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The strands of teacher educator knowledge are explained using an analytic narrative vignette to represent data collected during the teaching of an online course in the spring of 2020. The Teaching Vignette represents examples of the teaching experiences I was engaged in for an undergraduate class for preservice teachers to learn Content-Based Instruction in Language and Literacy for teaching English language learners. In the vignette, the two instructors taught and managed sessions of the course from their laptops together at the same table. The preservice teachers participated via Zoom. The Teaching Vignette was analyzed systematically by highlighting the strands of teacher educator knowledge as they appeared and noting, when evident, how they interrelated with each other. In this way, I showed how the strands of teacher educator knowledge became more visible during the teaching of the course. In addition, I discussed how the strands are interrelated and connected to each other. After the analysis, I explain the insights that emerged from examining my teacher educator knowledge during the teaching stage by considering each of the seven strands of teacher educator knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sociocultural approach with Indigenous epistemology, we examine language policies related to Lau. We researched how Lau impacted Native language policies through the Sinajini v. Board of Education of San Juan School District. Native education rights are embedded in treaty rights. As such, Native students have unique statuses with political and racialized identities, both of which Lau references. Native students are also unique as heritage language learners, English language learners, and members of Tribal Nations. Although the Lau case was not intended for Native students, it has possibilities to strengthen the argument for Native heritage languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grade retention, the practice of holding a student back in the same grade, has been a controversial topic in the United States for decades. English learners, a growing population in US schools, are consistently identified for grade retention more often than their English-only counterparts. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of grade retention on a set of language learning outcomes (reading, listening, and writing) for English language learners over a seven-year period. The data was collected in a large urban school district in the south-central region that serves predominantly Spanish speaking natives. Retained students were matched with non-retained students for a quasi-experimental control group using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) techniques. Multilevel growth models, with time (level 1) nested within students (level 2), were applied to these two groups to estimate the effect of grade retention on their longitudinal trajectory for each language learning outcome. We found that after 7 years, matched-promoted students had higher levels of English proficiency than retained peers in all three domains: listening, reading, and writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to examine how bilinguals express their emotions in their first language (L1) versus their second language (L2) in autobiographical narratives. Methodology: A total of 64 Egyptian learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) took an English language proficiency test, and wrote about the happiest or saddest experiences they recalled in Arabic and in English. Data and Analysis: The narratives were analysed for the frequency and the valence of emotion words. Findings/Conclusions: The results showed no difference between the narratives of the two languages in terms of the frequency of words. However, the L2 narratives were generally more negatively valenced than the L1 narratives, and more emotional polarity was noted in the L2 narratives, particularly in sad situations. The results failed to show any effect for the participants' age, gender or L2 proficiency on the frequency or valence of the emotion words. Originality: This study compared two languages that are distant at several levels, including typography and culture. In addition, the study examined some variables that were not investigated in earlier emotion studies of bilingualism. Significance/Implications: The study presents several implications in relation to the emotional contexts of learning theory and the pedagogy of emotion words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaboration and learning of high school English language learner (ELL) teachers is an overlooked aspect of policy and research regarding the opportunities and outcomes of emergent bilingual (EB) students. In order to better understand the work of ELL teachers, this study examined their participation in an important setting: the professional learning community (PLC), a space with potential for promoting more equitable student outcomes. Analysis of ELL teachers' participation in PLCs at two urban high schools, and the topics addressed in PLC meetings, provides implications for teacher and student learning, and reinforces the significance of ELL teacher expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of neurodivergent learners in English language lessons has gained significant attention to promote equitable and effective learning environments for all students. This article presents reflections stemming from my role as a mentor in an English language practicum. It is within this context, supporting studentteachers, that I have helped to develop lessons designed to embrace autism as a unique neurological diversity within the realm of English Language Teaching. Employing narrative inquiry as a research methodology, the transition from instrumental to humanizing perspectives regarding lesson planning is examined providing insights into meaningful practices for teacher education. The narratives inspected reveal the potential to contest normative curricula perpetuating oppression, silencing, and marginalization. Insights into challenges, opportunities, and meaningful practices associated with neurodiversity inclusion in English language teaching (ELT) settings are provided, along with implications for teacher education. The study underscores the adaptability of lesson planning to address the diverse needs of neurodivergent students and highlights how teaching practicum experiences enhance student-teachers' abilities to cultivate inclusive and effective learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in enhancing English as a second language (ESL) writing skills by providing personalized feedback and targeted corrections, thereby facilitating improved grammar and composition proficiency. Despite the potential of AI tools like ChatGPT, their impact on common writing errors in ESL contexts has yet to be explored. This study employed a quasi-experimental design to compare the efficacy of ChatGPT's mobile application feedback against traditional teacher feedback in a senior secondary public school in India. Over eight weeks, the experimental group received feedback on their writing error corrections through the ChatGPT application, while the control group received feedback from teachers. Additionally, participants' attitudes towards using ChatGPT for language learning were assessed through a questionnaire administered post-intervention to 132 students. Data was collected using pre- and