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Sunnah, one of the main sources of Islamic sciences, is the transformation of hadith into behaviour. In this sense, the sayings of the ashāb (companions) and the tabi'ūn (successors) have gained importance in terms of behaviour and have been included in the works. Some of the sayings of the tabi'ūn, which are called maqtu' and criticized for being similar to revelation-based religions, were included by Islamic scholars in their works and became a source of information, albeit rare. In this context, although Wahb ibn Munabbih was criticized, he gained importance with his narrations and became the subject of research. Again, orientalists have made him the centre of their criticism by investigating the similarity of his narrations with the texts of the Torah and the Bible. The 'Ten Commandments' narrative, which is also important in Judaism and Christianity, is an example of this claim. The narrative was compared with the Torah, the Bible and the Qur'an, which contains the Ten Commandments. The information to be obtained from the comparison is of particular value in the context of text-context. This comparison is important in terms of the accuracy of information about Ahl al-Bayt and its contribution to interdisciplinary thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Muslim thought, the relationship between aqliyyat (reason) and sam'iyyat (Things that can only be known through the Quran and the Hadith) is an important issue that is axiomatically continuous. One of the scholars who interpreted the relationship between two concepts in the most accurate and original way in the literature is Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar. In Ahl al-Sunnah, the reason is regarded as an important blessing for human beings in religious understanding due to its wisdom and functionality, and it is accepted as one of the basic sources of knowledge such as news and senses. In Islam, the relationship between reason and revelation has been dealt primarily within the context of the value of reason itself in terms of maslahat (public interest), and then in terms of the correct understanding of revelation. In the thought of kalam, the question of faith has been tried to be grounded on a rational basis through the principle of the compatibility of knowledge with its object, that is, the inference obtained by making an observation on existence Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar took this content to a higher level with his original method. According to Qadi, the intellect is the most important element in comprehending and implementing the proposals of prophethood and Shariah and in attaining perfection. This study is an overview of Kādī's solution to the problem of the reason's competence in the relationship between reason and revelation in the method of kalam, which constitutes an original method by taking into account the accumulative tradition that preceded him on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Transport of neonates with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) necessitates professional and experienced staff and, well-equipped facilities for both the procedure and post-operative care. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of transport on operation time and survival in neonates with CCHD and determine the relationship between transport characteristics and clinical status. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional cohort study was conducted on all infants with CCHD who were transported to a university hospital between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019. Transport characteristics such as transport distance, accompanying healthcare provider, vital signs, oxygen saturation levels, prostaglandin E1 (PGE) use, and respiratory support were recorded. The effects of transport characteristics on surgery time, complications, and mortality were analyzed. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (STAT) Score was used to analyze mortality-related risks for congenital heart disease. They were compared with inborn newborns with CCHD. Results: A total of 55 patients with CCHD were evaluated. Thirty-one newborns (56.4%) were inborn (Inborn group), and 24 newborns (43.6%) were transferred from another center (Outborn group). There was no difference between the groups in terms of gender, gestational age, birth weight, pre-operative time, and hospital stay. Although the Outborn group had fewer STAT Score categories, there was no difference in the 30-day survival or mortality rates. In the Outborn group, five patients (20.8%) with duct-dependent CCHD were transported without PGE treatment and six ductdependent (25%) patients received oxygen during transport inappropriately. Conclusion: The administration of PGE and oxygen therapies to specific transported infants was inappropriate. Therefore, referral or transport team members should be familiar infants with CCHD. The impact of transport on surgical timing did not yield a significant effect. However, similar mortality rates were observed in both groups, despite the Outborn group demonstrating lower STAT scores. This may indicate the significance of referring intrauterine transportation to experienced cardiovascular centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TI-GVHD) is a rare fatal complication after blood product transfusions. TI-GVHD was first defined by Nispet and Heskop in the 1960s as a mortaldisease that develops when immune-protecting lymphocytes are administered to an immunocompromised individual. Although TI-GVHD is most commonly associated with erythrocyte transfusion, it has also been shown to develop with other blood products. Its basic mechanism is the inadequate response of the immune system. The most common symptoms of the disease are skin rash, fever, hepatitis, pancytopenia, diarrhea, bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia. It is difficult to diagnose because of its rarity and lack of specific symptoms and laboratory findings. Definitive diagnosis is made by histological evaluation. It is a difficult disease to treat as well as to diagnose. Therefore, prevention of the disease comes to the fore. Protective measures should be taken in patients who are planned to be transfused. Blood product irradiation should be provided in risky patients. Definitive treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the clinical features of the cases referred from in-hospital areas to the pediatric emergency department (ED) with “reverse transport” have emergency characteristics and the reasons for the transfer, and to contribute to intra-hospital transfer protocols to be prepared. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. The clinical properties of 120 patients who were sent to the ED from the hospital area were evaluated. Results: 57.5% (69) of the patients were male and the median age was 42 months (0-210 months). 45.8% (55) were referred to the ED because their clinical condition required emergency treatment. 54.8% of these patients were stable according to Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) and 78.6% were category 3, 4, 5 according to Emergency Severity Index (ESI). Only 4 patients received ESI life-saving procedures. 70% (84) were treated in the ED. There was a statistically significant difference between the PAT and ESI and the group of patients whose clinical status needed urgent treatment. Conclusion: Most of the patients sent to PED from other wards within the hospital are stable patients. For the effective use of the PED, the patients who will be transferred to the PED should be carefully evaluated by the relevant physician, priority should be given to the transport of hemodynamically unstable patients to the emergency room, and they should be treated appropriately in short-term follow-up or treatment units. For stable patients, an area independent from the emergency department should be created in line with the facilities of each hospital.

