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Key message: CitCAT1 and CitCAT2 were cloned and highly expressed in mature leaves. High temperatures up-regulated CitCAT1 expression, while low temperatures and Diversispora versiformis up-regulated CitCAT2 expression, maintaining a low oxidative damage. Catalase (CAT), a tetrameric heme-containing enzyme, removes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to maintain low oxidative damage in plants exposed to environmental stress. This study aimed to clone CAT genes from Citrus sinensis cv. “Oita 4” and analyze their expression patterns in response to environmental stress, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation. Two CAT genes, CitCAT1 (NCBI accession: PP067858) and CitCAT2 (NCBI accession: PP061394) were cloned, and the open reading frames of their proteins were 1479 bp and 1539 bp, respectively, each encoding 492 and 512 amino acids predicted to be localized in the peroxisome, with CitCAT1 being a stable hydrophilic protein and CitCAT2 being an unstable hydrophilic protein. The similarity of their amino acid sequences reached 83.24%, and the two genes were distantly related. Both genes were expressed in stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, accompanied by the highest expression in mature leaves. In addition, CitCAT1 expression was mainly up-regulated by high temperatures (37 °C), exogenous ABA, and PEG stress within a short period of time, whereas CitCAT2 expression was up-regulated by exogenous ABA and low-temperature (4 °C) stress. Low temperatures (0 °C) for 12 h just up-regulated CitCAT2 expression in Diversispora versiformis-inoculated plants, and D. versiformis inoculation up-regulated CitCAT2 expression, along with lower hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels in mycorrhizal plants at low temperatures. It is concluded that CitCAT2 has an important role in resistance to low temperatures as well as mycorrhizal enhancement of host resistance to low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe current research trends in medical tourism and implications for public health, especially in destination countries.Methods: The methods used for this article include a literature review of available sources on the research topic in the world's acknowledged databases Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect.Results: The findings indicate that there is no consensus on the definition of medical tourism. However, there are a few conceptual models which can be used in further medical tourism research and practice. The findings also reveal that there are still certain issues, which hinder the fast growth of medical tourism, such as unclear impact on healthcare systems, ethical concerns or a lack of effective tools for the measurement of quality assurance of the medical tourism services and their products.Conclusions: There is a need for data collection on medical tourism, both at national and worldwide level to provide a realistic picture of this evolving field of tourism as well as implications for public health in destination countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxins are produced by bacteria, plants and animals for defense or for predation. Most of the toxins specifically affect the mammalian nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, and such toxins have the potential for misuse by the military or terrorist organizations. This review discusses the origin, structure, toxicity and symptoms, transmission, mechanism(s) of action, symptomatic treatment of the most important toxins and venoms derived from fungi, plants, marine animals, and microorganisms, along with their potential for use in bioweapons and/or biocrime. Fungal trichothecenes and aflatoxins are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis in most eukaryotes and have been used as biological warfare agents. Ricin and abrin are plant-derived toxins that prevent the elongation of polypeptide chains. Saxitoxin, anatoxin, and tetrodotoxin are marine-derived toxins that bind to sodium channels in nerve and muscle tissue and cause muscle paralysis. Most bacterial toxins, such as botulinum and Shiga affect either the nervous system (neurotoxins) or damage cell membranes. Batrachotoxins, which are secreted by poison-dart frogs are extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloids. The aim of this review is to provide basic information to enable further understanding of these toxins and their potential military uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad-spectrum reactivator is a valuable oxime able to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents and pesticides. At present there are many AChE reactivators (oximes) which are suitable candidates as broad-spectrum reactivators and among them is the oxime HI-6, highly enough thought of to have been recommended by many armies for use as a universal antidote. In this study, we wanted to establish whether the designation "broad-spectrum" is a an accurate description or if there are some lacks in reactivation of nerve agents or pesticides. For this purpose, the general in vitro test for the evaluation ofAChE reactivators was used. Tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, soman, VX agent, Russian VX were used as nerve agents for testing, and chiorpyrifos, paraoxon, methyl-chiorpyrifos and dichlorvos (DDVP) were used as typical examples of organophoshorus pesticides. The results obtained showed that oxime HI-6 did .not reactivate tabun- and DDVP-inhibited AChE, and, in the case of the other pesticides, only a high dose of oxime HI-6 was able to reactivate pesticide-inhibited AChE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on an optimization of acetylcholinesterase immobilization on screen printed platinum electrodes. An acetylcholinesterase layer cross linked by glutaraldehyde and another non cross linked were compared according to several parameters including background current, current before and current after inhibition by paraoxon. The percentage of inhibition was also calculated. The results obtained confirmed the importance of glutaraldehyde cross linking in the design of the acetylcholinesterase based biosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrolytic efficacy of foam-making blends on the basis of cationic and nonionic surfactants and hydrogen peroxide was tested against the organophosphate Fenitrothion. The length of alkyl chains in both classes of surfactants and their mutual ratios are not parameters which significantly influenced the reactivity of blends. On the other hand, an increase in the hydrogen peroxide concentration induced a significant increase in the velocity of hydrolysis of Fenitrothion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work in vitro evaluation of the reactivation potency of the newly synthesized reactivators for acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is described. Using this method, reactivation potency of 21 potential reactivators of AChE inhibited by the nerve agent sarin has been evaluated. We have confirmed the fact that currently the most promising AChE reactivator, HI-6, is the most effective reactivator of sarin-inhibited AChE. There