post-tests that involved writing stories based on pictures. The study results demonstrated that the experimental group significantly improved writing proficiency, showing a reduction in common errors (third-person singular present, past tense, progressive, past participle, plural, possessive, comparative, and superlative) compared to the control group. Furthermore, most students preferred AI feedback, associating it with noticeable improvements in their writing skills and grammatical accuracy. These findings support the integration of AI tools like ChatGPT into language learning curricula as effective supplements to traditional teaching methods, offering personalized and immediate corrections that enhance learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dropout is a global crisis and an affliction in the United States. This study analyzes graduation rates based on prior academic achievement, attendance, and behavior at an urban American high school in Virginia over 4 years to identify who is (not) graduating and why. Using a correlational, nonexperimental design, four cohorts of graduates were compared. As found, Latinx male English language learners were overrepresented and had dropped out following exclusionary discipline or failure on standardized tests. Examining predictive indicators can clarify why some students do not complete on time or quit. Implications for practice, policy, research, and preparation are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–11 (ECLS-K:2011), this paper used structural equation modeling to investigate the relations among emotional capital (behavioral engagement, school belonging, grit, peer social support, and life satisfaction), approaches to learning, and reading achievement of 942 fifth graders who speak a home language other than English. Results first endorse the five components as indicators of emotional capital. Additionally, participants' emotional capital is significantly associated with their fifth-grade approaches to learning, controlling for background variables, instructional variables, and previous approaches to learning. Furthermore, participants' emotional capital significantly, directly predicts their fifth-grade reading achievement, and indirectly predicts their reading achievement through their fifth-grade approaches to learning, controlling for background variables and previous reading achievement. Finally, gender and being identified as an English Language Learner at school are significant predictors of participants' emotional capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis mixed-methods study explored the perspectives of university instructors and learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) regarding ChatGPT’s effectiveness for EFL learning and its implications for academic integrity. Twenty-four instructors and 135 learners engaged with ChatGPT for one trimester. After a training session, instructors incorporated ChatGPT into their teaching. At the trimester’s end, questionnaires were distributed to gather participants’ opinions on their experience with ChatGPT. Instructors also provided open-ended responses and participated in semistructured interviews. Instructors and learners both had positive attitudes about artificial intelligence (AI) use in EFL learning, especially for written work. Learners acknowledged, however, that they might conceal their ChatGPT use from instructors; many said they would have ChatGPT complete their homework, if possible. Customizing responses within a word limit and generating multiple answers to similar prompts were identified as ChatGPT capabilities that could lead to misuse. This study’s practical implications, along with solutions for reducing the risk of AI-facilitated plagiarism, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies in the literature propose that new words should be presented in unrelated sets due to interfering effect of learning vocabulary in semantic sets. Semantically‐related words are suggested to be taught in different sessions to avoid this negative effect. However, that is implausible for most second language (L2) teachers owing to the restrictions from curricula or coursebooks, most of which serve new words in semantic fields. The literature does not shed light on how to tackle that problem. Accordingly, this study involves three sets of classroom research conducted with 58 young EFL learners to investigate the effects of mnemonics on minimizing the interference of semantic clustering of new vocabulary. Within 15‐week course, one intact class was taught target words through mnemonics while the control group received similar instruction with sentence‐context method. The study results demonstrated that mnemonically‐instructed L2 learners outperformed on both immediate and delayed recognition of target words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the bilingual language development of twelve young children. We focus on the use of Spanish as a heritage language among the children while they learn English in an English-majority environment. Data was collected in English and Spanish four times over the first two years of formal schooling. The study focuses on oral language production in Spanish and English using several language-eliciting tasks including vocabulary identification and picture storytelling. Results demonstrated improvement in English oral fluency, vocabulary, and grammatical complexity over the two-year period, as expected. Most of the children maintained roughly the same scores on Spanish vocabulary identification and oral fluency over the same timeframe. The study shows that retention of the first language (L1) is achievable even by children living in English-majority neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a three-step writing conference in which foreign/second language (L2) students, under the guidance of their writing instructor, first fastened their attentional focus on a form-related error, analysed a collection of standard L2 samples to deduce the underlying knowledge, and then planned for their error correction as well as future learning of this knowledge. The ultimate goal of this formative assessment practice was to scaffold student engagement with written corrective feedback (WCF). Using a between-group experiment design, the present study compared the effects on the success rate of error correction and L2 uptake of the above writing conference (n = 14) against those brought about by a typical Teacher–Student (n = 12) and a typical Student–Student one (n = 12). Research participants were 38 intermediate learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) recruited from three intact classes at a language-learning center in Vietnam. The suggested writing conference was indeed found to yield better error correction and L2 uptake than the other counterparts. A closer look at the students' mental engagement with WCF revealed that such engagement was moderately correlated with their L2 uptake. These findings altogether suggest that student engagement with WCF should not be taken for granted or, in other words, this engagement should be contingently supported by the writing instructor in order to foster learning from WCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While L2 grit has been increasingly related to language learning outcomes, scant attention has been dedicated to the investigation of the antecedents of L2 grit. To partially address the issue, the present multicultural study models the relationships among L2 grit, academic buoyancy, and self-efficacy. A total of 824 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students from Iran and China completed three questionnaires. A hypothesised model of the interrelationship among variables was tested using Mplus. According to the final model, L2 grit was significantly influenced by learners' academic buoyancy and self-efficacy. The findings imply that efficacious and buoyant students are more likely to be gritty, and to cultivate L2 grit, the teachers should encourage efficacious and buoyant EFL learners by attending to students' emotional and motivational drives instead of merely cognitive ones. To sustain efforts and interests in language learning, L2 learners need to be more oriented towards belief in personal competencies, positive acceptance of academic life, and autonomy in overcoming difficulties in learning an L2. The findings implied that language teachers might need to better capitalise on learners' self-efficacy and academic buoyancy in order to assist them in improving their L2 grit. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between reading strategies and Bandura's (1986) theory of Reciprocal Determinism. Previous research acknowledged the concept of Reciprocal Determinism as an effective teaching approach, however, limited research has been done to consider how reading is influenced by learners' personal factors, behavior and environment. Based on four Research Questions, the study explores the perceived use of reading strategies by 225 undergraduates who completed a critical reading course at a local university. These learners of English as a Second Language responded to an online questionnaire adapted from Mokhtari and Sheorey's (2002) Survey of Reading Strategies. Based on the learners' ratings of the reading strategies, namely Global Reading Strategies, Problem-Solving Strategies and Support Strategies, the findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between the learners' perceived use of reading strategies and the three factors of Reciprocal Determinism, namely Personal Factors, Behaviour and Environment indicating a cyclical effect that influences learners' reading comprehension. This exploration of reading strategies through this theory has pedagogical implications on how reading is taught to scaffold and help learners increase metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy. Overall, this study contributes to a further understanding of the importance of taking into account the three factors in a reading environment and the relationship between reading strategies and RD. Future studies could be an extension of how the cyclical effects of Reciprocal Determinism and reading strategies could be strategically integrated into the teaching of skilled and unskilled readers and in other learning domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aimed to investigate how and what are the affective factors, main challenges, and recommendations among Saudi female EFL students in developing emotional intelligence for learning English. The study used a survey questionnaire to collect data from 80 participants, which were then analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that higher levels of EI were positively correlated with better English language proficiency. The study also found that certain affective factors, such as empathy, self-awareness, and emotional regulation, were particularly important in predicting ELL outcomes. The different affective factors are assessed on different grading scales. Considering the statistical analysis, it could be determined that factors related to the English language, such as social skills, motivation (both intrinsic and extrinsic), emotional regulation, effective communication, empathy, self-confidence, self- and cultural awareness, and resilience, have a positive and affirmative influence on the beliefs of English language learners. On the other hand, when analyzing the main challenges faced by Saudi female EFL students in developing emotional intelligence for learning English a majority of students favored that it is challenging to use EI to manage stress and emotions while learning a second language. Therefore, cultivating EL could maintain motivation and enthusiasm for learning English. The study pointed out that learning a second language is a challenging task, and it becomes even more difficult when one has to navigate and adapt to cultural differences. The study strongly favored the integration of the affective factors in teaching as well. Research suggested that a supportive and encouraging environment, positive feedback and constructive criticism could enhance the EI of Saudi female EFL students learning English. With the use of EI, students felt supported and encouraged, and they were more likely to feel confident in their abilities and take risks in their language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of two learner-related factors on English as a first language (L1E) (n = 20) and English as a foreign language (EFL) (n = 20) learners' incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading an authentic novel. Central to the study was the participants' reading of the novel: A Clockwork Orange by British novelist Anthony Burgess. The novel contains slovos, which are words from nadsat, a foreignized argot used by the teenage gang members in the novel. Two unannounced tests followed the reading to measure the participants' word meaning recall and recognition of target words. Regression analyses revealed that reading speed was a robust factor that affected both the L1E and the EFL learners' acquisition of both word meaning recall and recognition; apparently, the faster the reading, the more words the readers acquired. However, positive affect, measured as reading enjoyment, did not turn out to be a factor in word acquisition. The findings indicate that the cognitive factor, i.e., reading speed, overrides the positive affect of reading enjoyment in determining L1E and EFL learners' incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading. This research concludes with a discussion of the pedagogical implications of repeated and extensive reading, which promote the development of reading speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the effectiveness of ChatGPT versus the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) in supporting English language learners in lexically challenging receptive and productive lexical tasks. With a sample of 223 university students at B2 to C1 proficiency levels, this research investigates whether a leading AI-driven chatbot or a high-quality learners' dictionary better assists learners in accurately understanding and producing English. The results reveal ChatGPT's superior performance in both task types. Efficiency, in terms of consultation speed, also favoured ChatGPT, though only in the production task. This study advocates for an integrated approach that leverages both AI, with its interactive and immediate feedback, and more traditional lexicographic tools that may foster learner autonomy and linguistic proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students bring with them rich cultural and linguistic ways of knowing and communicating when engaged in figuring out explanations of phenomena. However, it is a challenge for teachers to support bi/multilingual learners in language-intensive science and engineering practices when they don't share a common