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Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The Qur’an attaches importance to reason and encourages people to use their minds in a way that will protect themselves from harm and benefit themselves. Specially, it has given an important role to the mind in understanding and explaining the word of Allah. Throughout the history of Tafsir, mufassirūn have sometimes turned towards into understatement and sometimes into extremeness while trying to carry out this task that the Qur’an attributes a meaning to mind. Therefore, in order to determine the definition of the task that the Qur’an assigns to the wisdom in the field of tafsir, the lexical meaning of the word “wisdom” and its meaning in the Qur’an were examined and it was seen that the Qur’an gave more importance to the practical wisdom (‘aql), although there was no difference between the two meanings. Later on, the relationship between the Qur’an/Wahy and the wisdom was mentioned and that was emphasized the sound real narration and the clear wisdom (‘aql) were coherent with each other. In cases that give the impression of contrariety, it has been concluded that if the narrative is authentic, it should be preferred to wisdom (‘aql). By the end of the day, the relevant method has been compared with the “wisdom”(‘aql) approach of the Qur’an in order to reveal the accuracy of tafsir based on pure wisdom. It has been remarked as contrarian the “wisdom”(‘aql) approach of the Qur’an, due to the large number of erroneous results it has reached even in the main principles of Islam and rejection of authentic narration for simple reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bu çalışmada yeni sütten kesilen besi buzağılarında transport sonrası ilk günkü klinik bulguların ve stres yapıcı faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Bu çalışmada araca bindirme, taşıma ve padoklara ayırma işleminde ortalama 5-6 saatlik bir süre geçiren 160 adet sütten kesme döneminde erkek buzağılar kullanıldı. Hayvanlar 70 ile 90 günlük yaş aralığındaki holştayn ırkı buzağılardan oluştu. Taşıma işlemine tabi tutulacak hayvanlar nakilden bir gün önce sağlıklı görünümde olduğu tespit edilen hayvanlardan seçildi. Çalışmaya alınan hayvanlarda nakil işlemi sonunda iniş rampasında ve padoklara alınırken yaşadıkları strese bağlı hareketlerde tedirginlik tespit edildi. 160 hayvandan 64'nün kritik sınır olarak bildirilen 39.4'ün üzerinde vücut ısısına sahip olduğu, hiçbirinde spontan öksürük ve kulaklarda düşüklük olmadığı belirlendi. Ancak 23 hayvanda hafif bir palpasyonda öksürüğün tetiklendiği, 29 hayvanda da tek ve/veya çift taraflı gözyaşı akıntısı olduğu ve 19 hayvanda da serö-müköz bir nazal akıntı varlığı tespit edildi. On üç hayvanda 40 derecenin üzerinde vücut ısısı olduğu bunların üçünde nazal akıntı, gözyaşı ve palpasyon sonrası öksürük varlığı belirlendi. Hayvanların ilk 3 saat yem ve suya ilgi göstermediği ve genelde sternal pozisyonda yatma eğiliminde olduğu görüldü. Yeme alışma süreçlerinin en az 1 hafta sürdüğü görüldü. Sonuç olarak hayvanların sütten kesme döneminde toplulaştırma yapılan buzağıların nakil süreci ile birlikte oluşan strese bağlı pneumoniye yatkınlıklarının arttığı tespit edildi. Bu sürecin çok iyi gözlemlenmesi ve alışma dönemindeki sürü gözlemlerine önem verilmesi gerektiği görüldü. Sonuç olarak hayvanların sütten kesme döneminde toplulaştırma yapılan buzağıların nakil süreci ile birlikte oluşan strese bağlı pneumoniye yatkınlıklarının arttığı tespit edildi. Bu sürecin çok iyi gözlemlenmesi ve alışma dönemindeki sürü gözlemlerine önem verilmesi gerektiği görüldü.

