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Current lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and peak power demand. However, the organic liquid electrolytes used in the lithium-ion battery are flammable and not stable in contact with elemental lithium and at a higher voltage. To eliminate the safety and instability issues, solid-state (ceramic) electrolytes have attracted enormous interest worldwide, owing to their thermal and high voltage stability. Among all the solid-state electrolytes known today, the Li-stuffed garnet is one of the most promising electrolytes due to its physical and chemical properties such as high total Li-ion conductivity at room temperature, chemical stability with elemental lithium and high voltage lithium cathodes, and high electrochemical stability window (6 V vs. [Li.sup.+]/Li). In this short review, we provide an overview of Li-stuffed garnet electrolytes with a focus on their structure, ionic conductivity, transport mechanism, chemical stability, and battery applications. Key words: solid electrolytes, Li-rich garnets, ionic conductivity, chemical stability, interface, solid-state Li batteries. Les batteries au lithium-ion actuelles sont largement utilisées dans les appareils électroniques portables et les véhicules électriques ainsi que dans des applications à demande de puissance maximale. Cependant, les électrolytes liquides organiques utilisés dans les batteries au lithium-ion sont inflammables et ne sont pas stables au contact du lithium métal et à des tensions plus élevées. En vue d'éliminer les problèmes de sécurité et de in stabilité, les électrolytes solides (céramiques) ont suscité un intérêt énorme dans le monde entier, en raison de leur stabilité thermique et à haute tension. Parmi tous les électrolytes solides connus à ce jour, le grenat rempli de lithium est l'un des électrolytes les plus prometteurs en raison de ses propriétés physiques et chimiques, notamment la conductivité ionique du lithium total élevée à température ambiante, la stabilité chimique en présence de lithium métal et de cathodes au lithium à haute tension, ainsi que la fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique élevée (6 V vs [Li.sup.+]/Li). Dans ce bref article de synthèse, nous présentons un aperçu des électrolytes à base de grenat rempli de lithium, en nous intéressant à leur structure, à leur conductivité ionique, à leur mécanisme de transport, à leur stabilité chimique et à leurs applications aux batteries. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : électrolytes solides au lithium-ion, grenats riches en Li, conductivité ionique, stabilité chimique, interface, batteries à électrolyte solide au lithium., Introduction All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) containing a Li metal anode are projected as the ultimate battery technology due to their higher energy density and better safety than the present Li-ion batteries [...]

Background: Smaller hippocampal volumes relative to controls are among the most replicated neuroimaging findings in individuals with unipolar but not bipolar depression. Preserved hippocampal volumes in most studies of participants with bipolar disorder may reflect potential neuroprotective effects of lithium (Li). Methods: To investigate hippocampal volumes in patients with bipolar disorder while controlling for Li exposure, we performed a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies that subdivided patients based on the presence or absence of current Li treatment. To achieve the best coverage of literature, we categorized studies based on whether all or a majority, or whether no or a minority of patients were treated with Li. Hippocampal volumes were compared by combining standardized differences between means (Cohen d) from individual studies using random-effects models. Results: Overall, we analyzed data from 101 patients with bipolar disorder in the Li group, 245 patients in the non-Li group and 456 control participants from 16 studies. Both the left and right hippocampal volumes were significantly larger in the Li group than in controls (Cohen d = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18 to 0.88; Cohen d = 0.51, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81, respectively) or the non-Li group (Cohen d = 0.93, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.31; Cohen d = 1.07, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.45, respectively), which had smaller left and right hippocampal volumes than the control group (Cohen d = -0.36, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.17; Cohen d = -0.38, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.13, respectively). There was no evidence of publication bias. Limitations: Missing information about the illness burden or lifetime exposure to Li and polypharmacy in some studies may have contributed to statistical heterogeneity in some analyses. Conclusion: When exposure to Li was minimized, patients with bipolar disorder showed smaller hippocampal volumes than controls or Li-treated patients. Our findings provide indirect support for the negative effects of bipolar disorder on hippocampal volumes and are consistent with the putative neuroprotective effects of Li. The preserved hippocampal volumes among patients with bipolar disorder in most individual studies and all previous meta-analyses may have been related to the inclusion of Li-treated participants., Introduction Neuroprotective effects of lithium (Li) have been well documented in tissue cultures and animal models. (1,2) Some neuroimaging studies have reported findings suggestive of similar effects of Li in [...]

