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type:Journal Article, In order to assess the magnetic flux distribution in type II superconductors, the correlation function was derived from SANS intensities. The distribution in Nb single crystal was consistent with the result of magnetization measurements. An existence of short range ordering in the magnetic flux arrangement in Bi2212 crystal was suggested at 7.7 K under magnetic field of 0.25 T, which is a sufficiently high field larger than the critical field., source:DOI: 10.1109/77.402931

In the present project, PI developed theoretical foundation for the evolution of music in cooperation with an AFRL scientist, Leonid Perlovsky and considered the implications of our findings about the reconciliation of cognitive dissonance which was experimentally created in 4-year-old children, who obeyed an experimenter's warning not to play with a desired toy. Without exposure to music, it was found that an experimenter's mild warning led to stronger devaluation of the toy than an experimenter's severe warning, confirming the findings of previous research. When the children were exposed to one of Mozart's sonatas, however, this devaluation of the toy was not induced by the mild warning. The results indicate the possibility of the efficacy of music for reconciling cognitive dissonances. Moreover, further experiment revealed that an exposure to a Mozart minuet mitigates the cognitive interference whereas on the contrary when the music has been modified to consist of mostly dissonant intervals the interference effect has been intensified.

Investigations of arbitrary complex functions for electromagnetic waves by using a plasma array reinforced with metallic components and changing external discharge parameters, and their application to metamaterial-induced transparency of a plasma layer(ITEM 0001). Exploratory application of these investigations to high-power microwave control by plasma metamaterials (ITEM 0002).

Debates on the origin and function of music have a long history. While some scientists argue that music itself plays a nonadaptive role in human evolution, others suggest that music clearly has an evolutionary role, and point to music's universality. A recent hypothesis suggested that a fundamental function of music has been to help mitigate cognitive dissonance, which is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting cognitions simultaneously. It usually leads to devaluation of conflicting knowledge. The researcher provided experimental confirmation of this hypothesis using a classical paradigm known to create cognitive dissonance. In the present study, cognitive dissonance was experimentally created in 4-year-old children using a well-established method (the induced-compliance paradigm). According to previous research, cognitive dissonance similar to that of adults can be confirmed in children as young as 4-years-old using this method. The results of the experiment revealed that exposure to Mozart's music exerted a strongly positive influence upon the children's performance and enabled them to reconcile the cognitive dissonance they had experienced during the experiment.

In this project, we investigated arbitrary complex functions for electromagnetic waves by using a plasma array reinforced by metallic components and changing a pattern of series switches, external power for plasma generation, and pressure of discharge gases. In Section II., we describe the theoretical part of this project, where plasma metamaterials were predicted for the purpose of potential complex wave filters for the first time. In Section III, we show the experimental part of this project, and verified flexible complex function filters composed of plasma metamaterials, using newly-developed microwave analytical circuit.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with mutations in two different genes, TSC1 and TSC2, which cause benign tumors called hamartomas. In the fission yeast model study, we have demonstrated that a mutation in a gene encoding a !-subunit of a farnesyl transferase can suppress most of the phenotypes associated with deletion of tsc1+ or tsc2+. When a mutant of rhb1+ (homolog of human Rheb), which bypasses the requirement of protein farnesylation, was expressed, the cpp1-1 mutation could no longer suppress a tsc2-null strain. The result would suggest that a drug inhibiting a farnesyl transferase may be used for treatment of TSC. We have also generated two mutants, rhb1-DA4 and rhb1-DA8. In fission yeast, two events, induction of a meiosis initiating gene mei2+ and cell division without cell growth, are a typical response to nitrogen starvation. We have found that while amino acid uptake is prevented by both rhb1-DA4 and rhb1- DA8, the response to nitrogen starvation is prevented only by rhb1-DA4. We postulate that the signaling cascade may branch below Rhb1. If human Rheb GTPase works in a similar manner, the efficacy of Rapamycin, an anti-TSC drug targeting mTOR, may be limited., The original document contains color images.

