with good agricultural potential, the increase in demographic pressure and the strong dynamics of commodefication driven by land policies combine locally to exacerbate competition for land and cause problems of land insecurity for migrants. The goal of this text is to question the links between these policies (state support policy for agribusiness and Law 034- 2009 on rural land tenure) and the changes in the relations between migrants and natives in Ziro. It also underlines the difficulties migrants have in mobilizing to their advantages, in the context of the implementation of Law 034-2009, the arbitration bodies linked to land withdrawals. Finally, it is interested in the analysis of the strategies that these migrants develop to secure their rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of literacy skills on wage differences between natives and immigrants, using Austria as a case study. We show that, for both groups, literacy skills are an important determinant of the hourly wage. In the second step, we show that differences in proficiency with respect to literacy can explain more than 30% of the total wage gap of 11 log points between natives and immigrants. When adding literacy skills to the wage decomposition, the unexplained part vanishes almost completely, suggesting that the wage difference between immigrants and natives can, to a large extent, be explained. The importance of literacy skills in explaining wage differences between natives and immigrants is robust across several sensitivity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Inequalities in diabetes prevalence among immigrants from Andean countries remain unknown. Andean populations are one of the largest groups of immigrants in Madrid city. We examined the association between country of birth and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence in Andean immigrant population relative to Spanish-natives; and whether this association varied by age, sex and length of residence. Methods: We analyzed 1,258,931 electronic medical records from Spanish native and Andean immigrant adults aged 40–75 years of Madrid city. We used logistic regression and test interaction terms to address our aims. Results: Andean immigrants showed 1.13 (95% CI 1.10–1.17) greater adjusted odds for T2DM than Spanish natives. This association was positive in Ecuadorians and Bolivians but protective in Peruvians and Colombians. There was heterogeneity of this association according to age and sex. Relative to Spanish natives, odds of T2DM in Andeans of all ages and women were higher but lower in men. Conclusion: Andean adults showed greater odds of T2DM compared with Spanish native adults in Madrid, with variation observed by age and sex. These findings emphasize the need for studying immigrant populations in a disaggregated manner to implement specific clinical and preventive approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the mutualistic facilitation of invasive plants, we examined the mycorrhizal status of 469 species, including 335 alien and 134 native to the region of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Data on the mycorrhizal status and altitudinal range of the target species were obtained using some peer reviewed primary published and web based sources. One sample Z score test and regression analysis were performed to workout the relative proportion of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants in different altitudinal belts and relationship of mycorrhizal symbiosis with increasing altitude, respectively. With increasing altitude, the mycorrhizal association of both the alien and native plant species showed a decreasing trend, although alien plant species showed much stronger negative values than native species do. Both aliens and native species showed significantly higher proportion of mycorrhizal species compared to non-mycorrhizal counterparts in all the vegetation zones (Temperate, Montane, Sub-alpine and Alpine). Interestingly, in none of the vegetation zones do aliens and natives differ in terms of their mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal species fractions, suggesting that change in mycorrhizal symbioses along any elevational gradient occurs more due to restrictions on mycorrhizal fungi survival than due to the identity of the species concerned. These trends call for further studies at wider geographical scales to better understand the mechanisms and implications of mycorrhizal associations for managementof alien plant invasion in such eco-climatically sensitive regions, especially in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, conflicts and clashes between different powers in the border territories of America did not stop growing. And each of the participants in that colonial race sought native allies to use them as military support units. But the different European nations also needed information for their possible actions, and misinformation for their rivals. Among the most obvious examples of this dynamic is the vast territory of Louisiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a matching method to provide an estimate of the nativity wealth gap among older households in Europe. This approach does not require imposing any functional form on wealth and avoids validity-out-of-the-support assumptions; furthermore, it allows estimation not only of the mean of the wealth gap but also of its distribution for the common-support sub-population. The results show that on average there is a positive and significant wealth gap between natives and migrants. However, the average gap may be misleading as the distribution of the gap reveals that immigrant