Son yıllarda gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kaliteli et üretimi ve et üretim kayıplarını azaltma ile ilgili yapılan bilimsel araştırma sayısında artış olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda nakil koşullarının etin raf ömrünü ve etin görünümünü etkilediği bildirilmiştir. Kara yolu ile nakil koşullarının hayvan refahı kurallarına uygun olmadığı durumlarda mortality, karkas ezikleri meydana gelmekte ve etin normal pH’sı değişmektedir. Bu nedenle nakledilecek havanların özellikleri (ırk, tür, cinsiyet, yaş ve yetiştirme şekli) ve nâkilin etkenleri (bakıcılar, şoförler, yükleme, boşaltma, araç, alan, mevsim, açlık, susuzluk, sosyal grup, yolun mesafesi ve durumu) dikkate alınarak yapılacak iyi bir planlama üretim kayıplarını azaltacak ve et kalitesini artıracaktır. Bu derlemede, hayvanların karayoluyla nakillerinin planlanmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken kriterler hakkında araştırmacılara ve alanda çalışanlara kapsamlı bilgi sunmak amaçlanmıştır.

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Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hicrî VII. yüzyıl, Müslümanlar açısından çok zorlu ve karmaşık bir dönem olmuştur. Bu dönemde mezhepsel ihtilâflar artmış, ilim gizlenmiş ve Müslümanlar, Moğolların saldırılarına marûz kalmışlardır. Dolayısıyla bu dönemde te’lîf edilen ilmî eserler, ilmin canlanması açısından oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda Ebu’l-Abbâs ibn Teymiyye, kendi döneminde ilmî canlandıran bir ilim ehli olarak örnek verilebilir. Yaşadığı dönemde pek çok sıkıntıya maruz kalan Ebu’l-Abbâs İbn Teymiyye, bütün sıkıntılara rağmen her ilim dalında faydalı eserler ortaya koyduğu gibi tefsir alanında pek çok eser kaleme almıştır. Tefsîr ile ilgili eserleri, risâleler halinde yazmış olsa da bu risâleler, pek çok açıdan tefsîr usûlü konusunda kaleme alınan büyük eserlerden daha faydalı bilgiler içermektedir.Ayrıca hem kendi dönemine hem de kendisinden sonraki dönemlere etki eden ve günümüze kadar etkisi süren araştırmacı, hakkı söylemekten kaçınmayan ve tavizsiz bir ilim ehli olan Ebu’l-Abbâs İbn Teymiyye’nin hayatını ve tefsîr ile ilgili görüşlerini bilmek, kanaatimizce çok büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda ilk önce Ebu’l-Abbâs İbn Teymiyye’nin hayatını, hocalarını, öğrencilerini ve eserlerini anlatmayı, sonra da “Mukaddimetun fî’t-Tefsîr” adlı eserini incelemeyi uygun bulduk.

Sarf ilminde, telaffuzda kolaylık (اَلتَّخْفِيفُ) için ‘illet harfleri (حُرُوفُ الْعِلَّةِ) diye isimlendirilen vâv, yâ ve elif (و- ي- ا)’ten birinin başka bir ‘illet harfine dönüştürülmesi, harekesinin atılması veya mâkablinde bulunan sâkin harfe aktarılması suretiyle sâkin kılınması ya da bizzat harfin atılması şeklinde yapılan değişiklikler i‘lâl (اَلْإِعْلَالُ) olarak tanımlanır.Kalb (اَلْقَلْبُ), nakil/iskân (اَلنَّقْلُ وَالْإِسْكَانُ) ve hazif (اَلْحَذْفُ) olmak üzere üç çeşit i‘lâl türü vardır. Bir harfin başka bir harfe ya da bir harekenin başka bir harekeye dönüştürülmesi kalb, ‘illet harfinin harekesinin kendisinden önce bulunan sahih harfe taşınması nakil/iskân ve bir kelimeden bir ya da birden fazla harfin veya harekenin atılması ise hazif olarak isimlendirilir. Bu makalede i‘lâlin tanımı, türleri ve uygulamaları üzerinde durulmuştur. Uygulama alanı olarak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçen fiiller tercih edilmiştir. İlgili i‘lâl maddesi için Kur’ân’da örneğin bulunmaması durumunda hadislere müracaat edilmiştir. Beşinci bâba nakledilerek ‘فَعُلَ’ veznine konulan bir fiilin son harfinin yâ (ي) olması durumunda, bu yâ (ي)’nın vâv (و)’a kalb olunması kuralına, ayet ve hadislerde örnek teşkil edecek bir kullanım bulunmadığından, konuya değinirken nahiv kaynaklarında geçen misal kullanılmıştır.