Long-term neurological deficiencies resulting from hippocampal cytotoxicity induced by cranial irradiation (IR) present a challenge in the treatment of primary and metastatic brain cancers, especially in children. Previously, we showed that lithium protected hippocampal neurons from IR-induced apoptosis and improved neurocognitive function in treated mice. Here, we demonstrate accelerated repair of IR-induced chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) in lithium-treated neurons. Lithium treatment not only increased IR-induced DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) threonine 2609 foci, a surrogate marker for activated nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair, but also enhanced double-strand DNA end-rejoining activity in hippocampal neurons. The increased NHEJ repair coincided with reduced numbers of IR-induced [gamma]-H2AX foci, well-characterized in situ markers of DSBs. These findings were confirmed in vivo in irradiated mice. Consistent with a role of NHEJ repair in lithium-mediated neuroprotection, attenuation of IR-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by lithium was dramatically abrogated when DNA-PK function was abolished genetically in SCID mice or inhibited biochemically by the DNA-PK inhibitor IC86621. Importantly, none of these findings were evident in glioma cancer cells. These results support our hypothesis that lithium protects hippocampal neurons by promoting the NHEJ repair--mediated DNA repair pathway and warrant future investigation of lithium-mediated neuroprotection during cranial IR, especially in the pediatric population., Introduction Cranial irradiation (IR) as part of standard treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors often results in long-term neurological sequelae, especially in young children (1), (2), (3), (4). Intellectual [...]

The room temperature intercalation of [Cr.sub.2][Ti.sub.3][Se.sub.8] with butyl lithium has yielded a phase mixture of the starting material and of the new trigonal phase with composition [Li.sub.0.4][Cr.sub.0.5][Ti.sub.0.75][Se.sub.2]. The results have shown the role of the charge transfer between the constituents as a function of the Li concentration and its impact on the exchange coupling.

ABSTRACT Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor and cognitive dysfunction. Caused by an expanded polyglutamine tract in ataxin 1 (ATXN1), [...]

To study Li isotopic fractionation during granite differentiation and late-stage pegmatite evolution, Li isotopic compositions and concentrations have been measured for the S-type Harney Peak Granite, the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite, and possible metasedimentary source rocks in the Black Hills, South Dakota. The Harney Peak Granite is isotopically heterogeneous, with [[delta].sup.7]Li varying from -3.1 to +6.6. The [[delta].sup.7]Li values of Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks that are possible sources of the Harney Peak Granite range from -3.1 to +2.5 and overlap with post-Archean shales and the Harney Peak Granite. For the granite suite, there is no correlation between [[delta].sup.7]Li and elements indicative of degrees of granite differentiation (Si[O.sub.2], Li, Rb, etc.). The Li isotopic composition of the Harney Peak Granite, therefore, appears to reflect the source composition. Minerals from the zoned Tin Mountain pegmatite have extremely high Li contents and heavier Li isotopic compositions than the granite or surrounding Black Hills metasedimentary rocks. The heavier compositions may reflect Li isotopic fractionation resulting from extensive crystal-melt fractionation. Lithium concentrations decrease in the order: spodumene (~3.7 wt%), muscovite (0.2 to 2.0 wt%), plagioclase (100-1100 ppm), quartz (30-140 ppm). Plagioclase, muscovite, and spodumene in all zones display a relatively narrow range in [[delta].sup.7]Li of +7.9 to +11.4. In contrast, quartz is isotopically heavier and more variable (+14.7 to + 21.3), with [[delta].sup.7]Li showing an inverse correlation with Li concentration. This correlation reflects the mixing of isotopically heavy Li in quartz and lighter Li in fluid inclusions, as documented by fluid inclusion compositions ([[delta].sup.7]Li = +8.1 to +13.4 and Li of 280 to 3960 ppm). Extrapolation of this trend to an estimated intrinsic Li concentration in quartz of +21. The large difference in [[delta].sup.7]Li between quartz and other minerals may reflect [sup.7]Li preference for less highly coordinated sites, which have higher bond-energies (i.e., the two- or fourfold site in quartz vs. higher coordination number sites in other minerals). Comparison of the Li isotopic composition of fluid inclusions with that of the wall zone of the Tin Mountain pegmatite suggests ~4[per thousand] isotopic fractionation during fluid exsolution, which agrees with the results derived from studies of hydrothermal alteration of basalts. Keywords: Stable isotopes, igneous petrology, pegmatites, fluid phase, lithium, Harney Peak Granite, Tin Montain pegmatite, isotope fractionation

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Moreover, recent studies indicate that lithium and valproate exert neuroprotective effects [...]