households in the upper part of the wealth distribution are better off, and those in the lower part of the wealth distribution are worse off, than comparable native households. A heterogeneity analysis shows the importance of origin, age at migration, and citizenship status in reducing the gap. Indeed, households who migrated within Europe, those who moved at younger ages rather than as adults, and those who are citizens of the destination country display a wealth gap that is consistently smaller over the entire distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A close reading to Pineda and Bascuñán's Cautiverio Feliz, undoubtedly, would wake us a series of asociations, not only with other forms of historical literatura from the epoch, but also with other works that integrate some elements such as: kinds of speech structure and kinds of instrumental profiles. In this sense, reading Pineda's work would lead us to Castiglione's El Cortesano, because many of the characteristic of the perfect gentleman presented in El Cortesano, are inserted in some characters of Pineda's work. It is not strange to find in El Cautiverio, among other things, the qualities of a perfect gentleman, shaped on the natives, virtues, virtues that also adorn some creole and old spaniards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The child poverty rate has increased noticeably in Finland since the mid-1990s, and there are numerous studies in this area. However, little is known about child poverty in the two native and equal population groups, Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers. Using detailed register-based data that cover the period 1987–2011, we analyze how child poverty depends on parental ethno-linguistic affiliation, and whether there is variation in income poverty across these households over time. The poverty measure is relative and based on equalized taxable household income of households with children. Odds of poverty are estimated with logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated observations at the household level. The analyses are restricted to areas with both Swedish- and Finnish-speaking settlement. Single-parent and two-parent households are analyzed separately. Poverty rates increased in all major types of households during the study period, but variation by ethno-linguistic affiliation was fairly modest. Swedish-speaking single-parent and two-parent households experienced a smaller increase in the poverty rate than Finnish-speaking ones, while patterns observed for exogamous households were less clear. The contribution of control variables on the ethno-linguistic poverty differences was modest. Considering that the ethno-linguistic groups studied are indigenous and equal, the small differences in poverty rates between Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers are evidence of a democratic and well-functioning welfare state, although the increasing overall poverty rates over time require future scrutiny by both policy makers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present the main proposals of the Pan-Amazon Synod which will be implemented in October 2019 in Rome. The document of Santarém, established in 1972, was identified as the inspiration of the Synod, which saw the bishops of the Amazon region reunited to indicate the future pastoral lines. While in the 1970s it was a question of updating the pastoral choices indicated by the Second Vatican Council and the journey of the Latin American Church that emerged in Medellín in 1968, the Synod of Rome intends to place the emerging problems of the Amazon region at the center of ecclesial attention. Thus we move from the delicate theme of ministry and the problem of the absence of the Eucharist in the communities of the entire Pan-Amazon area, to the problems of broad social importance concerning the situation of indigenous peoples and the ecological question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how informal indigenous slave communication networks developed and were maintained in sixteenth-century Castile, as men and women served as witnesses or sources of information for those indigenous slaves initiating lawsuits to gain their freedom. Based on dozens of lawsuits in the section Justicia of the Archive of the Indies (Seville, Spain), I argue that the distinct oral communication channels formed by indigenous men and women living in different cities and towns of Castile constituted an important element of litigation suits, before, during and after a sentence was reached or the lawsuit ended. In the heart of the Spanish empire -Castile- slaves and freedmen and women inside and outside of the legal "courtroom" engaged with legal discourse about what it meant to be identified or to identify oneself as an indio (person of the Spanish Indies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many empirical studies on immigrant integration document the benefits of an education acquired in the country of destination. In this article; we study how the degree of human capital transferability affects an immigrant's chances of studying in Spain. We used data from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (2008–2015) for a sample of adults aged 18–55 who had left the educational system. The main findings show that natives are the ethnic group with the highest likelihood of re‐enrolling in education. Amongst immigrants, those with fewer limitations on human capital transferability also invest more. These results question the predictions of the Immigrant Human Capital Investment model which expect that immigrants whose human capital depreciates upon arrival and those