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Focusing on Correspondence from the Double-Cassia Studio (Shuanggui xuan chidu [phrase omitted] ), a collection of letters by a gentlewoman named Ding Shanyi [phrase omitted] (1799-after 1861), this paper examines how elite women in mid-nineteenth-century China applied epistolary conventions in their social life. Compared to other literary collections of individual women in late imperial China, Ding's letter collection is exceptional in recording the life of its author through the epistolary genre and in revealing the sociopolitical dynamics that underlay elite women's epistolary gentility. Ding's letters are indicative of the noticeable concerns shared by gentlewomen in mid-nineteenth-century China and provide specific contexts for understanding some of the epistolary techniques used by literary women to facilitate social networking. This paper uncovers Ding's life and explores three major themes in her epistolary collection: her responses to crises, concerns about health, and cultivation of friendship. Ding's letters show how elite women evinced sophistication and erudition in their epistolary composition, which was an important way for them to express themselves and demonstrate their mastery of language and rhetorical tradition., If it is convenient [for you to send] fish and wild geese, please be unstinting in sharing delightful messages. [phrase omitted] INTRODUCTION: AUTOBIOGRAPHY, TEXTBOOK, AND GENTILITY The longing for letters [...]

This paper examines the role of early modern letters of recommendation as facilitators of trust and mobility across geographic and social networks in the early modern period, a topic neglected by world historians despite their focus on mobility and border crossing. The paper seeks to fill this gap in the scholarship by focusing on the 'global microhistory' of Thomas Vanandets'i, an Armenian archbishop and printer who set up an Armenian printing press in Amsterdam in 1695 following his travels there from the South Caucasus. By examining the archbishop's multilingual letters of recommendation that paved his journey, the paper sheds light not only on how Armenians traveled across the many worlds of their early modern diaspora but also more generally on the question of how the ubiquitous yet understudied genre of the letter of recommendation served as the 'quintessential locus of brokerage' for travelers and merchants across the early modern world. KEYWORDS: letters of recommendation, early modernity, mobility, Armenians, print culture, Amsterdam, diasporas., ON July 8, 1708, a nonagenarian Armenian archbishop named Thomas Vanandets'i (Thomas of Vanand) arrived in the Belgian city of Antwerp and immediately took up lodging at the city's Catholic [...]

IN THEODORE ROETHKE'S 1954 POEM, 'Elegy for Jane: My Student, Thrown by a Horse,' a teacher whose beloved student has died ponders how it was possible that he could have [...]

This paper examines the seven-month period between January and July 1807 that Heinrich yon Kleist spent in French confinement on charges of espionage, and the Trauerspiel Pemhesilea he wrote during [...]

In this study, we examine 63 letters written in West Kewa by a Papua New Guinean man (called Yombo throughout) to Karl Franklin and his family over a period of fifteen years. We first discuss the ways complaints have been handled by various authors. We then provide a brief background to the Kewa culture before analyzing the pragmatic context of speech acts that disclose various complaints in a sampling of the letters. The classification and modification of the complaints have benefitted in particular from the theories of A. Trosborg, and also J. House and G. Kasper. We relate the complaints to various cultural scenarios and scripts in order to show how Yombo complains and what he is complaining about. He often avoids direct confrontation and mitigates the offense. The study also demonstrates how a newly literate man uses various styles and features from his language (West Kewa) to discuss the events in his life and to complain about some of them., 1. INTRODUCTION. (1) The main character in this study is a young man we call Yombo. He first worked with the Franklins in 1967 as a domestic helper, but quickly [...]

INTRODUCTION One of the earliest attested texts in Neo-Mandaic, and one of the few witnesses to the now-extinct Iraqi dialect of Neo-Mandaic, was a letter first published among the texts [...]

Suicide is a global concern, hence, cross-cultural research ought to be important; yet, there is a paucity of cross-cultural study in suicidology. This study sought to investigate suicide notes drawn from India and the United States, as these countries have similar suicide rates but markedly different cultures. A thematic or theoretical-conceptual analysis of 72 suicide notes drawn from these countries, matched for age and gender, was undertaken, based on Leenaars' (1996) multidimensional model of suicide. The results suggested that there were more commonalities than differences; yet, not consistent with previous cross-cultural studies of suicide notes, Indian notes expressed more indirect expression including veiled aggression, or aggression turned inward, and unconcious dynamics. It was concluded that the model may be applicable to suicide in both countries, but also much greater study in India is warranted on collectivism and dissembling as a suicide risk factor. DOI: 10.1080/07481181003697712

A study was conducted to investigate the Israeli establishment's attempts to justify the outcomes of deployment of force on behalf of the state. The letters sent for Remembrance Day to the bereaved families of fallen soldiers are analyzed. It is believed that addressing the families as a distinct group in the country changed the inclusive reference to the nation or the collective 'we.'

