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The central role of the dentist in the treatment of oncology patients is to care for the patient’s oral cavity before, during, and after radio/chemotherapy. The aim of this research was to determine the knowledge of dental students from five universities in three neighboring countries, Croatia (Split, Rijeka, and Zagreb), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo), and Slovenia (Ljubljana), about oncology patients’ dental care. A total of 140 students in their fourth, fifth, and sixth year of dental medicine studies participated in this research. A questionnaire with 36 specific questions was designed for this research and included questions about dental care of oncologic patients before, during, and after the oncology therapy. Most students are familiar with the incidence and most common type of head and neck tumors, while knowledge about tumor treatment and the side-effects of radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy is weak. Students did not show satisfactory knowledge about osteoradionecrosis, which is the most serious side-effect of radiotherapy, therefore, the emphasis on additional education should be greatest in this area. Teaching staff should be aware of lack of student knowledge and try to offer more information and practice in providing dental care for oncology patients.

Dental cast is an indispensable part of a routine diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Conventional impression materials, e.g. alginate and polyvinyl siloxane are used for capturing intraoral details and subsequent dental casts pouring. Intraoral scanners (IOS) were introduced in dentistry in the early 1980s and became a valid alternative to those procedures. IOS are fast, accurate and more pleasant for a patient than conventional impression techniques, making it necessary to introduce that technique in Dental School's curriculum. Eighteen dental students and recent graduates performed both techniques on each other and filled two two-part questionnaires (from patient's and practitioner's perspective ; before and after impression-taking) to reveal their preferences and expectations from both techniques. The results showed a statistically significant difference in time needed for digital and conventional impression, with digital being faster. After the scanning, all participants answered that digital impression technique would spare more time in their office. Majority of participants thought that digital techniques would completely replace conventional techniques during their lifetime and that attitude hasn't changed afterwards. Results of this pilot study showed participants' inclination towards new impression techniques and need for their implementation in Dental School's curriculum.

Uvod: Oralni lihen planus (OLP) kronična je imunosna upalna bolest sluznice usne šupljine još nerazjašnjene etiologije. Materijali i metode: U istraživanju su sudjelovala 63 ispitanika s dijagnozom oralnoga lihena planusa i 63 bez patoloških promjena na oralnoj sluznici – oni su svrstani u kontrolnu skupinu. Svim ispitanicima uzeti su anamnestički podatci o prisutnosti druge autoimune bolesti te im je izvađen uzorak venske krvi za određivanje brzine sedimentacije (SE-a), broja leukocita (L-a) i koncentracije C-reaktivnog proteina u serumu (CRP-a). Statistička analiza: U statističkoj obradi korištene su metode deskriptivne statistike, χ2-test , Fisherov egzaktni test te Studentov t-test. Rezultati su interpretirani na razini značajnosti P < 0,05. Rezultati: Za sva tri mjerena upalna markera nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u broju ispitanika s povišenim vrijednostima između ispitne i kontrolne skupine (P = 0,364 za SE; P = 1,000 za CRP i P = 0,219 za L). Promatrajući druge autoimune bolesti, statistički je značajno bila veća učestalost u ispitnoj skupini, a najčešće su to bili kožni lihen kod devet ispitanika (14,29 %) i celijakija kod sedam (11,11%). Zaključci: Rezultati su pokazali da nema značajne razlike u prosječnim vrijednostima ispitivanih upalnih markera u krvi između oboljelih od OLP-a i ispitanika u kontrolnoj skupini te je dokazana značajno veća učestalost drugih autoimunih bolesti kod oboljelih od OLP-a, najčešće kožni lihen i celijakija., Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immune, inflammatory disease of the oral cavity of a still unknown etiology. Materials and methods: The study involved 63 subjects diagnosed with oral lichen planus and 63 subjects without pathologic changes in the oral mucosa who were classified as controls. All subjects were given a detailed medical history at first screening. The medical history of the presence of other autoimmune disease in all subjects was supported by medical records. A sample of venous blood was taken from each subject in order to determine sedimentation rate (SE) and leukocyte count (L) using standard laboratory procedures, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration values were determined as well. Statistical analysis: The methods of descriptive statistics, χ2-test, the Fisher’s exact test, and the Student’s t-test were used in the statistical processing of the results. The results were interpreted at a significance level of P

