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Introducción: Varios estudios han evaluado la asociación entre los niveles plasmáticos de lipoproteína (a) [Lp(a)] y la aparición de eventos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica, aunque los resultados fueron contradictorios. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la capacidad predictiva de los niveles elevados de Lp(a) sobre los eventos clínicos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica. Material y métodos: Esta revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con las recomendaciones PRISMA y STROBE. Se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar estudios de cohorte que evaluaran la asociación entre los niveles de Lp(a) y los eventos de interés. El punto final primario fue la incidencia de eventos clínicos relacionados con la estenosis aórtica (reemplazo valvular aórtico, muerte u hospitalización). Esta revisión fue registrada en PROSPERO. Resultados: Se consideraron elegibles para el análisis siete estudios observacionales con un total de 58 783 pacientes. Los valores elevados de Lp(a) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de eventos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica en la mayoría de los estudios evaluados (entre un 70% y aproximadamente 3 veces más riesgo), a pesar de ajustar por otros factores de riesgo. Conclusión: Esta revisión sugiere que los niveles elevados de Lp(a) se asocian con una mayor incidencia de eventos clínicos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica. Sin embargo, y considerando las limitaciones de este estudio, la utilidad clínica de la Lp(a) como marcador pronóstico en la enfermedad valvular aórtica deberá confirmarse en futuras investigaciones.

Background: Several studies have evaluated the association between lipoprotein(a) plasma levels [Lp(a)] and the occurrence of aortic valve stenosis related events, with contradictory results. Objective: The main objective of this systematic review was to analyze the predictive capacity of elevated Lp(a) levels on major clinical events associated with aortic valve stenosis. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA and STROBE recommendations. A search was carried out in order to identify studies with a cohort design evaluating the association between Lp(a) levels and the events of interest. The primary endpoint was the incidence of clinical events related with aortic valve stenosis (aortic valve replacement, death or hospitalization). This review was registered in PROSPERO. Results: Seven observational studies with a total of 58 783 patients were eligible for analysis. Our findings showed that the presence of elevated Lp(a) levels was associated with an increased risk of events related with aortic valve stenosis in most of the studies evaluated (between 70% and approximately 3-fold higher risk), despite adjusting for other risk factors. Conclusion: This review suggests that elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with a higher incidence of aortic valve stenosis related clinical events. However, considering the limitations of this study, the clinical usefulness of Lp(a) as a prognostic marker in aortic valve disease should be confirmed in future investigations.

The relationship between physical activity and coronary artery calcification (CAC) was evaluated in different studies during the last years, although the results were conflicting.The main objective of the present systematic review was to assess the association between different levels of physical activity and CAC score estimated by computed tomography (CT).This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed to detect studies that evaluated the association between physical activity and CAC score. The levels of physical activity evaluated were those reported by the original publications. The CAC score was estimated by CT and was reported in Agatston units.Twenty six studies including 89,405 subjects were considered eligible for this research. The studies developed in the general population showed different results regarding the association between physical activity and CAC score: no association (7 studies), a positive association (4 studies), an inverse relationship (6 studies), a U-shaped relationship (2 studies), or different results depending on the subgroup evaluated (2 studies). In the largest studies, a positive association was observed. When we analyzed the studies that evaluated athletes, four studies showed a positive association between exercise intensity and CAC.This systematic review showed disparate results regarding the association between physical activity and CAC score. The largest studies and most studies developed in athletes suggest that intense physical activity could be associated with high CAC score, although this hypothesis should be confirmed in future research.

Aims Sex-specific thresholds of aortic valve calcification (AVC) have been proposed and validated in Caucasians. Thus, we aimed to validate their accuracy in Asians. Methods and results Patients with calcific aortic stenosis (AS) from seven international centres were included. Exclusion criteria were ≥moderate aortic/mitral regurgitation and bicuspid valve. Optimal AVC and AVC-density sex-specific thresholds for severe AS were obtained in concordant grading and normal flow patients (CG/NF). We included 1263 patients [728 (57%) Asians, 573 (45%) women, 837 (66%) with CG/NF]. Mean gradient was 48 (26–64) mmHg and peak aortic velocity 4.5 (3.4–5.1) m/s. Optimal AVC thresholds were: 2145 Agatston Units (AU) in men and 1301 AU in women for Asians; and 1885 AU in men and 1129 AU in women for Caucasians. Overall, accuracy (% correctly classified) was high and comparable either using optimal or guidelines’ thresholds (2000 AU in men, 1200 AU in women). However, accuracy was lower in Asian women vs. Caucasian women (76–78% vs. 94–95%; P 0.41) with regards to AS haemodynamic severity. Conclusion AVC thresholds defining severe AS are comparable in Asian and Caucasian populations, and similar to those proposed in the guidelines. However, accuracy of AVC to identify severe AS in Asians (especially women) is sub-optimal. Therefore, the use of AVC-density is preferable in Asians.

