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Scientific evidence regularly guides policy decisions1, with behavioural science increasingly part of this process2. In April 2020, an influential paper3 proposed 19 policy recommendations (claims) detailing how evidence from behavioural science could contribute to efforts to reduce impacts and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we assess 747 pandemic-related research articles that empirically investigated those claims. We report the scale of evidence and whether evidence supports them to indicate applicability for policymaking. Two independent teams, involving 72 reviewers, found evidence for 18 of 19 claims, with both teams finding evidence supporting 16 (89%) of those 18 claims. The strongest evidence supported claims that anticipated culture, polarization and misinformation would be associated with policy effectiveness. Claims suggesting trusted leaders and positive social norms increased adherence to behavioural interventions also had strong empirical support, as did appealing to social consensus or bipartisan agreement. Targeted language in messaging yielded mixed effects and there were no effects for highlighting individual benefits or protecting others. No available evidence existed to assess any distinct differences in effects between using the terms physical distancing and social distancing. Analysis of 463 papers containing data showed generally large samples; 418 involved human participants with a mean of 16,848 (median of 1,699). That statistical power underscored improved suitability of behavioural science research for informing policy decisions. Furthermore, by implementing a standardized approach to evidence selection and synthesis, we amplify broader implications for advancing scientific evidence in policy formulation and prioritization.

Abstract Background Prevention and treatment of metastatic breast cancer (BC) is an unmet clinical need. The retinoic acid derivative fenretinide (FeR) was previously evaluated in Phase I-III clinical trials but, despite its excellent tolerability and antitumor activity in preclinical models, showed limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor bioavailability. We recently generated a new micellar formulation of FeR, Bionanofenretinide (Bio-nFeR) showing enhanced bioavailability, low toxicity, and strong antitumor efficacy on human lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma xenografts. In the present study, we tested the effect of Bio-nFeR on a preclinical model of metastatic BC. Methods We used BC cell lines for in vitro analyses of cell viability, cell cycle and migratory capacity. For in vivo studies, we used HER2/neu transgenic mice (neuT) as a model of spontaneously metastatic BC. Mice were treated orally with Bio-nFeR and at sacrifice primary and metastatic breast tumors were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Molecular pathways activated in primary tumors were analyzed by immunoblotting. Stem cell content was assessed by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and functional assays such as colony formation ex vivo and second transplantation assay in immunocompromised mice. Results Bio-nFeR inhibited the proliferation and migration of neuT BC cells in vitro and showed significant efficacy against BC onset in neuT mice. Importantly, Bio-nFeR showed the highest effectiveness against metastatic progression, counteracting both metastasis initiation and expansion. The main mechanism of Bio-nFeR action consists of promoting tumor dormancy through a combined induction of antiproliferative signals and inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Conclusion The high effectiveness of Bio-nFeR in the neuT model of mammary carcinogenesis, coupled with its low toxicity, indicates this formulation as a potential candidate for the treatment of metastatic BC and for the adjuvant therapy of BC patients at high risk of developing metastasis.

Mariangela Boccardi,1 Savino Cilla,2 Mara Fanelli,3 Carmela Romano,2 Paolo Bonome,1 Milena Ferro,1 Donato Pezzulla,1 Roberto Di Marco,4 Francesco Deodato,1,5,* Gabriella Macchia1,* 1Radiation Oncology Unit, Responsible Research Hospital, Campobasso, Italy; 2Medical Physics Unit, Responsible Research Hospital, Campobasso, Italy; 3Research Laboratories, Responsible Research Hospital, Campobasso, Italy; 4Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy; 5Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Milena Ferro, Responsible Research Hospital, L.go Gemelli, 1, Campobasso, 86100, Italy, Email milena.ferro@responsible.hospitalPurpose: The most prevalent treatment-related side effect related to adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer is acute skin toxicity in the irradiated area. The purpose of this single-institution pilot study is to provide preliminary clinical results on the feasibility and safety of a breast ultra-hypofractionated radiation treatment delivered using an automated hybrid-VMAT technique. Skin damage was assessed both with clinical examination and objectively using a Cutometer equipment.Patients and Methods: Patients received 26 Gy to the whole breast and 30 Gy to the tumoral bed in 5 fractions using an automated hybrid-VMAT approach with the option for the breath hold technique if necessary. Acute and late toxicities were clinically evaluated at baseline, 1- and 6-months after treatment using the CTC-AE v.5.0 scale. An instrumental evaluation of the skin elasticity was performed using a Cutometer® Dual MP580. Two parameters per patient, R0 (the total skin firmness) and Q1 (the elastic recovery), were registered at the different timelines.Results: From June 2022 to January 2024, 30 patients, stage T1-T2, N0 were enrolled in the study. Four out of 30 (13.3%) patients reported G2 acute skin toxicities. At 6 months, G2 late toxicity was registered in 3 patients (10%). A total of 2160 measures of R0 and Q1 were recorded. At 1 month after treatment, no correlation was found between measured values of R0 and Q1 and clinical evaluation. At 6 months after treatment, clinical late toxicity ≥ 1 was strongly associated with decreased R0 and Q1 values ≥ 24% (p = 0.003) and ≥ 18% (p = 0.022), respectively.Conclusion: Ultra-hypofractionated whole-breast radiotherapy, when supported by advanced treatment techniques, is both feasible and safe. No severe adverse effects were observed at any of the different timeframes. Acute and late skin toxicities were shown to be lower in contrast to data presented in the literature.Keywords: breast cancer, ultra-hypofractionated radiotherapy, Cutometer, hybrid-VMAT technique