language. When we position students' bi/multilingualism as an asset rather than an obstacle, we can support bi/multilingual students' equitable sensemaking. To support bi/multilingual learners' equitable sensemaking, we offer two tools: language surveys and the multiple ways of communicating strategies sheet. We describe how a teacher (second author) used these resources to adapt an investigation about air resistance and contact forces for his bi/multilingual students. The tools and examples provided can help educators better understand their students and make principled changes to science instruction, to expand how we use language in science. We hope the tools aid teachers in this challenging work but also reframe how educators see what students are saying and doing as assets for developing their ideas and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the challenges and strategies for vocabulary acquisition among English language learners (ELLs) in higher education. Topics include the limitations of vocabulary activities that lack contextual application, the need for curriculum updates to better address the academic language development of ELLs, and the use of storytelling as a method to leverage what ELLs bring to the classroom rather than focusing on deficiencies.

As technology increasingly influences educational practices, it is crucial to comprehend the impact and effectiveness of AI in comparison to human-driven methodologies. In the field of language learning and writing instruction, one notable development is the emergence of AI-generated writing feedback tools. These tools, exemplified by ChatGPT in this study, promise efficiency, objectivity, and detailed insights for learners. This study aims to investigate the comparative effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI) automated writing feedback tool and human teacher feedback in enhancing the writing skills of English Language Learners. The research was conducted on fifteen third-year undergraduate students in the discipline of English Language Education, using a phenomenological design. The study collected qualitative data through assignments and feedback given to students at a higher education institution. The findings suggest that while human teachers were praised for their understanding, personalized guidance, and emotional intelligence in providing feedback, AI-generated feedback was considered more detailed and comprehensive. It highlights the importance of balancing efficiency with the human touch in the feedback process. This study makes a significant contribution to the ongoing discourse surrounding the integration of AI in education and its impact on the student-teacher dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy of graduates from a Physical Education Teacher Education program focused on social justice issues. We examined barriers to culturally responsive teaching and areas where alumni felt least efficacious. Forty-three graduates of a Physical Education Teacher Education program completed the culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy scale and demographic questions via Qualtrics, and 13 completed a 45- to 60-min interview regarding urban teaching experience. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparative data analysis to determine areas of lower self-efficacy. Two major themes emerged from this data: (a) misalignment between expectations and reality and (b) lack of practical experiences with communication. Specific coursework, training, and supports need to be implemented to address the mismatch between participants' lived experiences and their daily challenges upon induction. Physical Education Teacher Education programs need to critically examine the experiences preservice teachers have interacting and communicating with English language learners and their caregivers prior to induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study described the accounts of five (5) adults English language learners from Gani L. Abpi College Incorporated, Datu Piang, Maguindanao. The study is based on Cross's (1981), theory that adult learning characteristics have been primarily focused on understanding how adults learn. Thus, it was utilized the phenomenological research design described by Colaizzi's, (1978) seven steps strategy that provided a meticulous analysis of data. The transcription and translation, as well as classifying statements into themes, were employed with in-depth interview with the participants purposively chosen. The findings revealed that adult English language learners met different factors in learning English in the classroom communication. Agism, English language is interesting, anxiety affects English language learning, English language is not easy to learn were all highlighted as personal factors in learning the language. Teaching strategy and style matter, teachers' attitude affect learning, teacher-student age gap affects learning, and teachers' command of the English language is relevant were all identified as teacher factors. Peer factors entailed adopting to the group, peers encouragement is important, peer learning and guidance play a vital role and past experiences and misunderstanding affect learners. English as a factor for future endeavors, complexity of the subject matter, the learners' interest affect learning of the subject matter and the difficulty of the subject matter depends on the learners' perceptions highlighted as subject matter factors. Thus, the four factors, personal factors, peer factors, teacher factors, and subject matter factors influenced the accounts of Adult English language learners in their classroom communication resulted to challenges in learning second language in the classroom communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second/foreign language (L2) learners often go through a gamut of conflicting experiences embedded within their emotional system, which can be managed through emotion regulation (ER). Motivated by complex dynamic systems theory (CDST), this qualitative study aimed to explore the signature dynamics of positive and negative emotions among six Iranian adolescent English language learners. Additionally, the study investigated how learners manage their emotions in the L2 classroom. Using the CDST as its main theoretical framework and retrodictive qualitative modeling as its main methodology, the current investigation revealed that the learners’ emotional systems were mediated by internal and external contexts, as well as dynamicity. It was further discovered that ER strategies were driven by multiple simultaneous factors influencing emotional systems and the adaptability of those systems to new situations. In the end, we discuss how policymakers, teachers, and researchers can adopt the findings to provide some well‐needed support for classroom‐based L2 learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the perception of English semivowels /j/ and /w/ and their corresponding vowels /i/ and /u/ by two groups of Japanese-speaking learners of English: foreign language (FL) learners in Japan and second language learners who were initially FL learners (FL-L2). The phonological targets were /i/ and /u/ with and without preceding /j/ and /w/, respectively (/ji/-/i/ and /wu/-/u/). Discrimination and identification results showed that both groups performed comparably for /i/ with and without /j/, indicating their reliance on native phonological sensitivity to /i/ and /j/, which closely resemble Japanese /i/ and /j/. However, important differences emerged for /u/ with and without /w/, possibly due to articulatory differences in lip rounding for /u/ and /w/ between the two languages. Notably, while FL-L2 learners were equally competent in both the /u/-/wu/ and the /i/-/ji/ discriminations, FL learners were much less capable of the /u/-/wu/ discrimination than of the /i/-/ji/ discrimination. Moreover, FL-L2 learners were better at identifying /u/ than their FL peers, suggesting that L2 exposure may have facilitated their acquisition of the articulatory details associated with /u/. Overall, the study showed that engaging in L2 immersion following FL learning is beneficial for non-native phonological development among adult learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main thrust of this study was to explore the English language learning experiences of five Grade 6 Bangsamoro honor pupils at Mapayag Elementary School during the 2022-2023 academic year, employing a phenomenological research design. It uncovered that learners acquire English through various channels including parental assistance, media exposure, and peer interactions at home, while relying on personal efforts, teacher guidance, and peer engagement at school. In the community, learning occurs through interactions with playmates, friends, and relatives. However, learners encounter barriers such as embarrassment, mockery, and limited parental education. The findings underscored the challenges faced by Bangsamoro learners in English language usage due to constrained opportunities and social pressures. The study concluded by recommending initiatives to increase English usage across different contexts, foster interactions with English speakers, expand vocabulary, and emphasize correct language usage to enhance learners' confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of the concrete-representational-abstract integrated sequence (CRA-I) on teaching place value concepts and their application. The research questions addressed the extent to which CRA-I changed student performance in (a) completing equations that required subtraction with regrouping in the tens place, (b) completing equations that required subtraction with regrouping in the tens and hundreds place, (c) rounding three-digit numbers to the nearest ten or hundred, and (d) using multiple equations to decompose three-digit numbers. Four students in the fourth grade participated. Three students were eligible for services under learning disabilities (LD) or other health impairments (OHI); two students were English language learners. Employing a single-case multiple-probe-across-behaviors design, a functional relation was found between CRA-I and behaviors associated with number concepts. Implications will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing number of children in the U.S. classified as English Learners (ELs). Accurately identifying and supporting ELs in their academic settings entails understanding their non-English language experiences. This study presents findings from language reporting practices from seven U.S. states by examining how states account for the linguistic diversity of Indigenous Mesoamerican languages. Our findings reveal varied state approaches and underscore the limitations of current federal guidance, which limits the recognition of students' non-English language experiences. We advocate for updating language identification practices and policies and propose a new framework for accurate language identification and continuous monitoring of student linguistic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consideration of students’ emotional and psychological health is crucial to facilitate effective teaching and grading practices. This study set out to shed light on the interplay between self-esteem (S-E), cognitiveemotion regulation (CER), academic enjoyment (AE), and language success (LS) in artificial intelligence (AI)-supported online language learning. To this end, the foreign language learning self-esteem scale, the Cognitive Emotion Control Questionnaire, the foreign language enjoyment scale, and a researcher-made test were distributed to 389 English as a foreign language learners in China. Screening the data with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, the effects of S-E, CER, AE, and LS were identified and quantified. These results highlighted the important function that online courses assisted by AI perform in enhancing students’ CER and AE. This implied that students who have cultivated a robust sense of self-efficacy are adept at effectively regulating their cognitive and affective processes in AIsupported language learning. Possible improvements in language education are discussed, as are the study’s broader implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on second language acquisition theories and existing visuals, this article proposes a new educational metaphor, Lane's L2+ Acquisition Rope, to encompass the complexities of second or additional language learning. This metaphor integrates five major strands—external factors, social factors, affective factors, innate factors, and internal factors—to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding proficient second language acquisition. Implications of this visual highlight the importance of incorporating socio-cultural, neurological, and affective dimensions into educational metaphors to support diverse learners effectively. Lane's L2+ Acquisition Rope offers a promising avenue for educators to enhance instructional practices and promote equitable learning outcomes for English Language Learners and other student subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into multimodal language learning has shown that video materials are engaging and effective in teaching and learning language skills. While previous studies have predominantly focused on how to make learning from video more effective, little research has been directed at estimating video content difficulty. This study, therefore, aims to examine the efficacy of developing predictive models using different configurations of ensemble machine learning approaches (averaging, bagging, boosting, and stacking) and video complexity features (acoustic, phonological, lexical, syntactic, and visual complexity features). A corpus of 640 videos that were subjectively rated for content difficulty by 322 English language learners was used to build and evaluate predictive models. The results demonstrated that ensemble machine learning models substantially outperformed baseline regression models in predicting video difficulty. The findings are discussed in terms of their applications in second language learning and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depth of processing vocabulary has been the subject of heated discussion among vocabulary researchers. Yet, current literature lacks research comparing different tasks to investigate the acquisition of vocabulary knowledge among adult learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). To fill the gap, we designed five task-based groups based on Technique Feature Analysis (TFA) as a framework to predict the effectiveness of different vocabulary learning tasks with similar or different TFA rankings on L2 vocabulary knowledge gain. The participants were 130 EFL learners (mean age = 21.7, female 61.5%) randomly assigned to the vocabulary learning tasks: reading and multiple-choice items (TFA = 6), reading and choosing definitions (TFA = 6), reading and fill-in-theblanks (TFA = 7), reading and rewording the sentences (TFA = 6) and composition writing (TFA = 8). The results of the study revealed that tasks with the same TFA scores led to similar vocabulary knowledge gains. While predictions of the TFA are partially supported, composition writing and sentence rewording tasks supersede other tasks in terms of their effectiveness in vocabulary acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding a single English accent is becoming insufficient for English language learners because they are likely to encounter both first (L1) and second‐language (L2) speakers of English in various contexts. Hence, different English accents have been incorporated into the recordings used for L2 language assessments, specifically listening comprehension (LC) tests. However, the efficacy of tests using various English accents is not definitively established in the English as a foreign language (EFL) literature. Furthermore, there has been limited investigation specifically into how learners perceive the level of difficulty in comprehending various accents during listening assessments. Therefore, this study examined how the LC scores and comprehensibility ratings (ease of understanding) differed depending on accents. Seventy‐nine Japanese adult EFL learners took a multiple‐choice question‐type LC test featuring three different English accents (i.e., American, British, and Japanese) and then rated how difficult it was to understand each accent. The findings showed that, although the LC test scores did not differ significantly by accent, the participants perceived the British and Japanese accents as more difficult to understand than the American accent. The results imply that while sharing L1 with the speakers and familiarity with a certain accent may not affect speech comprehension, greater familiarity with a given accent can ease comprehension. The findings thus can shed light on the inclusion of a variety of accented speech in language tests and pedagogical instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs innovative artificial intelligence (AI) platforms continue to demonstrate their effectiveness in mediating learners’ language learning, further exploration is necessary to realise how AI contributes to English language learners’ writing skills development. Following Vygotskian social constructivist theory of learning, we employed a qualitative research design to explore the impact of AI-enhanced writing mediation on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ academic writing skills. Fourteen EFL learners, preparing for the IELTS examination, actively participated in interactive writing activities utilising ChatGPT, regarded as an AI platform, wherein they received implicit and explicit writing mediation to develop their academic writing skills. By tracking the microgenetic development of the learners, conducting observations of their interactive writing activities with the AI platform, and keeping a reflexive journal, the findings corroborated that the AI platform’s writing mediation substantially contributed to the learners’ academic writing skills development. Employing follow-up think-aloud interviews, the learners also highlighted their positive attitudes and perceptions towards the role of AI-enhanced writing mediation in developing their academic writing skills. The study provides pedagogical and practical implications for developing AI-enhanced writing mediation for EFL learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the United States, a concerning number of middle and high school students are yet to master fundamental reading skills. One common way schools address this issue is by supporting those students with computer-assisted instruction. This study evaluates the causal effect of one such computer-assisted instruction intervention on English Language Arts achievement in a large urban Southeast school district. The district uses Lexia® PowerUp Literacy® as part of its multi-tiered system of support. The study leverages the log-files and usage data from about 26,000 students exploiting differences in differences and event study estimations. The results indicate that, on average, PowerUp increases test scores by 0.14 SD. Also, the magnitude of the effect is larger for students who used PowerUp consistently and among English Language Learners (0.25 SD). Results are robust against several sensitivity tests including inverse probability weighting, and type of aggregated treatment effect parameter. These results suggest that effective computer-assisted instruction can help schools to narrow the achievement gap among students, particularly for English Language Learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple previous studies in language learning have examined the static effect of various independent variables on Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA), but little attention has been given to the dynamic features of these two learner emotions. The present study is based on a pseudo-longitudinal design to investigate the change of FLE and FLCA over time and their interplay with independent variables (learner-internal and teacher-centered variables) in a higher education context. A total of 288 English learners divided into three groups (undergraduates, master's students, and doctoral students) completed the FLE, FLCA, and NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaires. Statistical analyses showed that doctoral students and undergraduates reported higher levels of FLE, while master's students reported the highest levels of FLCA. Multiple regression analyses signified that FLE was jointly predicted by learner variables and teacher variables, whereas FLCA was solely predicted by learner variables, with attitude towards English identified as the best predictor for FLE, and Neuroticism as the strong predictor for FLCA in three groups. These results imply that levels of learner emotions and their interaction with predictor variables are dynamic in relation to learners' educational qualifications. It is thus recommended that teachers and educational institutions implement pertinent interventions to boost FLE and alleviate FLCA at different stages of higher education. Plain language summary: Investigating the joy and anxiety of Chinese EFL students in higher education: A study using pseudo-longitudinal methods Many studies have looked at how different factors affect two important emotions in language learning: Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA). However, most of the previous studies have focused on learner emotions as fixed and unchanging, rather than looking at how they might change over time. This study used a pseudo-longitudinal method to explore how FLE and FLCA change over time in university students and how these emotions relate to factors both within the students and related to their teachers. A total of 288 students studying English, including undergraduates, master's students, and doctoral students, took part in the study. They completed surveys about their enjoyment and anxiety in learning English, as well as a personality questionnaire. The results showed that undergraduates and doctoral students had higher levels of enjoyment in learning English, while master's students experienced the most anxiety. Further analysis revealed that both learner-related and teacher-related factors predicted FLE, with a positive attitude towards English being the best predictor. In