Objectives of the study were the prevalence and clinical consequences of balloon rupture with compliant balloons in balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV). Compliant low-profile balloons have been developed to reduce access site complications. Made by thinner materials, these balloons are more prone to rupture. This is a single-center retrospective analysis (2016–2018) of patients undergoing BAV with compliant balloons. Baseline echocardiography and computed tomography (CT) were analyzed. Best cutoff point for calcium score was assessed. Long-term mortality was analyzed with Kaplan–Maier. In vitro test was performed. Rupture occurred in 30/90 (33%) of BAVs independent of risk factors, surgical risk and frailty scores. Patients experiencing rupture had increased mean gradient [53.5 (44–64) vs 44 (35–49) mmHg, p 2686 AU was more frequent in the rupture group (41% vs 10%, p

BACKGROUND To evaluate the additive prognostic value of myocardial, inflammatory, and renal biomarkers according to frailty status in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS A total of 111 subjects who underwent TAVR at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina between January 2016 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Plasma levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT), C-reactive protein (CRP), cystatin-c (Cys-C) and carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) were assessed prior to TAVR. Frailty status was assessed according to the fried physical frailty phenotype (FPFP). The primary endpoint was defined as all-cause death and/or readmission for worsening congestive heart failure (CHF) within the first year after TAVR. RESULTS Of the 111 patients included, 48/111 (43%) were considered to be "frail" according to the FPFP. Among biomarkers, we found CA-125 to be strongly associated with the primary endpoint (p = .006). CA-125 ≥ 18.2 U/ml was present in 41% and was associated with a higher rate of the primary endpoint (31% vs. 9%; p = .003). After multivariable adjustment, CA-125 ≥ 18.2 U/ml (hazard ratio [HR] 3.17; p = .024) was the only independent predictor of the primary endpoint. Finally, the inclusion of CA-125 to frailty significantly improved C-index (0.68-0.74; p

Background: Myocardial contraction fraction (MCF), a volumetric measurement of myocardial shortening, may help to improve risk stratification in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) especially in those with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We investigated the association between MCF and 1-year all-cause mortality in patients with severe AS who underwent TAVR. Methods: MCF was calculated as the ratio of stroke volume (SV) to myocardial volume. Patients referred for TAVR from 2011 to 2015 were eligible for inclusion and were divided into two groups according to the estimated MCF (MCF ≤30% vs. MCF >30%). The primary endpoint was 1-year all-cause mortality. A Cox regression analysis was performed for independent risk factors of mortality. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was performed for assessing the best cut-off point of MCF for predicting the primary outcome [area under the curve (AUC) 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.453–0.725]. Baseline patient and echo characteristics were included for multivariate analysis. Results: Of 126 patients (mean age 82±5 years, 45.2% male), 44.4% showed MCF ≤30%. Patient with reduced MCF showed higher body mass index (28.1±5.8 vs. 26.0±4.5 kg/m 2 , P=0.031), higher surgical EuroScore II (6.2±4.5 vs. 4.7±3.2, P=0.032), lower LVEF (54.2%±11.9% vs. 58.5%±10.8%, P=0.042) and more severe AS (indexed aortic valve area 0.40±0.09 vs. 0.45±0.10 cm 2 /m 2 , P=0.030). The median follow-up was of 14 [3.5–33] months, and 16% of patients died. Patients with MCF ≤30% showed significantly increased all-cause mortality (Log-rank P=0.002). In a multivariate model adjusting for clinical and echo variables, MCF ≤30% was independently associated with increased risk for all-cause 1-year mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.76, 95% CI: 1.03–7.77, P=0.04]. Conclusions: In a population of patients undergoing TAVR, MCF ≤30% was independently associated with increased mortality.

