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In manufacturing C-N bond-containing compounds, it is important challenge to alternate the conventional methodologies that utilize reactive substrates, toxic reagents and organic solvents. In this study, we developed an electrochemical method to synthesize a C-N bond-containing molecule avoiding the use of cyanides and amines by harnessing nitrate (NO 3 - ) as a nitrogen source in an aqueous electrolyte. In addition, we utilized oxalic acid as a carbon source which can be obtained from electrochemical conversion of CO 2 , so that our approach can provide a route for the utilization of anthropogenic CO 2 and nitrate wastes which cause serious environmental problems including global warming and eutrophication. Interestingly, the coreduction of oxalic acid and nitrate generated reactive intermediates, which led to C-N bond formation followed by further reduction to an amino acid, namely, glycine. By carefully controlling this multireduction process with a fabricated Cu-Hg electrode, we demonstrated the efficient production of glycine with a faradaic efficiency (F.E.) of up to 43.1% at -1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl (current density = ~90 mA cm -2 ).

High-valent metal-oxo moieties have been implicated as key intermediates preceding various oxidation processes. The critical O–O bond formation step in the Kok cycle that is presumed to generate molecular oxygen occurs through the high-valent Mn-oxo species of the water oxidation complex, i.e., the Mn4Ca cluster in photosystem II. Here, we report the spectroscopic characterization of new intermediates during the water oxidation reaction of manganese-based heterogeneous catalysts and assign them as low-spin Mn(IV)-oxo species. Recently, the effects of the spin state in transition metal catalysts on catalytic reactivity have been intensely studied; however, no detailed characterization of a low-spin Mn(IV)-oxo intermediate species currently exists. We demonstrate that a low-spin configuration of Mn(IV), S = 1/2, is stably present in a heterogeneous electrocatalyst of Ni-doped monodisperse 10-nm Mn3O4 nanoparticles via oxo-ligand field engineering. An unprecedented signal (g = 1.83) is found to evolve in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum during the stepwise transition from the Jahn–Teller-distorted Mn(III). In-situ Raman analysis directly provides the evidence for Mn(IV)-oxo species as the active intermediate species. Computational analysis confirmed that the substituted nickel species induces the formation of a z-axis-compressed octahedral C4v crystal field that stabilizes the low-spin Mn(IV)-oxo intermediates. Understanding reaction intermediates provides a foundation for active electrocatalysts’ design, but it remains elusive for heterogeneous electrocatalysts. Here, the authors report the spectroscopic characterization of low-spin Mn(IV)-oxo as the active intermediates during electrochemical water oxidation.

Water oxidation is considered an important reaction to attain sustainable energy systems. Inspired by the biological Mn4CaO5 cluster, considerable effort has been devoted to developing efficient manganese-based heterogeneous catalysts for the water oxidation reaction. This review first describes the structural characteristics of the Mn4CaO5 cluster and synthetic manganese oxides. Important features related to the electrocatalytic activity of manganese-based heterogeneous catalysts as well as recent in situ spectroscopic results for intermediate characterization are then summarized. Current understanding of the reaction mechanism at the atomic level and the rate-determining step is highlighted. Finally, future perspectives for the development of highly active and stable manganese-based water-oxidizing catalysts are proposed.

In general, as the radio frequency (RF) power increases in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP), the power transfer efficiency decreases because the resistance of the CCP decreases. In this work, a parallel resonance circuit is applied to improve the power transfer efficiency at high RF power, and the effect of the parallel resonance on the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is investigated in a 60 MHz CCP. The CCP consists of a power feed line, the electrodes, and plasma. The reactance of the CCP is positive at 60 MHz and acts like an inductive load. A vacuum variable capacitor (VVC) is connected in parallel with the inductive load, and then the parallel resonance between the VVC and the inductive load can be achieved. As the capacitance of the VVC approaches the parallel resonance condition, the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit is considerably larger than that without the VVC, and the current flowing through the matching network is greatly reduced. Therefore, the power transfer efficiency of the discharge is improved from 76%, 70%, and 68% to 81%, 77%, and 76% at RF powers of 100 W, 150 W, and 200 W, respectively. At parallel resonance conditions, the electron heating in bulk plasma is enhanced, which cannot be achieved without the VVC even at the higher RF powers. This enhancement of electron heating results in the evolution of the shape of the EEDF from a bi-Maxwellian distribution to a distribution with the smaller temperature difference between high-energy electrons and low-energy electrons. Due to the parallel resonance effect, the electron density increases by approximately 4%, 18%, and 21% at RF powers of 100 W, 150 W, and 200 W, respectively.

