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La pandemie « Corona Virus Disease 2019 » (COVID-19) liee au « SARS-CoV-2 » a ete declaree « crise sanitaire mondiale » par l’Organisation mondiale de la sante fin janvier 2020. Des mesures exceptionnelles de confinement ont ete prises pour contenir cette infection tres contagieuse et parfois grave, que les equipes soignantes combattent en premiere ligne. Les nouveau-nes hospitalises representent par principe de precaution un groupe de patients vulnerables juge potentiellement a risque, mais qui s’avere finalement peu infecte et pauci-symptomatique comme l’indiquent les faibles incidences et severites des cas pediatriques publies [1]. L’acces des parents a leur nouveau-ne hospitalise fait partie integrante des soins en neonatologie et en particulier des soins centres sur l’enfant et sa famille. La presence de ses parents a ses cotes est un droit fondamental pour l’enfant hospitalise [2] et repond a un besoin premier des parents d’etre aupres de leur bebe [3]. Les benefices de strategies environnementales et de soins portees par les parents sont etablis avec un haut niveau de preuve [4]. La prematurite est source de stress parental, de troubles de l’attachement et de troubles anxiodepressifs renforces par la separation de la dyade parent–enfant, qui entrave le contact physique normal et la proximite emotionnelle entre la mere (le pere) et son enfant [5], [6]. Cette separation precoce peut affecter la sante mentale des parents mais aussi avoir des effets durables sur la programmation emotionnelle et le neurodeveloppement des nouveau-nes. La pandemie COVID-19 expose toutes les personnes a un stress et une angoisse qui peuvent majorer les troubles psychologiques preexistants ou exacerber le vecu des situations emotionnellement difficiles [7]. Ceci est vrai pour les soignants mais aussi pour les parents de nouveau-nes hospitalises dans un contexte de distanciation sociale qui limite le soutien de leurs proches. Bien que cela ne soit pas encore documente, il est aussi possible que les meres COVID-19 positives soient exposees a un plus grand sentiment de culpabilite, deja tres present en cas de naissance prematuree ; et se rajoutant a une crainte pour leur propre etat de sante. Pourtant, la situation pandemique actuelle et le decret de confinement national ont pour effet collateral de restreindre l’accueil des parents en neonatologie aussi bien quand la mere est suspecte ou infectee par le COVID-19 au moment de l’accouchement, qu’en dehors de cette situation. Ces restrictions d’acces variables suivant les centres, resultent de regles institutionnelles editees avec les equipes d’hygiene hospitaliere de chaque hopital, de decisions prises au niveau des poles de pediatrie et/ou des hopitaux mere-enfant. Ces mesures qui visent initialement a proteger les nouveau-nes hospitalises et l’ensemble des adultes presents dans les services de neonatologie peuvent alterer la qualite des soins delivres a ces patients vulnerables et a leur famille. Notre reflexion vise a mettre en balance les mesures necessaires pour contenir la pandemie avec les besoins premiers des enfants hospitalises en neonatalogie et de leurs parents. Nous envisageons les avis emis sur la prise en charge d’un nouveau-ne d’une mere avec COVID-19 suspecte ou confirme, par des organisations internationales, des institutions et societes savantes. Pour finir, nous proposons des actions pour aider les professionnels de sante a soutenir la qualite des soins delivres, l’attachement et la participation des parents aux soins de leur nouveau-ne hospitalise, sans majorer le risque de propagation du virus.

Resume La famille est primordiale pour les nouveau-nes hospitalises. Elle soutient son developpement, tout en tissant des liens d’attachement solides avec lui. Les soins centres sur l’enfant et sa famille affirment que la famille fait partie de l’equipe soignante de neonatologie. Elle est integree dans le processus de decision medicale et est partenaire dans les soins a son ou ses enfants. Il semble essentiel de preciser la definition de la famille. Nous allons aborder cette definition sous un aspect juridique, sociologique ou philosophique. Le Groupe de Reflexion et d’Evaluation de l’Environnement des Nouveau-nes (GREEN) de la Societe francaise de neonatologie estime qu’il est important de clarifier la definition de la famille d’un nouveau-ne hospitalise, de decrire les difficultes lies a la separation pour l’enfant, ses parents, sa fratrie et sa famille, de faire un etat des lieux sur les pratiques, puis de proposer des recommandations et des strategies d’application.

