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The effect of chitosan-wampee seed essential oil (WSEO) composite film coating before cold plasma (CP) treatment on the quality preservation of golden pompano fillets during refrigerated storage was investigated and compared with that of chitosan and CP alone. The results indicated that the chitosan-WSEO composite film coating before CP treatment and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), referred to as CPCW-M, exhibited the lowest total bacterial count, total volatile base nitrogen, and peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of 4.03 log culture-forming units (CFU)/g, 13.45 mg/100 g, 24.65 meq/kg, and 1428.4 μg MDAeq/kg, respectively. Simultaneously, it contributed to the most profound inhibition of the lipid hydrolase, lipoxygenase, thus effectively preventing the oxidative deterioration of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, minimal color changes, drip loss, and texture deterioration of the fillets were observed. Therefore, the edible chitosan-WSEO composite film, together with CP and MAP, was effective in preserving golden pompano fillets and extending shelf life throughout the refrigerated storage period.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious health issue which causes significant morbidity and mortality. Inflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of ALI. Even though ALI has been successfully managed using a traditiomal Chinese medicine (TCM), Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLD), its mechanism of action remains unknown.This study explored the therapeutic potential of HLD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI rats by utilizing integrative pharmacology.Here, the therapeutic efficacy of HLD was evaluated using lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), myeloperoxide (MPO) activity, and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Network pharmacology predictd the active components of HLD in ALI. Lung tissues were subjected to perform Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. The acid ceramidase (ASAH1) inhibitor, carmofur, was employedto suppress the sphingolipid signaling pathway.HLD reduced pulmonary edema and vascular permeability, and suppressed the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in lung tissue, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and serum. Network pharmacology combined with transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that sphingolipid signaling was the main regulatory pathway for HLD to ameliorate ALI, as confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Then, we reverse verified that the sphingolipid signaling pathway was the main pathway involed in ALI. Finally, berberine, baicalein, obacunone, and geniposide were docked with acid ceramidase to further explore the mechanisms of interaction between the compound and protein.HLD does have a better therapeutic effect on ALI, and its molecular mechanism is better elucidated from the whole, which is to balance lipid metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating the sphingolipid pathway. Therefore, HLD and its active components can be used to develop new therapies for ALI and provide a new model for exploring complex TCM systems for treating ALI.

Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PAF) (Chinese name Jin-Deng-Long) from the Solanaceae family is a traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological effects, such as removing heat, detoxification, improving throat conditions, removing phlegm, and ameliorating diuresis.This paper reviews the existing literature and patents and puts forward some suggestions for future PAF research.Using the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, we performed comprehensive search of literature and patents published before April 2022 on PAF and its active ingredients.We comprehensively reviewed the research progress of PAF from aspects of the traditional application, botany, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and toxicology, and first discussed quality control and modern applications, which have not been explored in previous reviews. Thereafter, we reviewed the limitations of pharmacological mechanism and quality control studies and proposed appropriate solutions, which is of great practical significance to subsequent studies.In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on PAF, and put forward new insights on studies regarding quality control, material basis, and mechanisms in classical prescription, providing theoretical guidance for the clinical application and development of Chinese medicine.

Response surface methodology optimization based on central composite design was applied to extract flavonoids from the exocarp of three coconut genera. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and structures of the flavonoids were determined. The results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were ethanol concentration, 60%; temperature, 50 ℃; time, 90 min; liquid/material ratio, 40 mL/g; ultrasonic power, 150 W. Under these conditions, the yields of green, red and yellow coconut exocarp were 366.03 ± 7.57, 596.38 ± 10.32, and 403.78 ± 5.56 mg rutin/g powder, respectively. The flavonoids exhibited eminent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC

The present study sought to analyze the lipid profiles of oyster Crassostrea gigas from Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea, and South China Sea (SCS) through the untargeted lipidomics strategy based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics. The results elucidated that geographical differences had profound effects on the lipid content, composition, and lipid molecular profiles. Notably, oysters from the YS group contained the highest lipid content, including triacylglycerol, diacylglycerols, and the majority of phospholipid molecule species, while oysters from the ECS group contained most of the phosphatidylcholine species and the SCS group contained most of the sphingolipid species. Totally, 1155 lipid molecular species belonging to 21 subclasses were identified; of them, 45 lipid molecular species could serve as differential marker for lipid of oysters from different sea areas. Overall, lipidomics could be a potential approach for discrimination of lipid characters between marine shellfishes for geographical origin traceability.