Objective: In the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, emergency healthcare services work on the frontline with land and air ambulances and face serious challenges. Data on the care of COVID-19 patients and transport by European air ambulance systems are very limited. During the pandemic period, many domestic and international COVID-19 patients were transferred by air ambulances. In this study, we aimed to reveal the analysis of COVID-19 patients transported by our air ambulance system and how the transfers took place. Methods: Our study is a retrospective cohort study. Patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 as a result of RT-PCR and transferred by fixed wing air ambulance between 15.04.2020 and 31.12.2020 were included in the study. The information of the cases was obtained from the Ministry of Health Emergency Health Services Automation System (ASOS) and flight records. Flight time, age, gender, hospitalization status (ward / intensive care unit), vital signs, treatment received (nasal oxygen, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), mechanical ventilation), transportation patterns and post-transport disinfection procedures were recorded. Results: The number of patients with a definite diagnosis of COVID-19 according to real time PCR results with fixed wing ambulance was 80. 85% of the patients were male and the mean age was 44.7 ± 14.0 years. The average flight time for these patients was 492.2 ± 270.8 minutes. 87.5% (n = 70) of the COVID-19 patients were hospitalized in the inpatient service and 12.5% (n = 10) in the intensive care unit. 2.5% (n = 2) CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) therapy, 3.8% (n = 3) mechanical ventilator follow-up, 22.5% (n = 18) intravenous (IV) fluid therapy and 71.3% (n = 57) received nasal oxygen therapy. Medical team used Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in transferring all patients. 97.5% (n = 75) of the patients were transferred in the Portable Isolation Unit (PIU) and 2.5% (n = 5) were transferred without isolation. Conclusion: Transport and care of COVID-19 patients seem appropriate even for long periods from the air. Proper use of PPE and PIUs can provide security for personnel in charge of air transport of COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neonatal cholestasis is a condition that begins in the first months of life and is accompanied by a direct increase in bilirubin and jaundice as a result of deterioration in bile production or excavation. Early and accurate diagnosis is important for treatment success and prognosis. In this study, we aimed to examine the demographic characteristics, etiological factors, clinical signs, treatment and final conditions of patients monitored for neonatal cholestasis and to determine the etiological factors of liver transplant patients. Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with cholestasis in the neonatal period (<6 months) and followed up in our clinic for at least six months between January 2005 and January 2018 were included in the study. The clinical course and final status of the patients were recorded retrospectively. Results: The median age of onset of jaundice in 131 patients (61.1% male) enrolled in the study was 6 days (range: 1-180 days). Ninety-nine (75.6%) patients were in the intrahepatic cholestasis group, and 32 (24.4%) were in the extrahepatic cholestasis group. In the intrahepatic cholestasis group, total parenteral nutrition-related cholestasis (27.3%) was the most common, and biliary atresia (71.9%) was the most common in the extrahepatic cholestasis group. Other main reasons were systemic (19.1%), metabolic (12.2%), hereditary cholestatic diseases (9.9%) and infectious (7.6%) causes. The median time of Kasai portoenterostomy in patients with biliary atresia was 64 days (range: 28-180 days). The highest (44%) mortality rate was in the patients with systemic disease-related cholestasis. Liver transplantation (n=21, 16%) was the most frequently performed in patients with biliary atresia. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and timely treatment are very important for the optimal prognosis in neonatal cholestasis. The presence of acholic stools, maturity, early onset of jaundice and high gamma-glutamyl transferase levels should suggest biliary atresia. Early surgical treatment is warranted once the diagnoses was made, and liver transplantation is a treatment method that increases survival rate in these patient groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mutefekkir, Faculty of Islamic Sciences is the property of Aksaray University, Faculty of Islamic Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inner peace with the Abbassids has been achieved. The vast Islamic geography began to be ruled as a continent. There was a possibility of free movement of Muslims in this geography. Merchants, scholars and travelers have traveled all regions of this geography. Their travels caused an interaction. Knowledge, technical, commercial commodities and agricultural products were carried from one place to another Thus, the news spread and the techniques moved from one place to another found the opportunity to develop there. This resulted in intense circulation. In this study, the transfer of information during the Abbasid period was discussed. Intermediaries in the transmission of information were mentioned. The passage of information by interaction has been examined. Then, the transfer of the technique from one place to