Resume Le peau a peau est defini par le portage d’un enfant vetu d’une couche et d’un bonnet entre les seins de sa mere ou contre le torse du pere, peau contre peau. Les objectifs du Groupe de Reflexion et d’Evaluation de l’Environnement des Nouveau-nes etaient d’evaluer son rationnel scientifique et d’emettre des recommandations pratiques pour sa realisation en neonatologie et en salle de naissance. Une recherche bibliographique systematique, suivant la methodologie de la Haute Autorite de sante, montre l’existence de benefices sur la stabilite physiologique, le sommeil, la douleur, le developpement neurologique, l’allaitement, l’attachement et le stress parental. Il est recommande que le peau a peau soit propose a tous les bebes prematures hospitalises, le plus precocement et le plus largement possible, des stabilite clinique, avec des procedures ecrites de transfert et surveillance, et un environnement soutenant. Cette pratique semble beneficier aux nouveau-nes extremement prematures et/ou intubes, mais necessite une expertise de l’equipe. Le peau a peau precoce en salle de naissance avec la mere est benefique pour l’allaitement, le comportement, l’adaptation du nouveau-ne a terme ou proche du terme. Le peau a peau avec le pere ameliore aussi le comportement de l’enfant. L’installation immediate en peau a peau avec la mere est fortement recommandee pour le nouveau-ne d’âge ≥ 35 semaines, si son etat clinique le permet. Il est recommande a chaque equipe d’informer et soutenir les parents, d’instaurer des procedures de securite/surveillance adaptees pour soutenir la pratique du peau a peau en securite en salle de naissance.

We sought to establish guidelines for hygiene care in newborns based on a systematic review of the literature and grading of evidence using the Groupe de Reflexion et d'Evaluation de l'Environement des Nouveau-nes (GREEN) methodology. We examined 45 articles and 4 reports from safety agencies. These studies recommend a tub bath (rather than a sponge bath) for full-term infants and a swaddle bath for preterm newborns. They also recommend against daily cleansing of preterm infants. The literature emphasized that hygiene care must consider the clinical state of the newborn, including the level of awareness and behavioral responses. Hospitalized newborns treated with topical agents may also experience high exposure to potentially harmful excipients of interest. Caregivers should therefore be aware of the excipients present in the different products they use. In high-resource countries, the available data do not support the use of protective topical agents for preterm infants. Conclusions: We recommend individualization of hygiene care for newborns. There is increasing concern regarding the safety of excipients in topical agents that are used in neonatology. A multidisciplinary approach should be used to identify an approach that requires lower levels of excipients and alternative excipients.What is known:center dot Hygiene care is one of the most basic and widespread types of care received by healthy and sick newborns worldwide.center dot There is no current guideline on hygiene for preterm or hospitalized term newborn.What is new:center dot The French Group of Reflection and Evaluation of the environment of Newborns (GREEN) provided here guidelines based on the current body of evidence.center dot Caregivers should be aware of the many issues related to hygiene care of newborns including newborns' behavioral responses to hygiene care, exposition to excipients of interest, and the potential risk of protective topical agents in a preterm infant. provided here guidelines based on the current body of evidence.center dot Caregivers should be aware of the many issues related to hygiene care of newborns including newborns' possible behavioral responses to hygiene care, exposition to excipients of interest and the potential risk of protective topical agents in a preterm infant.