In this study, a new design for a unit discharge cell has been developed. It has a floating electrode in the well of the top electrode above the bottom electrode, in which the bright spot can be spatially fixed irrespective of the applied voltage phases. As an evidence of a new function driven from integrated structure, a frequency-dependent deformation phenomenon of mm-wave transmittance through a perforated metal-plate filled with microplasmas was observed. Also investigated discharge plasmas generated in artificial media: liquids with injected bubbles or atmospheric gases with mists. As a trial, a fabric-type electrode assembly dipped in aqueous solution of electrolyte was used and the discharge phenomenon in bubbles generated by electrolysis using optical emission spectroscopy was studied. The plasma emission spectrum in the discharge in bubbled water with a point-to-plane electrode configuration was observed and widely broadened line spectra of hydrogen atoms were measured. A study on the discharge in air with liquid mists has been tested as well with the developed mesh-electrode configuration with preliminary results.

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r(2) of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r(2) of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.

A simple and robust suspended load transport formula for noncohesive sediment is presented for application to river, estuarine, and coastal environments with the use of depth-averaged models. The formula is based on an exponential profile for the concentration and assumes a constant velocity over depth to simplify the calculations. These assumptions were validated with a large data set, including data with a steady current, wave and current interaction, and breaking waves. The formula has two parameters: the mean sediment diffusivity over depth and the bottom reference concentration. The sediment diffusivity is estimated assuming a linear combination of mixing because of breaking waves and the energy dissipation in the bottom boundary layer from the mean current, waves, or both. The bottom reference concentration is a function of the Shields parameter. Overall, the formula developed in this study yields the best agreement with the compiled data set compared with a number of existing formulas for estimating the suspended load., Published in the Journal of Coastal Research v24 n3 p615-627, May 2008.

We have developed a new type of microplasma integrated device with a fabric structure of insulator-coated thin metal wires. It has been proved that the device can be operated at relatively low voltage of a few kV in air and even under water with the help of hydrogen bubbles produced by electrolysis of water. We have performed spectroscopic measurements for characterizing the properties of microplasmas in a single jet and in an assembly of two-dimensional array for estimating the electron density as well as the reactive species compositions. Although it is clear that more comprehensive research should be continued to grasp the whole image of microplasmas for deriving general scaling laws, we have clarified those high potentiality for the applications to material processing tools and microwave controlling devices.

In nonneutral plasma, depleted regions (holes) in the vorticity often play a controlling role in the evolution of two dimensional turbulence. We report experimental investigations of the generation process of ring holes (three-dimensionally annular depletion) surrounding a strongly-peaked clump of vorticity (point vortex) immersed in the background of a spatially extended vorticity distribution, and determine the empirical scaling for the generation time of the ring holes. Moreover, we report geometrical features of the ring hole, and report that ring holes play an important role for crystallization., This article is from CP606, Non-Neutral Plasma Physics IV, p480-485, 2001. Pub. in AIP Conference Proceedings: volume 606. Prepared in cooperation with Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitaet, Greifswald, Germany. This article is from ADA404831 Non-Neutral Plasma Physics 4. Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas (2001) Held in San Diego, California on 30 July-2 August 2001

In recent paper (K. Ito, el al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 2558 (2001), we present a fast and sufficiently accurate procedure to construct the potential and the electric field distribution from the observed electron density distribution in two-dimensional plane. Using this procedure, we obtain quantitative agreement between the observed velocity of the clump motion and the calculated velocity of that determined by the field analysis. in addition, the strong deformation of the clump is observed when that moves in the shear of the background Vortex., This article is from CP606, Non-Neutral Plasma Physics IV, p474-479, 2001. Pub. in AIP Conference Proceedings: volume 606. Prepared in cooperation with Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitaet, Greifswald, Germany. This article is from ADA404831 Non-Neutral Plasma Physics 4. Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas (2001) Held in San Diego, California on 30 July-2 August 2001

We report experimental studies on vortex dynamics carried out recently in Kyoto University by using electron plasmas that are trapped in the Malmberg configuration with variety of initial configurations. This report includes (I) relaxation of many-clump dynamic states to "crystallization", (2) single clump dynamics in a background vorticity distribution. (3) two-clump interaction in a low-level background vorticity distribution, and (4) accelerated crystallization" of three clumps in a background vorticity distribution. Details are provided in companion papers reported in this workshop., This article is from CP606, Non-Neutral Plasma Physics IV, p464-473, 2001. Pub. in AIP Conference Proceedings: volume 606. Prepared in cooperation with Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitaet, Greifswald, Germany. This article is from ADA404831 Non-Neutral Plasma Physics 4. Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas (2001) Held in San Diego, California on 30 July-2 August 2001