BACKGROUND: It is important to understand how the psychological status of parents affects oral health in children. AIM: This study aimed to assess the level of depression, anxiety, and stress of parents whose children have early- childhood caries. DESIGN: The study included 235 children and their parents who visited the Dental clinic at the School of Medicine of the University of Split between October 2016 and July 2017. The dental status of each child was recorded, while parents filled out the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale questionnaire and the questionnaire related to the demographic characteristics, questions related to child's habits of the tooth brushing, eating sweets. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the incidence of active caries in the children was statistically significantly related not only to the level of parent depression (β = -0.289 ; P = 0.040) but also the level of anxiety (β = 0.186 ; P = 0.038) and stress (β = -0.120 ; P = 0.036). The dmft index in the examined children was negatively significant associated with the parental level of depression (β = -0.305 ; P = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Considering the results of our research it is essential to emphasize the need for better health education of parents.

Aim: Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has proved to be effective for a wide range of oral pathologies including oral dryness, but the literature still lacks reports of clinical trials and protocols. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of different wavelengths of PBM on salivation in patients suffering from hyposalivation aiming at determination of optimal treatment protocol. Materials and methods: This study included 30 patients whose major salivary glands were treated with low-intensity diode laser BTL2000 (Medical Technologies, s.r.o., Czech Republic) during 10 consecutive days. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups, each of 15 patients, and treated with PBM of 830 nm and PBM of 685 nm, respectively. The whole unstimulated and stimulated saliva quantities were measured each day during 10 days, before and after laser treatment, and at 10th day after treatment was ended. Results: Results have shown that the laser treatment significantly improves salivation (p < 0.0001) in both groups after 10 days treatment. The salivation also remains improved 10 days after the end of treatment. The patients treated with PBM of 830 nm have had continuously higher values of quantity of saliva. Conclusions: Our results have shown that both laser wavelengths were effective in increasing salivary flow rate, and the improvement in salivation was statistically significant. The effect of treatment could be observed 10 days after the completion of treatment, thus providing evidence not only of stimulative effect but also indicating regenerative potential of PBM therapy.

Aim To evaluate, in vitro antimicrobial ability of two probiotic toothpastes (one containing Lactobacillus paracasei, other containing Lactobacillus acidophilus) and one toothpaste without probiotic separately, and in a combination with two different mouthrinses (one containing essential oils and the other containing hexitidine). Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility was checked by using the ditch method and Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Two different toothpastes with probiotic, toothpaste without probiotic and two different mouthrinses were tested against the following selected microorganisms: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius and Staphylococcus aureus. Kruskal-Wallis test and MannWhitney U test were used for the statistical analysis (p≤ 0.05). Results Probiotic toothpastes had better inhibitory effect than toothpaste without probiotic in the case of Candida albicans (p=0.043) and Streptococcus salivarius (p=0.043). In all cases, toothpastes had stronger inhibition capacity than mouthrinses (p≤0.05). Conclusion Probiotic toothpastes, as a relatively new concept in the prevention of oral infectious diseases such as caries and periodontal disease, can contribute to the prevention of oral infectious diseases.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF-2) is a peptide hormone essential for prenatal growth and development. IGF-2 exerts its mitogenic effects via Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R), and is eliminated by binding to Insulin-Like Growth Receptor 2 (IGF-2R). IGF-2 is also negatively regulated by Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN), a phosphatase mutated in various tumors. Not much is known about the interplay between these factors during human odontogenesis. In this study, expression patterns of IGF-2, IGF-1R, IGF-2R and PTEN were analyzed by double immunofluorescence in incisor human tooth germs during the foetal period of development between the 7th and 20th gestational week. Throughout the investigated period, IGF-2 was mostly expressed in enamel organ, whereas mild to moderate expression of PTEN could be seen in dental papilla and parts of enamel organ. Expression of IGF-1R was ubiquitous and displayed strong intensity throughout the entire enamel organ. In contrast, expression of IGF-2R had rather erratic pattern in enamel organ and dental papilla alike. Expression patterns of IGF-2, IGF-1R, IGF-2R and PTEN in highly proliferative cervical loops, as well as in differentiating pre-ameloblasts and pre- odontoblasts of cusp tip region during the early and late bell stages when enamel organ acquires definitive shape, indicate importance of these factors in crown morphogenesis of human incisor. Taken together, our data suggest the involvement of IGF-2, IGF-1R, IGF-2R and PTEN in temporo-spatial patterning of basic cellular processes (proliferation, differentiation) during normal tooth development. They are also relevant for improving knowledge of molecular basis of human odontogenesis.