who can obtain a higher return on a new investment in education are therefore more likely to study. Moreover, the effect of skill transferability differs depending on the type of obstacle and the kind of education. Immigrants with less linguistic and cultural familiarity with the host country are less likely to undertake non‐formal education than formal education. However, when the transferability obstacles are related to administrative requirements and legal restrictions, the probability of investing in non‐formal education is higher. We conclude that immigrants with low skill transferability are not only less well integrated in the labour market upon arrival, but are also less able to redress that disadvantage through a new investment in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cultural life, territories, religions, accommodation types and traditional dresses of American Indians have been generally discussed. The terms of Indians and the natives have been used in the same meaning. It has been found out that Natives occupied nine different regions for their lives on the continent of America. The region's flora, climate, condition of well-watered or not, land forms and possession of coastal area influenced highly the mode of living as well as the design of the dresses. Religious rituals and communal memories also had a significant impact on the dress designs. It has been observed that there were three main techniques to prepare American Indian clothing named as side- fold dress, two-hide dress and three hide dress. It has been determined that beadwork and usage of the animal teeth and bones were important applications for dress ornamentation. This study has also been carried out for gaining information to make additional researches to explore the similarities between Anatolian culture and American Indians' culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students are increasingly spending a considerable amount of time online. Technological advances over the last few years have led to dramatic increases in the use of various technologies such as personal mobile devices, agent-based technologies, and advances in pervasive/ubiquitous computing. Social networking has led to enormous changes in the way students use the same technologies for both academic works and personal use. Recent advances in mobile technology have allowed constant access to the Web for many users. The widespread use of apps such as Facebook, Twitter, Skype, Instagram and many other specialized tools has also impacted on user experiences in this area. The smartphone is now a powerful personal computing device providing access to interactive services wherever you happen to be and the tool of choice for many students. It may therefore make sense to make this an integral part of the student experience by design. The purpose of this paper is to focus on how student interactions with technology are changing and impacting on the online learning experience and their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study two native and equal population groups, Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers in Finland, to examine whether there is income variation across couples that differ on ethno-linguistic composition, and if such variation can be attributed to differences in education, educational homogamy and other observable characteristics.Design/methodology/approach Using detailed register-based household data, the authors estimate OLS models to compare endogamous and exogamous couples with respect to income of the man, the woman, and both partners, respectively.Findings Endogamous Swedish-speaking couples are found to have on average 25 per cent higher income than other couples. The advantage is not related to differences in educational homogamy, but primarily to man’s income, and roughly half of the income difference is explained by the higher educational level of Swedish-speaking men in endogamous couples. Although women in endogamous Swedish-speaking couples are higher educated than other women, and there is a higher degree of educational homogamy in these couples, their education has only a modest bearing on the income differential.Originality/value In the case of Finland, educational homogamy does not affect income variation across native couples that differ on ethno-linguistic composition. Endogamous mate selection seems to increase economic inequality, uphold gender inequality, and help the native minority group in sustaining its own community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh is well known for highest density of bioresources and gives very precious natural habitat for flora and fauna. The natives are residing in and out side of the forests mostly utilize a number of plants for their basic requirements. Some of the significant contribution obtained by the natives of the study area is mentioned in the present paper. The present paper enumerates the traditional knowledge among the natives of Singrauli district in Madhya Pradesh, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetables in the world. Mexico is considered as its center of domestication and there is a large genetic diversity. Grafting in tomato has grown for various purposes including the increase of yield. An alternative use of native tomato genotypes is as rootstocks for grafting improved tomato. The objective of this work was to evaluate native accessions of tomato as rootstocks to identify outstanding genotypes for their potential to be used as rootstocks in tomato production. An experiment was conducted for two cropping cycles (2014 and 2015) in greenhouse and hydroponic