Optical non-linearity of cobalt oxide with SiO2-TiO2 additives was investigated, and the change mechanism of the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k), based on the relation between band structure and optical non-linearity of the thin films, was discussed. Refractive index and extinction coefficient of Co3O4 thin films in the ground state were 3.17 and 0.42, respectively. Both n and k decreased by irradiation from a pulse laser with 650 nm of wavelength (1.91 eV). These values in the excited state were 2.91 and 0.41, respectively. n estimated from the change of n and k was -2.8 x 10(exp 11) sq m/W. The film had a band gap corresponding to 2.06 eV, indicating that it was widened by the band filling effect during the laser irradiation at 1.91 eV, and this led to the decrease in absorption coefficient and refractive index., Pub in: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Volume 703. Prepared in collaboration with Hitachi Research Laboratory, Japan and Tsukuba Research Laboratory, Japan. This article is from ADA401575 Nanophase and Nanocomposite Materials IV held in Boston, Massachusetts on November 26-29, 2001

It is demonstrated experimentally that a one-way flow of a slightly rarefied gas is induced in a circular straight pipe of a uniform diameter with its two ends being kept at an equal temperature and pressure by beating the middle pan along the pipe and by putting up a shelf or shelves inside of a half pan of the pipe on one side of the beater. The experiment is done in a small vacuum chamber of a glass bell jar, and the flow is detected by a small windmill. A one-way flow is induced from the pan of the pipe with a shelf or shelves to that without it or them. The mechanism of the flow is explained by the difference of dependence on the cross sectional area between the thermal transpiration and Poiseuille flow., Papers from Rarefied Gas Dynamics (RGD) 22nd International Symposium held in Sydney, Australia on 9-14 July 2000. See also ADM001341 for whole conference on cd-rom.

The steady behavior of a rarefied gas in a circular pipe with a saw-like temperature distribution increasing and decreasing periodically in the direction of the pipe axis is investigated numerically by means of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. It is shown that a steady one-way flow is induced in the pipe without the help of a pressure gradient for a wide range of the Knudsen number when a series of ditches is dug periodically in the part of the pipe wall with decreasing (or increasing) temperature. The features of the flow are clarified in detail. It is also shown that the flow has a pumping effect. In particular, some data that give the estimate of the maximum compression ratio attained by a pipe consisting of a large number of periods are presented. The present study is the continuation of the previous study in the case of a two-dimensional channel Y. Sone et al., Phys. Fluids 8, 2227 (1996). It is found that although the induced one-way flow is stronger for the two-dimensional channel, the pumping effect is stronger for the circular pipe., Papers from Rarefied Gas Dynamics (RGD) 22nd International Symposium held in Sydney, Australia on 9-14 July 2000. See also ADM001341 for whole conference on cd-rom.

The structure of an infinitely strong shock wave (i.e., a shock wave with infinitely large upstream Mach number) is investigated on the basis of the Boltzmann equation. The velocity distribution function is expressed as a sum of a multiple of the Dirac delta function, centered at the upstream bulk velocity, and a remainder. Strong evidence that the remainder has a singularity in the molecular velocity space was provided by a previous Monte Carlo simulation for a hard-sphere gas Cercignani et a/., Phys. Fluids 11, 2757 (1999). Then, the singularity was confirmed and clarified with sufficient accuracy by a precise numerical analysis by means of a finite-difference method. More specifically, the equation for the remainder, which contains the linear collision term linearized around the delta function and the nonlinear collision term, is solved numerically for a hard-sphere gas after the nonlinear collision term is replaced by the BGK collision model. The present paper reports on the main result of this analysis., See Also ADM001341, Rarefied Gas Dynamics (RGD) 22nd International Symposium held in Sydney, Australia, 9-14 July 2000.

The problem of heat transfer and temperature distribution in a binary mixture of rarefied gases between two parallel plates with different temperatures is investigated on the basis of kinetic theory. Under the assumption that the gas molecules are hard spheres and undergo diffuse reflection on the plates, the Boltzmann equation is analyzed numerically by means of an accurate finite-difference method, in which the complicated nonlinear collision integrals are computed efficiently by the deterministic numerical kernel method. As a result, the overall quantities (the heat flow in the mixture, etc.) as well as the profiles of the macroscopic quantities (the molecular number densities of the individual components, the temperature of the total mixture, etc.) are obtained accurately for a wide range of the Knudsen number. At the same time, the behavior of the velocity distribution function is clarified with high accuracy., See Also AD-M001 341, Presented at the Rarefied Gas Dynamics (RGD) 22nd International Symposium held in Sydney, (Australia, 9-14 July 2000.