contrast, FLCA was mainly predicted by learner-related factors, particularly the personality trait of Neuroticism. These findings suggest that learners' emotions and how they relate to different factors change depending on their level of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one type of the most extensively used sentences, English questions are must-learn grammatical structures for learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). However, it is commonly seen that English learners across proficiency levels produce ungrammatical English questions. To determine the source of learners' erroneous production, we conducted a written test to collect hands-on data of four types of English questions produced by 81 Chinese EFL preliminary learners. Learners' achievement scores showed that learners from both higher and lower proficiency groups had similar difficulty producing questions. The statistics also showed morphosyntactic inconsistencies in learners' production were congregating on auxiliaries' choice and tense variation. Cross-linguistic transfer from first language (L1) in English question acquisition for Chinese EFL learners was measured against the three dimensions of Jarvis' (2000) methodological model. Influence from learners' L1 was found to be related to preliminary learners' morphosyntactic inconsistencies. The findings suggest that practitioners in an EFL context should raise learners' grammatical consciousness, and design production-oriented tasks, to improve learners' morphosyntactic accuracy in English question formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and practitioners in the field of second language acquisition have come to realize the importance of non-cognitive skills such as self-efficacy and self-regulation in students' learning of a second language. However, there has been limited systematic research on such measures in the second language context and the validity and reliability of their intended use and interpretation. The Questionnaire of English Self-Efficacy (QESE) was designed to measure English language learners' self-efficacy beliefs. This study applied the Rasch model to evaluate the item-level psychometric properties of QESE and its adequacy for use in the Vietnamese context. The results demonstrated that the QESE items predominantly measured a unidimensional construct (i.e. self-efficacy beliefs in learning English as a second language). The scale was highly reliable, and its rating categories functioned effectively, reflecting varying levels of self-efficacy beliefs. Although the item difficulty hierarchical order was generally consistent with the anticipated hierarchy within the Vietnamese context, there were a few surprising results, contradicting what was previously found with Chinese students. For example, item 28 (writing diaries in English) was a very difficult task for Vietnamese students, but a previous study showed that it was a moderately difficult task for Chinese students. Item 5 (writing blogs on the Internet) was an easy task for Vietnamese students, but it was a difficult task for Chinese students. The findings provide directions for future research and have implications for helping professionals provide best practices that meet the unique educational needs of English language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the underrepresented aspects of pragmatic competence development is perceiving and responding to impoliteness acts. The present study reports on a quantitative and qualitative investigation of two international English language teaching (ELT) textbook series published by Oxford and Cambridge University Press; it focuses on the books highly popular among a thriving representative sample of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) across four language proficiency levels and explores their coverage and treatment of impoliteness acts and their responses. Drawing on stringent models and taxonomies, the findings reveal that this unpleasant side of language is ignored and misrepresented in the textbooks, particularly at lower proficiency levels. We draw on our own and others' previous incivility studies and argue for the inclusion of impoliteness especially from earlier stages of language learning owing to its saliency in authentic interactions. The study concludes with implications and suggestions for language learners, instructors, textbook writers, and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underdeveloped reading comprehension skills can limit academic success; a particular challenge for English language learners (ELLs). The current study investigated whether a web-based text structure strategy, delivered via the Intelligent Tutoring of Structure Strategy (ITSS) program to adult Chinese ELLs, improved students' use of reading strategies and/or overall reading comprehension. Using a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design, 207 adult Chinese ELLs from four classes were assigned to intervention or control groups. The intervention group utilized the ITSS to support their English reading instruction, whereas the control group was exposed to only traditional instruction. Our results indicate that the ITSS intervention had a statistically significant positive effect on adult Chinese ELLs' reading comprehension (β = 3.07, p < 0.001) with Cohen's d = 0.43, as measured by the College English Test-4 (CET-4). Furthermore, we found that Chinese ELLs reported using more higher-order reading strategies (p < 0.01) after the intervention and there was no significant change of reported reading strategy usage for the control group from pretest and post-test. However, the current study did not provide evidence that the change in use of reading strategies mediated the relationship between the intervention/control condition and Chinese ELLs' reading comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive processes such as learning and thinking are theorized to be an interaction between the mind, body, and environment in four ways: embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended. Collectively, these four types represent the four "E"s of cognition. The Next Generation Science Standards has called for curricular reform that centers students as active participants in their learning experience, with instructors as peripheral knowledge facilitators. Science literacy disparity persists between deaf and hard of hearing learners compared with their hearing counterparts, as well as between English language learners and their peers who speak English as their primary language. Considering these factors, a student-centered, inclusive, multimodal lesson plan incorporating Universal Design for Learning principles was implemented. Students explored their natural environment (embodied and enacted cognitions), recording images of organisms during species identification on their smartphones (embedded cognition). Images were stored as an observation that could be returned to at any time in the future for reference (extended cognition). Using everyday technology, students embody the footprints of an environmental scientist, engaging with living organisms through experiential enactment extended by a citizen science application and thus gaining a perspective of their world that can only be acquired through firsthand, direct interaction that does not occur within classroom walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing student motivation to manage their learning process and