conditions, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and 10 plants per experimental unit. Treatments were formed by a combination of nine native tomatoes and two commercial rootstocks with two hybrids used as scions. Twelve traits were recorded and most of the treatments were significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other for these traits. The accessions LOR-22, LOR-77, LOR-81, LOR-84, LOR-95 and LOR-100 with the hybrid 'El Cid', and LOR-81, LOR-84 and LOR-100 with the hybrid 'Sun 7705', increased significantly yield by 19% and 22%, respectively, compared to ungrafted control. Moreover, characteristics related to fruit quality were preserved with grafting. The best combination scion/rootstock ('Cid'/100) yielded 30% higher than hybrid 'El Cid' without grafting and 16% higher than the commercial rootstock 'Multifort'. This allowed identifying genotypes of Mexican native tomatoes with great potential to be used as rootstocks or as source of germplasm for rootstock development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though breastfeeding is typically considered the preferred feeding method for infants worldwide, in Belgium, breastfeeding rates remain low across native and migrant groups while the underlying determinants are unclear. Furthermore, research examining contextual effects, especially regarding gender (in)equality and ideology, has not been conducted. We hypothesized that greater gender equality scores in the country of origin will result in higher breastfeeding chances. Because gender equality does not operate only at the contextual level but can be mediated through individual level resources, we hypothesized the following for maternal education: higher maternal education will be an important positive predictor for exclusive breastfeeding chances in Belgium, but its effects will differ over subsequent origin countries. Based on IKAROS data (GeÏntegreerd Kind Activiteiten en Regio Ondersteunings Systeem), we perform multilevel analyses on 27 936 newborns. Feeding method is indicated by exclusive breastfeeding 3 months after childbirth. We measure gender (in)equality using Global Gender Gap scores from the mother's origin country. Maternal education is a metric variable based on International Standard Classification of Education indicators. Results show that 3.6% of the variation in breastfeeding can be explained by differences between the migrant mother's country of origin. However, the effect of gender (in)equality appears to be non-significant. After adding maternal education, the effect for origin countries scoring low on gender equality turns significant. Maternal education on its own shows strong positive association with exclusive breastfeeding and, furthermore, has different effects for different origin countries. Possible explanations are discussed in-depth setting direction for further research regarding the different pathways gender (in)equality and maternal education affect breastfeeding. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the 1695 revolt of the O'odham (Pima) in northern New Spain as a window into ritually inflected encounters between indigenous communities and European evangelists. A careful study of the diverse religious and military reports on the O'odham rebellion reveals a more complex rendering of native participation than the dichotomous options of conversion or rejection. Soldiers' journals, missionary letters, and official reports not only list possible reasons for the uprising, but also help explain the long periods of relative cooperation that preceded and followed it. Even as several O'odham rejected Christian symbols and rituals in 1695, they also welcomed missionaries with crosses, accepted baptism, celebrated feasts, and constructed churches before and after the revolt. At the same time, the uprising exposed internal Jesuit ambivalence about the authenticity of indigenous sacramental participation. While priests like Eusebio Kino believed in a patient and relatively tolerant approach to existing O'odham practices, others like Francisco Xavier Mora insisted on a more immediate and thoroughgoing transformation to European norms. This disagreement and the ensuing gap between early promises and actual implementation help explain shifting O'odham strategies for negotiating missionary encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper stems from the near disappearance of references to the Principais of the indígenas avilados (Natives living in colonial villages) in the documentation about the province of Grão-Pará, in the 1820s and 1830s. By reducing the role of the Principais in workforce recruitment and descimentos (the transfer of Native villages to colonial towns), the Royal Charter of 1798 added to the increased integration of old Native villages to colonial towns. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the result appears to have been a different social organization from the one established by the Diretório. On one hand, these aspects should be taken into account when examining the issue of Native identities, which, in spite of an adverse scenario, remained quite clear in the provincial society. On the other hand, changes in Native labor organization also strengthened officials of the Milícias de Ligeiros. As political actors, they started having a leading role in the province, always marked by the opposition to groups identified as liberal. Finally, this paper includes some notes on the attempts of city councils to protect Natives from abuses. In a preliminary way, we examine whether Native voices were still preserved in such spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article approaches the social