Erzhi Pill (EZP) is a traditional Chinese prescription that has marked effects in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), remain to be elucidated.This study aimed to apply an integrative pharmacological strategy to systematically evaluate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of EZP, and provide a solid theoretical basis for the clinical application of EZP in the treatment of DCM.In this study, the potential targets and key pathways of EZP were predicted and validated using network pharmacology and molecular docking, respectively. Changes in cardiac metabolites and major metabolic pathways in rat heart samples were examined usingWe found that EZP decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the serum, and alleviated the morphological abnormalities of the heart tissue in diabetic rats. Furthermore, EZP effectively restored superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activity levels, as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the heart tissue. Network pharmacology prediction results indicated that the mechanism of EZP in treating DCM was closely related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, and FoxO signaling pathways. In addition,The results confirmed that the overall therapeutic effect of EZP in the DCM rat model is exerted via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis, alongside the regulation of energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, as well as the AMPK and PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathways. This study provides an experimental basis for the use of EZP in DCM treatment.

Air pollution has side effects on human health. Epidemiology studies indicate a positive association between ambient fine particle (PM

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a toxic substance for human health, and detection of CAP residues in milk is necessary. However, most of the traditional CAP detection methods including high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are time-consuming and complicated. Herein, an automated microfluidics system for CAP detection in milk was developed. The residual CAP of multiple milk samples was quantitatively detected via competitive immunoassay in a single microfluidic chip simultaneously and automatically, and the reliability of the method was confirmed by flow cytometry. Completion of the detection by the system required less than 20 min and the cost for the detection of ten samples was about US$2.5. The limit of detection was 0.05 µg L−1, and the recovery rate of CAP in milk ranged from 91.3% to 105.5%. The microfluidic system developed in this study exhibited considerable potential in the point-of-care testing (POCT) of CAP in milk.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production efficiency, tumor microenvironment hypoxia relief, and autophagy-induced cell death with minimal negative effects are considered the main objectives to achieve more efficient tumor treatment. However, realizing highly effective cancer treatment under hypoxia relief with a cell autophagy model based on suitable biomaterials is still a challenge. Herein, a biosafe upconversion nanomaterial based on Linde Type A (LTA) zeolites loaded with carbon nitride (C3N4) photocatalyst and chlorin e6 (Ce6) was developed as a rationally regulated photocatalytic system and multimodal tumor therapeutic platform. C3N4 contributes to stability, tumor hypoxia relief, high surface conductivity and high drug-loading. Remarkably, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) were proven capable of maximizing the ROS yield to obtain highly tumor therapeutic outcomes. Photothermal conversion efficiency was 46.72%. Furthermore, internalized nanomaterials can result in tumor inhibition through cell autophagy. The as-developed system shows a promising potential in the multimodal cancer therapeutics.

Freeform lenses are playing a more and more important role in LED secondary optics design. In this paper, based on the lighting-energy conservation law, edge-ray principle and Snell's law, we present a freeform lens optical system design method for LED lighting. This system can achieve rectangular lighting area, and it is easier to precisely control the angle of light emitting and processing, with the advantages of uniform illumination. The software Matlab and Rhino were used to get the model of lens, and the PMMA was used as the material to design lens model. Finally, the numerical simulation results showed that the spot shape was close to the expected results.

Air pollution has side effects on human health. Epidemiology studies indicate a positive association between ambient fine particle (PM2.5, or particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentration and lung cancer. However, how fine particles affect lung cancer at the molecular level and related therapeutic methods to address these diseases are unclear. Here, the multi-omics analysis (DNA methylation and transcriptomic) was used to detect human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE), that were exposed to PM2.5 using a quantified, small, portable, and organ-level air-liquid interface microfluidic system that mimics lung functions. The results indicate that 36,838 differentially methylated genes were detected. Of these 33,796 genes were hypomethylated (beta 0). RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that 19,489 genes were upregulated (log2FC > 0), and 16,659 were downregulated. Furthermore, the calcium and apoptosis pathways were activated according to multi-omics analysis. The change in EGFR gene expression after PM2.5 exposure was the result of alterations of the cellular DNA methylome in the promoter. Inhibition or down-regulation of EGFR could result in the regulation of the downstream intracellular Ca2+ concentration and apoptosis via the EGFR/PLCγ and EGFR/STAT/Bcl-XL pathways after PM2.5 exposure. EGFR inhibitors decrease the Ca2+ concentration of cells, thereby strengthening the effects of fine particles on apoptosis. In short, the Ca2+ concentration and the apoptosis of cells can be regulated via EGFR related pathway after PM2.5 exposure. The EGFR may be a potentially promising therapeutic target for the treatment of air pollution-induced lung cancer through regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and apoptosis.