The charge transport in the film-type electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction is a significant factor affecting the overall catalytic performance. For instance, transition metal oxide-ba...

A hysteresis phenomenon observed in neon inductive discharge at low gas pressure is investigated in terms of the evolution of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). Generally, the hysteresis phenomenon has been reported at high-pressure Ramsauer gas discharges. However, in neon plasma, we found that the hysteresis phenomenon occurs even at low gas pressure (5 mTorr). Furthermore, the hysteresis vanishes with an increase in the gas pressure (10 and 25 mTorr). To analyze this hysteresis, the EEDF is measured depending on the radio frequency power. The EEDF at 10 mTorr sustains the bi-Maxwellian distribution during an E–H transition. On the other hand, the EEDF at 5 mTorr changes dramatically between discharge modes. At 5 mTorr, the measured EEDF for the E mode has the Maxwellian distribution due to high collisional heating in the bulk plasma. The EEDF for the H mode has the bi-Maxwellian distribution because collisionless heating in the skin depth is dominant. This apparent evolution of the EEDF causes a nonlinear energy loss due to collisions during the discharge mode transition. Therefore, the plasma can maintain the H mode discharge with high ionization efficiency, even at a lower applied power, which results in the hysteresis.

A wafer-type monitoring apparatus that can simultaneously measure the two-dimensional (2D) distributions of substrate temperature and plasma parameters is developed. To measure the temperature of the substrate, a platinum resistance temperature detector is used. The plasma density and electron temperature are obtained using the floating harmonics method, and incoming heat fluxes from the plasma to the substrate are obtained from the plasma density and electron temperature. In this paper, 2D distributions of the substrate temperature, plasma density, and electron temperature are obtained simultaneously for the first time in inductively coupled plasma. The shapes of the 2D distributions of the substrate temperature and incoming heat flux are similar to each other, but some differences are found. To understand that, an energy balance equation for the substrate is established, which shows good agreement with the experimental results. This apparatus will promote the understanding of surface reactions, which are very sensitive to the temperatures and plasma densities in plasma processing.

The effect of low-frequency power and high-frequency power on the electron energy probability function (EEPF) and the physical and electrical characteristics of plasma are experimentally investigated in a dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma. RF powers of 2 MHz (low-frequency) and 13.56 MHz (high-frequency) are simultaneously applied to an electrode. EEPFs and DC self-bias voltages (V DC) are measured as one of the two RF powers is increased while the other is fixed. When the 2 MHz power increases at a fixed 13.56 MHz power, the electron density decreases, and the electron temperature increases with the decrease in the population of low-energy (below 5 V) electrons in the EEPF. Note that the increase in the low-frequency power is accompanied by a large decrease in V DC, which is related to the ion energy. On the other hand, when 13.56 MHz power increases at a fixed 2 MHz power, the electron density and the electron temperature significantly increase with the increase in the population of high-energy (above 5 V) electrons in the EEPF, while V DC decreases slightly. Experimental results show that the increase in the low-frequency power enhances the ion energy, and the increase in the high-frequency power enhances electron heating and ionization efficiency.

Electrochemical water splitting is a promising means to produce eco-friendly hydrogen fuels. Inspired by the Mn4 CaO5 cluster in nature, substantial works have been performed to develop efficient manganese (Mn)-based heterogeneous catalysts. Despite improvements in catalytic activity, the underlying mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is not completely elucidated owing to the lack of direct spectroscopic evidence for the active Mn-oxo moieties. We identify water oxidation intermediates on the surface of Mn3 O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in the OER at neutral pH by in situ Raman spectroscopy. A potential-dependent Raman peak was detected at 760 cm-1 and assigned to the active MnIV =O species generated during water oxidation. Isotope-labeling experiments combined with scavenger experiments confirmed the generation of surface terminal MnIV =O intermediates in the Mn-oxide NPs. This study provides an insight into the design of systems for the observation of reaction intermediates.