Objective: Lithium remains the most widely used treatment for bipolar disorder; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic actions have not been fully elucidated. We studied the in-vivo effect of [...]

Regulation and dysregulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (Ins[P.sub.3]R) has been linked to many cellular processes and pathological conditions. In the present study, addition of [...]

Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Li-NDI) is associated with increased urinary sodium excretion and decreased responsiveness to aldosterone and vasopressin. Dysregulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is thought to) play an important role in renal sodium wasting. The effect of 7-day aldosterone and spironolactone treatment on regulation of ENaC in rat kidney cortex was investigated in rats with 3 wk of Li-NDI. Aldosterone treatment of rats with Li-NDI decreased fractional excretion of sodium (0.83 [+ or -] 0.02), whereas spironolactone did not change fractional excretion of sodium (1.10 [+ or -] 0.11) compared with rats treated with lithium alone (1.11 [+ or -] 0.05). Plasma lithium concentration was decreased by aldosterone (0.31 [+ or -] 0.03 mmol/l) but unchanged with spironolactone (0.84 [+ or -] 0.18 mmol/l) compared with rats treated with lithium alone (0.54 [+ or -] 0.04 mmol/l). Immunoblotting showed increased protein expression of [alpha]-ENaC, the 70-kDa form of [gamma]-ENaC, and the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in kidney cortex in aldosterone-treated rats, whereas spironolactone decreased [alpha]-ENaC and NCC compared with control rats treated with lithium alone. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased expression of [alpha]-ENaC in the late distal convoluted tubule and connecting tubule and also revealed increased apical targeting of all three ENaC subunits ([alpha], [betta], and [gamma]) in aldosterone-treated rats compared with rats treated with lithium alone. Aldosterone did not, however, affect [alpha]-ENaC expression in the cortical collecting duct (CCD), which showed weak and dispersed labeling similar to that in rats treated with lithium alone. Spironolactone did not affect ENaC targeting compared with rats treated with lithium alone. This study shows a segment specifc lack of aldosterone-mediated [alpha]-ENaC regulation in the CCD affecting both [alpha]-ENaC protein expression and trafficking, which may explain the increased sodium wasting associated with chronic lithium treatment. epithelial sodium channel; cortical collecting duct; hypertension; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

The SLC13 gene family includes sodium-coupled transporters for citric acid cycle intermediates and sulfate. The present study describes the sequence and functional characterization of a SLC13 family member from Xenopus laevis, the high-affinity [Na.sup.+]/dicarboxylate cotransporter xNaDC-3. The cDNA sequence of xNaDC-3 codes for a protein of 602 amino acids that is -70% identical to the sequences of mammalian NaDC-3 orthologs. The message for xNaDC-3 is found in the kidney, liver, intestine, and heart. The xNaDC-3 has a high affinity for substrate, including a [K.sub.m] for succinate of 4 [micro]M, and it is inhibited by the NaDC-3 test substrates 2,3-dimethylsuccinate and adipate. The transport of succinate by xNaDC-3 is dependent on sodium, with sigmoidal activation kinetics, and lithium can partially substitute for sodium. As with other members of the family, xNaDC-3 is electrogenic and exhibits inward substrate-dependent currents in the presence of sodium. However, other electrophysiological properties of xNaDC-3 are unique and involve large leak currents, possibly mediated by anions, that are activated by binding of sodium or lithium to a single site. SLC13 gene family; citric acid cycle intermediate; lithium