Visible-near infrared hyperspectral images (400–1000 nm) were used for non-destructive variety discrimination and prediction of soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of pears. An imaging spectroscopy system was assembled to acquire scattering images from pears. Spectra of 180 pear samples from three varieties were analyzed by four algorithms of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (Fisher LDA) to detect SSC, firmness and varieties of pears. Then PLS models under whole spectral wavelengths were compared with SPA-PLS models under effective wavelengths. The SPA-PLS models were considered to be the best method for detecting firmness and SSC of pears. The model led to correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9977 for firmness and 0.9924 for SSC and root mean square error (RMSEP) estimated by cross-validation of 0.062653 for firmness and 0.03175 for SSC. The correct answer rate of 95.56% for variety discrimination was achieved by Fisher LDA.

A laser-induced cavitation-based sterilization technique was demonstrated to efficiently inactivate foodborne pathogenic bacteria with a low loss of nutrients. A sterilization efficiency of more than 90% (less than 5 × 105 colony-forming unit / mL) was achieved when the flow rate was no more than 40 μL / s on a chip that could mimic an industrial sterilization system. In addition, the sterilization efficiency could be enhanced if the channels of the chip were coated with Ta2O5 / SiO2 film. Moreover, the nutrient composition of the milk was well preserved. The laser-induced cavitation-based sterilization technique provides an alternative method for the inactivation of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

This study provides a rapid method for quantification of mineral oil in rapeseed oil using near-infrared spectroscopy. The data were processed by direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC), successive projections algorithm (SPA), partial least squares, and principal component regression (PCR). Good correlation coefficients (R) of 0.998 and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.005 were obtained, and the DOSC-SPA-PCR model was identified as the optimal method. A satisfactory accuracy with R and RMSE of prediction by DOSC-SPA-PCR of 0.990 and 0.006, was obtained. The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is a promising method for the rapid quantitative detection of mineral oil in vegetable oil.

A method is presented for one-to-many information encryption transmission by using temporal ghost imaging and code division multiple access. In the encryption transmission process, code division multiple access technologies combine multiple information sources, and the chip sequence corresponding to each set of information is used as the first key. The transmission end loads the transmission information onto a series of temporal random patterns of temporal ghost imaging and transmits it to the receivers. A series of temporal random patterns is the second key. During the decryption, each receiver can get the same encrypted information and use the second key to obtain the transmitted information. Finally, each receiver uses the unique chip sequence to get corresponding information. This encryption transmission method realizes one-to-many information encryption transmission at the same time over the same channel. Double encryption ensures the security of information. Simulation and experiment results verify the effectiveness and security of the method. The method has strong antinoise ability and can effectively resist various attack modes. At the same time, this method solves the problem that the use of code division multiple access enlarges the signal bandwidth, and ensures that no cross talk occurs between various sources of information.

The MAP kinase Slt2 is required for both mitophagy and pexophagy, whereas the MAP kinase Hog1 acts specifically in mitophagy., Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to simply as autophagy) is a catabolic pathway that mediates the degradation of long-lived proteins and organelles in eukaryotic cells. The regulation of mitochondrial degradation through autophagy plays an essential role in the maintenance and quality control of this organelle. Compared with our understanding of the essential function of mitochondria in many aspects of cellular metabolism such as energy production and of the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in cell death, little is known regarding their degradation and especially how upstream signaling pathways control this process. Here, we report that two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Slt2 and Hog1, are required for mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Slt2 is required for the degradation of both mitochondria and peroxisomes (via pexophagy), whereas Hog1 functions specifically in mitophagy. Slt2 also affects the recruitment of mitochondria to the phagophore assembly site (PAS), a critical step in the packaging of cargo for selective degradation.