Low-energy electron beam generation using a DC biased grid was investigated in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The electron beam was measured in argon gas at various pressures, ICP source powers, and substrate voltages (V sub). At a low ICP source power (50 W), an electron beam was generated even at small values of V sub (10 V), however at a high ICP source power (200 W), an electron beam was only generated when a higher voltage (30 V) was applied due to the short sheath thickness on the grid surface. The sheath on the grid surface is an important factor for generating electron beams because low-energy electrons are blocked. If the sheath thickness to small, a high voltage should be applied to generate an electron beam, as accelerate regions cannot exist without the sheath. At high pressure, since electrons experience numerous neutral collisions, a high substrate voltage is needed to generate an electron beam. However, if the applied substrate voltage becomes too high (40 V) at high pressure, high-energy electrons result in secondary plasma under the grid. Therefore, maintaining a low pressure and low ICP source power is important for generating electron beams.

The fabrication of 3D hollow nanostructures not only allows the tactical provision of specific physicochemical properties but also broadens the application scope of such materials in various fields. The synthesis of 3D hollow nanocoils (HNCs), however, is limited by the lack of an appropriate template or synthesis method, thereby restricting the wide-scale application of HNCs. Herein, a strategy for preparing HNCs by harnessing a single sacrificial template to modulate the interfacial reaction at a solid-liquid interface that allows the shape-regulated transition is studied. Furthermore, the triggering of the Kirkendall effect in 3D HNCs is demonstrated. Depending on the final state of the transition metal ions reduced during the electrochemical preparation of HNCs, the surface states of the binding anions and the composition of the HNCs can be tuned. In a single-component CrPO4 HNC with a clean surface, the Kirkendall effect of the coil shape is analyzed at various points throughout the reaction. The rough-surface multicomponent MnOx P0.21 HNCs are complexed with ligand-modified BF4 -Mn3 O4 nanoparticles. The fabricated nanocomposite exhibits an overpotential decrease of 25 mV at neutral pH compared to pure BF4 -Mn3 O4 nanoparticles because of the increased active surface area.

Total energy loss per ion–electron pair lost ( e T) is investigated to optimize the plasma generation at various RF powers and gas pressures in an argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The ion densities and electron temperatures are measured to obtain e T at the plasma–sheath edge. At a fixed RF power, the obtained e T has a minimum at a certain electron temperature, and at this condition, an optimal plasma generation is achieved according to a global model. Since the electron temperature is a function of the gas pressure, at that certain gas pressure the energy loss in the plasma is minimized and plasma is generated most efficiently. Interestingly, the electron temperature at which e T becomes the minimum decreases as the RF power increases. This is explained by multistep ionization and the electron density dependence of the density of the excited states. Measured e T is compared with the calculated result from the global model that includes multistep ionization, and these are consistent with each other.

Control of local electron and ion density using passive resonant coils is experimentally investigated in an inductive argon discharge. Four passive resonant coils are installed under a powered coil; each coil has a fan shape and good azimuthal symmetry. Electron energy probability functions and two-dimensional ion density profiles were measured under both resonant and non-resonant regimes. At non-resonance, almost all of the current flows through the powered coil located in the center of the reactor, and the profiles of the electron and ion density are convex. However, at resonance, a large current flows through the passive resonant coil, and dramatic changes are observed in the electron and ion density profiles. At resonance, the electron and ion densities near the passive resonant coil are increased by 300% compared to the non-resonant condition, and radial distributions become almost flat. Experimental results show that the electron and ion density profiles can be effectively controlled by a passive resonant coil at both low pressure (5 mTorr) and high pressure (50 mTorr). These changes in electron and ion density profiles can be understood by the changes of the electron heating and ionization regions.