Abstract Improving health and social equity for persons living with a rare disease (PLWRD) is increasingly recognized as a global policy priority. However, there is currently no international alignment on how to define and describe rare diseases. A global reference is needed to establish a mutual understanding to inform a wide range of stakeholders for actions. A multi-stakeholder, global panel of rare disease experts, came together and developed an Operational Description of Rare Diseases. This reference describes which diseases are considered rare, how many persons are affected and why the rare disease population demands specific attention. The operational description of rare diseases is framed in two parts: a core definition of rare diseases, complemented by a descriptive framework of rare diseases. The core definition includes parameters that permit the identification of which diseases are considered rare, and how many persons are affected. The descriptive framework elaborates on the impact and burden of rare diseases on patients, their caregivers and families, healthcare systems, and society overall. The Operational Description of Rare Diseases establishes a common point of reference for decision-makers across the world who strive to understand and address the unmet needs of persons living with a rare disease. Adoption of this reference is essential to improving the visibility of rare conditions in health systems across the world. Greater recognition of the burden of rare diseases will motivate new actions and policies to address the unmet needs of the rare disease community.

Abstract Background/objectives Adherence to dietary recommendations is a critical component in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Taste and flavor significantly influence food choices. The aim of this study was to investigate taste sensitivity and flavor recognition ability in adults with T1D compared to healthy individuals. Subjects/methods Seventy-two people with T1D and 72 matched healthy controls participated in the study. Participants underwent the gustometry test for sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes and the flavor test, which consisted of oral administration of aqueous aromatic solutions identifying 21 different compounds. Results Participants with T1D had significantly lower flavor scores and gustometry scores than controls (p

La ciudad de Tandil (Buenos Aires, República Argentina) presenta un crecimiento poblacional influenciado por el turismo y otras actividades demandantes de espacio urbano. Ello dispara valores inmobiliarios y provoca expansión en nuevas periferias regidas por un Plan de Desarrollo Territorial (PDT), no siempre concordante con la vitalidad ambiental. Esto se corrobora en la periferia noreste. En salidas de campo, el equipo de investigación se propuso analizar los efectos del diseño urbano en función de las características del medio físico y, asimismo, si los problemas se vinculan con violaciones a las normas de urbanización o simplemente no están contempladas. En encuestas y entrevistas se constató lo segundo y, mediante relevamientos, se verificó que también la remoción del suelo y de su cobertura vegetal conducen a una degradación ambiental, con impacto sobre aquellos hogares que escogieron este lugar ante la imposibilidad de radicarse en otras áreas, signadas por los altos valores en el arrendamiento de la vivienda o la compra de esos inmuebles. Aun así, el ordenamiento urbano materializado con el trazado de calles y otras obras, cumple con las prescripciones del PDT; lo que devela una discordancia en relación a los problemas ambientales detectados.