Introducción: El implante valvular aórtico percutáneo (TAVI) ha surgido como una alternativa terapéutica en pacientes con estenosis aórtica grave sintomática inoperables o de elevado riesgo quirúrgico. El acceso transapical surge como alternativa para aquellos pacientes con contraindicación de implante valvular aórtico percutáneo transfemoral. Objetivo: Valorar la factibilidad y la reproducibilidad del implante valvular aórtico percutáneo transapical en nuestro centro y comparar la evolución a corto y mediano plazo con los pacientes sometidos a implante valvular aórtico percutáneo transfeoral. Material y métodos: Se evaluó una cohorte retrospectiva de 80 pacientes tratados con implante valvular aórtico percutáneo transapical (n = 24) y transfemoral (n = 56) en nuestro centro. Se compararon las complicaciones relacionadas con el procedimiento según las definiciones VARC-2, y se analizó la mortalidad a corto y mediano plazo entre ambos grupos. Resultados: Los pacientes del grupo transapical eran más añosos (83,6 ± 5 versus 80,0 ± 8,3; p = 0,04); presentaron mayor prevalencia de coronariopatía (el 75% versus el 44%; p = 0,04) y mayor prevalencia de vasculopatía periférica (el 37% versus el 16%; p = 0,01). El grupo transapical tuvo menor exposición a rayos X, (tiempo de fluoroscopia de 14,9 minutos ± 5,8 versus 22,9 minutos ± 8,7; p = 0,001); y una mayor tendencia a requerir diálisis luego del procedimiento (el 12,5% versus 1,8%, p = 0,13). El grupo transapical permaneció más tiempo internado (13,6 ± 23 días versus 7,2 ± 6,9 días, p = 0,05). La mortalidad a 30 días fue mayor en el grupo transapical (el 20,8% versus el 5,4%; p = 0,03) y al año (el 25% versus el 8,9%; p = 0,04). Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, el implante valvular aórtico percutáneo transapical es factible y puede ser realizado como un procedimiento reproducible para pacientes no aptos para el implante valvular aórtico percutáneo transfemoral. El acceso transapical se asoció con mayor mortalidad durante el seguimiento, particularmente en el período posoperatorio a 30 días, lo que coincide con varios reportes publicados.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La miectomía septal ampliada constituye el tratamiento de elección para pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva sintomática, refractarios al tratamiento farmacológico. Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados posoperatorios, el cambio en los síntomas y la evolución ecocardiográfica de una población sometida a miectomía septal ampliada por miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva sintomática. Material y métodos: Desde noviembre de 2011 a octubre de 2017, se intervino un total de 28 pacientes. Se analizaron la evolución posoperatoria, clínica y ecocardiográfica al alta y al seguimiento. Resultados: Edad promedio 53,3 ± 13,4 años. La mortalidad perioperatoria (< 30 días) fue del 0%. Un paciente falleció a los 90 días (3,5%). No se produjeron comunicaciones interventriculares, daño de la válvula aórtica ni se reemplazó la válvula mitral en ningún paciente. El 91% de ellos se encontraban con disnea en CF III-IV en el preoperatorio, los restantes tenían angina o síncope. En el seguimiento, el 92,8% estaban asintomáticos, 1 paciente en CF III y otro en CF II. El gradiente preoperatorio basal promedio fue de 53,5 mmHg y con valsalva 86,4 mmHg; los gradientes basal y con valsalva posoperatorios fueron 9,4 mmHg y 13,5 mmHg (p < 0,01). Al seguimiento, los gradientes en reposo y con valsalva fueron aún más bajos, 8,3 mmHg y 10,7 mmHg, respectivamente (p: NS). Nueve pacientes (32%) presentaban insuficiencia mitral moderada a grave previa por movimiento anterior sistólico o patología intrínseca mitral. Se detectó solo un paciente con insuficiencia mitral moderada asintomática en el seguimiento (3,5%). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 400 días, Pc 25-75 de 695 días (mínimo de 30 días y el máximo de 1868 días). Conclusión: Con la miectomía septal ampliada se obtiene una mejoría hemodinámica y clínica de los pacientes sintomáticos, con bajo número de complicaciones posoperatorias. Esto tiene como resultado una mejor calidad de vida.

Background and objectives Weight mismatch has been a controversial issue in the literature and there is also no agreement on the anthropometric parameter that best predicts outcome in such cases. The purpose of this study was to correlate anthropometric and echocardiographic variables to adequately select donors for cardiac transplant. Methods A total of 399 adult patients with normal echocardiograms were prospectively and consecutively included. Patients with coronary risk factors, systemic diseases and poor acoustic windows were excluded. Results The mean age of the population was 43 ± 17 years and 39% were male. All anthropometric variables were associated in a linear, positive and statistically significant manner with each of the echocardiographic variables. Marked variations in weight were accompanied by lesser variations in end-diastolic diameter in both men and women. End-diastolic diameter was greater in patients with normal weight compared to low-weight patients (4.46 ± 0.83 cm vs 4.09 ± 0.68 cm), p = 0.013, and in overweight compared to normal weight patients (4.61 ± 0.88 cm vs 4.46 ± 0.83 cm), p = 0.010, whereas there was no difference between obese and overweight patients (4.74 ± 1.14 cm vs 4.61 ± 0.88 cm), p = 0.760. Conclusion Although anthropometric variations are associated with changes in heart size, such changes are not echocardiographically relevant. This exploratory study opens the door to further investigations to define the donor-recipient anthropometric threshold for accepting an organ in cardiac transplantation.

Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent genetic cardiomyopathy and there is no available information on baseline characteristics and outcome of patients with this disease in our country. Objectives: To know the clinical profile of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and to identify predictors of adverse outcome. Methods: One hundred and forty-three patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at the Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires between 2005 and 2011 were included in the study. Results: Median age was 66 years and 52% were women. Most patients presented an asymmetric distribution (92%) and 60% had dynamic obstruction. Mortality was 5.59% at a median follow-up of 2.11-years (25-75 IQR: 0.75-3.70). The most prevalent symptom was dyspnea (36%), followed by angina (17%) and syncope (14%). Dynamic obstruction, moderate or severe mitral regurgitation, left atrial diameter and female gender were independently associated with dyspnea. Dynamic obstruction was independently associated with angina. Maximum wall thickness was directly and independently associated with syncope, while ejection fraction and left ventricular hypertrophy or negative T in the electrocardiogram presented an inverse relationship. Mortality was independently associated with hospitalization for decompensated heart failure. Conclusions: Similar to previous studies, our population shows that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous disease. A prospective study is necessary to validate the risk predictors assessed in this study.

Resumen es: Introduccion La arritmia ventricular frecuente puede ser una alteracion electrica primaria o estar asociada con una cardiopatia. El impacto pronostico y ...

Introduccion El espesor intima-media carotideo (EIMC) es un marcador independiente de riesgo cardiovascular. El puntaje de calcio coronario (PCC) es un predictor superior al EIMC, pero de costo elevado y en nuestro pais pocos pacientes pueden acceder a su medicion. Objetivos 1) Evaluar la precision diagnostica del EIMC para la deteccion de un PCC > 0. 2) Determinar el punto de corte optimo del EIMC para discriminar entre la presencia o la ausencia de calcio coronario. Material y metodos Estudio descriptivo transversal de muestras consecutivas obtenidas en los consultorios de prevencion cardiovascular. Se midio el EIMC medio y maximo mediante un eco-Doppler carotideo. Se efectuo una tomografia computarizada de 64 pistas para la evaluacion del PCC. Se determino la precision diagnostica del EIMC para la deteccion de un PCC > 0 mediante un analisis ROC. Resultados Se incluyeron 202 sujetos consecutivos que participan de un programa de prevencion primaria. Caracteristicas de la poblacion (media } desviacion estandar): edad 57 } 13 anos, sexo femenino: 49%, tabaquismo: 13%, estatinas: 37%, diabetes mellitus: 13%, puntaje de Framingham en no diabeticos: 9% } 7%, EIMC medio: 0,953 } 0,342 mm, EIMC maximo: 1,383 } 0,679 mm, prevalencia de placa aterosclerotica carotidea: 37% y de PCC > 0: 62%. Las correlaciones entre el EIMC medio y maximo y el PCC fueron moderadas (r = 0,56 y r = 0,55, respectivamente). El area bajo la curva ROC del EIMC maximo fue de 0,822 (IC 95% 0,763-0,880) y la del EIMC medio fue de 0,829 (IC 95% 0,771-0,888). El punto de corte optimo del EIMC maximo para discriminar entre PCC > 0 o PCC = 0 fue de . 1,01 mm y la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) fueron del 78%, 75%, 83% y 67%, respectivamente. El punto de corte optimo del EIMC medio para discriminar entre PCC > 0 o PCC = 0 fue . 0,82 mm y la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el VPP y el VPN fueron del 77%, 78%, 85% y 67%, respectivamente. Conclusiones En esta poblacion predominantemente de riesgo bajo, la precision diagnostica del EIMC para detectar PCC > 0 fue moderada. Una ecografia Doppler carotidea gnormal no excluyo la presencia de aterosclerosis subclinica coronaria. Estos resultados podrian mejorar la seleccion de pacientes que requieran la medicion del PCC para estratificar el riesgo cardiovascular.

Se presenta el caso clinico de una mujer de 63 anos de edad con Endocarditis de la Valvula Tricuspide que de-sarrollo tromboembolismo pulmonar y un sindrome de platipnea-ortodeoxia, explicado por la presencia de un formen oval permeable. La paciente se recupero satis-factoriamente despues de un reemplazo de la valvula tricuspide.