This paper presents the scheme to select alternative flaps limited to the region of the ipsilateral thigh when the perforator of the anterolateral thigh flap is not feasible. Total of 564 consecutive microsurgery cases using anterolateral thigh perforator flap was reviewed from March of 2001 to January of 2009. Total of 12 cases used a contingent flap due to anatomical and technical complications of the anterolateral thigh perforator. The alternatives were skin perforator flaps adjacent to the initial flap (3 cases of upper anterolateral thigh flap, 4 cases of anteromedial thigh flap), vastus lateralis muscle flap with skin graft (2 cases), and anterolateral thigh flap as septocutaneous flap without a prominent perforator on the septum (3 cases). All flaps survived and provided coverage as planned but one case using septocutaneous flap without a prominent perforator was noted with partial necrosis. Adjacent flaps around the anterolateral thigh perforator flap may provide useful alternative flaps in cases of failed elevation. Limiting the contingent secondary flap to this region may reduce further donor site morbidity and still provide an adequate flap for reconstruction.

To observe the evolution of electron temperature and electron density when varying gas mixing ratio and pressure, the measurement of electron energy probability functions (EEPFs) and a kinetic simulation are performed in an O2/Ar inductively coupled plasma. When O2 gas is diluted to pure Ar plasma, the electron density significantly drops regardless of gas pressures and the reduction of electron density increases with gas pressure. This sudden drop of plasma density is due to various inelastic collisions between electrons and O2 molecules. However, the trend of electron temperature variation with respect to the ratio of O2 and Ar is opposite at low and high pressures. At low pressure (5 mTorr), the electron temperature decreases with the addition of O2 up to a 10% O2 ratio. With further addition of O2, the electron temperature increases gradually. On the other hand, at high pressures (25 and 80 mTorr), the electron temperature rises with addition of O2 up to a 10%–20% O2 ratio and then falls gradually with further addition of O2. Simulations show a similar variation of EEPFs to the EEPFs from experiments. In addition, we measured the EEPFs along axial positions and the variation of electron temperature with respect to the ratio of O2 and Ar is opposite at low and high pressures, regardless of spatial positions. This result indicates that the opposite trend of electron temperature variation is mainly affected by the gas mixing ratio and gas pressure.

Electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) are measured with varying radio-frequency (RF) power in an oxygen inductive discharge. At a pressure of 10 mTorr, the EEDF has a Maxwellian distribution, and the low-energy (1–5 eV) electron temperature, T e , low, monotonically decreases with RF power. However, at a pressure of 100 mTorr, T e , low increases at low RF power (80–150 W) and decreases at high RF power (150–300 W), and the EEDF has a Druyvesteyn-like distribution. These changes in T e , low are attributed to electron attachment and detachment reactions, which are the main creation and loss reactions of negative ions. To investigate this relationship between T e , low and collisional reactions, the reaction coefficients of several reactions are calculated, and the electronegativity ( α) is measured with varying RF power. The EEDF is modified by electron attachment and detachment reactions, which lead to a change in T e , low; this modification of EEDF is supported by calculated reaction coefficients and measured α.

A hysteresis loop has been observed during the E–H mode transition in an inductively coupled plasma at high pressures. The cause of the hysteresis has been reported as a nonlinearity of the transferred and dissipated powers due to capacitive coupling, multi-step ionization, the change in the electron energy probability function (EEPF), and so on [M. M. Turner and M. A. Lieberman, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 8(2), 313–324 (1999) and H. C. Lee and C. W. Chung, Sci. Rep. 5, 15254 (2015)]. However, when a coil current reduction is considered, the previous interpretation of hysteresis cannot explain the observations in the intermediate pressure region, where the coil current reduction occurs, but hysteresis is not observed. In this work, the E–H mode transition and its hysteresis are discussed in three pressure regions, the low, intermediate, and high pressure regions, whether or not the coil current and the hysteresis are observed. The power transfer efficiency, transferred power, EEPF, and total energy loss are obtained at 10, 100, and 300 mTorr. Hysteresis is only observed at 300 mTorr, and the coil current reduces at 100 and 300 mTorr during the E–H mode transition. The mechanism of hysteresis is explained in a power balance diagram that includes the transferred power and the dissipated power by considering the power transfer efficiency in the E and H modes. In addition, the conditions of hysteresis and coil current reduction are revealed and classified in this work.