The use of LiCl in clinical psychiatry is routinely complicated by overt nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), the mechanism of which is incompletely understood. In vitro studies indicate that lithium can induce renal medullary interstitial cell cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) protein expression via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3[beta] (GSK-3[beta]). Both COX1 and COX2 are expressed in the kidney. Renal prostaglandins have been suggested to play an important role in lithium-induced polyuria. The present studies examined whether induction of the COX2 isoform contributes to LiCl-induced polyuria. Four days after initiation of lithium treatment in C57 BL/6J mice, urine volume increased in LiCl-treated mice by fourfold compared with controls (P < 0.0001) and was accompanied by decreased urine osmolality. This was temporally associated with increased renal COX2 protein expression and increased urinary [PGE.sub.2] excretion, whereas COX1 levels remained unchanged. COX2 inhibition significantly blunted lithium-induced polyuria (P < 0.0001) and reduced urinary [PGE.sub.2] levels. Lithium-associated polyuria was also seen in COX1-/- mice and was associated with increased urinary [PGE.sub.2]. COX2 inhibition completely prevented polyuria and [PGE.sub.2] excretion in COX1-/- mice, suggesting that COX2, but not COX1, plays a critical role in lithium-induced polyuria. Lithium also induced renal medullary COX2 protein expression in congenitally polyuric antidiuretic hormone (AHD)-deficient rats, demonstrating that lithiuminduced COX2 protein expression is not secondary to altered ADH levels or polyuria. Lithium also decreased renal medullary GSK-3[beta] activity, and this was temporally related to increased COX2 expression in the kidney from lithium-treated mice, consistent with a tonic in vivo suppression of COX2 expression by GSK-3 activity. In conclusion, these findings temporally link decreased GSK-3 activity to enhanced renal COX2 expression and COX2-derived urine [PGE.sub.2] excretion. Suppression of COX2-derived PGE2 blunts lithium-associated polyuria. prostaglandin E2; urine osmolality

Doping of glass with lithium ion can be accomplished by exposing the glass to a solution of organic solvent containing a soluble lithium ion salt, such as LiBr and a small amount of water. Under such conditions, the activity of solvated [Li.sup.+] is very high causing it to partition into the hydrated glass surface. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy have been used to monitor the partitioning between glass and organic phase, respectively.

Byline: M.G. Marmorino (1), Pritha Gupta (1) Keywords: Temple bound; lower bound Abstract: A non-traditional derivation of the Temple lower bound formula shows how the Temple bound can be improved using expectation values of H .sup.3. Improved upper bounds result as a byproduct as well. Since expectation values of H .sup.2 are already quite difficult in analytical calculations we also introduce an approximate lower bound which avoids the need for H .sup.3 but which is rigorous only in a limiting sense. Examples of the two bounds are given using the lithium and perturbed hydrogen atoms. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Chemistry, Indiana University South Bend, P. O. Box 7111, South Bend, IN, 46634, USA Article History: Registration Date: 02/10/2004

The mechanisms of ion and electron transport in nanostructured insertion electrode materials such as metal oxide electrochromics and/or Li ion batteries are described. Some sort of relaxation process is expected to take place in the domain response, during the insertion of Li ions into nanostructure-based electrodes.

Lithium has long been a primary drug used to treat bipolar mood disorder, even though the drug's therapeutic mechanisms remain obscure. Recent studies demonstrate that lithium has neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultured neurons and in vivo. The present study was undertaken to examine whether postinsult treatment with lithium reduces brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia. We found that s.c. injection of lithium dose dependently (0.5-3 mEq/kg) reduced infarct volume in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Infarct volume was reduced at a therapeutic dose of 1 mEq/kg even when administered up to 3 h after the onset of ischemia. Neurological deficits induced by ischemiawere also reduced by daily administration of lithium over 1 week. Moreover, lithium treatment decreased the number of neurons showing DNA damage in the ischemic brain. These neuroprotective effects were associated with an up-regulation of cytoprotective heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the ischemic brain hemisphere as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis. Lithium-induced HSP70 up-regulation in the ischemic hemisphere was preceded by an increase in the DNA binding activity of heat shock factor 1, which regulates the transcription of HSP70. Physical variables and cerebral blood flow were unchanged by lithium treatment. Our results suggest that postinsult lithium treatment reduces both ischemia-induced brain damage and associated neurological deficits. Moreover, the heat shock response is likely to be involved in lithium's neuroprotective actions. Additionally, our studies indicate that lithium may have clinical utility for the treatment of patients with acute stroke. cerebral ischemia | heat shock factor 1 | heat shock protein | neuroprotection | DNA damage

Polyethylene-glycol-based thermal interface paste containing trifluoroacetic acid lithium salt (1.5 wt. percent optimum) and boron nitride particles (~18.0 vol. percent optimum), as well as water and N, N-dimethylformamide for helping the dissociation of the salt to release [Li.sup.+] ions, gives thermal contact conductance that is almost as high as that given by Sn-Pb solder, similar to that given by boron nitride particle filled sodium silicate, and much higher than that given by boron nitride particle filled silicone. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1477191] Keywords: Polymer, Polyethylene Glycol Lithium, Boron Nitride, Thermal Interface, Thermal Contact, Thermal Conductance, Composite

The study of the C 1SIGMA+ excited electronic state of 6LiH and 7LiD isotopomers is presented. A pulsed optical-optical double resonance fluorescence depletion spectroscopic technique is used for this purpose.