Resumen es: Introduccion. El tracto de salida del ventriculo izquierdo (TSVI) suele estar implicado con relativa frecuencia en alteraciones anatomicas y anatomofunci...

Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the independent and additive prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with severe asymptomatic mitral regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. Background Early surgery could be advisable in selected patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation, but there are no criteria to identify candidates who could benefit from this strategy. Assessment of BNP has not been studied in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation; hence, its prognostic value remains unclear. Methods We prospectively evaluated 269 consecutive patients with severe asymptomatic organic mitral regurgitation and left ventricular ejection fraction above 60%. The first 167 consecutive patients served as the derivation cohort, and the following 102 patients served as a validation cohort. The combined end point was the occurrence of either symptoms of congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or death at follow-up. Results The end point was reached in 35 (21%) patients of the derivation set and in 21 (20.6%) patients of the validation cohort. The receiver-operating characteristics curve yielded an optimal cutoff point of 105 pg/ml of BNP that was able to discriminate patients at higher risk in both cohorts (76% vs. 5.4% and 66% vs. 4.0%, respectively). In both sets, BNP was the strongest independent predictor by multivariate analysis. Conclusions Among patients with severe asymptomatic organic mitral regurgitation, BNP ≥105 pg/ml discriminates a subgroup of patients at higher risk. Because of its incremental prognostic value, BNP assessment should be considered in clinical routine workup for risk stratification.

Background Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) constitutes a valuable tool in patients with stroke and cardiac embolization, but its indication is controversial in lacunar stroke. The purpose of this study was to assess the findings of TEE in lacunar stroke. Methods Initial symptoms, brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and TEE were performed for all patients with ischemic stroke admitted consecutively to our department of neurology. The subtype of ischemic stroke (lacunar v large-vessel stroke) was also reviewed. Results In all, 124 patients with ischemic stroke were identified and lacunar syndrome occurred in 46. Major risk factor of embolization in patients with lacunar stroke and indication for anticoagulation were detected in 20% (9 of 46). We compared findings in both groups (lacunar v nonlacunar stroke) to evaluate the differences in the presence of major risk factor for embolization, Chi square=0.07, P = .8 (odds ratio 95% CI=0.35-2.18). Characteristics of the 9 patients with lacunar stroke and major risk of embolization show that history of lacunar ischemic stroke was present in all the patients of this group. Discussion The results of the study suggest that TEE may be necessary to obtain a complete evaluation to optimize preventive treatment in patients with clinical and radiologic presentation that suggest lacunar infarct, particularly in cases with a history of ischemic stroke, in which a potential cardiac source of embolization may be detected.

AntecedentesNo está determinado cómo se evalúa el riesgo en la insuficiencia aórtica (IA) grave asintomática, dado que no hay consenso acerca de qué variables deben considerarse para predecir una evolución más adversa.ObjetivoEvaluar un score que incorpore variables clínicas y ecocardiográficas para identificar a pacientes con IA grave susceptibles de peor evolución.Material y métodosSe evaluaron 294 pacientes consecutivos con IA grave asintomáticos (edad media: 63 ± 7 años; 71% sexo masculino y fracción de eyección del VI [FEVI]: 64% ± 5%). Se elaboró un score basado sobre: l) diámetro de fin de sístole > 24 mm/m2; 2) diámetro de fin de diástole > 36 mm/m2; 3) área del orificio regurgitante efectivo (AORE) > 60 mm2; 4) diámetro de la raíz aórtica (DRA) > 45 mm; 5) edad > 70 años y 6) cambio de la FEVI de reposo al ejercicio (ΔFEVI) > 5%).Los puntos finales fueron: 1) sobrevida a largo plazo, 2) presencia de síntomas en el seguimiento, 3) caída de la FEVI > 5% y/o 4) cirugía valvular. El rango total del score fue de 6,5. El punto final primario fue combinado (muerte, síntomas y/o disfunción VI).ResultadosDurante un seguimiento promedio de 6,7 ± 4,2 años, 14 de 294 pacientes (4,8%) fallecieron: 5 por muerte súbita, 5 por falla de bomba congestiva y 4 de causa no cardíaca. Durante el seguimiento, 88 pacientes (30%) presentaron síntomas, 105 (36%) disminución de la FEVI > 5% y 109 (37%) fueron operados. Ciento doce (39%) pacientes desarrollaron el punto final combinado.La tasa de eventos combinados (muerte, síntomas y/o caída de la FEVI) con un score < 2 fue del 0,6% ± 0,1%, con un score de 2-3 fue del 37% ± 5% y con un score > 3 fue del 73% ± 9%.La curva operador-receptor (ROC) discriminó bien los eventos en relación con el score de riesgo: área bajo la curva de 0,93.A su vez, la tasa de cirugía valvular fue del 29% ±5% con score < 2, del 61% ± 7% con score 2-3 y del 89% ± 7% con score > 3. La curva ROC discriminó bien la relación del score con la indicación de cirugía valvular: área bajo la curva de 0,96.ConclusiónEn pacientes con insuficiencia aórtica grave asintomáticos, la utilización de un score que considera variables clínicas, ecocardiográficas y de ejercicio permite establecer una identificación adecuada del riesgo a largo plazo.