ABSTRACT The present paper presents the preliminary results of the study of were in nonstandard positions as well as nonstandard preterit negative forms of to be in mid- and late [...]

An analysis of the correspondence between Paul Celan and Peter Szondi from 1959 to 1970, explores the idiomatic use of names, words and sentences in the letters.

The exchange of letters in the 1790s between Kant and Maria von Herbert, a young Austrian noblewoman devoted to Kant's critical philosophy is examined, wherein she argues that Kant ignored the main request of Herbert's letters that life has value. It is argued that there is a principled distinction to be drawn between lies and reticence and that Kant provides an argument for such a distinction, lying is necessarily deceptive whereas reticence is not necessarily deceptive.

In Edgar Allan Poe's famous short story, The Purloined Letter, the contents of the mysterious epistle are never revealed; rather, it is the place and the successive replacements of the [...]

If soon she be not made a wife, Her honour's singed, and then for life, She's--what I dare not name. --John Gay, The Beggar's Opera (2611) At four o'clock on [...]

IT IS DOUBTFUL THAT ANY mature letter of Henry James was ever read with such consummate indifference as the one he wrote in 1913 to Stark Young. Visiting Fanny Prothero [...]

To Guy Livingston Triests, Italy At present I am leaving here tonight because I could not find anything but the most expensive hotel and all the others are filled to [...]

The following exchange of letters first appeared in Japanese in mid-June and mid-July in the Tokyo daily The Asahi Shimbun. English versions followed within a few days in special editions [...]

Almost all pre-Civil War Southern plantation overseers were semiliterate working white men, and a survey of over 500 of their letters shows how they developed a variety of nonstandard dialects. Further research is necessary to determine whether these variations are individual, regional, or include other influences.

This article discusses the letters of Samuel Parr, which remain uncollected in a full edition due largely to Parr's poor handwriting. The author focuses on Parr's responses to questions about the education of the young, highlighting the contents of a letter to Sylas Neville.

This article examines unpublished letters to complete the record of James Fenimore Cooper's correspondences. Issues discussed include the authors marketing and publication of his works, his family relations and friendships; the letters also provide proof of a previously unknown connection with a Saratoga Springs bookseller.

This article examines letters written by members of the Paston family of Norfolk, England between 1425 and 1500, regarding issues of property acquisition, buying and selling of goods, family events, petitions, wills and memoranda, in order to trace the shift from object-verb to verb-object in early modern English. The authors assert that this shift occurred later than the 12th century, and object-verb patterns continued to be used in everyday affairs until the 16th century.

This article discusses the social writing practices of international migrant workers. The author examines the letters, finding that letter writing was a very large part of communication, as well as popular culture, among migrant farmers, and also finds women play a very significant role in migrant farming and in the community.

Conrad's friendship with John Galsworthy, begun when both men had yet to make their way in the world of letters, was, according to his own account of it, one of [...]

In this article, I explore the complicated relationship between individual experience and national events, the way this relationship is narrated, and how individual memory becomes part of a collective memory. By looking at memoirs written by the descendants of Thomas Rantalainen, and focusing on personal correspondence, I show how the contents of letters written 60 years ago relate to events in Finland's history that are still being discussed today. In the narrative practices of the correspondence, the individuals themselves - through the use of a narrative We - merge their personal experiences with those of the community. Two themes in the letters - war and family life - illustrate how the processes of replication and analogical thinking work in bringing the past into the present. Keywords: Finland, history and analogical thinking, personal correspondence, domestic life

Seven letters written by Dorothy Brett to an Australian arts student Kathleen Cooke between 1929 and 1935 are presented here. Brett lived with D.H. Lawrence and Frieda Lawrence in Taos, New Mexico, at the time.

The epistolary form in travel literature was regarded as a letter by readers in the mid-18th century. This is contrary to the common view that there is no distinction between first-person travel narratives and novels told in letters. Travel letters written in the form of a familiar letter and read as a private letter made readers more receptive to the personal detail therein. This emphasizes the essence of epistolarity as well as the response it elicits from the reader and raises questions on the appropriateness of autobiographical materials in a travel narrative.

Dreams and visions played an important part in the medieval universe. They could give religious and moral guidance, but could also provide information on future political events. When the monks [...]