Background Geographic tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory condition usually involving the dorsal surface and lateral borders of the tongue. Numerous etiological factors of GT have been suggested, including immunological factors; genetic; atopic or allergic predisposition; emotional stress; and hormonal disturbances. GT may also coexist as one of the possible manifestations of celiac disease (CD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CD, positive serologic tests for CD screening, and HLA-DQ presence in patients with GT. Methods Tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG), antibodies against gliadin (AGA), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing were assessed for 60 GT patients and 60 healthy control subjects. The duodenal biopsy was performed in patients with positive serologic tests. Results We found that 9 (15%) GT patients were positive for IgA tTG, and in those patients histological changes consistent with CD were confirmed by duodenal biopsy. Only two of them reported the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. There were statistically significant differences between the GT patients and control group for immunoglobulin (Ig) A tTG (P = 0.03), IgG tTG (P = 0.04), IgA AGA (P = 0.04), and IgG AGA (P = 0.02). Conclusion The results of our study demonstrated the increased prevalence of CD in patients with GT. Therefore, the clinical oral examination should be considered a diagnostic tool, especially in atypical or silent forms of CD, since it may contribute to provide an early diagnosis.

Aims To analyze expression patterns of IGF-1, caspase-3 and HSP-70 in human incisor and canine tooth germs during the late bud, cap and bell stages of odontogenesis. Materials and methods Head areas or parts of jaw containing teeth from 10 human fetuses aged between 9th and 20th developmental weeks were immunohistochemically analyzed using IGF-1, active caspase-3 and HSP-70 markers. Semi-quantitative analysis of each marker’s expression pattern was also performed. Results During the analyzed period, IGF-1 and HSP-70 were mostly expressed in enamel organ. As development progressed, expression of IGF-1 and HSP-70 became more confined to differentiating tissues in the future cusp tip area, as well as in highly proliferating cervical loops. Few apoptotic bodies highly positive to active caspase-3 were observed in enamel organ and dental papilla from the cap stage onward. However, both enamel epithelia moderately expressed active caspase-3 throughout the investigated period. Conclusions Expression patterns of IGF-1, active caspase-3 and HSP-70 imply importance of these factors for early human tooth development. IGF-1 and HSP-70 have versatile functions in control of proliferation, differentiation and anti-apoptotic protection of epithelial parts of human enamel organ. Active caspase-3 is partially involved in formation and apoptotic removal of primary enamel knot, although present findings might reflect its ability to perform other non-death functions such as differentiation of hard dental tissues secreting cells and guidance of ingrowth of proliferating cervical loops.

Background In spite of all the efforts, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and oral lichen planus (OLP) still have unexplained etiology. The role of anxiety, depression, and psychological stress in occurrence and intensity of symptoms in RAS and OLP patients has been investigated in this study. Methods A total of 110 patients with RAS in the acute phase and 112 patients with OLP also in acute phase participated in this study. All patients filled out questionnaires related to the primary disease (RAS/OLP) after which they took the following psychological tests: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). Results According to multiple regression analysis, in patients with RAS, the highest correlation was found between results of the pain intensity and STAI test (β= 0.66; p

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in patients with erosive and reticular form of oral lichen planus (OLP) compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) and antibodies against gliadin (AGA) were measured in the sera from 56 OLP patients and 57 healthy controls, who also underwent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. The duodenal biopsy was performed in patients with positive serology, and a gluten-free diet was recommended if CD was confirmed. RESULTS: CD was diagnosed in eight OLP patients (14.29 %). Six OLP patients (10.71 %) were positive for immunoglobulin A (IgA) tTG. A statistically significant difference among the forms of oral lichen was observed for the IgA tTG (p = 0.03) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) tTG (p = 0.01). Higher frequencies of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 were found in OLP patients compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CD was higher in patients with OLP than in the control group. Therefore, increased efforts aimed at the early detection and dietary treatment of CD, among antibody- positive OLP patients, are advisable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our study confirmed the increased frequency of CD among OLP patients. CD screening should be considered in OLP patients, since untreated CD can present many complications and reduce a patient's quality of life.