Numerical schemes for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations (CNSE) are constructed on the basis of the kinetic equation for the Chapman-Enskog NS distribution function the macroscopic variables of which satisfy the CNSE. It is clarified from this approach that the inclusion of the collision effect in the numerical flux improves the accuracy of the scheme. Then, a practically higher order scheme for the CNSE is derived and the existing first order Boltzmann scheme for the CNSE Chou S.Y. and Baganoff D., Journal of Comput. Phys. 130, 217-230 (1997) is recovered as its simplified version. The numerical computation is carried out for the CNSE derived from the BGK equation. Comparisons are made with the standard solutions for the CNSE, the results of Chou-Baganoff scheme, and the BGK solutions for small Knudsen numbers., See Also ADM001341, Rarefied Gas Dynamics (RGD) 22nd International Symposium held in Sydney, Australia, 9-14 July 2000.

Understanding the accumulation, conformation, and orientation of regulator peptides on lipid membranes is a key to the molecular mechanism and the quantitative prediction of receptor selection and reviews., This article is from 'Peptides. Chemistry and Biology: Proceedings of the American Peptide Symposium (12th) Held in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 16-21 June 1991', AD-A256 113, p168-170.

This article is from 'Peptides. Chemistry and Biology: Proceedings of the American Peptide Symposium (12th) Held in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 16-21 June 1991', AD-A256 113, p371-372.

This Article is from 'Peptides, Chemistry and Biology: Proceedings of the American Peptide Symposium (12th) Held in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 16-21 June 1991', AD-A256 113, p627-628.

There is great interest in nonlinear optical phenomena in a quantum well structure. Although there are various energy levels in the quantum well structure, most of nonlinear devices with the quantum well structure only utilize either interband or intraband electron transition. The interband transition is the transition from a valence band to a conduction band, and the intraband transition is the transition between the first and the second quantized energy levels in a conduction or a valence band. When we utilize both of the interband- and the intraband-transitions simultaneously, the freedom of the device synthesis is greatly increased, and light-controlled optical devices which are indispensable for the future optical signal processing and optical computing can be realized., This article is from 'OSA Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Nonlinear Guided-Wave Phenomena Held in 2-4 September 1991. Cambridge, England United Kingdom. Volume 15', AD-A253 471, p200-203.

The sol-gel method using lithium and boron-n-tributoxide as starting materials has been applied to prepare Li2B407 coating films on silica glass, silicon and sapphire single crystal substrates. The effects of the amounts of water and acid added to coating solutions, and the kinds of substrate on the crystallization of Li2B407 coating films wore fully investigated. It was found that a sufficient amount of water is required for, obtaining well-crystallized Li2B407 films of single phase, the addition of acids such as hydrochloric and acetic acids to the coating solution suppresses crystallization up to 600 degC and gives highly oriented Li2B407 single phase films on further heating at 800 degC., This articles is from 'Sol-Gel Optics: Proceedings SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering Held in San Diego, California on 11-13 July 1990. Volume 1328, AD-A249 986, p416-427.

High gain and very sensitive photonic switching device is developed by integrating directly and vertically a hetero-junction phototransistor and a laser diode. The device switches on with a very low input power of -10nW and emits output power of -4mW under continuous wave condition. The minimum switching energy is estimated to be as low as 8OfJ., This article is from 'OSA Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Photonic Switching Held in Salt Lake City, Utah on 6-8 March 1992. Volume 8,' AD-A253 026, p264 thru p267.

This paper describes a potential partial utilization of certain types of sludgy industrial waste, using a geotechnical engineering viewpoint. The primary objective is to investigate the potential for burning various industrial wastes combined with lime, in certain proportions, to produce a by-product having hardening characteristics similar to ordinary portland cement (OPC). The potential for using this new cement-like stabilizer (NCS) for stabilizing loam soil is then examined. It is found that the percentages of main cementitious compounds in NCS, except alite (C3S) compound, are higher than in OPC. The strength of soil increases about 2 to 10 times that of remolded unconfined compressive strength (i.e., 34.0 to 170.0 kN/M2 ) as the stabilizer content and curing time are increased. The by-product thus shows promise for use in stabilizing a loam soil for subgrade purposes. Results are discussed in relation to the contribution of ettringite in strength development., This article is from 'Managment of Bottom Sediments Containing Toxic Substances: Proceedings of the US/Japan Experts Meeting (14th) Held in Yokohama, Japan on 27 February-1 March 1990,' AD-A250 148, p191-206.