are only three AChE reactivators—HI-6, TO033 and TO047—able to satisfactorily reactivate sarin-inhibited AChE at the concentration 10 -5 M, which is nontoxic for human use. On the other hand, there are 14 AChE reactivators, that are able to reactivate sarin-inhibited AChE at the concentration 10 -3 M. However, this concentration of reactivator is probably toxic for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the two rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods were developed for the determination of seven homologues of benzalkonium bromide in hospital disinfectants. The first one uses column Purospher RP- I 8e and mixture of methanol-acetic acid and lithium perchlorate-octanesuiphonic acid aqueous solution as a mobile phase; the second method is performed on Waters Spherisorb Cyano column, and mobile phase consists of acetonitrile-acetate buffer. Both techniques use UV detection at 263 nm. The time of analysis is shorter than 15 mm, and limits of detection are bellow 0.005 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It was shown that intoxications with GF-agent are rather resistant to convential oxime therapy; therefore, the development of new oximes in an effort to improve this unsatisfactory situation continues. Upon screening in vitro reactivation test for oximes, that were either newly synthesized at our department, or those that have never been tested for reactivation of GF-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), three oximes {(1,4-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)butane dibromide) (K033); (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(3-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HS-6); and (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide) (BI-6)} with the highest reactivation potency were chosen for in vivo testing in our study. 1,3-Bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dibromide) (obidoxime); (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HI-6); and (1,1-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-methane dibromide) (methoxime) were chosen for comparison as a standard antidotal treatment. All the oximes were applied at the same proportion of their LD50 value (5%), and because of the different acute toxicity of the oximes, the molar concentrations of their solutions for intramuscular (i.m.) administration were considerably different. The highest therapeutic ratio was achieved for therapeutic regimen consisting of HI-6 and atropine. The significantly (P < 0.05) lowest effectivity in treatment of supralethal GF-agent poisoning in comparison with all the other therapeutic regimens, was surprisingly observed for methoxime. HS-6, K033 and BI-6 as well as obidoxime were comparably effective antidotes against GF-agent intoxication and their therapeutic ratios were similar. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A comparison of one mono- and seven bisquaternary acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by VX agent was performed. As a source of the acetylcholinesterase, a rat brain homogenate was taken. There were significant differences in reactivation potency of all tested oximes. The oxime TO205 seems to be the most efficacious followed by TO046, HI-6, HS-6, K027, obidoxime, MMC and 2-PAM. In addition, the results of this study showed that the reactivation potency of the tested reactivators depends on many factors - such as the number of pyridinium rings, the number of oxime groups and their position, as well as the length and the shape of linkage bridge between two pyridinium rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Dietary fibres and high fibre‐containing foods have been a huge attraction among researchers and nutraceutical industries due to their health‐promoting benefits. From Greek and Roman times, edible mushrooms are considered the 'elixir of life' and are often stated as a new source of dietary fibre. Containing rich sources of essential amino acids and polysaccharides, mushrooms are viewed as an advantage over protein sources of both animal and plant origin. Additionally, the ability of mushrooms to grow under controlled conditions and attain high yield in a short span has made this added‐value food of extreme interest. Nowadays, mushrooms and their by‐products have been used to fortify various food products as well as for use in animal feed owing to their bioactive, therapeutic and nutritional value. Hence, this review intends to highlight the current knowledge on edible mushrooms and their waste for food and feed enrichment and nutritional purposes, along with their role in human and animal diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the mining industry and the overuse of inorganic fertilizers have led to an excess of manganese (Mn) in the soil, thereby, contaminating the soil environment and people's health. On heavy metal-contaminated soils, the combined arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-phytoremediation technique becomes a hotspot because of its environmentally friendly, in situ remediation. AMF inoculation often leads to a decrease in host Mn acquisition, which provides a basis for its application in phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Moreover, the utilization value of native AMF is greater than that of exotic AMF, because native AMF can adapt better to Mn-contaminated soils. In addition to the fact that AMF enhance plant Mn tolerance responses such as regionalization, organic matter chelation, limiting uptake and efflux, and so on, AMF also develop plant-independent fungal pathways such as direct biosorption of Mn by mycorrhizal hyphae, fungal Mn transporter genes, and sequestration of Mn by mycorrhizal hyphae, glomalin, and arbuscule-containing root cortical cells, which together mitigate excessive Mn toxicity to plants. Clarifying AMF-plant interactions under Mn stress will provide support for utilizing AMF as a phytoremediation in Mn-contaminated soils. The review reveals in detail how AMF develop its own mechanisms for responding to excess Mn and how AMF enhance plant Mn tolerance, accompanied by perspectives for future research. [Display omitted] • AMF inoculation diversely affects host Mn levels, dominated by reduced Mn uptake. • Mn-contaminated soils reduce AMF diversity, along with Glomus as the dominant genus and native AMF more tolerant. • AMF enhances plant Mn tolerance such as regionalization and chelation. • AMF hyphae have direct biosorption and sequestration of Mn. • Fungal Mn transporters, glomalin, and arbuscule-contained cortical cells mitigate Mn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intake of microbial-contaminated food poses severe health issues due to the outbreaks of stern food-borne diseases. Therefore, there is a need for precise detection and identification of pathogenic microbes and toxins in food to prevent these concerns. Thus, understanding the concept of biosensing has enabled researchers to develop nanobiosensors with different nanomaterials and composites to improve the sensitivity as well as the specificity of pathogen detection. The application of nanomaterials has enabled researchers to use advanced technologies in biosensors for the transfer of signals to enhance their efficiency and sensitivity. Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, magnetic and gold, dendrimers, graphene nanomaterials and quantum dots are predominantly used for developing biosensors with improved specificity and sensitivity of detection due to their exclusive chemical, magnetic, mechanical, optical and physical properties. All nanoparticles and new composites used in biosensors need to be classified and categorized for their enhanced performance, quick detection, and unobtrusive and effective use in foodborne analysis. Hence, this review intends to summarize the different sensing methods used in foodborne pathogen detection, their design, working principle and advances in sensing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of a new asymmetric bisquaternary reactivator of tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase-1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium) butane dibromide is described. Reactivation potency of this oxime is compared to the currently used reactivators—pralidoxime, obidoxime and H-oxime HI-6. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two methods for the synthesis of a new unsymmetric bispyridinium oxime-1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(carbamoylpyridinium)propane dibromide are described. In vitro efficacy of this new oxime to reactivate sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase has been evaluated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

K-oximes were developed as modern drug candidates acting as AChE reactivators. In this study, it has been investigated which interspecies and intergender differences changes could be observed in Wistar rats and Swiss mice, both genders, after the treatment with increasing doses of selected acetylcholinesterase reactivators - asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, and K075. After the 24 h, a number of died animals was counted and the median lethal dose (LD 50) for each oxime was calculated. By using the intramuscular route of administration, asoxime and K027 had the least toxicity in female rats (640.21 mg/kg and 686.08 mg/kg), and in female mice (565.75 mg/kg and 565.74 mg/kg), respectively. Moreover, asoxime and K027 showed 3, 4 or 8 times less acute toxicity in comparison to K048, obidoxime and K075, respectively. Beyond, K075 had the greatest toxicity in male rats (81.53 mg/kg), and in male mice (57.34 mg/kg), respectively. Our results can help to predict likely adverse toxic effects, target organ systems and possible outcome in the event of massive human overexposure, and in establishing risk categories or in dose selection for the initial repeated dose toxicity tests to be conducted for each oxime. • Asoxime and K027 had the least acute toxicity in female rats, and in female mice. • K075 had the greatest acute toxicity in male rats, and in male mice. • Asoxime and K027 had 3, 4 and 8 times less LD 50 than K048, obidoxime and K075. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nerve agents (NA) pose as a great risk in the modern world. NA from the V-series, such as VX, are currently recognized as the most toxic among those compounds. However, the emergence of new classes of toxicants recently included in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), such as the A-series NA, a class of organophosphorus compounds related to phosphoramidates, pose a new source of concern due to the lack of information. In order advance in the investigation on the toxicity of such toxic chemicals, we performed in vitro studies to compare representatives of the V- and A-series using affordable surrogates. Results suggest a similar inhibition potency between both agents. • Nerve agents are a great concern in the modern world. • V-series nerve agents are the most toxic organophosphorus compounds known. • There are insufficient data on A-series nerve agents. • Preliminary in vitro study comparing of V- an A-series' surrogates were performed. • Toxicity of V- an A-series' surrogates were comparable under assays' conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics consumption has been associated with various health promoting benefits, including disease prevention and even treatment by modulating gut microbiota. Contrary to this, probiotics may also overstimulate the immune system, trigger systemic infections, harmful metabolic activities, and promote gene transfer. in children, the fragile immune system and impaired intestinal barrier may boost the occurrence of adverse effects following probiotics' consumption. To overcome these health challenges, the key focus has been shifted toward non-viable probiotics, also called paraprobiotics. Cell wall polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, surface proteins and teichoic acid present on cell's surface are involved in the interaction of paraprobiotics with the host, ultimately providing health benefits. Among other benefits, paraprobiotics possess the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immunity, exert anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and antagonistic effects against pathogens, while also enhance clinical impact and general safety when administered in children in comparison to probiotics. Clinical evidence have underlined the paraprobiotics impact in children and young infants against atopic dermatitis, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, in addition to be useful for immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this review focuses on probiotics-related issues in children's health and also discusses the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. qualities for qualifying as paraprobiotics and their role in promoting the children's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T-2 toxin is a worldwide problem for feed and food safety, leading to livestock and human health risks. The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced small intestine injury in broilers by integrating the advanced microbiomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic technologies. Four groups of 1-day-old male broilers (n = 4 cages/group, 6 birds/cage) were fed a control diet and control diet supplemented with T-2 toxin at 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg, respectively, for 2 weeks. Compared with the control, dietary T-2 toxin reduced feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and the apparent metabolic rates and induced histopathological lesions in the small intestine to varying degrees by different doses. Furthermore, the T-2 toxin decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and total antioxidant capacity but increased the concentrations of protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde in the duodenum in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the integrated microbiomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the microbes, metabolites, and transcripts were primarily involved in the regulation of nucleotide and glycerophospholipid metabolism, redox homeostasis, inflammation, and apoptosis were related to the T-2 toxin-induced intestinal damage. In summary, the present study systematically elucidated the intestinal toxic