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Introduction: Mental complications of diabetes are one of the main obstacles to the implementation of self -care behaviors that have been less studied. Therefore, this study was conducted to survey the effective factors in predicting burnout and self-care behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this Path analysis, 1280 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from Mashhad (Iran) in 2023 to 2024. Four scales, the mental health literacy (MHL) scale, diabetes burnout scale, diabetes distress scale, and self-care behavior scale were used for data gathering. AMOS software checked the direct and indirect paths between the variables. Results: In the path analysis, variables of MHL and diabetes distress predicted 25% variance of diabetes burnout (R2 = 0.25), and diabetes distress (total effect = 0.491) had the greatest impact on predicting diabetes burnout. Variables of MHL, diabetes distress, and diabetes burnout predicted 12% variance of Self-care behaviors (R2 = 0.12) and MHL (total effect = -0.256), age of onset of diabetes (total effect = 0.199), and diabetes burnout (total effect = − 0.167) had the greatest impact on prediction of self-care behaviors. Conclusion: MHL could reduce diabetes distress and burnout and eventually promote self-care behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, screening and identifying psychological problems (such as distress and burnout) and designing interventions to increase MHL can ultimately increase the health of patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors that can affect the quality of life is the psychological status of people. Also, the psychological status of individuals can be affected by other variables. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the role of diabetes health literacy, psychological status, self-care behaviors, and life satisfaction in predicting the quality of life in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran in 2021 among 300 patients with type 2 diabetes. The method of selecting the participants in this study was the proportional stratified sampling method. Data collection instruments included six questionnaires of demographic questionnaire and diabetes status, DASS-21 questionnaire (depression, anxiety, and stress), diabetes health literacy scale, self-care behavior questionnaire, satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), and quality of life questionnaire. Statistical methods such as independent sample t test, one-way analysis of variance, linear regression test, and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. Based on the results of Pearson correlation test, there was a positive and significant correlation between diabetes health literacy (r = 0.438, p < 0.001), depression (r = − 0.380, p < 0.001), anxiety (r = − 0.355, p < 0.001), stress (r = − 0.423, p < 0.001), and SWLS (r = 0.265, p < 0.001) with quality of life. Based on the results of linear regression, variables of diabetes health literacy, life satisfaction, self -care behaviors, depression, stress, anxiety, age of onset of diabetes and diabetes duration were able to predict 31% of the quality of life (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that diabetes health literacy, life satisfaction, stress and the duration of diabetes are able to predict the quality of life of patients with diabetes. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to these effective variables training programs, especially health literacy, the effect of which is very obvious in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Suicide and suicide attempts are among the most important indicators of mental health in the world. In this research, the validity and reliability of Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) was examined in general people over the age of 18. Methods: This cross-sectional psychometric study was conducted in 2022 among 952 general population in Iran. Participants were selected by two methods of proportional stratified sampling and simple random sampling. The internal consistency of the tools was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and McDonald omega coefficient. Also, test-retest reliability was checked by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: In the confirmatory factor analysis section, the factor loading of all questions were above 0.4 and one questions were deleted and final model with four factors and 25 questions was confirmed (Some of goodness-of-fit indexes: AGFI = 0.910, RMSEA = 0.050, IFI = 0.901, and χ2/df = 3.333). For all questions, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.859, McDonald omega coefficient was 0.866, and ICC was 0.895. Finally, the Persian long version of LOSS was approved with 25 items and four subscales: causes/triggers (9 items), risk factors (7 items), signs and symptoms (5 items) and treatment/prevention (4 items). Conclusion: The Persian long version of LOSS with four subscales and 25 items is an appropriate tool to investigate the state of suicide literacy in the public population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this cross sectional study, the subjects were 390 students. The findings revealed two components of spiritual transcendence and spiritual openness and also the questions that had high factor loadings with these components are largely consistent with the findings of the scale's authors. Construct validity and reliability were ascertained and the goodness of fit was determined for the Spiritual Transcendence Scale (KMO: 91). The ensemble of the model's coefficients are x2/sd = 418.39, RMESEA =.68, NFI =.95, CFI =.97. Results showed that the exploratory two-factor analysis (EFA) of this research is good-fitted without the need for modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Diabetes Health Literacy Scale in type 2 diabetic patients. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 in 1040 patients with type 2 diabetes in eastern Iran. Participants was selected by proportional stratified sampling method. The validity of DHLS was investigated through qualitative face validity, qualitative content validity, and structural validity (exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis). The reliability of DHLS was checked by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald omega coefficient, and test–retest. Results: In exploratory factor analysis, 3 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, explaining 68.57% of the variance. These factors entered the confirmatory factor analysis, none of the questions were removed, and all questions had factor loading above 0.4. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald omega coefficient of DHLS were 0.919 and 0.922. Also, the Intraclass correlation coefficient of DHLS was 0.957. Finally, the DHLS was approved with 14 questions and the three subscales of Informational Health Literacy (6 items), Numerate Health Literacy (5 items), and Communicative Health Literacy (3 items). Conclusions: DHLS with 14 questions and the three subscales is a valid and reliable tool for examining diabetes health literacy in people with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in drug treatment and surgical interventions for the care of myocardial infarction, it has a high morbidity and mortality rate in Iran. In order to stop or reverse this trend, educational interventions based on various models are necessary. To determine the effect of an educational intervention based on Pender's health promotion model on lifestyle, related factors, and clinical outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction, a clinical trial study was conducted. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups of educational intervention based on Pender's model (n = 50) and the control group (n = 50). Educational sessions included eight 45-minute sessions held twice per week. Data gathering instruments were completed by the groups before and three months after intervention. The total mean of lifestyle, cardiac knowledge, perceived benefits of behavior, cholesterol, and triglycerides rates were significantly improved in the intervention group. Evaluation of the findings confirmed the effect of this educational model on healthy behaviors of patients with Myocardial Infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure may bring about positive outcomes, which have not been adequately addressed in the literature. Therefore, this qualitative study sought to scrutinize the experiences of patients and the perceived positive effects of heart failure. The opinions of 19 patients with heart failure in Mashhad city (Iran) were collected via semistructured interviews from December 2017 to November 2018. After analyzing the data, six themes were identified by framework analysis: healthy lifestyle, effective interactions, appreciation of life, spirituality, reappraisal of life and priorities, and endurance. Such positive effects may lead to empowerment and better coping of patients with the disease. Therefore, nurses should consider the patients' perception of illness in addition to the disease manifestations and offer training focusing on the possibilities instead of limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unraveling the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) seems essential due to the increasing importance of quality of life evaluations in patients with heart failure (HF) and the use of the ICF for comparative purposes. The aim of this study is to identify and compare the content of HRQOL instruments for HF using the ICF coding system. Methods: In a 2-stage design, first we will identify all measures used to assess HRQOL for patients with HF and second we will compare the content of those measures using the ICF coding system. Systematic search will be performed in in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases using a combination of free texts and MeSH terms between January 1960 and January 2017. All instruments will be linked to the ICF separately by 2 reviewers according to 10 linking rules developed for this purpose. The degree of agreement between the reviewers will be calculated via the kappa statistic. Conclusion: The results of this study may help clinicians and researchers to select the most appropriate outcome measure according to the ICF-based content validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a group-based educational training on the self-efficacy and self-acceptance of Iranian menopausal women using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. This Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) was conducted on 80 menopausal women in the age range of 47-55 years residing in the northeast of Iran. The participants were divided randomly into a test group (n = 40) and a control group (n = 40). We found that designing and implementation of a group-based educational training according to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model can significantly enhance the knowledge and performance of the test group with regard to self-efficacy and self-acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research investigating mammography screening has often reported low mammography self-efficacy and breast cancer fear contribute to underutilization of mammography. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of Champion's Mammography Self-efficacy Scale (CMSS) and Champion's Breast Cancer Fear Scale (CBCFS) in a sample of Iranian women.Methods: The adapted instruments were administered to a community sample of 482 women aged 40 years or older. They inhibited in Sanandaj, Iran. Cronbach's α coefficients, item-total, and test-retest correlations were used to assess the reliability of the scales. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to assess construct validity.Results: The α coefficients for the Farsi 14-item CMSS and 8-item BCFS were .87 and.95, respectively. In terms of the CMSS confirmatory factor analysis, the proportion of x 2/df was 2.4, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.93, Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.96 providing a strong fit to the data induced by two-factor model. With regard to CBCFS, x 2/df was 86.33, CFI =0.99, and TLI =0.99 supporting one-factor model.Conclusion: The CMSS and CBCFS exhibited strong initial psychometric properties; therefore, they are recommended to understand women's breast cancer screening behaviors better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to assess the effect of precede-proceed model on preventive behaviors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in high-risk individuals. In this semi-experimental study, 164 high-risk individuals for type 2 DM were selected and were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (n = 85). Educational intervention was performed as a single session face-to-face instruction for 1.5 hr for the intervention group participants. Data were collected before (baseline) and immediately and I month after the intervention in the two groups. The mean score of predisposing (knowledge) factors (p = .001), reinforcing factors (p = .001), and enabling factors (p = .02) were significantly different at baseline and I month after the intervention in the intervention group compared with the control group (p < .05). A significant improvement occurred in the nutritional habits of high-risk participants in the intervention group at I month after the intervention compared with controls (p = .001). The precede-proceed model can be effective for promoting the preventive behaviors for type 2 DM in high-risk individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediculosis is a common parasitic infestation in students worldwide, including Iran. This condition is more prevalent in populous and deprived communities with poor personal hygiene. This study sought to assess the efficacy of peer education for adopting preventive behaviors against pediculosis in female elementary school students based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: A total of 179 female fifth grade students were selected using multistage random sampling and were randomly allocated to control and intervention groups. A standard questionnaire was designed and administered to collect baseline information. An educational intervention was then designed based on the conducted needs assessment. The educational program consisted of three sessions, held by peers for the intervention group. The questionnaire was re-administered one month after the intervention. Independent and paired t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and regression analysis were applied as appropriate. Results: The two groups had no significant differences in the scores of knowledge, HBM constructs, or behavior before the intervention. After the intervention, however, the mean scores of all parameters significantly improved in the intervention group. Conclusion: Peer education based on HBM is an effective strategy to promote preventive behaviors against pediculosis in among fifth grade female elementary school students in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference 1 Moshki M, Alami A, Zadehahmad Z, Ghelichi-Ghojogh M, Dogonchi M, Jafari A. Psychometric properties of Persian version of diabetes health literacy scale (DHLS) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Correction: Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (2022) 14:139 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098... Following publication of the original article [[1]], the author identified an error in the first author's affiliation. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Prenatal depression is a significant predictor of postpartum depression and is detrimental to fetal development. Aim: To examine whether depression during pregnancy is associated with social support and health locus of control (HLC). Method: Data were collected from a sample of 208 Iranian pregnant women using a demographic questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the multidimensional HLC Scale and the social support appraisals. Results: Depression was experienced by 37% of participants. Overall, women reported higher level of family support (6.88 ± 1.15) than other supports (6.87 ± 1.29). Protective supports from other resources (6.87 ± 1.29) were higher than those from friends (5.94 ± 1.5). Internal, powerful others and chance beliefs had the highest mean scores. Social support and chance HLC significantly influenced the proposed mediator (depressive mood) in the linear regression model. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between social support (friend, family and others) and depressive mood. Internal HLC had a significant association with social support and powerful others HLC. However, Pearson correlation coefficient was not significant between depressive mood and all dimensions of HLC. Conclusion: Clinicians could assess social support and chance HLC to identify and treat women at risk of prenatal depression. By providing support during pregnancy, depression levels in women and its effects on the fetus may be decreased, which could prevent postpartum depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive and uncontrolled television watching by children predisposes them to some risks such as developmental, social and psychological disorders. Parents play an important role in nurturing their children and controlling the factors affecting their health. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of health education programs on parents' supervision skills to control their children's television watching habits based on the theory of planned behavior. Methods: One hundred twenty parents of the students at the first and fifth grades of primary school were randomly divided into an intervention and a control group. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire at the beginning of and one month after intervention. An educational intervention was implemented for the case group parents, who were divided into four 15-member groups, in the form of three 45-60 minute sessions with focus group discussions. Moreover, the parents were provided with children and television booklet. Data were entered into SPSS-16 and were analyzed using Chi-square, paired t test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. Results: After the intervention, significant changes were detected in the intervention group with respect to the mean hours of watching television (from 6.74±2.02 to 4.28±2.40; p= 0.039), knowledge scores (from 5.8±2.1 to 7.7±1.9; p= 0.001), attitude towards less television watching (from 35.5±11.5 to 48.4±8.9; p=0.003), subjective norms (from 11.8±8.1 to 24.5±8.6; p>0.001) and behavioral intention (from 18.6±7.4 to 31.8±5.1; p=0.001). Conclusion: The results revealed that educational interventions based on the theory of planned behavior are capable of changing knowledge, attitude, subjective norm and intention of parents towards controlling and monitoring their children's television watching and can improve the performance of parental control and reduce the hours of TV watching by children. Therefore, this pattern is suggested for reforming the nurturing skills of parents about other behavioral problems of their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the PRECEDE model and health locus of control (HLC) on postpartum depression. This study used the path analysis to test the pattern of causal relations through the correlation coefficients. Materials and Method: The participants included 230 pregnant women in the north-east of Iran who were selected by convenience sampling. To analyze data, Pearson correlation and path analysis were applied to examine the relationships between variables using SPSS 20 and LISREL 8.50software. Results: The result of path analysis showed that a positive correlation exists between predisposing (knowledge, internal HLC, powerful others HLC, chance HLC) enabling and reinforcing factors with postpartum depression by GHQ score (GFI = 1, RSMEA = 000). Conclusion: The current study supported the application of the PRECEDE model and HLC in understanding the promoting behaviors in mental health and demonstrated their relationships with postpartum depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives To assess the effectiveness of application of health locus of control in pregnant women for prevention of postpartum depression in Iran. Background Nearly 10-15% of women suffer postnatal depression by the end of the second week after delivery, which creates problems in caring for the child that may affect child's future learning and concentration. Design Pre-post experimental design. Methods Two hundred and thirty volunteer women were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale and the Edinburg Depression Scale. Based on the associations found in the pretest, intervention programme was planned and carried out in the focused group discussion method. Data were collected after the end of scheduled sessions, immediately and one month later. The data were analysed with SPSS-16 using statistical methods including anova, chi-square test, Student's t-test and paired t-test. Results Chance health locus of control significantly reduced and internal health locus of control significantly increased, immediately after intervention. Also, a month after intervention, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in reducing postpartum depression. Conclusions The planned participatory intervention led to empowerment and increased awareness and internalisation of health control beliefs and less tendency towards external health control beliefs, especially chance, improvement in general health leading to improved psychological health for prevention of postpartum depression in mothers. Relevance to clinical practice Clinicians might assess chance and internal health locus of control to identify the women at risk of developing depression during their pregnancy and to develop prevention and treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug abuse is now-a-days one of the gravest social harms. Recent years have experienced a drastic rise in drug abuse among school and university students. Thus, the need for special attention to the issue is deemed important. The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the impact of life skills training on promotion of drug abuse preventive behaviors. Methods: This field trial experimental study was conducted on 60 students of Gonabad Medical University selected through quota random sampling and assigned randomly into two Intervention and control groups. Data were collected through a questionnaire, including two sections of demographic information and drug abuse preventive behaviors. The questionnaire was first assessed as to its validity and reliability and then administered both before and after educational intervention and also as a follow-up 4 years after intervention - Data were then analyzed using t-tests and Chi-square. Results: Comparison of post-test mean scores of drug abuse preventive behaviors of both groups showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) which remained stable 4 years after intervention. There was a significant relationship between father's educational level and drug abuse preventive behaviors (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Life skills' training is effective in the promotion of drug abuse preventive behaviors of university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Unhealthy lifestyle causes health risks among adolescents and also increases risk of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality later in life. Needs assessment based on theory is a basis for planning in health promotion behaviors. The present study aimed to assess educational program to promote students' lifestyle using the theory of planned behavior. Materials and methods: The subjects of this cross-sectional study were 175 students. The adolescent lifestyle questionnaire was used based on theory of planned behavior. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, t-tests and regression test. Results: The quality of life (QoL) decreased with increasing age of the students and parents' education. No statistical association was found between the intention and behavior in healthy nutrition (P = 0.438) and smoking, and alcohol (P = 0.256). Healthy nutritional behavior (B = 0.638) and intention (B = 0.268) was most predicted by attitude. Intention in physical activity was predicted by perceived behavioral control (B = 0.244) and behavior (B = 0.424) was most predicted by subjective norms, stress management intention was most predicted by subjective norms (B = 0.455) and behavior was most predicted by perceived behavioral control (B = 767); in smoking and alcohol, attitude (B = 0.829) showed strong direct with intention and perceived behavioral control (B = 0.311) was the strong predictor for behavior. Conclusion: Lack of association between intention and behavior showed that demographic variables may affect behavior in adolescents. Educational interventions focusing on perceived behavioral control is an important way to achieve healthy behavior. A program to promote exercise behavior in the age groups will be more successful family cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The students' vulnerability to different problems can have an impact on their mental health. Regarding the lack of evidence on the effectiveness of interventional programs based on health education planning models in this area in developing countries, an educational-participatory program based on the PRECEDE model was used, to promote the medical science students' self-esteem and mental health status, in Iran. Methods: In this experimental study, 154 students from the universities of medical sciences in the north east of Iran were selected by stratified random sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned to two groups of case and control. The questionnaires, including the enabling, reinforcing, and predisposing factors, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the GHQ-28 were used for data collection. Then, an intervention plan, including focus group discussions and training of selected life skills, based on the PRECEDE model, was conducted for the case group. Results: The predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors, and the self-esteem and mental health of the students showed a significant difference between the case and control groups. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a correlation between mental health and knowledge (P =0.008), between self-esteem and knowledge (P =0.02), self-esteem and attitude (P =0.01), and mental health and attitude (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Health promotion planning by using life skills training based on the PRECEDE model can result in participation and empowerment, in order to promote the self-esteem and mental health of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to translate the Form B of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales into Persian and then to measure its psychometric characteristics among the Iranian youth. The Health Locus of Control is regarded as an effective variable in developing health behaviours, clinical capacities and in determining health problems. Many studies have been conducted on Form B in the world, which have led to valuable results in health behaviours, health outcomes and health cares. Questionnaire survey. Undergraduate students ( n = 448) participated in this study. The reliability of the scale was calculated through three methods of estimating reliability, namely, test-retest, parallel forms and Cronbach's alpha. To calculate the validity of the scale, we used content, concurrent, construct and predictive methods. We determined the content validity of the scale by forward and backward-translating each item from English into Persian. The concurrent validity of the questionnaire was estimated as acceptable. To determine the predictive validity, the relationship between Form B and health status was used, an action that showed that health status correlated positively with Internal but negatively with Chance and did not correlate with Powerful others Health Locus of Control. The exploratory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the translated scale was quite similar to that of the original one. The internal consistency ranged from 0·69-0·72 and parallel forms reliability indices ranged from 0·70-0·72 for its subscales. The results indicated that psychometric characteristics of the Iranian version of Form B were estimated acceptable among the youth. The findings will assist professional health educators and nurses to develop educational interventions that should be designed to support and strengthen students' abilities so that they could recognise, understand and predict health behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of depression in society is increasing and there is a need for a suitable tool to assess the health literacy of people in this field. This study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric of the Iranian version of the depression literacy (D-Lit) questionnaire. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 845 participants with a proportional stratified sampling method. First, the translation and cultural adaptation of questionnaire was performed. Then, the validity of D-Lit was assessed by face validity, content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability of D-Lit was assessed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald omega coefficient. Results: Based on the results of EFA, 5 factors emerged with eigenvalues of greater than 1, which accounted for 56.30% of the variance. Based on the results of CFA, one question was deleted and the results of goodness fit indexes confirmed the model. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald omega coefficient for D-Lit questionnaire were 0.890 and 0.891, respectively. Finally, D-Lit questionnaire with 21 questions and 5 subscales of Knowledge of the psychological symptoms (5 items), Knowledge about the effectiveness of available treatment methods (4 items), Knowledge about cognitive-behavioral symptoms (6 items), Knowledge about taking medications and their side effects (4 items), and Knowledge of the severity of the disease (2 items) were confirmed. Conclusion: The results of this psychometric evaluation confirmed the Persian version of D-Lit questionnaire with 21 questions and 5 subscales is an appropriate tool for measuring people's literacy about depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) study of Gonabad University of Medical science, Iran, which presents various measures including Students' Perceptions of Learning (SPoL), Students' Perceptions of Teachers (SPoT), and Students' Perceptions of Atmosphere.

The article discusses a study on the food consumption behavior of elementary school students in Gonabad, Iran and analyzes the beneficial impact of following correct dietary habits for prevention of diseases in adulthood. The importance of the recommended dietary allowances which should be followed for consumption of various food items is analyzed. It discusses the need to promote the advantages of correct dietary practices for physical and mental development in children.

Background: Pedestrians' unsafe crossing behavior exposes them at risk of trauma and death and puts a tremendous burden on the health care system. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the leading theoretical models used to develop pedestrians' road crossing behavior questionnaires, yet the quality of measurement properties of them has not been evaluated. The aim of the proposed systematic review is to evaluate the quality of measurement properties of the questionnaires constructed based on the TPB to predict pedestrians' road crossing behavior. Methods: We will include studies validating or evaluating one or more psychometric properties of the self-reported questionnaire employing the TPB for predicting pedestrians' road crossing behavior. A comprehensive search strategy will be formulated based on the components of review aim. The databases of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and ProQuest, also grey literature and the reference lists of the included studies, will be searched. A hand search for the relevant journals and Google Scholar will be conducted. COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist will be used to evaluate the measurement properties of the included questionnaires. First, we will assess standards for the methodological quality of each study. Then, each scale or subscale of a questionnaire will be rated using the updated criteria for good measurement property. We will quantitatively pool or qualitatively summarize the results and will evaluate them against the criteria for good measurement properties. Finally, we will grade the pooled or summarized evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach and provide recommendations for the most appropriate instrument. Discussion: The proposed systematic review will evaluate the measurement properties of self-report pedestrians' road crossing behavior questionnaires constructed based on the TPB. The findings will help researchers in selecting the appropriate TPB-based instrument for pedestrians' road crossing behavior. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017047793 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the validity and reliability of Persian short version of the Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) among the general population. Methods: This methodological study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of Persian short form of LOSS among the general population, using a sample of 1175 participants in Iran, 2022. Participants were entered to study using method of proportional stratified sampling. The validity of Persian short form of LOSS was checked by four measures of validity: qualitative face validity, qualitative content validity, EFA (exploratory of factor analysis), and CFA (confirmatory factor analysis). The measure of reliability of Persian short form of LOSS was checked by three reliability of McDonald omega coefficient, ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient), and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Based on the findings of EFA, 4 components with eigenvalues > 1 were extracted and these 4 factors were able to explain 57.96% of variance. In EFA section, only 1 question was deleted due to entry into the non -relevant sub –scale. Based on the results of CFA, all items had the factor loading greater than 0.4 and none of the items were removed at this stage. In CFA, based the results of goodness-of-fit indexes for example: χ2/df = 2.077, NFI: 0.957, IFI = 0.977, RMSEA = 0.030, GFI: 0.988, and PGFI = 0.569, the final mode was approved with 11 items and 4 factors. In this study for all items, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.739, McDonald omega coefficient was 0.753, and ICC was 0.860. Finally, the Persian short form of LOSS was approved with 11 items and four dimensions of signs/ symptoms with 3 questions, the risk factors with 2 questions, treatment/ prevention with 2 questions, and causes/ triggers with 4 questions. Conclusion: The Persian short form of LOSS with 11 items and four subscales is a valid and reliable scale to survey the suicide literacy status in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The health locus of control (HLC) can indirectly determine the health status. The current study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of Form C of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC-C) scale in pregnant women. Methods: 554 pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in 2017; they referred to community health centers affiliated with Mashhad and Gonabad Medical Sciences Universities. Multi-stage random sampling was done. In this study, first, the questionnaire was translated into Farsi; then, face validity and construct validity were done through exploratory factor analysis, and concurrent criterion validity was also examined. Moreover, the reliability was assessed through internal consistency and stability methods. Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the MHLC-C scale consisted of four subscales, i.e. Chance, Internal, Other People, and Doctors, which accounted for 51.18% of variance. The results of the reliability analysis showed an acceptable internal consistency for the scale (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for subscales from 0.62 to 0.90). Also, the test-retest results showed good stability for all subscales other than Doctors (P<0.05). The concurrent validity of Forms B and C of MHLC scale showed a positive and significant correlation between subscales. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the MHLC-C scale had acceptable validity and reliability in pregnant women and is suggested as an applicable criterion for assessing individuals control beliefs with any medical or health-related condition in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malnutrition is an important factor affecting hypertensive incidence. Since the unhealthiest nutritional behaviors are rooted in childhood attitudes and experiences, applying educational interventions to these age groups will be most useful in the formation of preventive nutritional behaviors. Objective: To determine the predictive power of the TPB on hypertension in junior high-school students. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 160 junior high-school students in Kashmar, Iran in academic year commencing 2-13-2014, selected through random sampling. The participants completed a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of a demographic information form and a section to evaluate the constructs of the TPB. The data collected were analyzed in SPSS-16 using the correlation Wilcoxon statistics test, the one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the students was 13.51. A total of 47% of the students had snacked on potato chips and cheese puffs, 45% had eaten high-fat foods and 51.2% had eaten cookies and chocolates within the past week. The variable of behavioral intention predicted 32% of the variations in preventive nutritional behaviors by itself. The Pearson product-moment correlation analysis found that hypertension preventive nutritional behaviors were significantly correlated with attitude (p<0.001, r=0.38), perceived behavioral control (p<0.001, r=0.38), and behavioral intention. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between subjective norms and attitude (p<0.028, r=0.173), perceived behavioral control and attitude (p<0.003, r=0.231), behavioral intention and attitude (p<0.001, r=0.370), behavioral intention and subjective norms (p<0.030, r=0.171) and between behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control (p<0.001, r=0.484). Conclusion: The examined students revealed an adequate adherence to preventive nutritional behaviors. Nutrition education interventions should be developed based on variables such as behavioral intention and its determinants, i.e. attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was designed and conducted to determine the status of depression literacy (D-Lit) and its relationship with the quality of life across the Iranian population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 among 1382 participating from the general population in Gonabad, Iran. Participants were selected and recruited using a multistage sampling method. Data were collected using three sets of questionnaires (demographic section, D-Lit scale, and quality of life questionnaire). Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 and using independent samples t- test, Chi-square test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results: Based on the results, the mean (± standard deviation) of D-Lit and quality of life were 44.14 (± 4.69) and 35.81 (± 5.17), respectively. Based on the results of Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a significant positive correlation between D-Lit and quality of life (r = 0.104, p < 0.001). D-Lit was significantly higher in those who reported having consulted with a psychiatrist compared with those who did not (p < 0.001). Participants with a family history of mental illness and those whose family members were referred to a psychologist for psychological issues had significantly higher levels of D-Lit than others (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, some D-Lit projects should be improved. Also, the results revealed that D-Lit is a potential factor that can affect people's mental health status and enhance their quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate educational programs to enhance D-Lit in the community and ultimately improve the quality of life in the community by reducing mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: The most important psychological-social effect of computer games is their dependence and this can not only lead to financial problems, but can also lead to the appearance of some problems in school and in social communications with other people throughout life. Thus, the present study was done with the aim of determining the predictive power of the theory of planned behavior upon dependence to computer games among teenagers. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study 300 teenagers referring to affiliated playing clubs that were diagnosed, in the first stage of the study to be depended on computer games, were randomly selected. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire consistent with the theory of planned behavior constructs and adolescents Gaming Dependence Questionnaire (GAS). The data were analyzed using t tests, regression, Mann-Whitney, chi-square test. Results: Median age of participants was 15. Regression results showed that the perceived of behavioral control (p<0.001), attitude (p<0.001) had predictable insight. And prognosticated consciousness of game dependence and that they intended to use games. Among the demographic variables, age, type of admission to clubs played, the number of hours of play during the week and the time referring to playing clubs, 96% of the variance in gaming dependency predictions was for their target population. Conclusion: The theory of planned behavior could predict the bulk of computer games. The results suggest that the use of the theory of planned behavior, focusing on attitudes and perceived behavioral control in educational interventions, can bring effective results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family health is an important issue which has attracted researchers from different fields. The present study aimed to validate the Persian version of the Family Health Climate Scale (FHC-Scale).Methods: In this methodological research, a total of 620 individuals presenting to Comprehensive Healthcare centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and Gonabad University of Medical Sciences were selected through random multistage sampling. Validation of the FHC-Scale was performed. First, the original scale was translated and back-translated. Then its content validity and construct validity were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency and stability. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and LISREL version 8.5 (SSI Inc., Skokie, IL, USA).Results: Results of exploratory factor analysis showed that "physical activity" of family health climate scale (FHC-PA) has three dimensions: value, cohesion and information explaining 61.99% of the variance. "Nutrition" of family health climate scale (FHC-NU) had four dimensions of value, communication, cohesion and consensus explaining 66.19% of the variance. Internal consistency of the dimensions of (FHC-PA) ranged 0.82-0.85 and that for FHC-NU ranged 0.82-0.84. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed goodness of fit and confirmed family health climate scale (Nutrition and physical activity).Conclusion: Results of the study revealed that the FHC-Scale has appropriate reliability and validity for Iranian families. Therefore, the Persian version of the scale can be used for assessing health-related aspects of family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Menopause is a physiological process during which women can improve their quality of life by taking proper self-care measures. Performing self-care requires proper and effective training. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of self-care training programs based on the teach-back method on the self-care status in postmenopausal women. Material and methods: The present clinical trial was conducted in 2016 in Gonabad, in the east of Iran. Eighty postmenopausal women, whose last menstrual period was 1-5 years earlier, were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 40) and a control group (n = 40). The intervention group attended four 45-minute sessions of a training program based on the teach-back method on the principles of self-care during menopause, whereas the control group received no training. Knowledge and self-care status were assessed in all subjects before and one month after implementing the training program. The data were analysed in SPSS-20. P < 0.05 was set as the level of statistical significance. Results: Before the intervention, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of demographic variables, including age, occupation, level of education, and the time elapsed since the last menstrual period (p > 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two groups also in terms of the score of knowledge about menopause and self-care practice before the intervention (p > 0.05). The mean scores of knowledge and self-care were found to be significantly higher in the intervention group compared to those in the controls one month after the intervention (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the change scores of knowledge and self-care practice before and one month after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results showed that the self-care education program based on the teach-back method improves the self-care activities in postmenopausal women. It is therefore recommended that healthcare providers apply this method in menopausal care training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented wherein authors discuss a study on surveillance system adopted by Gonabad University of Medical Sciences for measles elimination program in Gonabad city, which showed that strengthening of the system can be effective in detection and reporting of measles cases.

Siblings are often the main social partners in people’s lives and thus play important roles. In comparison with other family members, siblings are likely to remain in our lives for longer and play more roles. Previous studies suggest that gender can influence these roles. We conducted a qualitative study using semistructured interviews to examine individuals’ perceptions of gender-based sibling roles, with a maximum variation sample of 21 Iranian adults. Interview transcriptions were analyzed by dividing them into two content areas: sisters’ roles and brothers’ roles. Six main role categories emerged for sisters’ roles, whereas four emerged for brothers. “Support,” “Service,” and “Dominance” were three common categories between genders. “Consideration,” “Mediation,” and “Counseling and Guidance” categories emerged for sisters, and “Control” emerged for brothers. These findings suggest that Iranian society presents some unique domains of gender-based sibling roles. We discussed implications for research and practice and the limitations of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]