representations on national identity and migrant "culture" build that build teachers and members of the judiciary in Argentina, making visible the cultural "racism" that runs through such representations and relationships of conflict between natives and migrants, linked to access to rights. For the analysis were employed focus groups and individual interviews made to such institutional actors in Buenos Aires during the years 2008-2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between childhood neighbourhood ethnic composition and short- and long-run economic outcomes of second-generation immigrants and natives in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses Swedish longitudinal register data and apply regression analysis methods to investigate the correlation between three ethnic neighbourhood variables(share of immigrants, share of immigrants with the same ethnic background and share of immigrants with other descent) in childhood with short- and long-run economic outcomes (earnings, unemployment, reliance on social assistance and educational attainment). Findings – The results show that second-generation immigrants raised in immigrant-dense neighbourhoods have a lower probability to continue to higher education, whereas, their earnings, unemployment and social assistance tendencies are unaffected. On the contrary, natives’ earnings and educational attainment are negatively correlated with, and the probability of social assistance and unemployment are positively associated with a high immigrant concentration. Moreover, the social assistance and unemployment of non-Nordic second-generation immigrants appears to be negatively correlated with the neighbourhood share of co-ethnics and positively correlated with the neighbourhood proportion of other ethnic groups. Overall, the author finds that the results are very similar in the short and long run. Originality/value – This paper expands the literature on children and ethnic segregation and in contrast to earlier research in this context, it focuses on second-generation immigrants and their performance in comparison to natives. This study contributes to this research area by investigating a large variety of outcomes, looking at both immigrant, own ethnic group and other ethnic group concentration and including both short- and long-run correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Founding on the results of a large research about tribal politics in the Brazilian West frontier (18th-20th centuries), in this essay the author reflects on the native peoples place in the history of that region, enphasizing the epochal changes both in the action of the involved actors and the Indians representations in the Luso-Brazilian culture [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution is due to the perplexity of banning the natives of the overseas provinces become part of the judiciary during the 1st Republic, although the Organic Decree of 25th October, 1870 organizing the judiciary overseas had allowed it. On the score of this episode, this work tries to reflect on the sense of the recovery of these veto and arguments of Indian Law for the colonies precisely during a revolutionary and liberal context in the metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scant contributions about the population evolution of Tabasco (Mexico) since the conquest years to the end of the seventeenth century, added to the reluctance to accept the figures and results of the studies realized so far, have forced me to analyse in detail this subject. There have been detected some mistakes in the interpretation of the documents used for this analysis, the same ones used here. This is the reason to deserve a reanalysis. Consequently, I will examine the evolution of the different groups of inhabitants, such as indigenas, Spaniards, mestizos, negros and mulatos. The knowledge of the precise numbers of people will make possible a better understanding of the administrative marginality in which these people lived throughout the period studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1836 Governor Juan M. de Rosas is supposed to have ordered the execution of 110 pampa Indians in the main plaza of Buenos Aires city. This is what the anti-Rosista fiction argued: The "Tyrant" had executed indigenous peoples in order to cause terror on the Unitario opponents. Was this event a product of a political fiction? Or was it a true massacre of aboriginal peoples? The essay tries to respond to these questions, using both new archival sources, the testimonies provided at the trial of Rosas after his fall, and other secondary sources. At stake is the puzzling interaction or overlapping of historical and fictional narratives in the history of post-independent Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the inclusion of human beings in the colonial representations of the great exhibitions that Portugal organised or took part in during the first half of the twentieth century. It analyses the role played by the natives (from the Portuguese colonies), as well as the way they were represented and treated, based on various documents and interviews and on the study of the exhibition creation process. These exhibitions revealed some underlying tensions. On the one hand, they provided evidence of the differences between the ‘civilised’ and the ‘uncivilised’, of the diversity of ‘races’ and of their places in a hierarchy of civilisation. On the other, they extolled the way colonised peoples adopted Portuguese models. The ways those human beings have asserted their existence, under the power of the exhibition’s organisers, provides a means to understand