When dual frequency ω α , ω β voltages with small amplitudes are biased toward a floating Langmuir probe, intermodulation currents of i ω β ± ω α , i ω β ± 2 ω α are generated due to the nonlinearity of the sheath near the probe tip. Electron temperatures and plasma densities can be obtained from the intermodulation currents using the sideband method. If the probe has a capacitive load such as a contaminated probe tip, harmonic and intermodulation voltages of the probe bias can be applied to the sheath. The sideband method can be modified using a harmonic balance technique that analyzes the nonlinear circuit. The intermodulation currents from the modified sideband were compared with the measured intermodulation currents. The electron temperatures and plasma densities obtained from the intermodulation currents are in close agreement with those of the electron energy probability functions in argon inductively coupled plasmas.

Plasma parameters are obtained by applying square voltages at a floating potential. To measure plasma density and electron temperature, circuit model with nonlinear sheath and a capacitor connected to a probe is suggested. When discharge power changes, magnitude of the sheath resistance varies due to the change of plasma density. This variation of sheath resistance changes the time constant. To in vestigate the relation of time constant and plasma parameters, probe currents are measured. Due to the nonlinearity of the sheath, measured probe currents have harmonic components. The harmonic components of the probe current is obtained using the fast Fourier transform and then plasma parameters are obtained by the relation of these harmonic components and time constant. The results are compared to those of a single Langmuir probe.

This study was conducted to monitor the current status of pesticide residues and to calculate the correlation between monthly price fluctuation and distribution of pesticide residues in leafy vegetables at the whole market in Gyeonggi-do from 2009 to 2013. From the result, the maximum residue limit (MRL) were frequently exceeded in 5 leafy vegetables which were 48 cases of crown daisy (5.8%), 28 cases of chard (5.1%), 28 cases of spinach (3.4%), 25 cases of perilla leaves (3.4%) and 24 cases of chamnamul (3.7%). The high rate of monthly pesti- cide residues exceeding MRL showed on crown daisy and chard observed in June and September, spinach in October to November and December to January, perilla leaves in July to August and January, and chamnamul in August to September. To calculate the correlation between monthly price fluctuation and distribution of pesticide residues, we performed the Pearson's correlation analysis. From the results, there were significant differences between monthly price and pesticide residues detected in chamnamul, spinach and perilla leaves ( p< 0.05). There were also significant differences between monthly price and pesticide residues exceeding MRL in chamnamul and crown daisy ( p< 0.05). Although the small number of leafy vegetables and short period were analyzed in this study, the consolidation monitor of pesticide residues according to the season and price will be needed to acquire the safety of agricultural products.

An experimental comparative analysis of series and parallel antennas was performed in an inductively coupled plasma. For the quantitative comparison of series and parallel antennas on the plasma generation, both antennas were made of copper tubes of the same length and thickness. The power transfer efficiency and the electron energy distribution function were measured. The experimental results show that the series antenna generates higher density plasma due to high coupling at the same applied powers (RF powers), while the parallel antenna generates higher density plasma due to low plasma potential (low ion energy losses) at the same absorbed powers. This provides practical information on plasma generation efficiency according to the antenna configuration of the ICP.