Introduction Cette annee, pour la premiere fois au sein de notre etablissement, le port du masque systematique a ete demande aux professionnels de sante non vaccines contre la grippe, dans tous les lieux de contact avec les patients. Cette obligation du port du masque a ete decidee du fait du faible taux de vaccination chez les professionnels (environ 30 %), pour limiter la propagation de l’epidemie de grippe. Cette mesure etait complementaire de la vaccination, de la mise en place d’isolement gouttelettes en cas de grippe identifiee et des precautions habituelles d’hygiene. Cette etude prospective, realisee en periode d’epidemie grippale, a pour objectif d’evaluer le ressenti du personnel vis-a-vis de cette mesure. Materiels et methodes L’equipe infirmiere du service de maladies infectieuses a elabore un questionnaire sur le ressenti du port du masque. Ce questionnaire anonyme a ete diffuse dans le service de maladies infectieuses, puis a l’ensemble des differents poles de l’etablissement. Resultats L’analyse preliminaire de 254 reponses montre une population jeune (âge moyen : 39,1 ans), majoritairement feminine (n = 190, 74,8 %), avec 82 infirmiers (32,3 %), 64 medecins (25,2 %), 44 aides-soignants (17,3 %) et 18 agents de service hospitalier (7,1 %). Pres de la moitie (n = 121, 47,6 %) etaient vaccines. Parmi les 121 vaccines, 110 (91,7 %) l’ont fait par choix personnel et 98 (81 %) se sentent proteges. Quatre-vingt-cinq (70,2 %) pensent que le port du masque pour les non-vaccines n’est pas suffisant pour eviter une epidemie. Soixante-deux (51,2 %) sont favorables au port du masque pour tous en periode epidemique. Parmi les 133 non vaccines, 72 (54,4 %) ne sont pas convaincus de l’efficacite du vaccin. La majorite (n = 105, 79,2 %) porte effectivement un masque. Cinquante professionnels (37,6 %) repondent que le port du masque est contraignant : 61 (45,6 %) signalent un inconfort physique et 52 (39,2 %) un impact negatif sur la communication. La culpabilite de porter un masque est faible (8,8 %) et peu d’agents (n = 14, 10,4 %) ont subi des remarques desagreables. Cent dix-neuf personnes (89,6 %) pensent etre protegees de la grippe par le port du masque et 125 ont le sentiment de proteger les patients (93,9 %). Seuls quinze pensent se vacciner l’an prochain, 32 personnes se declarent hesitantes. Conclusion Le port du masque systematique en periode epidemique par les professionnels non vaccines est globalement bien accepte par les non-vaccines. Les agents se sentent en securite et pensent proteger les patients. Les personnels vaccines sont plus mitiges sur l’interet de cette mesure. Cette mesure semble etre une mesure complementaire interessante a conserver dans un but de limitation de la transmission virale. Le fait de l’etendre a tous en complement de la vaccination peut etre a discuter pour proteger d’autres virus que la grippe (VRS par exemple). La promotion de la vaccination reste indispensable.

External transgranular cracking was observed on underground pipelines. The phenomenon took place under disbonded coating zones and was induced by the presence of diluted bicarbonate aqueous solution containing dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2). The observed environmental-assisted cracking is very often interpreted as a result of the inefficiency of the cathodic protection. However, some recent local electrochemical potential measurements on buried pipeline surfaces displayed important fluctuations with occasional overprotection conditions. The main objective of this work was to investigate the steel surface behavior under open-circuit potential conditions and over a wide range of cathodic potentials to identify the optimum electrochemical conditions to initiate cracking. Low-frequency cyclic loading tests were performed under various electrochemical conditions: underprotection, overprotection, and alternating stages of under- and overprotection. In low-pH simulated groundwater, the X-52 pipeline ste...

Two specific examples are presented to describe the experience gained in the use of mechanical tests for the study of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion-fatigue: 1) the design of tension test platforms and low-frequency fatigue machines, having cross-head displacement rates of the order of 1 μ m/h; 2) the use of curved tension test pieces to take into account heterogeneities of the material microstructure, in the case of cracking phenomena in burried pipelines.

Resume Les soins apportes a un enfant atteint de dysplasie bronchopulmonaire sont non seulement d'ordre somatique, mais aussi d'ordre psychoaffectif afin d'assurer le developpement harmonieux de ce nouveau-ne. Toute une equipe d'infirmieres, medecins et psychologues doit veiller au confort du bebe et a son developpement affectif. Une extreme attention doit etre apportee aux parents et a la famille de ce nouveau-ne. Bien entendu les soins a visee respiratoire sont necessaires, sans oublier la surveillance digestive et nutritionnelle et l'apprentissage des tetees qui peut etre long et difficile. Les bebes qui ont tendance a se mettre en hyperextension doivent beneficier d'une kinesitherapie motrice adaptee.

Surface crack colonies are commonly observed during stress corrosion phenomena. In this case, the propagation rate of interacting cracks vary depending on their lengths and relative positions, Le Poulain et al [1]. The objective of the study is to link mechanical and kinetic parameters. Surface observations show that plasticity remains always localized around crack tips. This very confined plasticity allows the use of linear fracture mechanics to describe the stress field near the crack front.