This work is devoted to the study of the entropy generated, the exergy destroyed and the exergetic efficiency of lithium-bromide absorption thermal compressors of single and double effect, driven by the heat supplied by a field of solar thermal collectors. Two different applications have been considered and compared: air-cooled and water-cooled units. Water-cooled compressors work with temperatures and pressures lower than air-cooled compressors considering, in both cases, the same suction temperature, equal to 5[degrees]C. While the absorption temperature in water-cooled compressors can reach 40[degrees]C, in air-cooled systems it can vary between 30[degrees]C and more than 50[degrees]C. Under these conditions, the discharge temperature (boiling temperature within the desorber) of a single effect air-cooled unit lies between 65 and 110[degrees]C, the maximum discharge pressure being around 0.12 bar. The discharge temperatures (boiling temperature within the high pressure desorber) of the double effect air-cooled thermal compressor lies between 110[degrees]C for a final absorption temperature of 30[degrees]C, and 180[degrees]C for a final absorption temperature of 50[degrees]C. Discharge pressures can reach values of 0.3 and 1.5 bar, respectively. The lithium-bromide air-cooled thermal compressors of double-effect can be viable with absorption temperatures around 50[degrees]C, when the temperature difference between the lithium-bromide solution and the outside air is about 8[degrees]C. The double effect thermal compressor generates less entropy and destroys less exergy than the single effect unit, leading to a higher exergetic efficiency. In both cases, the compression process of the cooling fluid occurs with entropy reduction.

There is considerable interest in synthetic ionophores with high affinity and selectivity for [Li.sup.+]. But so far, compounds that selectively bind [Li.sup.+] in the presence of other alkali and alkaline earth metal ions are rare and current approaches toward this goal are often accompanied with substantial synthetic efforts. Here we describe a trinuclear ruthenium metallamacrocyclic complex (1) that was obtained by self-assembly of ruthenium halfsandwich complexes and 3-hydroxy-2-pyridone ligands. This complex was shown to be an extremely potent receptor for LiCl with an affinity high enough to extract LiCl from water. The selectivity of this receptor is exceptional: even in the presence of a large excess of [Na.sup.+], [K.sup.+], [Ca.sup.+], [Ca.sup.2+], and [Mg.sup.2+], [Li.sup.+] was extracted exclusively. The [Li.sup.+]/[Na.sup.+] selectivity ratio was determined to be higher than 1,000:1. Compared with other synthetic ionophores, the receptor 1 offers two additional advantages: (i) the synthesis can be accomplished in one step by using simple starting materials; and (ii) the presence of lithium ions can be detected electrochemically. Complex 1 is therefore a very attractive candidate for the construction of a [Li.sup.+]-specific chemosensor.

The abundance and distribution of B and Li in metasedimentary rocks and in the Harney Peak Granite (HPG) in the Black Hills, South Dakota, U.S.A., elucidate the behavior of these two elements during (1) regional metamorphism that began at ~1760 Ma; (2) subsequent contact metamorphism associated with emplacement of the HPG and associated pegmatites at ~1715 Ma; and (3) anatexis leading to production of the granite. There is no clear evidence for changes in B and Li concentrations with progressive regional metamorphism of the metapelites from chlorite-biotite grade up to staurolite grade. Rocks outside the pegmatite aureole that surround the HPG have average B contents of ~80 ppm. There is no correlation of B with other elements in the pelitic schists, which indicates that none of the major phases is the dominant host for B. Boron content is mainly controlled by small amounts of randomly distributed tourmaline that was identified in alpha-track maps of thin sections. In the aureole of the granite, B concentrations are depleted in many samples. The depletion is attributed to consumption of tourmaline during interaction of the rocks with alkalic fluids. The average Li contents in metapelites far away from the HPG are also ~80 ppm. Near the HPG, Li concentrations reach roughly 190 ppm, indicating significant metasomatism by fluids that emanated from the granite and pegmatites. The concentrations of B and Li in the low-grade metapelites are sufficient to explain their abundances in the HPG, if the granite formed by partial melting of the metapelites and if there was total breakdown of tourmaline. Stabilization of tourmaline in leucogranites is not necessarily related to sources enriched in B, but may be related to its competition for Fe and Mg with biotite.