El control biológico por conservación (CBC) ofrece un camino prometedor para las nuevas prácticas agroecológicas sostenibles que permitan hacer un uso razonable de los recursos disponibles. Estas prácticas involucran la participación de múltiples áreas del conocimiento que convergen con el fin de asegurar la coexistencia entre las actividades agropecuarias y el ecosistema que las rodea. En este escenario, los insectos cumplen un rol fundamental como principales depredadores/parasitoides de otros insectos que son plagas de cultivos. Entender las múltiples y variadas interacciones que tienen lugar en los campos de cultivo es cruciales para las investigaciones en control biológico. Esto permitiría tomar medidas de control sin descuidar el equilibrio de estos ecosistemas. Por esta razón gran parte de los esfuerzos de estas prácticas están relacionadas a la conservación y protección de los insectos. En este trabajo se busca hacer un resumen de la literatura más reciente sobre los conceptos relacionados al CBC, su implicancia económica y las proyecciones futuras.

“Atmospheric” painting stands as a new frontier in contemporary art, presenting challenges and new considerations in museum practices. This article aims to analyze the possible evolution of four atmospheric paintings created by artist Luca Vitone during their transition from exhibition halls to the storage facilities of the MAXXI museum. The presence of active microbiological consortium raises question regarding the potential interaction these artworks may have with the surrounding environment. The year-long monitoring involved macroscopic and microscopic observation, spectrophotometric analyses, and cell vitality assessments using a bioluminometer. Additionally, the collected data were correlated with the prevailing microclimate within the storage. Indeed, the canvases underwent an evolution during their transfer to the storage; it was mainly the photosynthetic part of the consortium that underwent the greatest changes, resulting in changes in the color tones of the canvases. The viability of the cells in the consortium also underwent changes as indicated by measurements obtained with the bioluminometer. The monitoring has provided invaluable insights into the dynamic evolution of Vitone’s artworks and allowed the authors to hypothesize some strategies for the conservation of these types of artworks.

We present a new computational approach, named Watermelon, designed for the development of pharmacophore models based on receptor structures. The methodology involves the sampling of potential hotspots for ligand interactions within a protein target’s binding site, utilising molecular fragments as probes. By employing docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the most significant interactions formed by these probes within distinct regions of the binding site are identified. These interactions are subsequently transformed into pharmacophore features that delineates key anchoring sites for potential ligands. The reliability of the approach was experimentally validated using the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enzyme. The generated pharmacophore model captured features representing ligand-MAGL interactions observed in various X-ray co-crystal structures and was employed to screen a database of commercially available compounds, in combination with consensus docking and MD simulations. The screening successfully identified two new MAGL inhibitors with micromolar potency, thus confirming the reliability of the Watermelon approach.

Background: During the pandemic, epidemiological communications reported an estimation of excess deaths. However, the final calculation requires a detailed analysis. The study aim was to ascertain the number and distribution of COVID-19 fatalities among various socio-economic strata in a large, moderate to low-income city. Study design: Observational time series analysis in a large city, treated as a natural experiment. Methods: Analysis of death certificates, demographic data, and health system records of positive RT-PCR COVID-19 tests from 2015 to 2021, categorizing by age, sex, and place of residence. The study measured the pandemic's impact on mortality, including COVID and non-COVID deaths, using corrected Poisson regression models for different demographics and assessing socio-economic status impact via ecological community-level analysis. Results: Compared to the pre-pandemic period (2015–2019, IRR = 1.00), the sex- and age-adjusted rate of all-cause death increased significantly during the pandemic (2020–2021) IRR = 1.109 [1.054–1.167], p

Abstract Pancreatic cancer, ranking as the third factor in cancer‐related deaths, necessitates enhanced diagnostic measures through early detection. In response, SiMoT‐Single‐molecule with a large Transistor multiplexing array, achieving a Technology Readiness Level of 5, is proposed for a timely identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts and is benchmarked against the commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay SIMOA (Single molecule array) SP‐X System. A cohort of 39 samples, comprising 33 cyst fluids and 6 blood plasma specimens, undergoes detailed examination with both technologies. The SiMoT array targets oncoproteins MUC1 and CD55, and oncogene KRAS, while the SIMOA SP‐X planar technology exclusively focuses on MUC1 and CD55. Employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for multivariate data processing, the SiMoT array demonstrates effective discrimination of malignant/pre‐invasive high‐grade or potentially malignant low‐grade pancreatic cysts from benign non‐mucinous cysts. Conversely, PCA analysis applied to SIMOA assay reveals less effective differentiation ability among the three cyst classes. Notably, SiMoT unique capability of concurrently analyzing protein and genetic markers with the threshold of one single molecule in 0.1 mL positions it as a comprehensive and reliable diagnostic tool. The electronic response generated by the SiMoT array facilitates direct digital data communication, suggesting potential applications in the development of field‐deployable liquid biopsy.