Unlike other drive fusion class laser, Megajoule laser (LMJ) and its first prototype, the Laser Integration Line (LIL) are equiped with specific diffractive optical components. All these optics are situated in the final optic assembly. An high efficiency diffraction focusing grating called 3w grating is used to focus the beam into the center of the target chamber instead of a classical focusing lens. Another large grating called 1w grating is used for optical path compensation purposes. Both gratings have a dimension of 420x470mm 2 and are working at an incidence of 25°. Gratings are plano transmission holographic gratings directly engraved into fused silica substrates. The 1w grating is working at the wavelength of 1.053μm, its grooves are straight and equispaced. The 3w grating, is a focusing grating working at the wavelength of 0.351μm. Its grooves are curved and non equispaced. Jobin Yvon was selected by CEA to manufacture these two types of diffraction graintgs. After processes developpements and facilitization, a complete batch of twelve 1w gratings and sixteen 3w gratings were delivered to CEA for integration. After a brief presentation of CEA's specification for this diffractive components, we give some details on the manufacturing processes. We also demonstrate good agreement between specified and manufactured component. We give an overview of the global production performances

In Astronomy field, grisms or transmission gratings replicated on a prism are widely used to transmit in line the spectrum. To work in the infrared range, classical grisms present important limitations: the epoxy layer, necessary for replication, absorbs IR light, and in addition this layer constitutes a problem when instrument is used at low temperature. Jobin-Yvon company, in collaboration with LAM in Marseille, France, designed and manufactured a transmission grating engraved directly into IR fused silica substrate. The transmission efficiency of the manufactured grating is 60% to 70% in natural light over the 1.5 to 2.5 microns wavelength range. The number of grooves was 400 g/mm. Other wavelength ranges are possible with similar efficiency, for example: 1.0 to 1.4 microns or 1.4 to 1.9 microns. This grating made only only of fused silica, will survive without problem at any low or very low temperature, or vacuum environment.

High groove density reflection gratings placed at grazing incidence in the extreme off-plane mount offer increased performance over conventional in-plane mounts in the x-ray. We present initial off-plane efficiency test results from the grating evaluation facility at the University of Colorado. The test gratings are holographically ruled, ion-etched gratings with radial groove profiles that were developed and fabricated by Jobin-Yvon Inc.

The Megajoule laser (LMJ) and its first prototype, the Laser Integration Line (LIL), is equipped with a specific final optics assembly involving two diffraction gratings instead of a classical focusing lens. Both gratings have a dimension of 420 X 470 mm 2 and are working at an incidence of 25 degree(s).. Gratings are plano transmission holographic gratings directly engraved into fused silica substrates. The 1(omega) grating is working at the wavelength of 1.053 micrometers , its grooves are straight and equispaced. The 3(omega) grating, is a focusing grating working at the wavelength of 0.351 micrometers . Its grooves are curved and non equispaced. The gratings were designed and manufactured to present efficiencies superior to 90% on the whole clear aperture and an improved damage threshold. After Jobin Yvon's selection by CEA in 1999, specific equipment and facilities were put in place to manufacture these large gratings. The aim of this contribution is to present the early results of the development of this 1(omega) and 3(omega) gratings. After a short introduction to the 1(omega) and 3(omega) gratings specifications, manufacturing process, efficiencies result and AFM profiles of the first manufactured gratings will be detailed.

To deviate and focus of the beams of the future Laser Integration Line (LIL) and Megajoule laser (LMJ), CEA has chosen an original setup using two large 420 x 470 mm2 transmission gratings. The first grating is an holographic plano transmission master grating with straight and equispaced ruling, 25 degree(s) incidence angle and working at 1.053 micrometers . The second one is an holographic plano transmission master grating, with curved and non equispaced ruling, 25 degree(s) incidence angle which combines both focusing and deviation properties. Groove profile of both gratings is deep laminar. High damage threshold, improved wavefront quality and high efficiencies are the main issues for those two gratings. Jobin Yvon's was selected by CEA in 1999 to develop, industrialize and manufacture gratings reaching LIL/LMJ specifications. A dedicated plant and facilities were built to manufacture the gratings directly engraved into the fused silica substrates provided by CEA. After process developments, Jobin Yvon manufactured the two first 1(omega) and 3(omega) gratings in mid 2001. After a short summary of the specification of these gratings, we present in this paper the production process and the performances of the 1(omega) and 3(omega) gratings manufactured. Wavefront data, efficiency measurements and damage threshold performances are detailed.

To focus the third harmonic of high energy neodymium glass laser, the usage of focusing transmissions diffractive gratings ion etched directly into fused silica blank brings major benefits in comparison with classical optical solutions using aspheric lenses. The damage threshold of such a diffractive component is the same as the damage threshold of a high grade, thin, fused silica plane window. The transmission efficiency reaches 94 percent for polarization s or p. The image quality is nearly perfect: this diffractive component acts as a stigmatic lens. It separates the remaining first and second harmonic from the third one and in addition it creates a focused reflective order with 0.5 percent efficiency which offers the possibility to get a well focused sampling beam.