another was mentioned. In this study, the main sources and modern sources were used. The works of geographers who visited Islamic geography in the 9th and 10th centuries were particularly taken into account. The scope of the study ranges from early Abbassids to the end of the 11th century. With this study, we tried to highlight the interactions that took place in the Islamic world between the centuries mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explicitly declared in the Qur'ān and important place among the principles of Islamic faith hereafter, with accepted by the Islamic sect on individuals based on different arguments. In this context Bilmen, tried to base his belief in the Hereafter with reason and revelation. From revelation viwed the existence of death and the hereafter is recognized as an inevitable end. From the reason point of view, the existence of the hereafter is not considered as an impossible situation. About a situation possibly if have a righy revelation, believe in that accepted as a principle. On the other hand in a matter that can only be learned through revelation, solitary reason evidence is be requested not considered o correct approach. Therefore, faith in the hereafter is a matter that can only be learned by revelation, so both reason and revelation evidence should be asked together. Also in terms of wisdom of God, justise of God and force of God considering, the existence of a life after death has been recognized as possible and permissible. Because this world gains a sense with the presence of the hereafter and so hereafter gains a sense with the presence of the this world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giriş: Organ nakli bekleyen hasta sayısı her yıl giderek artmaktadır. Hepatit B pozitif olan bireylerin organ vericisi olabilmesi umut vadedicidir. Ancak hepatit B virüsünün (HBV) bulaşma riski bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Standart donörlerle karşılaştırıldığında benzer uzun vadeli sonuçlara rağmen bu durum özellikle hepatit B yüzey antijeni (HBsAg) pozitif donörler için geçerlidir. HBV bulaşma riskini azaltmak için donör riskinin değerlendirilmesi, alıcının aşılanması, uygun immünosüpresif rejim planlanması, profilaktik tedavinin optimize edilmesi ve nakil sonrası izlem gibi kapsamlı bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç vardır. Olgumuz uygun profilaktik tedaviye ve aşılanmaya rağmen renal nakilden 8 sene sonra gelişen HBV enfeksiyonunu göstermektedir. Olgu: Bilinen hipertansiyon, nörojenik mesane, kronik böbrek yetmezliği (KBY), paratiroid adenom tanıları olan 48 yaşında kadın hastaya Aralık 2015 yılında eşinden renal nakil yapılmıştır. Rutin kullandığı ilaçlar içinde takrolimus, mikofenolik asit, prednisolon vardır. Donörde HBV enfeksiyonu olması nedeniyle nakil hastası HBV için aşılanmış ve 2015 yılında entekavir 1x0,5 mg oral başlanmıştır. Hasta dış merkezde belli aralıklarla karaciğer fonksiyon testleri, HBsAg ve HBV-DNA ile takip edilmiş ve takiplerinde bu değerler normal sınırlarda seyretmiştir. Kasım 2021 yılında tetkiklerinde kreatinin 1,48 mg/dl ve GFR 42 ml/dk olması üzerinde entekavir günaşırı 0,5 mg olarak düzeltilmiştir. Kasım 2023 yılında yapılan tetkiklerinde HBV-DNA 9412 IU/ml, anti-HBs 128 mIU/ml, HBc IgG negatif, HBsAg negatif, HBeAg negatif, anti-HBe negatif olarak saptanmıştır. Hastanın mevcut tedaviye rağmen HBV-DNA pozitifleşmesi ve KBY olması nedeniyle tedavisi tenofovir alefenamid 1x25 mg peroral olarak değiştirilmiştir. Bir ay sonra rutin kontrolünde HBVDNA saptanmamış ve karaciğer enzim değerlerinin normal bulunmuştur. Hasta mevcut tedavi ile kontrol altında devam etmektedir. Sonuç: Donördeki HBV enfeksiyonu, alıcı için bir risk faktörü olmasına rağmen donör ve alıcının HBV durumuna dikkat edilerek ve önleyici tedavi kullanarak HBV enfeksiyon riski en aza indirilebilir. Önceden HBV öyküsü olmayan ve donör HBV pozitif olan nakil hastaları aşılamadan ve profilaktik tedaviden bağımsız olarak de novo enfeksiyon gelişimi riski ve hızlı müdahale şansını yakalamak açısından yakından takip edilmelidir. HBsAg negatif olmasına rağmen HBV-DNA pozitifliğinin görülebileceği akılda tutulmalı ve HBV-DNA değerleri şüphe halinde yakın takip edilmelidir. Ayrıca KBY olan hastalarda, nefrotoksik olmaması ve ilaç doz düzenlenmesi gerektirmemesi nedeniyle tenofovir alafenamidin uygun bir seçenek olduğu aklında tutulmalıdır. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Arabic Sarf (morphology), for the convenience of pronunciation, the changes by transfering one of the letters vâv, yâ, alif ( و- ي- ا ) which are called illiterate letters ( حُرُوفُ الْعِلَّةِ ) into anohter 'illetare letter ( اَلتَّخْفِيفُ ) or deleting out its harake ( اَلْحَذْفُ ) or giving it to the letter which is sâkin in front of it ( النَقَّلُْ ), thus making it sâkin or even deleting out this letter are defined as i'lâl (الَعِْلْلَُ) There are three types of i'lâl: kalb ( اَلْقَلْبُ /transformation), naql/iskân ( النَقَّلُْ وَا لِْسْكَان/ conveyance), hazf ( اَلْحَذْفُ /deleting). Transferring one 'illetare letter into another or one harake into another harake is called kalb, to convey harake of an 'illetare letter to the sâkin letter in front of it is called naql/iskân and deleting one or more 'illetare letters in a word is callled hazf. In this article, the definiation of i'lâl, its types and its applications are dealt with. The verbs in the Holy Quran used in the field of application. If there is no example in the Quran for the relevant i'lâl, the hadiths have