how they forged and assumed their identities in a context of rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It explores the presence and role of the concerns proper of post-colonial approaches present in the novel. It comes in evidence, how Mamita Yumai behind this economic politic approach of condemnation, as a global hierarchic context in which its plot is organized, allows us to glimpse the existence of a diversity of ethnic groups, nationalities and identities that converge in an exotic Costa Rica, far away from the one made by the imaginary plateau and that in middle of its ami- imperialist rhetoric, allows us to sense that in the fight against foreign and native plundering won't be achieved an effective integration of popular forces, if the specific nature and barriers that such diversity implies, are not overcome, respected and comprehended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-report presents a comparison of the level of place attachment and city identity for natives and migrants living in areas with relatively high shares of foreign migrants in four European cities: Bilbao, Lisbon, Thessalonica and Warsaw. The analyses are based on an international survey conducted in 2009/2010, and include a sample of 2,497 persons. The findings demonstrate that in most of the analysed areas, migrants tended to be more strongly attached to their neighbourhood than did natives. An opposite pattern was found only in Bilbao (Spain). However, compared to natives, migrants identified less with their city of residence. While future research is required to examine possible determinants of the differences in the level of neighbourhood attachment and city identity among native and migrant residents, the analyses suggest that natives living in diverse areas define themselves more strongly in relation to the whole city, while migrants do so in relation to their neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand vegetation development during the ecological succession of rehabilitated quarries, floristic composition and structure were evaluated at different restoration phases on three quarries in Hong Kong that were planted with exotic woody species over the course of 2-14 years. A total of 113 species, of which 82 were woody species, were recorded. Exotic species dominated the overstory, and species number, richness, and diversity increased with age. Some light-demanding early successional species were becoming dominant in the overstory vegetation at the older phases of revegetation. These species could be potential candidates for early enrichment planting with Acacia spp. Common secondary forest species occurred naturally in the understory vegetation, and were more abundant and dominant after 10 years of ecological development. The most successful restorations were on scree slopes using leguminous Acacia spp. as nurse species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on inter-ethnic contact in Europe usually tells the story only from the perspective of immigrants. This study contributes to the literature by simultaneously examining immigrants' contacts with natives and natives' contacts with immigrants. Using the theory of preferences and structural constraints, hypotheses are formulated about the attitudinal and socio-demographic determinants of inter-ethnic contact for these two groups. Analysis of the data from a Dutch survey, which targeted four large groups of immigrants and the native population, reveals that immigrants more often engage in contact with natives than the other way around. Education is the strongest determinant of inter-ethnic contact, and it works in the opposite direction for the two groups: higher-educated immigrants have more, and higher-educated natives less, inter-ethnic contact. The study further shows that, while both preferences and structural constraints play a role in bringing about inter-ethnic contact, structural constraints seem to be more consequential. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The establishment of Spain's colonies and Christian missions was carried out not only by the Spaniards themselves but by people from other lands and nationalities. These included "Filipinos" and natives from the Philippines. The Mariana Islands in the western Pacific was one of the areas of colonization and Christianization of the Spaniards. The establishment of the colony and mission in the islands was carried out by the Jesuits. The missionaries from this order wholeheartedly joined the enterprise and were responsible for setting up the colony as well as the present towns and villages in Guam, Saipan, Rota and Tinian. They lived a life of self-denial, humility and charity which they offered for the greater glory of God. They did not fear death but actually wished for it seeing it as a way to attain divine reward. A number of the missionaries gave up their lives as martyrs and others because of poor health. They lived giving service to others and accommodated others first before themselves. The rewards they sought were not of this earth. These could only be given by God in the afterlife. Their lives and strong faith serve as examples for present-day Christians. On the other hand, the missionaries were placed at the crossroads of civilization. In their desire to convert the natives, they had to eradicate native customs deemed as contrary to Christianity. This caused antagonism among the inhabitants they swore to serve. At the same time, the missionaries were part of Spain's colonizing force which ended the freedom of the natives which was a legacy from their forefathers. Like the members of the garrison the missionaries were given the