The developments in the integration of the SAW acousto-optic Bragg deflector of guided optical waves in the ZnO thin film on a Si substrate and Schottky diode photodetectors orl-the same Si substrate are reported. Thin film lens has been fabricated by making use of a gradual film thickness change, the refractive index dispersion of the fundamental mode on the film thickness, and the mode cut-off property of the higher order modes in the area of the concave shaped converging lens of the ZnO film. The guided optical waves SAW-Bragg deflected, mode selected and lens focused are detected by-the Schottky diode photo-detector Incorporated at the boundary between the ZnO film wave guide and the Si substrate. A couple of detectors are located one for deflected and the other for undeflected waves., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics (ISIF) (3rd) Held in Colorado Springs, Colorado on 3-5 April 1991,' AD-A253 000, p492-500.

An articulated frame steering tractor, of which construction was derived from that of a loader, consists of two parts. Those are a front part with a front axle and a rear part with a rear axle in the case of the wheeled tractor. When a steering handle rotates, the two parts bend with each other around a bending point by elongation and shortening of a hydraulic cylinder, of which both ends are respectively attached on each part. A bending angle reaches to about 38 degrees in right or left direction for a commercial articulated tractor (See reference)., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Conference on the Performance of Off-Road Vehicles and Machines (8th). Volume 2. Held at Cambridge, England on August 5-11, 1984,' AD-A148 635, p821-833.

Soil compaction is one of the most effective methods for soil stabilization and is performed in most earthworks of earth dams and road embankments, etc. However, because its quality control depends upon tests performed at only several points in the fields to estimate such factors as the dry density, water content and C.B.R., misjudgement can occur when judging the degree of soil compaction required., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Conference on the Performance of Off-Road Vehicles and Machines (8th). Volume 2. Held at Cambridge, England on August 5-11, 1984,' AD-A148 635, p691-705.

A frictional work of each tyre has been calculated by means of rigorous mathematical analysis and practical approximate method at cornering site. To estimate a wear life of each tyre, a relation between amount of wear and frictional work has been investigated for some period, and then another relation between residual depth of tread and operation time has been measured in-situ for several tyres of a capacity 45 tons heavy dump truck., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Conference on the Performance of Off-Road Vehicles and Machines (8th). Volume 3. Held at Cambridge England, on August 5-11, 1984,' AD-A150 653, p1089-1104.

Performances of prototype in soil-machine systems have been investigated and predicted by scale model data using similitude theory. However, a satisfactory prediction is not attained especially in common soil conditions where distortions occur, since present knowledge of soil-machine interactions is meager. The objective of this study is to investigate the usefulness or feasibility of an analog predicting torques on rotary blades which bring about a considerable high speed interaction. An analog prediction technique developed by Schafer et al. was used., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Conference on the Performance of Off-Road Vehicles and Machines (8th). Volume 2. Held at Cambridge, England on August 5-11,' 1984, AD-A148 635, p561-573.

This paper proposes a method of generating ternary majority functions which have been defined in the previous paper. The method is derived from the fact that the functional form of a ternary majority function is closely related to two binary threshold functions having common weights. All the representative ternary majority functions of four or less variables are tabulated. Finally, this paper shows that the total number of ternary majority functions of four variables is 40819. (Author), This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (13th) Held at Kyoto, Japan on May 23-25, 1983,' AD-A136 457, p84-91.

A complete axiomatic system which characterizes the preference relations (the relation of comparative desirability or comparative possibility in different cases) under Maximin (Minimax), Maximax), Bayesian, Probabilistic, Plausibilistic and Fuzzy theoretic evaluations is introduced. A set of these on preference relations is presented, and their validity is tested under the different systems. Based on these results, the commonalities and peculiarities of the preference relations are elucidated and a systematic way of identifying the underlying evaluation method of arbitrarily given preference data is constructed. (Author), This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (13th) Held at Kyoto, Japan on May 23-25, 1983,' AD-A136 457, p36-41.