mechanisms of T-2 toxin, which provides novel ideas to develop a detoxification strategy for T-2 toxin in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a positive effect on drought tolerance of plants after establishing reciprocal resymbiosis with roots, while the underlying mechanism is not deciphered. Metabolomics can explain the mechanism of plant response to environmental stress by analyzing the changes of all small molecular weight metabolites. The purpose of this study was to use Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer to analyze changes in root metabolites of walnut (Juglans regia) after inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Diversispora spurca under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS). Results: Sixty days of soil drought significantly inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization rate, shoot and root biomass production, and leaf water potential in walnut, while AMF inoculation significantly increased biomass production and leaf water potential, accompanied by a higher increase magnitude under DS versus under WW. A total of 3278 metabolites were identified. Under WW, AMF inoculation up-regulated 172 metabolites and down-regulated 61 metabolites, along with no changes in 1104 metabolites. However, under DS, AMF inoculation up-regulated 49 metabolites and down-regulated 116 metabolites, coupled with no changes in 1172 metabolites. Among them, juglone (a quinone found in walnuts) as the first ranked differential metabolite was up-regulated by AMF under WW but not under DS; 2,3,5-trihydroxy-5–7-dimethoxyflavanone as the first ranked differential metabolite was increased by AMF under DS but not under WW. The KEGG annotation showed a large number of metabolic pathways triggered by AMF, accompanied by different metabolic pathways under WW and DS. Among them, oxidative phosphorylation and phenylalanine metabolism and biosynthesis were triggered by AMF in response to WW and DS, where N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine was induced by AMF to increase under DS, while decreasing under WW. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the metabolic mechanisms of mycorrhiza-enhanced drought tolerance in walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a positive effect on drought tolerance of plants after establishing reciprocal resymbiosis with roots, while the underlying mechanism is not deciphered. Metabolomics can explain the mechanism of plant response to environmental stress by analyzing the changes of all small molecular weight metabolites. The purpose of this study was to use Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer to analyze changes in root metabolites of walnut (Juglans regia) after inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Diversispora spurca under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS). Results: Sixty days of soil drought significantly inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization rate, shoot and root biomass production, and leaf water potential in walnut, while AMF inoculation significantly increased biomass production and leaf water potential, accompanied by a higher increase magnitude under DS versus under WW. A total of 3278 metabolites were identified. Under WW, AMF inoculation up-regulated 172 metabolites and down-regulated 61 metabolites, along with no changes in 1104 metabolites. However, under DS, AMF inoculation up-regulated 49 metabolites and down-regulated 116 metabolites, coupled with no changes in 1172 metabolites. Among them, juglone (a quinone found in walnuts) as the first ranked differential metabolite was up-regulated by AMF under WW but not under DS; 2,3,5-trihydroxy-5–7-dimethoxyflavanone as the first ranked differential metabolite was increased by AMF under DS but not under WW. The KEGG annotation showed a large number of metabolic pathways triggered by AMF, accompanied by different metabolic pathways under WW and DS. Among them, oxidative phosphorylation and phenylalanine metabolism and biosynthesis were triggered by AMF in response to WW and DS, where N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine was induced by AMF to increase under DS, while decreasing under WW. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the metabolic mechanisms of mycorrhiza-enhanced drought tolerance in walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are popular in different research fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties and superior antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, larvicidal, and catalytic potentials. Although conventional wet methods like colloidal synthesis, calcination, and spark ablation for synthesizing MNPs are effective, their synthesis uses an array of reducing and stabilizing agents and gases, making the process tedious. Additionally, metal nanoparticles induce oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS), showing high toxicity. Research and development in green chemistry have gained momentum and massive attention because of being efficient, clean, economical, environment-friendly, and free of hazardous byproducts. Recently, seed extracts in-lieu of chemical stabilizers and reducing agents have become popular because of the single-step green synthesis of MNPs. Seeds provide the researchers with a cost-effective alternate to other biological methods due to low maintenance costs, culture/growth independence for biomass, and diversity of phytochemicals as reducing and capping agents. Thus, effective green synthesis approaches are considered sustainable for MNP synthesis. This review depicts the literature on the challenges associated with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and discusses their synthesis using seed extracts. The application section of the review discusses the antimicrobial, anticancer, and larvicidal activities of seed extracted-synthesized metallic nanoparticles. Furthermore, insights into the different biological potentials of the synthesized green MNPs have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The misuse of novichok agents in assassination attempts has been reported in the international media since 2018. These relatively new class of neurotoxic agents is claimed to be more toxic than the agents of the G and V series and so far, there is no report yet in literature about potential antidotes against them. To shed some light into this issue, we report here the design and synthesis of NTMGMP, a surrogate of A-242 and also the first surrogate of a novichok agent useful for experimental evaluation of antidotes. Furthermore, the efficiency of the current commercial oximes to reactivate NTMGMP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated. The Ellman test was used to confirm the complete inhibition of AChE, and to compare the subsequent rates of reactivation in vitro as well as to evaluate aging. In parallel, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies were performed on a computational model of the human AChE (HssAChE)/NTMGMP complex to assess the reactivation performances of the commercial oximes in silico. Experimental and theoretical studies matched the exact hierarchy of efficiency and pointed to trimedoxime as the most promising commercial oxime for reactivation of AChE inhibited by A-242. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a progressive, unalterable physiological degradation process of living organisms, which leads to deterioration of biological function and eventually to senescence. The most prevalent factor responsible for aging is the accumulation of damages resulting from oxidative stress and dysbiosis. D-galactose-induced aging has become a hot topic, and extensive research is being conducted in this area. Published literature has reported that the continuous administration of D-galactose leads to the deterioration of motor and cognitive skills, resembling symptoms of aging. Hence, this procedure is employed as a model for accelerated aging. This review aims to emphasize the effect of D-galactose on various bodily organs and underline the role of the Lactobacillus sp. in the aging process, along with its anti-oxidative potential. A critical consideration to the literature describing animal models that have used the Lactobacillus sp. in amending D-galactose-induced aging is also given. Key points: • D-Galactose induces the aging process via decreasing the respiratory chain enzyme activity as well as ATP synthesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased ROS production. • D-Galactose induced aging primarily affects the brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and skin. • The anti-oxidative potential of Lactobacillus sp. in improving D-galactose-induced aging in animal models via direct feeding and feeding of Lactobacillus-fermented food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing pollution of ecosystems by both biological and non-biological contaminants has recently fostered the rapid development of biosensors, thus opening a new investigation area in analytical sciences. Here, we review the applications of immunosensors in food safety, human health, environmental sciences, water pollution, and agriculture. We present the analysis of cancer markers, pathogens, antigens, antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, allergens, hormones, and phytohormones. Immunosensors comprise electrochemical, microgravimetric, optical, and thermometric immunosensors. Immunosensors have advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, antibody-based biosensors have outperformed traditional methods in identifying and analysing various compounds. Immunosensors are able to detect compounds at nanomolar to picomolar levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative amperometric immunosensor has been developed to detect antibiotic colistin from the chicken liver. Colistin is a antibacterial peptide that has been barred for human consumption, but it is being commonly used as a veterinary drug, and as a feed additive for livestock. In the present work, an immunosensor was developed by immobilizing an anti-colistin Ab onto the CNF/AuNPs surface of the screen-printed electrode. The sensor records electrochemical response in the chicken liver spiked with colistin with CV. Additionally, the characterization of electrode surface was done with FE-SEM, FTIR, and EIS at each step of fabrication. The lower LOD was 0.89 μgKg−1, with a R2 of 0.901 using CV. Further validation of the immunosensor was conducted using commercial chicken liver samples, by comparing the results to those obtained using traditional methods. The fabricated immunosensor showed high specificity towards colistin, which remained stable for 6 months but with a 13% loss in the initial CV current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth and root exudate compositions and contents, soil and root phosphatase activity, soil glomalin concentrations, and thus soil aggregate stability and distribution in trifoliate orange under well-watered (75% of maximum water holding capacity) and drought stress (55% of maximum water holding capacity) conditions. After eight weeks of drought treatment, mycorrhizal fungal inoculation improved plant growth and exhibited altered composition of root exudates than non-inoculated treatment. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation dramatically increased the relative abundance of phenolics (e.g., 2 H,8 H-Benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b'] dipyran-2-one,8,8-dimethyl), terpenoids (e.g., geijerene), and acids (n-hexadecanoic acid), while notably reduced the relative abundance of alkanes (e.g., tridecane, 2-methyl-), esters (e.g., hexanedioic acid and dimethyl ester), and amides (e.g.,13-docosenamide) in root exudates. Mycorrhizal fungal colonization profoundly increased easily extractable and total glomalin-related soil protein levels under two soil water regimes, which cemented soil macroaggregate (2–4 mm size) formation, thereby, improving soil aggregate stability. Mycorrhizal fungal-inoculated plants represented higher soil acid, alkaline and total phosphatase activities, irrespective of well-watered and drought treatment. The results suggest that mycorrhizal plants had improved root microenvironment to mitigate drought damage through changes in root exudate components along with glomalin, phosphatase, and soil aggregate stability in the mycorrhizosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh fruit and vegetables are highly utilized commodities by health-conscious consumers and represent a prominent segment in the functional and nutritional food sector. However, food processing is causing significant loss of nutritional components, and the generation of waste is creating serious economic and environmental problems. Fruit and vegetables encompass husk, peels, pods, pomace, seeds, and stems, which are usually discarded, despite being known to contain potentially beneficial compounds, such as carotenoids, dietary fibers, enzymes, and polyphenols. The emerging interest in the food industry in the nutritional and biofunctional constituents of polyphenols has prompted the utilization of fruit and vegetable waste for developing enriched and functional foods, with applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the utilization of waste for developing diverse and crucial bioactive commodities is a fundamental step in sustainable development. Furthermore, it provides evidence regarding the applicability of fruit and vegetable waste in different food formulations especially bakery, jam, and meat based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine seeds are considered as nonwood forest products (NWFP) with regularly increasing market's demand. They can be eaten in various ways such as roasted or raw. In addition, they are included in various traditional dishes like in cookies, sauces, candies, cakes, breads, and other bakery items and, moreover, for medicinal purposes. GC-MS study is performed to analyze the phytochemical compounds present in the seed extracts of Pinus roxburghii (Chir) and Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza). In total, 25 compounds were identified each in Chir and Chilgoza. In Chir seeds, abundantly present compounds were 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (16.6%), followed by ç-Terpinene (9.9%) and cyclohexanol, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, (1à,3à,4á) (9.8%), whereas