been applied to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Ibn Al-Jawzi was a member of Salafiyya, who opposed the theological method, was among the people who had adopted this method partially in the following period, has also examined the issue of reason, in addition to a number of other issues of belief. The author who examines this subject sometimes under the individual headings and sometimes under different topics depending on the content of the subject, has expressed his views on issues such as the nature of reason, its function, its value, its relation to the revelation, wisdom and taqleed. The author, who revealed his thoughts about the subject with an identity of moralist besides the identity of theologian, has explained the value of the reason through its function, and stated that it is not a source of solving all the problems by itself, and that it needs Sharia in some areas. At the same time, he has pointed out that they support each other by pointing out the unity of reason and shari'a in many matters. He has stated that when man realizes wisdom in divine commands and actions, he should deepen in it, when he can not comprehend it, he must submit to God, who has reached with reason the knowledge that he is wise. Although he tolerated in the fiqh area, has opposed the taqleed was exhibited in the field of belief, however, he has argued that the alternative is not a purely rational theological system, but a mental thought that knows its limits and acts in a way of sobriety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: BK virus (BKV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are common in renal transplant patients. In this retrospective study, we investigated the frequency of BKV and CMV infections and their effects on graft. Materials and Methods: The data of 118 renal transplant recipients who were transplanted and followed-up between January 2010 and January 2011 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, biochemical data, BKV and CMV DNA levels by polymerase chain reaction (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) were investigated. The patients were followed-up monthly in the first six months and then every three months. Results: A total of 118 patients were included in the study. BK viraemia was detected in 12 (10.2%) patients and the DNA level of BKV was >104 copies/mL in five cases. Three patients with elevated creatinine and compatible renal biopsy findings were considered to have BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). With the reduction of immunosuppressive treatment, viraemia was reduced and creatinine levels decreased within normal levels. Cytomegalovirus DNA was found to be positive in 23 (19.5%) patients, and was >500 copies/mL in 4 (3.4%) patients. The viraemia in these four patients has decreased after antiviral therapy. No CMV related disease were found in any of the patients. Cytomegalovirus DNA positivity at low levels were also detected in three patients who were diagnosed with BKVAN. None of the patients developed rejection. Conclusion: BK and CMV infections in kidney transplant patients are common and can be seen together. However, graft dysfunction and rejection rates are low with close monitoring, early diagnosis and treatment. Randomized, controlled studies with larger patient groups are necessary in order to determine the viral threshold levels associated with graft dysfunction or rejection, to decide the optimal management and to explain the role of concomitant infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the increase in interest on animal welfare has led to the production of many scientific studies on this issue and to make changes in legislation regarding the livestock sector both the national and international areas. In this study, the main determinants of welfare in cattle such as shelter, transport and human-animal interactions, which led to stress, are summarized through the literature as they can be practical for the studies on cattle breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: Kidney transplantation is the best treatment method associated with improved quality of life and better survival for both adult and pediatric patients with end stage renal disease. We have performed a total of 117 kidney transplantations from living or deceased donors between November 2010 and May 2014. Thirteen of these were pediatric kidney transplantations. Here, we present our initial experiences and outcomes of these pediatric kidney transplantations. Materials and Methods: One of the pediatric recipients who underwent en bloc and dual-kidney transplantation from a deceased donor was excluded from this study. This recipient was a 40-month-old patient whose donor was an eleven-month-infant. Her allograft kidneys were explanted because of vascular thrombosis on the first postoperative day. We collected and retrospectively analyzed the data of the other twelve pediatric transplantation recipients and their donors. Seven of these kidney transplantations were from deceased donors and five from living donors. All recipients and the five living donors underwent a thorough examination and their clinical history was studied with in detail. Results: Deceased to living donor ratio was 7:5, respectively. The mean follow up period was 31.8 (1-42) months from living donors group and 16.8 (2-28) months from deceased donors group, respectively. Graft survival was 100% during this period. No kidney was lost from rejection, technical causes, infection or recurrent diseases. The living donors are also still alive without any problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kur'an'a göre Allah hem yaratma ve hem de yaratıkları bilgilendirme kaynağıdır. Bu bilgilendirme yöntemlerinden birisi de aracılarin olmasıdır. Hiç kuşkusuz ki bu aracılar, insanlık tarihinin değişik dönemlerinde her kavme gönderilen peygamberler olmuştur. Kur'an'da insıinların peygamberlerle bilgilendirildiğini görüyoruz. Örneğin, Hz. A.dem'e nesnelerin isimleri öğretilmiştir. 