Developing alternatives to replace fossil fuels is an important issue for maintaining sustainable energy system in the future. Hydrogen fuel is an attractive alternative owing to its high energy density and environmentally friendly by-products. Electrical water splitting powered by a renewable energy source is a promising way to produce hydrogen fuel. However, anodic water oxidation is considered to be a bottleneck due to its high overpotential. Therefore, designing efficient catalyst for water splitting is regarded as an important issue. Previously, Ir and Ru-based catalysts have been shown to exhibit remarkable catalytic activity toward oxygen evolving reaction (OER) under acidic condition. Despite their high activity, it is difficult to use noble-metal-based catalysts for commercial applications because of the scarcity of precious metals and their costs. Therefore, non-precious transition metal oxide electrocatalysts were investigated for water oxidation reaction such as cobalt oxides, nickel oxides, iron oxides and manganese oxides.1,2 Their activities were only retained under basic conditions and advancement in electrocatalysts that show moderate activity at neutral pH has been relatively insufficient. Nature has highly efficient OER catalysts in photosystem II which is Mn4CaO5 cluster also called as oxygen evolving complex. Inspired by unique structure and catalytic mechanism of this cluster, Mn-based catalysts have been actively studied. Among various manganese oxide, nanoparticle system showed superior catalytic activity due to its totally different reaction mechanism compared to the bulk counterparts.3,4 However, after synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles, long alkyl organic ligands are attached on the surface of nanoparticles interrupting the approach of water molecules, which inhibits water oxidation. Previously, hydrophobic organic ligands were removed by thermal decomposition with sufficient annealing process. Alternative way to remove alkyl ligands is replacing it with different ligands through surface ligand treatment such as BF4 -, PF6 -, OH-, thiol, SCN- and PbCl3 -. Surface ligand exchange is beneficial in that it does not need high temperature annealing and possibility of fine surface control. We have successfully synthesized 6 nm Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and used for further surface treatments. Mn3O4 NPs were OH ligand exchanged as a first step and followed by methylamine treatment in aqueous solution. Identical TEM images and XRD patterns showed that the size of NPs was unchanged and the phase of NPs was maintained as Mn3O4. Electrokinetic study of the OER was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) at pH 7 and compared between OH ligand exchanged Mn3O4 NPs and further methylamine treated Mn3O4 NPs. Methylamine treatment reduced the overpotential for OER by nearly 100 mV at the current density 5 mA cm-2. Tafel slopes was also decreased after methylamine treatment to 83.1 mV dec-1. To understand the phenomenon of increased catalytic activity after methylamine treatment, further analysis of the surface of NPs were conducted using spectroscopic measurement. In the XPS O 1s spectra, surface hydroxyl group (Mn-OH) was increased up to 57.3 % after OH ligand exchange. Also, FTIR spectra showed increased ratio of Mn-OH to lattice oxygen (Mn-O-Mn) for OH ligand exchanged Mn3O4 NPs compared to Mn3O4 NPs which indicates successful OH ligand exchange on the surface of Mn3O4 NPs. After methylamine treatment of OH ligand exchanged Mn3O4 NPs, methylamine was not attached to the surface of NPs. XPS N 1s spectra did not show characteristic methylamine peak, FTIR did not show C-N vibration mode and elemental analysis indicates that N does not exist in the NPs. To figure out the role of methylamine on the surface of OH ligand exchanged Mn3O4 NPs, titration and zeta potential was measured. After methylamine treatment surface was more deprotonated. Deprotonation resulted in loss of positively charged proton which induced negative charge on the surface of Mn3O4 NPs and showed negative zeta potential. On the basis of nonexistence of methylamine on the surface and surface deprotonation after methylamine treatment, we hypothesized that methylamine work as Brønsted-Lowry base. Methylamine was replaced by ethylamine, ethylenediamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine and ammonia water, then after reaction with different amines, overpotential was decreased for all cases. Interestingly, amines with larger pK a showed larger decrease in overpotential. Based on these results, we first proposed correlation between the surface charge and oxygen evolving activity. Deprotonating the surface of the catalyst through simple acid-base reaction induced a change in the surface state followed by catalytic activity improvement. This understanding can be applied for developing efficient nano-catalysts by deprotonating the nanoparticle surface to induce surface state change. [1] J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 4201-4211 [2] J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 7435-7443 [3] Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 10279 [4] J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 2277-2285 Figure 1

Background/Objectives: In this study, the relation between family strength and social capital is understood to increase psychological well-being of adults and investigate the mediation effect of social capital in the relation between family strength and psychological well-being. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Survey analysis was performed on 152 adults in their 30s who live in Daejeon Metropolitan City to investigate the influence of family strength on psychological well-being of adults and the mediation effect of social capital in the relation of two variables. Findings: Multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the influence of socio-demographic variables and family strength on psychological well-being. As a result of model 1 analysis, explanatory power was shown to be 20.0% and the regression model was shown to be significant. Among variables, academic abilities other than university graduation or higher showed to have significantly low psychological well-being. Model 2 which added family strength had explanatory power of 28% and the regression model was also significant. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the influence of socio-demographic variables and family strength on social capital. First, by inserting socio-demographic variables in model 1, explanatory power was shown to be 24.0% and the regression model was shown to be significant. Model 2 which added family strength had explanatory power of 39% and the regression model was also significant. As a result of regression analysis, family strength showed to have significant influence on social capital and psychological well-being. It was shown that the influence of family strength in the third step with inserted mediating variable had significantly decreased compared to the first step on dependent (Sobel Z = 2.09, p