in Chilgoza seeds, the maximum amount of compound was 1-hexyl-1-nitrocyclohexane (17.3%), followed by phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (15.4%), and heptadecane, 2-methyl (8.4%). The total phenolic content of Chir seed sample was 1536 ± 4.35 (mg GAE/100 g), whereas in the Chilgoza seed extract was 642.66 ± 2.08 (mg GAE/100 g). The application of RP-HPLC-DAD system revealed that Chir and Chilgoza seeds have maximum quantity of catechin (15.77 ± 0.16 μg/mg and 17.49 ± 0.32 μg/mg, respectively). Both Chir and Chilgoza seed extracts exhibited significant antioxidant (radical scavenging) potential, through H2O2 (618.94 ± 21.45 μg/mL and 575.16 ± 19.88 μg/mL) and DPPH (552.60 ± 13.03 μg/mL and 429.15 ± 3.80 μg/mL) assays, respectively. Additionally, a well-known antibacterial potential was also found in both plants' dichloromethane extracts, with 64 to 256 μg/mL of minimum inhibitory concentrations. As a whole, result shows the importance of both plants as a naturally occurring phytochemical source with significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inability of standard therapy to provide adequate protection against poisoning by organophosphorus compounds (pesticides and nerve agents) motivated us to search for new, more effective oximes. We investigated the pharmacotoxicological properties of six experimental K-oximes (K027, K033, K048, K074, K075, and K203) in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of K-oximes (at doses of 5 or 25 % of their LD50) combined with atropine was assessed in paraoxon-poisoned mice and compared with conventionally used oximes HI-6 and TMB-4. The bisoxime K074 was the most toxic (LD50=21.4 mg kg-1) to mice, while monoxime K027 was the least toxic (LD50=672.8 mg kg-1). With the exception of K033, all of the tested K-oximes showed better therapeutic efficiency than HI-6 and TMB-4. K027 and K048 stood out by demonstrating low acute toxicities and ensuring protective indices ranging from 60.0 to 100.0 LD50 of paraoxon. Taking into account that these two oximes showed a similar therapeutic efficacy regardless of the applied doses, our results suggest that K027 and K048 could be antidotes for paraoxon intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a group B trichothecene and a common contaminant of crops worldwide. This toxin is known to cause a spectrum of diseases in animals and humans such as vomiting and gastroenteritis. Importantly, DON could inhibit the synthesis of protein and nucleonic acid and induce cell apoptosis in eukaryote cells. The transduction of signaling pathways is involved in the underlying mechanism of the cytotoxicity of DON. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription seem to be two important signaling pathways and induce the inflammatory response by modulating the binding activates of specific transcription factors. This review mainly discussed the toxic mechanism of DON from the vantage point of signaling pathways and also assessed the profiles of DON and its metabolites in humans. Importantly, we conducted a human exposure risk assessment of DON from cereals, cereal-based foods, vegetables, water, and animal-derived foods in different countries. Some regular patterns of DON occurrence in these countries are suggested based on an analysis of global contamination with DON. This review should provide further insight for the toxic mechanism study of DON and human exposure risk assessment, thereby facilitating mycotoxin control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are potent hepatocarcinogen in animal models and suspected carcinogen in humans. The most important aflatoxin in terms of toxic potency and occurrence is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this review, we mainly summarized the key metabolizing enzymes of AFB1 in animals and humans. Moreover, the interindividual and the interspecies differences in AFB1 metabolism are highly concerned. In human liver, CYP3A4 plays an important role in biotransforming AFB1 to the toxic product AFB1-8,9-epoxide. In human lung, CYP2A13 has a significant activity in metabolizing AFB1 to AFB1-8,9-epoxide and AFM1-8,9-epoxide. The epoxide of AFB1-8,9-epoxide could conjugate with glutathione to reduce the toxicity by glutathione-S-transferase (GST). In poultry species, CYP2A6, CYP3A37, CYP1A5, and CYP1A1 are responsible for bioactivation of AFB1. There are interindividual variations in the rate of activation of aflatoxins in various species, and there are also differences between children and adults. The age and living regions are important factors affecting resistance of species to AFB1. The rate of AFB1-8,9-epoxide formation and its conjugation with glutathione are key parameters in interspecies and interindividual differences in sensitivity to the toxic effect of AFB1. This review provides an important information for key metabolizing enzymes and the global metabolism of aflatoxins in different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial organisms in the soil and play an important role in improving soil fertility and plant growth. The objective of this study was to analyze the response of single versus dual inoculation of earthworms (Pheretima guillelmi) and AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) on mycorrhizal growth, root morphology, and rhizosphere properties of white clover (Trifolium repens). Addition of earthworms significantly increased the degree of root AMF colonization, while decreased hyphal length and spore number in the soil. Single or dual inoculation of F. mosseae and P. guillelmi significantly increased root traits (total length, area, volume, and average diameter), soil phosphatase activities (acid, neutral, and alkaline), easily extractable and total glomalin-related soil protein content, the percentage of soil water-stable aggregates at the size of 2–4 mm, 1–2 mm and 0.5–1 mm, aggregate stability, Bray-P, and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents. Among them, the dual inoculation further amplified the effect on glomalin production, phosphatase activity, and aggregate stability, but did not show a superposition effect on root improvement, Bray-P, and SOC. Our study, hence, suggested that AMF and earthworms have synergistic roles in elevating rhizosphere properties vis-à-vis agronomic responses of white clover. • Effects of earthworm-AMF (singly and in combination) on rhizosphere environment and crop response were studied. • Earthworms increased root AMF colonization, but reduced hyphae and spores in soils. • AMF or earthworms singly improved root traits, Bray-P, and soil organic carbon contents, but dual application of AMF and earthworms did not show a major effect than single application. • Single AMF or earthworms increased aggregation, phosphatase, GRSP, and dual addition amplified these responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circadian rhythm of plants is associated with stress responses; however, it is not clear whether increased host plant drought tolerance by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is associated with changes in the circadian clock. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of Funneliformis mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Schüßler & Walker on the circadian clock gene expression patterns in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) along with gas exchange, abscisic acid (ABA) levels and antioxidant enzyme gene expression under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) conditions. Plant growth, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and ABA levels were significantly higher in AMF- than in non-AMF-inoculated plants regardless of soil water regimes. Six circadian clock genes, including PtPRR7 , PtLHY , PtCCA1 , PtGI , PtPIF3 and PtSRR1 , were identified and showed rhythmic expression patterns over the course of the day. The AMF inoculation reduced the expression of most circadian clock genes in different time periods. However, AMF treatment significantly increased PtPRR7 and PtGI expression at 5:00 p.m. under WW and DS conditions, PtLHY expression at 1:00 a.m. and PtSRR1 expression at 9:00 p.m. At 1:00 a.m. AMF inoculation up-regulated the expression of the circadian clock genes PtPRR7 , PtCCA1 , PtLHY and PtPIF3 and the antioxidant enzyme genes PtFe-SOD , PtMn-SOD , PtCu/Zn-SOD , PtPOD and PtCAT1. Correlation analysis revealed that these changes in circadian clock gene expression were associated with antioxidant enzyme gene expression, root ABA and gas exchange. We concluded that mycorrhizal fungi have the ability to regulate the daily rhythm of the circadian clock in trifoliate orange plants in response to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The neuroprotective effects of a novel oxime KR-22934, the oxime K203 and obidoxime in combination with atropine in rats poisoned with tabun at a sublethal dose (200 μg/kg i.m.; 80% LD 50 ) were studied. The tabun-induced neurotoxicity was monitored at 24 h following tabun challenge using a functional observational battery and an automatic measurement of motor activity. The results indicate that all tabun-poisoned rats treated with oximes in combination with atropine were able to survive within 24 h following tabun poisoning. One tabun-poisoned rat without antidotal treatment died within 24 h. The oximes KR-22934 and K203 combined with atropine showed a similar potency to decrease tabun-induced neurotoxicity at 24 h after tabun administration while the neuroprotective efficacy of obidoxime was slightly higher. However, no oxime was able to eliminate tabun-induced neurotoxicity completely. When atropine was administered alone, negligible neuroprotective efficacy was observed. Based on the results, a novel oxime KR-22934 did not bring any improvement of the neuroprotective efficacy of antidotal treatment of acute tabun poisonings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chromatographic behavior was studied of a series of potential acetylcholinesterase reactivators, pyridinium oximes, bearing linear aliphatic chains of the length of the aliphatic bridge from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, on a pentafluorophenyl-modified stationary phase. The retention mechanisms and the dependence of the capacity factor on mobile phase composition, aliphatic chain bridge length and calculated log P were evaluated and discussed in detail. The separation of the studied oximes was found to be driven by hydrophobic interactions when a lower content of organic modifier was used in mobile phase; however, the ion-exchange mechanism was the leading one when a large portion of organic modifier was used. In addition, the lipophilicity was found to be a driving mechanism of the separation of oximes bearing a connecting chain of the length of 6–12 carbon atoms, whereas the retention of oximes with shorter connecting chains was significantly influenced by other separation mechanisms such as aromatic or π–π interaction. These results can be useful for the development of new, efficient acetylcholinesterase reactivators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus poisoning caused by some pesticides and nerve agents is a life-threating condition that must be swiftly addressed to avoid casualties. Despite the availability of medical countermeasures, the clinically available compounds lack a broad spectrum, are not effective towards all organophosphorus toxins, and have poor pharmacokinetics properties to allow them crossing the blood-brain barrier, hampering cholinesterase reactivation at the central nervous system. In this work, we designed and synthesised novel isatin derivatives, linked to a pyridinium 4-oxime moiety by an alkyl chain with improved calculated properties, and tested their reactivation potency against paraoxon- and NEMP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in comparison to the standard antidote pralidoxime. Our results showed that these compounds displayed comparable in vitro reactivation also pointed by the in silico studies, suggesting that they are promising compounds to tackle organophosphorus poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A toxic effect of highly toxic nervous agents is irreversible inhibition of vitally important enzyme acethylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of AChE results in accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at the synaptic cleft of the cholinergic neurons, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. The highly toxic nature of tabun has been known for many years, but there are still serious limitations to the antidotal therapy. In this paper a bispyridinium compound K027 [1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(-4-carbamoylpyridinium) propane dibromide] was tested as potential antidote in tabun poisoned mice. Oxime TMB-4 was included for comparison. The therapeutic efficacy of applied antidotal regimens was tested as pretreatment given 15min before tabun poisoning and/or as therapy given 1min after tabun poisoning. Using oxime K027 (25% of its LD50) plus atropine as both, pretreatment and therapy, we showed that this combination can protect mice 8 times better than the therapy alone. Under these experimental conditions we confirmed good antidotal efficacy of K027. Moreover, its low acute toxicity is as much as beneficial effect in contrast to high toxicity of currently used TMB-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment tested the reactivity of the cationic surfactant Resamin AE [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-4-oxa(C14÷22-alkyl))-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride] with organophosphonate soman. It was confirmed that soman is incorporated in the micelle of Resamin AE and that the hydroxyl group or Resamin AE supports the hydrolysis of this organophosphonate. A further increase in reactivity was achieved by the addition of hydrogen peroxide into the reaction mixture. In contrast, if the concentration of neutral salts was increased, a decrease in the velocity of the hydrolysis was obtained. The hydrolytic efficacy of Resamin AE was also compared with that of hexadecyldimethyl- (2-hydroxyethyl)-ammonium bromide. Resamin AE appeared to be a more efficacious hydrolytic agent than other similar compounds due to its advantageous chemical structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyridinium oxime therapy for