Objective: To identify the learning styles of a group of cardiology residents (R) undergoing a training program at the University of Buenos Aires and to identify correlations of these styles. Methods: Statistical data were obtained through a 120-question survey developed by Vermunt and colleagues, which identified four different learning styles: construction- directed; reproduction-directed; application-directed; and undirected. Four variables were identified (gender, previous experience as a teaching assistant (TA) in medical school, university final average (FA) and the public or private institution/centre of origin) in order to analyse level of correlation with learning styles (LS). Between April 2001 and April 2002, 149 residents (R) completed the survey. Average age was 29 (+2.7) years old; with 63% being men. Findings: The predominant LS were oriented toward knowledge application. In terms of variables, no differences regarding gender were detected; the R with TA showed undirected LS characteristics; those with a low FA registered a tendency towards reproduction-directed LS; and those residents at public/state medical centres indicated construction-directed LS tendencies. Conclusion: An application-directed learning style predominates in this group of residents. Information regarding learning styles can provide foundations upon which arguments can be made for changes in education that are traditionally not evidence- based.

Antecedentes Pacientes asintomáticos con insuficiencia aórtica (IA) grave y función ventricular normal pueden desarrollar síntomas y disfunción ventricular. La lesión valvular en asociación con los índices de tamaño ventricular no fue evaluada hasta ahora, como tampoco la progresión de estos índices en el seguimiento. Objetivo Identificar en forma seriada las variaciones de los índices de tamaño y de lesión valvular para predecir síntomas, reemplazo valvular, disfunción ventricular y muerte cardíaca. Material y métodos Se evaluaron 254 pacientes con IA grave aislada (edad media 63 ± 7 años; sexo masculino 74%; fracción de eyección [FEVI] basal del 64% ± 5%), asintomáticos al ingreso. Los puntos finales fueron desarrollo de síntomas, disfunción ventricular (FEVI < 55%), muerte cardíaca o reemplazo valvular. Resultados El seguimiento promedio fue de 4,7 ± 2,3 años. Desarrollaron síntomas, disfunción ventricular y reemplazo valvular 72, 97 y 61 pacientes, respectivamente. La mortalidad global fue de 11/254 (4,3%). En el análisis univariado, la edad, los diámetros de fin de diástole y sístole corregidos por superficie corporal (DFDSC y DFSSC), el área del orificio regurgitante efectivo (AORE), el diámetro de la aurícula izquierda y la FEVI en el ejercicio se asociaron con los puntos finales. Sin embargo, el análisis de Cox identificó las tasas promedio de cambio en el DFSSC y en el AORE y el tamaño ventricular al ingreso (DFDSC y DFSSC) como los predictores independientes. Conclusión En pacientes asintomáticos con IA grave, las tasas de cambio en el tamaño y en la lesión valvular fueron los predictores independientes relacionados con el desarrollo de síntomas, disfunción ventricular y reemplazo valvular, que favorecieron una mejor estratificación de riesgo.

Background: Although indicators of surgical and medical treatment have been applied to patients with typical dissection (AD) of the descending thoracic aorta, the natural history of descending aortic intramural hematoma (AIH) is not yet clearly known. Objective: The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the absence of flow communication through the intimal tear in AIH involving the descending aorta has a different clinical course compared with AD. Methods: We prospectively evaluated clinical and echocardiographic data between AD (76 patients) and AIH (27 patients) of the descending thoracic aorta. Results: Patients had no differences In age, gender, or clinical presentation. The development of pleural effussion or periaortic hematoma was more frequent in patients with AIH than it was in patients with AD. AIH and AD had same predictors of complications at follow-up: aortic diameter (>5 cm) at diagnosis and persistent back pain. Although medical treatment was selected in the same proportion between groups, surgical treatment was more frequently selected in AD (39% vs. 22%, p < 0.01). AD patients who received surgical treatment had higher mortality than those with AIH (36% vs. 17%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in mortality between patients who received medical treatment (15% in AD vs 14% in AIH, p = 0.7). In follow-up imaging studies of 23 patients with AIH,6 patients (25%) showed complete resolution and 6 patients (25%) increased the descending aortic diameter. Typical AD developed in 3 patients (13%). A three-year survival rate did not show significant difference (82 ± 6% in AIH vs 75 ± 7% in AD, p = 0.37). Conclusion: AIH of the descending thoracic aorta have relatively frequent complications at follow-up including dissection and aneurysm formation. Medical treatment with very close imaging follow-up and timed elective surgery in cases with complications allow better management for patients with AIH of the descending thoracic aorta.