attain selftransformation in Oral English learning presents a notable challenge. This study emerged from a Role Play Oral English Course (RPOEC) which utilizes English cartoon film clips to enhance primary students' oral English skills through role play, facilitating meaningful language input and output. Implemented in a Chinese context where English language exposure is limited, this qualitative case study, combined with action research, explores how autonomous learning is fostered through RPOEC. The study engaged a Grade Six class of 30 students (25 girls and 5 boys) in northern China, investigating strategies to trigger learners' interests and form their independent learner identities autonomously, empower learners in their educational journey, encourage reflective practices in oral English learning, and involve learners in evaluative processes. Data, collected through a combination of observations, focus group discussions, and document analysis for three months, were thematically analyzed across four intertwined perspectives: situated learning, interactive communication, cooperative learning, and evaluative discussions. The paper posits that the outlined curricular approach can be tailored to educators' needs aiming to cultivate students' oral English skills within a situated, interactive, and collaborative learning environment, pushing learners towards autonomous engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile-assisted language learning offers a different learning environment, facilitating learning in second/foreign languages and vocabulary learning. The current study attempted to explore the utilization effect of mobile-assisted language learning, facilitating English language learners to perform better in English vocabulary and grammar learning. In other words, this research aims to support the body of research related to the effect and usefulness of mobile learning or mobileassisted language learning by examining the English language context of Saudi Arabian college students. Employing a pre-test/post-test design on 29 diploma students, the researcher compared students' learning performance utilizing mobile learning at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-Saudi Arabia. Results indicated that the post-test grades scored by the students were better in vocabulary than the pre-test scores. These findings indicated that the strategic utilization of mobile integrated language learning has the strength to positively impact academic performance, especially in terms of achievement in English vocabulary and grammar. This supports the theory that electronic tools such as mobiles can create a non-formal but interactive way of learning foreign language grammar and vocabulary. Careful implications for foreign language learning were offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well established that English phrasal verbs cause English as foreign language learners no small degree of confusion due to the semantic complexity. However, the influence of crosslinguistic transfer on learning phrasal verbs has remained unclear. There even has been little qualitative analysis of the crosslinguistic difference between literal and metaphorical meanings of particles. This paper proposes an instructional approach underpinned by metaphor and categorization in cognitive linguistics and highlights particles as a means of disentangling polysemous verb-particle constructions. Fifteen students from four universities in Taipei City and City of Newcastle upon Tyne participated in the study. Results of the qualitative data, i.e., discussion tasks, in-session tasks, and interviews, suggested that despite the difficulty of understanding some target items, the crosslinguistic similarities and differences generally aid the learning of the phrasal verbs via the proposed approach. Raising an awareness of crosslinguistic difference between metaphorical meanings of particles can be pedagogically useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Arabic students frequently encounter errors while learning English as a second language (ESL). This study investigates prevalent interlingual and intralingual errors observed among Arabic learners of English. The authors posit that by addressing morphological, lexical, and semantic inaccuracies, English instructors can assist Arabic learners in cultivating a more comprehensive and nuanced proficiency in the English language, thereby enhancing their communicative abilities across various contexts. The instructional strategies explained in this paper offer valuable insights for ESL teachers and tertiary-level Arabic students aiming to mitigate or eliminate such errors. Additionally, the teaching recommendations presented in this paper serve as beneficial resources for experienced and novice instructors, facilitating the reduction of errors commonly encountered by Arabic students in their English language acquisition journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the speech acts most frequently performed by learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) through the Dialogue Annotation and Research Tool (DART), a semi-automatic annotation tool. The study used learner corpus research and an English as the first language (L1) speaker corpus as a reference to compare the speech acts performed by the EFL learners. The study involved 90 EFL learners of four nationalities. A spoken learner corpus was built with the dyadic interlanguage English conversation register. The most frequently performed speech acts were generally different for the English L1 speakers and the EFL learners. The speech acts labeled as correctSelf, referProcess, expressNonAwareness, and stateReason were in the top 10 for EFL learners, whereas they were not in the top 10 for the English L1 speakers. This difference was caused by three factors: the English proficiency of the EFL learners, the frequently used formulaic phrases, and the task requirements. Moreover, the corpus annotation has a problem with unrecognized speech acts, primarily due to the redundancies and fragments in the learner discourses. The findings of this study reveal the complementary relationship between grammatical and pragmatic performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negotiation of meaning (NoM) has played a facilitative role in second language acquisition. However, the existing studies have primarily focused on adult English language learners. This study investigated the impact of task type and task complexity on NoM strategies among young learners of Chinese as a second language, an underexplored group. The participants were 110 students in Hong Kong aged 10–12, mainly from Pakistan, India, Philippines, and Nepal. They were asked to perform four tasks with different task types and levels of task complexity in Cantonese (the primary Chinese dialect spoken in Hong Kong). In terms of task type, the study found that required information exchange tasks (i.e., information gap tasks) produced significantly more clarification requests, confirmation checks, self-repetitions, and other repetitions in terms of total numbers and numbers per 100 Chinese characters than the optional exchange tasks (i.e., decision-making tasks). Complex tasks, on the other hand, elicited significantly more confirmation checks than simple tasks. These findings provide useful insights for designing tasks that can promote greater use of NoM strategies in classroom practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]