Sor Juana's famous letter, known as the 'Carta Atenagorica,' was published by the Bishop of Puebla to show the inappropriateness of the nun's outspoken character. The publication of the letter was intended more as an admonition, ignoring any claim that will verify Sor Juana's criticisms against the well-known Jesuit priest, Antonio de Vieyra. Sor Juana's incursion into male theological discourse was considered improper by the Bishop and the Church Fathers., I have received the following manuscript from a colleague, who is circulating a paper among us - her institutional peers - for feedback concerning her challenge to a giant in [...]

In September 1767 the Mozart family paid a visit to Vienna with a view to Wolfgang's taking part in the celebrations for the forthcoming marriage of the Empress Maria Theresa's [...]

We know little of Gluck's relationships with members of his family. He was the eldest of five boys and two girls. Two of his brothers, Karl and Franz Anton Ludwig, [...]

A NEW edition of the letters of Peter of Blois, whose whole career from about in 1168 till his death in 1212 was based in England, has been a major [...]

The letters of seven abbesses included in the Boniface Correspondence collection from the 7th and 8th centuries indicate that some women gained positions of importance in the Church during the early Anglo-Saxon period. The women who wrote the letters manipulated conventions to reflect their sex and status. The epistolary tradition was thus used by these women to express their femininity and uniqueness at a time when conformity was the norm for women in the political and intellectual culture of the early Western Church., Historical evidence such as Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica and the Liber Eliensis demonstrates that women of the early Anglo-Saxon period had significant functions in the Church hierarchy: They appear as powerful [...]

ALEXANDER POPE'S friends, acquaintances, and contacts among the aristocracy were extensive, as might be expected from a man whose natural wit and undoubted personal charms were enhanced by a finely [...]

Academic job rejection letters usually fail to communicate due to a lack of consideration of the audience and occasion. The worst rejection letters are vague and insensitive, not taking into account the individual nature of the ultimate reader. Better letters are straightforward and, even if written in standardized form, never make the readers feel as if they were not given individual consideration in the review process. The best letters are written in a personal, but not sentimental, manner and recognize the individual achievements and character of the intended audience.

Concern with the state of theory in gerontology has led to growing interest in biography and in ordinary theorising about age. This article analyses two published volumes of letters in order to identify how the experience of ageing is interpreted and theorised in process rather than retrospectively. They provide evidence of a degree of complex theorising which is relevant to a more critical understanding of ageing as a social phenomenon. Gender is found to be highly pertinent, not least in the editorial processing of such biographical material.

"Philosophy's Letters" is a course I have always wanted to teach, although and probably because it would be regarded by the institution as non-serious, superfluous to "the discipline" and to [...]

Our understanding of nineteenth-century American fatherhood is built on polar-opposite images of men's distance from and involvement in family life. This analysis of more than 1,300 personal letters exchanged with family and friends by Civil War soldiers from Massachusetts and Michigan indicates that midcentury fathers had vital domestic engagements. What it meant to be a father varied with socioeconomic class and age, but most men in the sample had dual commitments as providers and nurturers and subscribed to the idea that husband and wife had mutual obligations toward their children. As a predominantly masculine undertaking, the Civil War dramatized, and perhaps exaggerated, father - son bonds especially. Five moments in a soldier's career - enlistment, blooding, mustering out, wounding, and death - emerged as occasions when fathers and sons used their letter writing to articulate a distinctive set of nineteenth-century ideals of manliness.

In 4 experiments, Ss were instructed to circle each letter t found during the course of reading. Contrary to the unitization reading model (Drewnowski & Healy, 1977), the word the did not show a high proportion of detection errors when a normal reading pattern was disrupted with (a) a right-to-left reading direction (Experiment 1), (b) a large interword space preceding target locations (Experiments 2 and 3), (c) large interword space after target locations (Experiment 3), or (d) a 5-letter viewing window (Experiment 4). As a result, a parafoveal-processing hypothesis was implicated that describes the large number of errors normally found in the word the because of a reading process that often skips parafoveally identified words. Consequently, a refinement of the unitization model was proposed in which reading units larger than the letter depend on their identification in the parafovea.

DURING the First World War the fighting man's principle means of communication to his loved ones at home was by letter. Over the post-war decade a prodigious number of privately [...]

Letter genre expert V.K. Bhatia believes promotional letters comprise seven aspects of communication: proof of expertise, offer description, offer rewards, enclosed relevant information, requesting response, definitive deadlines to elicit action and polite closure. Analysis of Bhatia's work indicates that some, but not all, aspects are used in reality within nonspecialist groups.