The purpose of the study shall be to achieve an understanding of learning and emotional support services for adolescents being raised by their grandparents. In-depth interview and qualitative methodology were used to find changes in the service experiences of 10 adolescents being raised by their grandparents by analyzing their experiences at a health family support center. 1 agency in the Chungnam area was selected as a model for its program for adolescents being raised by their grandparents. Ultimately, 78 items as sub-concepts, 44 items as sub-categories, and 4 items as subjects were identified. Specifically, these included school achievement, peer group relationship, family relationship and significant others. In conclusion, they were found to experience slower physical and emotional development and tend to withdraw in social situations. They were also found to have experienced difficulties in communicating with other people and with school achievement. However, it was shown that these adolescents have made positive changes after participating in a program involving a family coach who supports and provides services for them. Also, they were found to have experienced psychologically changes, and improved in their school achievement and personal relationships. Consequently, we will require more effort to provide emotional support, adult role models, counseling intervention, and social support for them.

An electrical plasma diagnostic method is proposed to determine plasma density and electron temperature. When two square voltages with different amplitudes are applied to a probe tip, a capacitor connected to the probe is charged due to the current flowing from the plasma. To obtain the plasma parameters, a circuit model with a nonlinear sheath and capacitor is proposed. The electron temperature and plasma density given by the model can be obtained from the ratio of the capacitor voltages. The results are in agreement with those obtained from electron energy probability functions in argon inductively coupled plasma discharge.

Bis(2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-5-yl) carbonate and polymers containing 9-anthracenylmethylmethacrylate (AMMA), p-tert-butoxy styrene (PTBS), and methacrylic acid (MAA) monomeric units were synthesized with the aim of developing a novel photo-patternable cross-linked epoxy system. The oxirane groups in bis(2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-5-yl) carbonate were reacted with the carboxylic acid in the polymer to generate a cross-linked epoxy film, and the photo degradation of the cross-linked film was achieved through decomposition of the carbonate groups in the cross-linked film by deep UV irradiation. Because the copolymer containing anthracene groups has relatively high reflective index and absorption at 248 nm, this cross-linked system can be applied to patternable bottom antireflective coating materials for deep UV lithography applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films have been deposited on PET and glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering without post-deposition thermal treatment. High quality films have been deposited by optimizing the sputtering parameters. The influence of the working gas pressure, DC power, and oxygen partial pressure has been investigated. The lowest resistivity of ITO films deposited on PET substrates was 6×10-4Ωcm. It has been obtained at a working pressure of 3 mTorr and DC power of 30 W. The sheet resistance and optical transmittance of these films were 22 Ω/square and 84%, respectively. The best values of figures of merit for the electrical and optical chardcteristics such as T / R sh and T 10/ R sh are approximately 38.1 and 7.95 (×10-3 Ω-1), respectively.

This report presents the treatment of an extensive lymphatic malformation of the tongue. Sclerosing agents are now widely used as the first-line treatment of lymphatic malformation. However, treatment of lymphatic malformation involving the face and the vital structures such as the airway remains to be challenging. A 4-year-old boy underwent a total of 15 OK-432 injection sclerotherapy treatments over a 2-year period, having slow progress until sudden enlargement of the tongue was noted shortly after the last injection. Partial excision of the lesion was performed. This case demonstrates the risk in treating large microcystic lymphatic malformation of the tongue with sclerotherapy and provides an insight in the management protocol.

A new probe set, called the Gundestrup-emissive-triple (GET) probe, is developed to measure the rotational velocity, plasma potential, electron temperature, and plasma density profiles simultaneously in Hanbit mirror device. The GET probe system is composed of the Gunderstrup, an emissive, and a triple probe installed in one boron nitride probe holder, which is attached on the fast scanning injection system. Rotational and parallel flow velocities are deduced from the measurement of Gundestrup probe by using fluid and kinetic theories for unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas. The E×B drift velocity is also deduced from the measurement of plasma potential by an emissive probe. Electron temperature and plasma density variations are measured by a triple probe. Applicability of various theories will be addressed.