Introducción y objetivos Los hallazgos clínicos, electrocardiográficos y los niveles séricos de CK-MB son variables pronósticas en la evaluación de pacientes con dolor precordial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el valor pronóstico adicional de la troponina I (TnI) y de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) en una población de pacientes con dolor de precordial que consultan al Departamento de Emergencias. Material y métodos Se realizó el seguimiento de 784 pacientes consecutivos con dolor precordial durante 120 días para evaluar la frecuencia de muerte o IM no fatal. Se obtuvo sangre al ingreso para evaluar los niveles de TnI y PCR. Los investigadores fueron ciegos a estos resultados. Resultados Del total de pacientes, 394 (50,2%) fueron dados de alta (dolor no coronario) y 390 (49,8%) fueron hospitalizados con diagnóstico de angina inestable o infarto. La frecuencia de muerte o infarto a los 120 días fue del 3,8%; la frecuencia más alta (14,9%) se observó en el grupo con TnI y PCR elevadas (p = 0,0001). Se identificaron cuatro predictores independientes de muerte o infarto por regresión de Cox: enfermedad coronaria previa (HR 2,97, IC 95% 1,42- 6,25; p = 0,004); cambios del segmento ST (HR 3,01, IC 95% 1,31-7,14; p = 0,009); TnI = 0,4 ng/ml (HR 2,85, IC 95% 1,23-6,66; p = 0,015) y PCR = 5 mg/L (HR 2,42, IC 95% 1,45-5,26; p = 0,020). La combinación de TnI y PCR fue superior que la estratificación convencional por clínica y ECG, especialmente en el grupo de riesgo intermedio. Conclusiones En pacientes con dolor torácico, la combinación de TnI y PCR mejora la estratificación de riesgo en comparación con el uso convencional de la clínica y el ECG, especialmente en los pacientes con un nivel de riesgo intermedio.

Myocarditis is a relatively common inflammatory disease that affects the myocardium. Infectious disease accounts for most of the cases either because of a direct viral infection or post-viral immune-mediated reaction. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become an established non-invasive diagnosis tool for acute myocarditis. A recent large single centre study with patients with biopsy-proven viral myocarditis undergoing CMR scans found a high rate of mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of clinical events in our population of patients with diagnosed myocarditis by CMR scan.Patients who consulted to the emergency department with diagnosis of myocarditis by CMR were retrospectively included in the study from January 2008 to May 2012. A CMR protocol was used in all patients, and were followed up to assess the rate of the composite endpoint of all-cause death, congestive heart failure, sudden cardiac death, hospitalization for cardiac cause, recurrent myocarditis or need of radiofrequency ablation or implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD). A descriptive statistical analysis was performed.Thirty-two patients with myocarditis were included in the study. The mean age was 42.6±21.2 years and 81.2% were male. In a mean follow up of 30.4±17.8 months, the rate of the composite endpoint of all-cause death, congestive heart failure, sudden cardiac death, hospitalization for cardiac cause, recurrent myocarditis or need of radiofrequency ablation or ICD was 15.6% (n=5). Two patients had heart failure (one of them underwent heart transplant), one patient needed ICD because of ventricular tachycardia and two other patients were re-hospitalized, for recurrent chest pain and for recurrent myocarditis respectively.In our series of acute myocarditis diagnosed by CMR we found a low rate of cardiovascular events without mortality. These findings might oppose data from recently published myocarditis trials.

Resumen es: El foramen oval permeable (FOP) es un defecto del septum interauricular que puede coexistir con aneurisma de este y se asocia con pasaje de flujo de izqu...