This study reports the analytical investigations on clayey and ceramic finds, characterised by high variability in terms of prime materials, with the aim to determine the role of this important ceramic production situated close to the city walls, fortuitously found during service excavations developed in the garden of Palazzo Corsini in Rome. The complexity of the finds led to the choices of appropriate methodologies and techniques suitable for defining the diagnostic elements of each find. Optical microscopy (OM) combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to analyse the nature and microstructure of the ceramic and burned clay that were found. In such a complicated setting, the objective of conducting chemical analyses is to provide clues to describe the various kinds of ceramics produced, the production and processing methods, and, as a result, the typology of the workshop.

After a short review of the MiFID regulations and the RAF, the paper identifies the link between them which allows to mitigate a balance sheet risk sustained by the financial intermediary and, at the same time, to improve its stability and value creation, through a maximization of customer loyalty. The client’s attitude towards risk can be summarized in these terms: "I don't like risk, but I like to win". Thus, a three-dimensional approach towards expected utility is suggested for estimating risk tolerance: risk aversion, loss aversion and reflection. In addition, a definition of the client's financial objectives is required, combined with greater disclosure - which allows the construction of a financial statement – to attest that risk-taking is indeed a luxury, as indicated by the metrics of the discretionary wealth ratio, and therefore, of the Standard of Living Risk (SLR). The next step consists in the determination of a set of portfolios along the efficient frontier where risk is represented by the expected shortfall, the determination of which belongs to a Generalized Extreme Value Theory logic. The client's objectives are described in terms of probability of success, where the latter is a function of an initial endowment, a potential positive contribution of financial resources over time as well as an expected return level. The above is expressed through a practical case that envisages the determination of a set of EGPF portfolios and the identification of the specific portfolio, obtained as a solution to a static and dynamic optimization problem, where the objectives have been formalized through the calculation of the associated utility.

The application of biological pesticides as alternatives to chemical phytosanitary products is a natural and innovative method to improve environmental protection and sustainable agricultural production. In this work, the compatibility between Trichoderma spp. and a commercial lignin extract was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The beneficial effects of lignin in combination with different Trichoderma consortia were evaluated in terms of improved growth and quantitative and qualitative tomato productivity. T. virens GV41 + T. asperellum + T. atroviride + lignin formulation was the most effective in growth promotion and increased root and stem dry weight compared to control (45.4 and 43.9%, respectively). This combination determined a 63% increase in tomato yield compared to the control, resulting in the best-performing treatment compared to each individual constituent. Consistent differences in terms of lycopene, GABA, ornithine, total, essential, and branched-chain amino acids were revealed in fruits from tomato plants treated with Trichoderma–lignin formulations (T. asperellum + T. virens GV41 + lignin) or with the microbial consortia (T. asperellum + T. virens GV41, T. atroviride + T. virens GV41). The developed bioformulations represent a sustainable biological strategy to increase yield and produce nutritional compound-enriched vegetables.

This study reports a comparative analysis of the polyphenolic composition and nutraceutical properties of different olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and corresponding extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extracts. Specifically, four OMWWs and corresponding EVOOs from cultivars Frantoio (A) and Leccino (B) obtained from different crushing seasons (early-stage (A1 and B1) and later-stage (A2 and B2)) were analyzed. Employing HPLC-DAD and LC-MS methods, the primary polyphenol content was identified and quantified. Overall, OMWW extracts showed a greater polyphenolic content compared to corresponding EVOO extracts, with OMWW B1 displaying the highest levels of polyphenols. The antiradical properties of extracts towards radical species (DPPH, ABTS, O2−, and HOCl−) were demonstrated in vitro, revealing a correlation with polyphenolic content. In fact, OMWW B1 and B2 demonstrated the strongest antiradical activity. Exploring nutraceutical properties of OMWWs, the intestinal permeation of the main polyphenols in a co-culture model (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell lines) was assessed, with tyrosol achieving a permeation of almost 60%. Furthermore, the involvement in the inflammation process has been evaluated in cell studies on THP1-derived macrophages by immunocytochemistry, demonstrating that OMWW B1 may exert an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating specific phenotype expression on macrophages. In conclusion, this study provides evidence supporting the reuse of OMWWs as a source of polyphenols with nutraceutical properties.