Variable line space (VLS) diffraction gratings present interesting solutions to design high resolution monochromators for synchrotrons. The problem is to be able to record holographically the desired grooves distribution in order to take advantage of the holographic recording and ion etching process: low stray light, absence of ghosts and second order reduction. We will review the method of calculation of VLS diffraction gratings recorded holographically by using spherical and aspherical laser wavefronts. Then the manufacture of these gratings (accuracy of recording and ion etching process) will be described. We will give an example. And finally, the theory and the accuracy of a checking method will be presented.

Bothrops xanthogrammus/asper, B. atrox and Lachesis muta are probably responsible for most cases of severe envenoming in Ecuador. In recent years, the most widely used antivenom ('Myn' Ronti, imported from Mexico) has proved clinically ineffective. There is an urgent need to identify an effective alternative for clinical testing. Five antivenoms with activity against Bothrops venoms were compared using standard World Health Organization rodent and in vitro assays: (i) 'Myn', Ronti Mexico SA ('B. atrox', 'Crotalus terrificus'), (ii) Instituto Butantan (Bothrops polyvalent, Brazil), (iii) Instituto Nacional de Hygiene y Medicina Tropical (Bothrops polyvalent, Ecuador), (iv) Instituto Nacional de Salud (B. asper, C. durissus and Lachesis muta, Colombia), and (v) Laboratorios Probiol (Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus, Colombia). The venoms against which these antivenoms were tested were Ecuadorian B. atrox, B. asper and B. xanthogrammus. Brazilian antivenom proved to be the most effective, followed by the Ecudorian and Colombian antivenoms. Mexican antivenom was completely ineffective in neutralizing the lethal effects of Ecuadorian Bothrops venoms. Monospecific Brazilian L. muta antivenom (Instituto Butantan) proved effective against Ecuadorian L. muta venom, but the Colombian polyspecific antivenoms did not. Clinical trials of Brazilian and Ecuadorian antivenoms are planned in the Amazon region of Ecuador in the near future.

The pharmacokinetics of propofol administered in continuous infusion was studied in 10 patients without left ventricular insufficiency during extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with hemodilution, for aortocoronary bypass. After a dosage of 1.5 mg.kg-1 during anaesthetic induction, the blood level was 4,800 micrograms.l-1. Under continuous infusion levels remained very high: they decreased by 40% during EEC induction and rose more than 10% when artificial ventilation started again. These modifications can be explained by physiological variations induced by EEC (non pulsated flow, redistribution, vasoconstriction, hemodilution, hypothermia) and they lead to adapt dosages in this type of anaesthesia.

This technique is original in that it involves a single site (the ascending aorta) easily accessible to cannulation. Following lateral clamping of the ascending aorta, a bifurcate Dacron prosthesis is anastomosed. The draining cannula is introduced through one of the branches of the prosthesis and manually guided through the aortic sigmoid leaflets down to the left ventricular ejection outlet. The perfusion cannula is introduced through the outer branch of the prosthesis. The end of this cannula is positioned at the origin of the prosthesis to avoid a possible bend in the fork. This technique is a simple and effective means of providing left ventricular support.

Resume Les auteurs etudient les variations hemodynamiques induites par l'anesthesie chez 16 patients d'un âge moyen de 85,8±5 ans, classes ASA 2 ou 3, devant subir une chirurgie de la hanche. Ces patients sont repartis par tirage du sort en deux groupes : groupe 1 recevant propofol 1 mg · kg −1 , groupe 2 recevant de la ketamine 1,5 mg · kg −1 . Apres l'induction, les patients sont laisses en ventilation spontanee au masque en oxygene pur et sont assistes en cas d'apnee. Les mesures hemodynamiques avec une sonde Swan-Ganz et la mesure du debit cardiaque par thermodilution sont effectuees 1, 3, 5, 10 et 15 min apres l'induction. Le tirage au sort a produit deux groupes comparables pour l'âge, le poids, la pression arterielle moyenne, mais statistiquement differents pour certains parametres hemodynamiques (Ppa, Ppw, CI). Dans le groupe I, la pression arterielle diminue de 17 % a la premiere minute, puis reste diminuee de 15 % par rapport a sa valeur initiale jusqu'a la 15 e min. La frequence cardiaque reste stable, de meme que les pressions droites et gauches; le debit cardiaque diminue legerement et la MVo 2 (calculee par le triple produit) est diminuee de 27 % durant la perfusion du propofol; il n'y a aucun signe clinique d'insuffisance cardiaque. Dans le groupe II, la pression arterielle augmente significativement et la pression capillaire pulmonaire s'accroit de 94 % apres la 3 e min : l'index cardiaque reste stable. La courbe de fonction ventriculaire est deplacee vers la droite, temoignant d'une diminution de l'inotropisme. Les resistances arterielles systemiques restent stables. L'elevation de la MVo 2 s'explique en grande partie par l'augmentation de la pression capillaire pulmonaire. En conclusion, la tolerance cardiovasculaire est bonne dans les deux groupes, mais avec des profils hemodynamiques opposes : diminution de la MVo 2 avec le propofol, accroissement important et durable de la MVo 2 avec la ketamine. Le propofol parait etre un agent anesthesique interessant chez le sujet âge, dans des situations ou une elevation de la MVo 2 serait dangereuse.