For the shock-induced unsteady boundary layers over a flat plate installed in a shock tube, the effect of velocity profile, not of surface cooling and compressibility, on the transition into turbulence is estimated by using Wazzan's relation. The locus of the points of instability are drawn on the x-t diagram, where the lowering of instability points is found in the unsteady interaction region. The limiting case that the shock waves become weak correspond to that which the incompressible fluid starts to move impulsively. This flow is achieved in an intermittent liquid tunnel. And the transition of unsteady flat plate boundary layer is observed to take place earlier than the time predicted from the linearized theory., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Symposium on Shock Tubes and Waves (13th), Niagara Falls, July 6-9, 1981,' AD-A122 200.

English-Japanese machine translation requires a large amount of structural transformations in both grammatical and conceptual level. In order to make its control structure clearer and more understandable, this paper proposes a model based on Montague Grammar. Translation process is modeled as a data flow computation process. Formal description tools are developed and a prototype system is constructed. Various problems which arise in this modeling and their solutions are described. Results of experiments are shown and it is discussed how far initial goals are achieved., This article is from 'Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing Held at Santa Monica, California on 1-3 February 1983,' AD-A129 824.

A shock heated molecular beam (SHMB) is useful for study of the molecular reaction dynamics especially those including internally excited molecules. A time-of-flight (TOF) method to analyze the velocity distribution of the beam molecules can be used to determine their internal states by using the energy conservation and has been used for the conventional molecular beams., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Symposium on Shock Tubes and Waves (13th), Niagara Falls, July 6-9, 1981,' AD-A122 200.

Prepared in cooperation with Florida Univ., Gainesville. Center for Mathematical System Theory, Grants DAAG29-77-G-0225 and AFOSR-76-3034. See also Part 1, AD-A117 775.

Ultracentrifugal analysis of ribosomes has revealed that ribosomes extracted from guinea pig liver were dissociated through two intermediate components with 50 S and 60 S to a final stage, in which the large (47 S) and the small (32 S) subunit exist in a weight ratio of 2:1, similar to the E. coli ribosomes. From the molecular weight determination, it was suggested that, in the intermediate stage, the small subunit probably exists as a dimer, thus overlapping the sedimentation peak of the large subunit. Sedimentation analysis either by ultracentrifugation or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation has shown that the 50 S and the 60 S components are both composed of the large and the small subunit. It was found that the small subunit is released from the 50 S and 60 S component in the solution containing less than 1 - 2.5 x 10-5 M Mg ion, while in the solution containing more Mg ion, no such release was observed. The small and the large subunit were isolated in the presence of Mg and the association between the same and the different kind of ribosomal subunit was examined. These components, which were isolated by the sucrose density centrifugation, were observed by an electronmicroscope using shadow casting method. All the particles were spherical except the small subunit which appeared as a flattened disc. The observed diameters of these particles were clearly larger than those for the unhydrated spherical molecules calculated from their molecular weights but were smaller than those of hydrodynamically equivalent spheres calculated from the molecular weight and sedimentation coefficient.

By ESR spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurement, the ferromagnetic behavior of liver ribosome, ribosomal RNA and thymus DNA was studied. The results obtained strongly suggested that RNA and DNA of high molecular weight are ferromagnetic in themselves and hence they would be so even in the ribosomes or nuclei. Some studies on the brain microsomes were made. Using the method of isolating liver ribosome, it was found that brain ribosomes were also composed of 110s, 80s and 60s component. Electron microscopically, they appeared very similar to liver microsomes. Using ultracentrifugation in the density gradient of sucrose, subfractionation of brain homogenate was carried out. The mitochondrial as well as the microsome particles were found to contain some physiologically active substances such as ACh, SP, Nor and 5HT. Elec tronmicroscopical observations strongly suggested that these substances, which were assumed as a candidate of central transmitter hitherto, were normally present in the particles similar to the isolated nerve ending described by de Robertis school. The activity of these substances recovered in the microsomal fraction seems to be attributed to the microvesicles (i.e., synaptic vesicles) originated from the disrupted endings. According to their stainability with OsO4, these ending-like elements seem to be classified into two categories; cholinergic ones containing ACh and SP and non-cholinergic ones containing Nor and 5HT. The former is lighter and lightly stained with OsO4.

Japanese Journal of Genetics, Vol. 37, No. 3: 237-242, June 1962.