COVID-19 remains a significant threat, particularly to vulnerable populations. The emergence of new variants necessitates the development of treatments and vaccines that induce both humoral and cellular immunity. This study aimed to identify potentially immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 peptides and to explore the intricate host–pathogen interactions involving peripheral immune responses, memory profiles, and various demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. Using in silico and experimental methods, we identified several CD8-restricted SARS-CoV-2 peptides that are either poorly studied or have previously unreported immunogenicity: fifteen from the Spike and three each from non-structural proteins Nsp1-2-3-16. A Spike peptide, LA-9, demonstrated a 57% response rate in ELISpot assays using PBMCs from 14 HLA-A*02:01 positive, vaccinated, and mild-COVID-19 recovered subjects, indicating its potential for diagnostics, research, and multi-epitope vaccine platforms. We also found that younger individuals, with fewer vaccine doses and longer intervals since infection, showed lower anti-Spike (ELISA) and anti-Wuhan neutralizing antibodies (pseudovirus assay), higher naïve T cells, and lower central memory, effector memory, and CD4hiCD8low T cells (flow cytometry) compared to older subjects. In our cohort, a higher prevalence of Vδ2-γδ and DN T cells, and fewer naïve CD8 T cells, seemed to correlate with strong cellular and lower anti-NP antibody responses and to associate with Omicron infection, absence of confusional state, and habitual sporting activity.

Background: Breast cancer represents one of the leading causes of death among women. Surgery can be effective, but once breast cancer has metastasized, it becomes extremely difficult to treat. Conventional therapies are associated with substantial toxicity and poor efficacy due to tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance and disease relapse. Moreover, immune checkpoint blockade appears to offer limited benefit in breast cancer. The poor tumor immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment result in scarce T-cell infiltration, leading to a low response rate. Thus, there is considerable interest in the development of improved active immunotherapies capable of sensitizing a patient’s immune system against tumor cells. Methods: We evaluated the in vitro anti-tumor activity of a personalized vaccine based on dendritic cells generated in the presence of interferon (IFN)-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (IFN-DC) and loaded with an oxidized lysate from autologous tumor cells expanded as 3D organoid culture maintaining faithful tumor antigenic profiles. Results: Our findings demonstrate that stimulation of breast cancer patients’ lymphocytes with autologous IFN-DC led to efficient Th1-biased response and the generation in vitro of potent cytotoxic activity toward the patients’ own tumor cells. Conclusions: This approach can be potentially applied in association with checkpoint blockade and chemotherapy in the design of new combinatorial therapies for breast cancer.

Neuroinflammation is a critical aspect of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This study investigates the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of oleocanthal and its oxidation product, oleocanthalic acid, using the BV-2 cell line activated with lipopolysaccharide. Our findings revealed that oleocanthal significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes, counteracted oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide, and increased cell phagocytic activity. Conversely, oleocanthalic acid was not able to counteract lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. The docking analysis revealed a plausible interaction of oleocanthal, with both CD14 and MD-2 leading to a potential interference with TLR4 signaling. Since our data show that oleocanthal only partially reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-kB, its action as a TLR4 antagonist alone cannot explain its remarkable effect against neuroinflammation. Proteomic analysis revealed that oleocanthal counteracts the LPS modulation of 31 proteins, including significant targets such as gelsolin, clathrin, ACOD1, and four different isoforms of 14-3-3 protein, indicating new potential molecular targets of the compound. In conclusion, oleocanthal, but not oleocanthalic acid, mitigates neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms, highlighting a pleiotropic action that is particularly important in the context of neurodegeneration.

Abstract Herein, this work reports the first example of second‐generation wearable biosensor arrays based on a printed electrode technology involving a water‐based graphite ink, for the simultaneous detection of l‐lactate and d‐glucose. The water‐based graphite ink is deposited onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate sheet, namely stencil‐printed graphite (SPG) electrodes, and further modified with [Os(bpy)2(Cl)(PVI)10] as an osmium redox polymer to shuttle the electrons from the redox center of lactate oxidase from Aerococcus viridans (LOx) and gluocose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (GOx). The proposed biosensor array exhibits a limit of detection as low as (9.0 ± 1.0) × 10−6 m for LOx/SPG‐[Os(bpy)2(Cl)(PVI)10] and (3.0 ± 0.5) × 10−6 m for GOx/SPG‐[Os(bpy)2(Cl)(PVI)10], a sensitivity as high as 1.32 μA mm−1 for LOx/SPG‐[Os(bpy)2(Cl)(PVI)10] and 28.4 μA mm−1 for GOx/SPG‐[Os(bpy)2(Cl)(PVI)10]. The technology is also selective when tested in buffer and artificial sweat and is endowed with an operational/storage stability of ≈80% of the initial signal retained after 20 days. Finally, the proposed array is integrated in a wristband and successfully tested for the continuous monitoring of l‐lactate and d‐glucose in a healthy volunteer during daily activity. This is foreseen as a real‐time wearable device for sport‐medicine and healthcare applications.