Endocavitary fulguration, is a new technique to ablate the arrhythmogenic substrate of chronic ventricular tachycardias (VT). This method is used in patients with ventricular tachycardias of varied etiologies. 47 fulgurations in 36 patients with 40 hemodynamic and 12 myocardial metabolic studies are presented. In cardiopathies, the cardiac performance is altered with an ejection fraction of less than 50% and a ventricular function curve which is in Braunwald zone II. Ablation of the arrhythmia was obtained in 63% of cases. Severe complications were observed in 13% of cases, i.e.: low cardiac output, pulmonary oedema and myocardial ischemia. Three patients died from cardiac failure. Ventricular tachycardia was induced to localize the arrhythmogenic foci to be fulgurated. Ventricular tachycardia led to hemodynamic changes with a high pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and low cardiac output (-21%) which was further lowered under general anesthesia (-42%) due to poor response to tachycardia. Endocardial fulguration per se induced severe but transient (less than 5 minutes) hemodynamic changes and was sometimes complicated by myocardial ischemia and conduction disorders. General anesthesia is necessary to perform endocardial fulguration but cannot be induced with a poor hemodynamic state and with high rate ventricular tachy-arrhythmias. Three criteria are used concerning the anesthetic agents: 1) maintainance of cardiac contractility and baro-reflex efficiency; 2) respect of myocardial oxygen balance; 3) maintainance of excitability during mapping of arrhythmogenic foci. Hemodynamic monitoring is necessary to understand and manage complications due to this new type of therapy.

We call "monograph" a spectrometer which can work as well as a spectrograph or as a monochromator. The system has been designed to allow time resolved spectroscopy on hot laser excited plasmas by using a slit camera and either a single or a multichannel detector. The mounting derives from a plane grating monochromator (PGM) configuration, which associates a toroidal mirror and a plane holographic grating with non uniform groove distribution to allow optimum aberration correction. The mirror and the grating work at nearly the same deviation angle in a compensated manner which gives an "in line" configuration.

The haemodynamic changes following anaesthesia for hip surgery in 16 very old ASA II or III patients (mean age 85.8 +/- 5 years) were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group I 1 mg X kg-1 propofol, group II 1.5 mg X kg-1 ketamine. After injection, the patients were left spontaneously breathing oxygen, and were assisted when apneic. Haemodynamic measures with a Swan-Ganz catheter and thermodilution cardiac output calculator were made before and 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 min after anaesthetic induction. The two groups were similar in age, weight and mean arterial pressure, but statistically different for some haemodynamic parameters (Ppa, Ppw, CI). In group I, arterial pressure fell significantly (-17%) in the first minute and continued to fall (-15%) until the 15th min. Heart rate remained unchanged: right atrial and pulmonary pressures were not changed; cardiac index fell slightly and MVO2 estimated by the triple product fell (-27%) as soon as propofol was infused. There was no clinical sign of cardiac failure. In group II, arterial pressure increased significantly, and heart rate decreased; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure increased (+93% after the 3rd min) and cardiac index was unchanged. The ventricular function curve was shifted to the right, suggesting a decrease in inotropism. Systemic vascular resistances were steady. MVO2 increased twofold, mainly due to the rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

We have designed and manufactured a new concave, flat field, grating which permits to disperse simultaneously several spectra onto a matrix detector without any crosstalk between spectra and with a good resolution. Applications include absorption spectrophotometers, liquid chromatography detectors, blood analysers, colour measurement systems, etc... This paper describes the optimization and the performances of such a grating manufactured for being included in a blood analyser.