same label of guirragos or barbarians by the inhabitants. Many of the missionaries were slain or injured in the armed Chamorro movements which were actually attempts to regain their lost freedom and the preservation of their ancestral practices. As missionaries the Jesuit priests and brothers took care of the people, taught them the ways of western civilization and recorded history. Such was their role in contributing to the present society of the Mariana Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the identity question and its impact on the process of nation-building in Nigeria. The paper argues that the question predates the Nigerian state. This is because the history and culture of the ethnic groups in the country recognize and accommodate a distinction between 'natives' and 'settlers'. The paper, however, contends that the nature of Nigeria's colonial and post-colonial constitutions affected the traditional notions and practice of native-settler dichotomy. This, the paper concludes, has made the issue of citizenship problematic, and a hindrance to national unity and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest plantations are viewed as a source of income by some and as a threat to forest diversity and ecological function by others. In the past two decades, area under tropical plantations has increased immensely as a measure of damage control to a large-scale deforestation. In this study we have studied three native plantations raised in 1926. These plantations were not harvested after maturation and are now dying because of age or some infection. The gaps created thereafter are being colonized by the early successional native species, thus changing the structure and diversity of these 80-yr-old plantations. A total of 54 plants (22 trees, 25 shrubs, 4 climbers, 2 forbs and 1 grass) were present in these plantations. Species richness and diversity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the residential (sal) than the two non-residential (teak and pine) native species. All the plantations had rich lifeform diversity and again significantly (P < 0.05) higher values were recorded for sal than teak and pine. Population structure of the top species in each site demonstrated that the planted species are not regenerating (seedling, sapling and pole crop of these species were absent) and are slowly being replaced by the native species. We also found that succession in these plantations is moving on different lines as shown by the variation in colonizing species in these sites and low similarity between the sites on the basis of tree, shrub and herb life forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belgians comprised some of the E uropean missionaries who helped administer the nascent Spanish colony in the Mariana islands. The Christian mission there was founded by Fr. Diego L uis de Sanvitores in 1668 and the task of conversion of the natives to the new faith was entrusted to the Jesuits. Missionaries from Belgium added to those from other nations such as Italy, Germany and Moravia. They were chosen because of their ability to endure harsh conditions. The first decades of the Marianas mission was fraught with extreme difficulties most especially the resistance of the natives to the changes brought by Christianity. Two missionaries, Fr. Peter Coomans and Fr. Balthazar Dubois, paid with their lives while serving as missionaries in the Marianas. Despite the difficulties, they sowed the seeds of the Christian mission in the island and ensured the continued existence of the colony. Fr. Coomans and Fr. Gerard Bouwens played an important part in the islands as superiors in the Mariana Mission. Fr. Bouwens later made recommendations for good governance in the islands. An important role played by these two missionaries was that they recorded the history of the colony and recorded some important aspects of the culture of the native Chamorro people and the challenges faced by the mission including the serious challenges such as the martyrdom of fellow missionaries and the native rebellions which lasted until 1695. For his important role in serving the mission, Fr. Bouwens was hailed as its second founder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to summarize some geographic-cultural notions about the formation of the United States, inferring strategies in the main actions of territorial occupation. In accordance with the foregoing, it is expected to determine the main symbolic structures in religious and political tools that amalgamated to immigrants and forged a new nation, giving it a distinctive cultural pantheon, which attempt to extrapolate in the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on textile production in the Central Plateau of the Province of Chubut (Patagonia Argentina). This kind of textile production is similar to the one practiced by the ancient inhabitants of the Patagonia region, which is described in historic documents of the 16th Century. Using a combination of ethnographic and historical research methods, I study the main characteristics of current textile production in the Patagonia region, and how these are firmly rooted in the past. In this paper I discuss the technical and instrumental details of textile production, how it is transmitted through generations, and its importance for the economy of the families who practice it, both in the present and in the past. I also examine how identity is created in the process of textile production. I adopt a structuralist perspective on the analysis of textile production, and I depart from a primordialist and static concept of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]