Although midbrain dopamine (DA) circuits are central to motivated behaviors, our knowledge of how experience modifies these circuits to facilitate subsequent behavioral adaptations is limited. Here we demonstrate the selective role of a ventral tegmental area DA projection to the amygdala (VTADA→amygdala) for cocaine-induced anxiety but not cocaine reward or sensitization. Our rabies virus-mediated circuit mapping approach reveals a persistent elevation in spontaneous and task-related activity of inhibitory GABAergic cells from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and downstream VTADA→amygdala cells that can be detected even after a single cocaine exposure. Activity in BNSTGABA→midbrain cells is related to cocaine-induced anxiety but not reward or sensitization, and silencing this projection prevents development of anxiety during protracted withdrawal after cocaine administration. Finally, we observe that VTADA→amygdala cells are strongly activated after a challenge exposure to cocaine and that activity in these cells is necessary and sufficient for reinstatement of cocaine place preference.

Graduate physiology programs strive to provide students with in-depth expertise in a particular academic discipline, often facilitating this process in the form of a departmental seminar course. Within the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of California Irvine (UCI), students are required to attend a seminar course, most often designed as a journal club, each quarter until they are ready to graduate. While this format may work well in departments where research topics are closely related, it has historically been less successful in UCI's Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where wide-ranging interests make for little overlap in foundational knowledge, limiting meaningful engagement with the material or with peers in the class. In this paper, we describe a complementary approach of developing a syllabus around student interests and covering topics that are critical for student success but often omitted from graduate curricula, such as interview skills, grant writing, and scientific communication. Results from our preclass survey motivated this approach to the class, and our retrospective survey demonstrated the substantial differences in student engagement, enthusiasm, and perceived benefits of this course relative to the journal club style course. We hope that the success of our course may serve as an exemplar for strategies to engage students more effectively and provide critical training in diverse skillsets that will help students after graduation.

This study aims to compare the effects of some chemical agents on the removal of calcareous encrustations, which are characterized by the presence of both calcium and silicon. The experimentation was conducted during the conservation treatments of Cerriglio’s nymphaeum (Massa Lubrense, Naples, Italy). Tests were carried out in the laboratory on specimens and in situ to define the most efficient choice between several chelant agents, in the recovery of calcium and silicon, using ICP/OES and spectrocolorimetric and microscopic analyses.

Decades of research have revealed the remarkable complexity of the midbrain dopamine (DA) system, which comprises cells principally located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Neither homogenous nor serving a singular function, the midbrain DA system is instead composed of distinct cell populations that (1) receive different sets of inputs, (2) project to separate forebrain sites, and (3) are characterized by unique transcriptional and physiological signatures. To appreciate how these differences relate to circuit function, we first need to understand the anatomical connectivity of unique DA pathways and how this connectivity relates to DA-dependent motivated behavior. We and others have provided detailed maps of the input-output relationships of several subpopulations of midbrain DA cells and explored the roles of these different cell populations in directing behavioral output. In this study, we analyze VTA inputs and outputs as a high dimensional dataset (10 outputs, 22 inputs), deploying computational techniques well-suited to finding interpretable patterns in such data. In addition to reinforcing our previous conclusion that the connectivity in the VTA is dependent on spatial organization, our analysis also uncovered a set of inputs elevated onto each projection-defined VTADA cell type. For example, VTADA→NAcLat cells receive preferential innervation from inputs in the basal ganglia, while VTADA→Amygdala cells preferentially receive inputs from populations sending a distributed input across the VTA, which happen to be regions associated with the brain's stress circuitry. In addition, VTADA→NAcMed cells receive ventromedially biased inputs including from the preoptic area, ventral pallidum, and laterodorsal tegmentum, while VTADA→mPFC cells are defined by dominant inputs from the habenula and dorsal raphe. We also go on to show that the biased input logic to the VTADA cells can be recapitulated using projection architecture in the ventral midbrain, reinforcing our finding that most input differences identified using rabies-based (RABV) circuit mapping reflect projection archetypes within the VTA.