1 İlahimesaj olan Kur'an'a göre, bilginin gelişınesi ve çoğalması Allah'a bağlıdır; insana bilinmeyeni bildiren O'dur.2 O halde hakikatin bilgisini elde etmede insanın rolü nedir? Kur' an' da bilgi konusunda insan için nesneler dünyasına bakarak bir şeyleri hatıriama 'tezekkür) ve düşünme (tefekkür)den söz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, insan nesneler üzerinde tefekkür ve teemmülde bulunmaya davet edildikten sonra, "akletınez misiniz?"3 şeklinde bir soru ile uyarılır. Akletıne, tefekkür ve tezekkür gibi kavramların içeriğinde taşıdığı mesaj, insanın aşkm olanla buluşmasına ve O' nun la bağ kurmasına bir davetiye çıkarmaktır. Kur' an' daki "akletme" aydınlanma düşüncesindeki "pozitivist rasyonel akim" karşılığı değildir. Çünkü "rasyonalizm" aklı, istidliill kategoriye indirger, onu ululamakla kalmaz hatta üstünde bir başka hakikati n olduğunu da kabul etmez. Kur' an' da isim olarak akla değil de fiil olarak aklın fonksiyonel yapısına gönderme yapılır. Türkçesi, hiilii akıllarını kullanmıyorlar ını? anlamına gelen; "efe/ii ta' ktltın" ya da "/ii ya' k til'ın" gibi ifadelerle zihinlerin nesneler dünyasına (kevnl ayetler) yönelmesi ile uyarılınası amaçlanır. Kur' an' a göre akıl, kalbin bir fonksiyonudur

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and causes of wastage of blood and blood products (packed red cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate) in Qazvin hospitals. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in all hospitals in Qazvin, including 5 teaching hospitals, 2 social welfare hospitals, 3 private hospitals, 1 charity hospital, and 1 military hospital. This descriptive study was based on available data from hospital blood banks in the province of Qazvin. The research instrument was a 2-part questionnaire. The first part was related to demographic characteristics of hospitals and the second part elicited information about blood and blood component wastage. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive statistic methods and SPSS 11.5. Results: Blood wastage may occur for a number of reasons, including time expiry, wasted imports, blood medically or surgically ordered but not used, stock time expired, hemolysis, or miscellaneous reasons. Data indicated that approximately 77.9% of wasted pack cell units were wasted for the reason of time expiry. Pack cell wastage in hospitals is reported to range from 1.93% to 30.7%. Wastage at all hospitals averaged 9.8% among 30.913 issued blood products. Overall blood and blood product (packed red cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate) wastage was 3048 units and average total wastage per participant hospital for all blood groups was 254 units per year. Conclusion: Blood transfusion is an essential part of patient care. The blood transfusion system has made significant advancements in areas such as donor management, storage of blood, cross-matching, rational use of blood, and distribution. In order to improve the standards of blood banks and the blood transfusion services in Iran, comprehensive standards have been formulated to ensure better quality control in collection, storage, testing, and distribution of blood and its components for the identified major factors affecting blood product wastage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is an optional transplant modality for patients without a Human Leukocyte Antigens-matched donor. Still, one-third of patients who might benefit from allogeneic transplantation are able to find a Human Leukocyte Antigens-matched related donor. In need of immediate stem-cell transplantation, haploidentical donor is an important solution for many patients. Previously, haploidentical hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation was characterised by a high rejection rate, graft-versus-host disease, graft failure, and transplant-related mortality, but there have since been significant improvements in some areas. Development of new extensive T-cell depletion methods with megadose stem cell administration have overcome problems of haploidentical hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. We presented an applied case haploidentical hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation as an experience in Turgut Ozal Medical Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selefi anlayışın en önde gelen temsilcilerinden biri olan İbn Teymiyye, bu anlayışını tefsir çalışmalarına da yansıtmıştır. Bunun en belirgin göstergesi, onun tefsirinde dirayet-rivayet ilişkisine yaklaşımda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Nitekim o, tefsirinde önceliği daima seleften gelen nakillere vermekle birlikte, onun tefsirinde akla dayalı hususlar da geniş bir şekilde yer almıştır. İbn Teymiyye, akıl yürütmenin caiz olduğunu ifade ettiği konularda kaynağını Kur’an ve sünnetten alan, dolayısıyla onlarla çelişmeyen aklî verilere itibar etmiş, bilhassa hasımlarına aklen cevap verdiği noktalarda söz konusu aklî unsurlar oldukça ön plana çıkmıştır.