Presently, unscrupulous traders in the market use the industrial wax to wax the rice. The industrial wax is a particularly hazardous substance. Visible-near infrared hyperspectral images (400-1,000 nm) can be used for the detection of the waxed rice and the non-waxed rice. This study was carried out to find effective testing methods based on the visible-near infrared imaging spectrometry to detect whether the rice was waxed or not. An imaging spectroscopy system was assembled to acquire hyperspectral images from 80 grains of waxed rice and 80 grains of non-waxed rice over visible and near infrared spectral region. Spectra of 100 grains of rice were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to extract the information of hyperspectral images. PCA provides an effective compressed representation of the spectral signal of each pixel in the spectral domain. We used PCA to acquire the effective wavelengths from the spectra. Based on the effective wavelengths, the predict models were set up by using partial least squares (PLS) analysis and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Also, compared with the PLS of 80% for the waxed rice and 86.7% for the non-waxed rice detection rate, LDA gives 93.3% and 96.7% detection rate. The results demonstrated that the LDA could detect the waxed rice better, while illustrating the hyperspectral imaging technique with the visible–near infrared region could be a reliable method for the waxed rice detection.

This article presents a method for rapid, credible and noninvasive identification of the type of wax on pears using hyper-spectral imaging (HSI) in the visible and near-infrared (Vis–NIR) range (400–1,026 nm). The successive projection algorithm (SPA) was used to select the most effective wavelengths for wax type identification within a calibration set of 108 pears. This set was used to build identification models based on Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA) using the relative reflectance values of the effective wavelengths. A prediction set of 72 pears was used to verify the reliability of the models and the results of both models were compared. SPA–LDA was found to be a better model than SPA–MLR, with an identification accuracy of 99.07% for calibration and 95.83% for the prediction sets. This demonstrates that Vis–NIR HSI is a potential candidate for wax type identification in a rapid, credible and noninvasive way. Practical Applications In the international markets and packing houses, many traders will wax the surface of pears to ensure they have a fresh appearance. Most traders use edible wax, but to reduce the cost, some unscrupulous traders may use industrial wax which is harmful to people's health. In recent years, a growing number of food products contain pears, such as Perry, sweetened pear pulp and dried pear. Therefore, it is crucial that the safety of the pear's surface can be ensured. In this study, the relative reflectance values of 11 effective wavelengths were selected by the Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) as the independent variables of Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA) based on hyper-spectral imaging (HSI), and the obtained 11 effective wavelengths can be developed into an on-line multi-spectral system for food safety detection. This method allows nondestructive identification of the type of wax on pears and can automatically focus during the detection process.

Great progress has been made toward understanding the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) during the past two decades, mainly as a consequence of the discovery of specific gene mutations contributing to the onset of PD. Recently, dysregulation of the autophagy pathway has been observed in the brains of PD patients and in animal models of PD, indicating the emerging role of autophagy in this disease. Indeed, autophagy is increasingly implicated in a number of pathophysiologies, including various neurodegenerative diseases. This article will lead you through the connection between autophagy and PD by introducing the concept and physiological function of autophagy, and the proteins related to autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PD, particularly α-synuclein and PINK1-PARKIN, as they pertain to autophagy.

The ability to switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis is essential for seedling development and plant survival. Recent studies revealed that COP1 and phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are key regulators of this transition by repressing the photomorphogenic responses and/or maintaining the skotomorphogenic state of etiolated seedlings. Here we report that the plant hormone ethylene plays a crucial role in the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis by facilitating greening of etiolated seedlings upon light irradiation. Activation of EIN3/EIL1 is both necessary and sufficient for ethylene-induced enhancement of seedling greening, as well as repression of the accumulation of protochlorophyllide, a phototoxic intermediate of chlorophyll synthesis. EIN3/EIL1 were found to induce gene expression of two key enzymes in the chlorophyll synthesis pathway, protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A and B (PORA/B). ChIP and EMSA assays demonstrated that EIN3 directly binds to the specific elements present in the PORA and PORB promoters. Genetic studies revealed that EIN3/EIL1 function in cooperation with PIF1 in preventing photo-oxidative damage and promoting cotyledon greening. Moreover, activation of EIN3 reverses the blockage of greening triggered by cop1 mutation or far-red light irradiation. Consistently, EIN3 acts downstream of COP1 and its protein accumulation is enhanced by COP1 but decreased by light. Taken together, EIN3/EIL1 represent a new class of transcriptional regulators along with PIF1 to optimize de-etiolation of Arabidopsis seedlings. Our study highlights the essential role of ethylene in enhancing seedling development and survival through protecting etiolated seedlings against photo-oxidative damage.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved cellular energy sensor that plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis. A recent study in Science (Egan et al., 2011) identifies ULK1 as a substrate for AMPK phosphorylation, a modification required for selective autophagy of mitochondria and cell survival during starvation.