Mixed aggregates in highly enantioselective 1,2-additions of lithium cyclopropylacetylide to quinazolinones were studied using NMR methods.

Research involving 6Li, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopic investigations of mixed aggregates obtained from lithium alkoxide and n-BuLi is presented. In contrast with the lithium acetylide/R*OLi series seen in previous research, no (n-BuLi)(R*OLi)3 (1:3) mixed tetramers were observed.

Research into the synthesis and characterization of three unusual mixed-ligand lithium aggregates is presented. It was found that two of the compounds - [(mu-3-EDBP)-Li2]2[(mu-3-OBn)Li]2 and [(mu-3-EDBP)Li2]2[(mu-3-OCH2CH2CH3)Li]2 - can initiate the 'controlled' ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide.

The laser-generated plasma from LiNbO3 ablation is investigated focusing on the kinetics of Li atoms.

The role of hexamethylphosphoramide solvents in regioselectivity of addition of organolithium reagents to enones and enals is examined.

The formation of planar waveguide in lithium tetraborate crystal using 2 MeV helium implantation, is discussed.

Structural data for a monomeric unsolvated lithium amide is reported in experiments using gas-phase synthesis and millimeter/submillimeter-wave spectroscopy.

Research has been conducted on the N-substituted beta-enamino acid derivatives. The preparation of these derivatives via 2-alkyl-oxa(thia)zolines reaction with imidoylbenzotriazoles in the presence of LDA is described.

Research has been conducted on the methyl group deprotonation on silicon group. The methodology for this deprotonation based on the intramolecular pyridyl group coordination is discussed.

The gas-phase proton and alkali metal transfer equilibria is examined with a focus on the lithium cation.

Research is presented concerning the use of photoemission spectroscopy to investigate the effect obtained by incorporating lithium on the cathodes of organic light-emitting devices. The conductivity of Li-doped organic films is discussed.

A new study investigates the effect of geometry on the stability and formation of alpha-lithioamine derivatives of carbamates.

The structure of lithium diisopropylamide at low ethereal ligand concentrations is described.

CH2Li cleavage was used to prepare methyl-substituted allylic lithium compounds.

Research investigating additions of lithium phenylacetylide to N-(-n-butyl)imine of cyclohexane carboxaldehyde is presented. It is concluded that considerable aging effects are found as a result of IR spectroscopic analyses.

Research has been conducted on lithium. The isolation of the genes that improve cell growth though their overexpression under high LiCl concentrations in order to understand lithium therapy has been performed.

Research into the ionic conductivity of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and the behaviour of solvated Li+ ion species in organic solvents is presented. The high solubility of LiPF6 in propylene carbonate and the high viscosity of the solution are considered.

The reaction between lithium dicyclohexylamide and N,N-dibutylformamide and other disubstituted formamides generates dilithiated intermediate with a lithiated carbon atom bonded to N, O, and a carbonyl functionality as shown by (sup)13C nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography analyses.

Issues concerning the solvation of the Li+ ion with tetrahydrofuran, acetone and diethyl ester in the gas phase are discussed. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry measurements produce absolute solvent-binding energies that can be used as reference values.

Research describing the use of 6Li and 15N NMR spectroscopy to reveal large concentrations of mixed aggregates in Lithium diisopropylamide-mediated ester enolization in t-BuOMe, HMPA/THF, DMPU/THF and THF, are discussed.

Research is presented demonstrating unexpected solvation effects from lithium diisopropylamide-mediated ester enolization rate studies. The influence of four solvents, DMPU, t-BuOMe, HMPA and THF are compared.

A new study investigates the conduction properties of gel polymer electrolytes comprising lithium imide salts, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2 and PVFD-HFP copolymers.

Research is presented demonstrating the use of 15N, 7Li, 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the solution structures of three [(Amino)phenylsilyl]lithiums.

A new study investigates the characterization of the local cation environment and possible site preferences in mixed lithium-sodium chabazites, using solid-state NMR and neutron diffraction.