The isentropic exponent for plasma was deduced from measurements of electron temperature, Te, and ion temperature, Ti, in terms of plasma density, np, with the assumptions of linear characteristics of plasma parameters on discharge parameter in LaB6 dc plasma. The isentropic exponent for electron, γ e , is estimated by 1.06 with isentropic relation (P=Cnγ), and it agrees well the classical treatment of electron as isothermal, γ e ∼1. In order to determine isentropic exponent for ion, γ i , the isentropic relation was modified with including ion heating due to electron-ion collisions, P i =C i0 n p γ+C i1 n p 2 and P i =C i0 n p γ (1+C i1 n p ) where C i0, i1 is the fitting parameter as constant. The isentropic exponent for ion is deduced as 1.16 – 1.18 with modified isentropic relation. Although this is smaller than the case of mono-atomic gases (γ=1.67), it agrees very well to the theoretical result of Burm et al.[1]

Laser Thomson Scattering (LTS) is the non-invasive method for measuring the electron temperature and its density, which can be used for the calibrations of electric probes within collisional and magnetized plasmas. For LTS diagnostics in the low-temperature plasmas, one need to special optics for detection of the scattered light with restricting the Rayleigh and Stray lights. For this, one uses the Triple Grating Spectrometer (TGS), which is composed of Rayleigh block (notch filter for Rayleigh light) and double grating filter (DGF). All focusing lenses are used with achromatic doublet configuration for reducing the non-linear optical effects such as spherical aberration, coma, etc. The specifications of the grating and achromatic doublet lens are 1800 gr/mm with the dimensions of 84 mm × 84 mm and 400 mm of focal length with the diameter of 100 mm, respectively. In this configurations, the linear dispersion is given as 1.006 nm/mm. Considering the dimension of Charged Coupled Device (CCD) with the linear dispersion, the LTS system can be measure the electron temperatures of less than 10 eV (in most laboratory plasmas). The initial measurement of LTS measurement and comparative study with single probe are done in Divertor Plasma Simulator (DiPS) with the following plasma parameters; plasma density of 1011–1013 cm−3, electron temperature of 1–4 eV, and the magnetic field of 0.2–1 kG, respectively.

Black raspberry juice was fermented to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100) at different temperatures (25, 30, or 37 degrees C) and pHs (3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, or 6) for 15 days. Concentrations of GABA in the juices were determined during fermentation using HPLC. GABA was produced continuously even if the viable bacterial counts markedly decreased. The fermentation at 30 degrees C generally showed higher production of GABA in the juices than those at 25 and 37 degrees C. The GABA in the juices fermented at 30 degrees C reached the maximum levels on the 12th day. The juices fermented at lower pH and lower temperature showed a lower degradation of monomeric anthocyanins. The results suggest that black raspberry juice can be GABA enriched using lactic acid bacteria.

Summary form only given. DiPS (diversified plasma simulator), a new versatile linear machine (length=4000 mm, diameter=200-600 mm) is introduced for development of electric probe technology and its applications. As a unique feature for the diversified uses of sources and divertor simulator experiments, space and processing simulation chambers can be detached from and attached to the divertor simulation chamber by rail. To verify current theories and develop new theories of electric probes with magnetic field, collisionality, various particle source, and wide range of plasma parameters: density=106-10 14 cm-3, electron temperature=1-10 eV, magnetic field=0-2 kG, plasma types=RF and DC. To make a stable high density DC plasma, LaB6 disk of 4 inches is used as thermal electron emission source. Heater of LaB6 disk is made of graphite and the heating power is about 5 kW. Initial plasma density of the LaB6 source is 5times1012 cm-3, electron temperature is 8-10 eV. Plasma size is about 40 mm at pressure of 1.6 mtorr in test region and 100 mtorr in source region, which can be expanded up to 100 mm in diameter with lower magnetic field. Helicon plasma source is also developed as a high density RF plasma source in DiPS, which generates the plasma with density of 2times1013 cm-3 and electron temperature 3.5 eV for the RF power of 2.5 kW at optimum pressure of 7.5 mtorr. DiPS is to be utilized as simulators for fusion edge plasmas, space plasma and processing plasma