Transportation shrink is a natural physiogical condition that occurs during the transportation of animals. The level of transportation shrink is an important indicator shows if the cattle are transported within the optimum animal welfare conditions or not. The main factors affecting transportation shrink are transportation period, supplying water and feed to cattle before and after the transportation, the design of the vehicle used for transportation, temperature of the environment, age and temperament of the animal. The most effective ones among these factors are transportation period, temperature of the environment, feed and water support in long distance transportation. Transporting animals at a temperature within the thermoneutral conditions, shortening the period of transportation, and supplying feed and water during long distance transportation may decrease the transportation shrink and increase the profitability of cattle buyers and sellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung transplantations in humans have been performed for almost 50 years. However, allograft rejection, non-rejection diseases such as harvest/reperfusion injury, infection, drug toxicity, post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases, and recurrent disease are still significant complications. Although the clinical impression might suggest the possibility of any of these conditions, tissue diagnosis is usually necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis. This article mainly focuses on reviewing the morphological features of lung allograft rejection and its grading according to the revised 2007 ISHLT consensus classification of allograft rejection. Acute and chronic alloreactive injuries affect both the vasculature and the airways. Currently, the guidelines of the 2007 ISHLT consensus conference are used for the histolopathologic assessment of rejection. Although antibody mediated rejection is recognized in heart and kidney transplants, at present, there is no consensus about its diagnosis in transplanted lungs. Mimickers of rejection and post-transplant diseases will also be discussed. The collaboration between the transplant clinician and pathologist cannot be overemphasized to establish an optimal treatment for the individual patient following lung transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we have examined the ambulance working order in the 3 years period between the years 2006-2008 in Gaziantep city. Materials and Methods: In this study, the number of personel working in 112 ambulances, daily number of emergency exit patients, period of time of arrival of patients and arrival at the nearest medical institution, transfer of patients according to their illness, range of cases according to sex and age, population per station and automatisation between 112 emergency command centers and hospitals have been examined. Results: According to gender, the number of male cases were found to be more than female cases. Female case number above 65 years old has been found greater than the male cases. The highest case number has been found in the 6-25 years old group for males and above 65 years old for females. It was determined that the case number is increasing every year. The reason for calls was determined as 54.6% medical cases and 16.3% traffic cases. According to pre-diagnosis, it was determined that trauma cases decreased and the cases concerning cardiovascular system increased gradually. It was seen that a great majority of the cases were reached within the first 20 minutes. It was seen that ambulance emergency exits comprised 62.5% hospital transfer, 13.5% timely intervention and 9.5% transfer inter-hospitals. It has been determined that ambulance exit numbers were increasing every passing year. Conclusion: With this study it is concluded that planning should be done to prevent delay in reaching emergency cases due to the increase in ambulance usage and also it was determined that the communication between command centers and inter-hospitals should be at the maximum level in order to minimize the delay period during transfer to hospitals, and frequent updates of used and empty bed lists of hospitals should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim scholars had discussed the power of reason and its limits in the respect of religion during the history. One of the main discussion points whether the reason is that a factor, which close to salvation as ability that differentiates between false, and true, good and bad. The other one is how much the reason could perceive the ultimate reality that basis of whole existence. The final question is where the borderline between revelation and reason is. One of the main characteristics, which separate human being from other living creatures, is reason as to distinguish between right and wrong, and the mental power. The reason had been fairly discussed according to its definition, content and variants in Islamic thought. Nonetheless, reason had been studied considering its relation with narration, nass, revelation and religion. In this article, it will be dealt with reason that is accepted the one of the fundamental problems, over against the narration in Islamic thought. Firstly, the opinions of Islamic philosophers and Kalaam scholars will be narrated. Then, it will be tried to find out Quranic doctrine on that subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]