Basal left atrial volume (LAV) indexed to body surface area (LAVI) predicts adverse events in patients with organic mitral regurgitation, but information is lacking regarding change in left atrial volume during follow-up.One hundred forty-four asymptomatic patients (mean age, 71 ± 12 years; 66% women; mean ejection fraction, 66 ± 4.8%) with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation were prospectively included, with a median follow-up period of 2.76 years (interquartile range, 1.86-3.48 years).Fifty-four patients (37.50%) reached the combined end point of dyspnea and/or systolic dysfunction. Both basal and change in LAV were independently associated with the combined end point on multivariate analysis: for basal LAVI ≥ 55 mL/m(2), odds ratio, 2.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.88; P = .038), and for change in LAV ≥ 14 mL, odds ratio, 7.32 (95% confidence interval, 3.25-16.48; P.001), adjusted for effective regurgitant orifice area and deceleration time. Combined event-free survival at 1, 2, and 3 years was significantly less in patients with basal LAVI ≥ 55 mL/m(2) (75%, 58%, and 43%) than in those with basal LAVI55 mL/m(2) (95%, 89%, and 77%) (log-rank test = 15.38, P = .0001). The incidence of the combined end point was highest (88%) in patients with basal LAVI ≥ 55 mL/m(2) and change in LAV ≥ 14 mL.Measurement of basal LAV and its increase during follow-up predict an adverse course in patients with moderate and severe asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. Hence, its assessment could be incorporated into the currently used algorithm for risk stratification and decision making in this group of patients.

A 77-year-old woman was referred for a dobutamine stress test. She had a prior history of hypertension. Basal ECG was normal (Figure 1A). At 40 μg · kg−1 · min−1 she developed typical chest pain with ST-segment elevation in DI, DII, and the anterior leads with ventricular bigeminy (Figure 1B and 1C). The echocardiogram showed apical and mid-wall myocardial segment akinesis with basal hyperkinesis and left outflow tract gradient obstruction of 60 mm Hg. The …

Cardiac arrhythmias in pediatric patients have different mechanisms and frequencies compared to adult patients. There are many physiological differences between children and adults that may affect the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of the antiarrhythmic drugs in pediatric population. Children, and specially breast feeding children, cannot be considered low weighted adults to select antiarrhythmic drug doses. Although radiofrequency ablation has experienced great technological advances, it is performed in selected pediatric patients. Therefore, the main therapeutic strategy is the use of antiarrhythmic drugs in children. The medical management of arrhythmias in pediatric patients is challenging and complex. There are few clinical guidelines. There is scarce and incomplete information about the efficacy and safety of antiarrhythmic drugs in pediatric population. Most of the doses and drug administration intervals are extrapolated from adult population and applied to children. Antiarrhythmic drug doses have been extensively studied in adult population. However, in pediatric population, there are very few clinical trials and the safety of these drugs is not well known. In general, dose regimens are based on small uncontrolled studies, extrapolation of drug doses from studies performed in the adult population or physician experience. As a consequence, there is a need for further studies to assess the most effective antiarrhythmic drug regimens in children reducing the risk of side effects. Evidence suggests that medical research in pediatric population is necessary and morally valuable. But investigators involved must take care of moral and ethical values, including the respect for the child-subject and his parents or legal representatives, and this respect compels them to consider the patient and family in the decision making process. The participation request and the informed consent must be obtained according to the competitions the patient exhibits, trying to anticipate information about benefits and possible damages derived from the investigation in an understandable language for him. In our opinion the pharmacologic clinical investigation of antiarrhythmic treatments in pediatrics is necessary. More clinical studies must be carried out under rigorous scientific rules that contemplate the particular ethical dilemmas this population faces.

The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the absence of flow communication in aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) involving the descending aorta may have a different clinical course compared with aortic dissection (AD).We prospectively evaluated clinical and echocardiographic data in AD (76 patients) and IMH (27 patients) of the descending thoracic aorta.Patients did not differ with regard to age, gender, or clinical presentation. IMH and AD had the same predictors of complications at follow-up: aortic diameter (5 cm) at diagnosis and persistent back pain. Surgical treatment was more frequently selected in AD (39% vs. 22%, P0.01) and AD patients who underwent surgical treatment had higher mortality than those with IMH (36% vs. 17%, P0.01). There was no difference in mortality with medical treatment (14% in AD vs. 19% in IMH, P = 0.7). During follow-up, of 23 patients with IMH, 11 (47%) showed complete resolution or regression, 6 (26%) increased the diameter of the descending aorta, and typical AD developed in 3 patients (13%). No changes occurred in 14% of the group. Three-year survival rate did not show significant differences between both groups (82 +/- 6% in IMH vs. 75 +/- 7% in AD, P = 0.37).IMH of the descending thoracic aorta has a relatively frequent rate of complications at follow-up, including dissection and aneurysm formation. Medical treatment with very frequent imaging and timed elective surgery in cases with complications allows a better patient management.