treatment of organophosphate poisoning is a well established, but not sufficient method. Recent trends also focus on prophylaxis as a way of preventing even the entrance of organophosphates into the nervous system. One of the possible prophylactic methods is increasing the concentration of butyrylcholinesterase in the blood with the simultaneous administration of butyrylcholinesterase reactivators, when the enzyme is continuously reactivated by oxime. This article summarizes and sets forth the structural differences between butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, essential for the future design of butyrylcholinesterase reactivators. Butyrylcholinesterase lacks the reactivator aromatic binding pocket found in acetylcholinesterase, which is itself a part of the acetylcholinesterase peripheral anionic site. This difference finally renders the current acetylcholinesterase reactivators, when used in butyrylcholinesterase, non-functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrinin is a toxic product of secondary metabolism of fungi, such as certain Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus species that are usually contaminating cereals. A new sensitive liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection was developed, validated, and applied for citrinin determination. The method is based on reversed-phase separation at pH 2.5, where citrinin exhibits the highest fluorescence quantum yield. In this setup, no derivatization step is needed. The method shows linearity in the range between 0.2 μg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL. The detection limit reached is 90 ng/mL (3.6 × 10-7 M). Validated method was successfully applied on analysis of spiked and real cereal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorption isotherms were estimated for two model organophosphorus pesticides - methamidophos and paraoxon-ethyl - and four typical Central European soils endangered by these pesticides: haplic Chernozems, Cambisols, Luvisols, and Fluvisols. A photometric microplate assay based on the recognition capability of the enzyme acetyicholinesterase toward organophosphorous pesticides was used for the construction of sorption isotherms. The sorption capacity of each soil was then determined and it was found that the soils with the highest content of humic acid (haplic Chemozems and haplic Luvisols) sorbed pesticides most. Pesticides in concentrations over the sorption capacity were easily removed from soil by water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this in vitro study, using the HPLC method, we determined the ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators, used clinically, to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We evaluated pralidoxime, HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime and methoxime - reactivators varying in the position of the oxime group on the pyridinium ring and linker connecting the pyridinium rings. Our results indicated that pralidoxime, a monoquaternary AChE reactivator, was the oxime with the most penetration. Molecular weight seems to be the most important factor for passive transport through the BBB. From the structural perspective, the connecting linker also plays a key role in the ability of the reactivators to penetrate the CNS. In this case, the simple and short linker is favorable for permeation of these compounds. The location of the oxime group on the pyridine ring may also influence passive transport into the brain; the best position of the oxime group seems to be position four. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bimolecular rate constants (ka) of inhibition were determined for cholinesterase in rat blood in vivo and three nerve agents in vitro. They were in the range of 105-106 M·min-1 with the highest value for VX (ka = 8.92 x 106), the next highest for soman (ka = 3.22 x 106) and the lowest for sarin (ka = 0.39 x 106), respectively. The inhibition rate is the same in vitro and in vivo; when the real inhibition in vivo and in vitro is compared, it is possible to assess the concentration of the nerve agent present in the blood stream. When administered intramuscularly it is about 70% of the dose administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of planar Ni(II) dithiolenes derived of maleonitriledithiol (mnt), benzene-1,2-dithiol (bdt) and toluene-3,4-dithiol (tdt) with bidentate P,P-ligands (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppp=1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, dppb=1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, dpppn=1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane) of the [Ni(P,P)(dithiol)] type have been synthesized. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and electronic spectroscopies, magnetochemical, conductivity measurements and thermal analysis. Single crystal X-ray analysis of [Ni(dpppn)(mnt)] confirmed a planar geometry of NiP2S2 chromophore. Possible practical applications such as use of these compounds for vulcanization accelerators and their anticholinesterase activity were evaluated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of planar Ni(II) dithiolenes derived from maleonitriledithiole (mnt), benzene-1,2-dithiole (bdt) and 1-toluene-3,4-dithiole (tdt) with bidentate N,N-ligands (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, nphen = 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline) of the [Ni(N,N)(dithiol)] type have been synthesized. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and electronic spectroscopies, magnetochemical and conductivity measurements. Single crystal X-ray analysis of [Ni(phen)(bdt)] confirmed a planar geometry of NiN2S2. Possible practical applications such as use for vulcanization catalytic agents and for their anticholinesterase activity were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is a specific glycoprotein secreted into the soil by hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that have many potential functions. It is not clear whether exogenous GRSP has an effect on plant growth and soil properties or whether the effects are related to the type of GRSP used. In this study, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings were used to analyze the effects of easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) and difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP) at a quarter-, half-, and full-strength concentration on shoot and root biomass as well as soil properties The results showed that, at different strengths, exogenous EE-GRSR significantly increased shoot and root biomass compared to the control, which displayed the most significant effects from the half-strength EE-GRSP. In contrast, DE-GRSP, at various strengths, significantly reduced shoot and root biomass. Furthermore, the application of exogenous EE-GRSP stimulated soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) content at 2–4 mm and 0.5–1 mm sizes, while DE-GRSP strongly reduced WSA content at the 2–4 mm, 1–2 mm, 0.5–1 mm, and 0.25–0.5 mm sizes, consequently leading to an increase or decrease in the WSA stability, according to the mean weight diameter. However, exogenous EE-GRSP decreased soil pH and DE-GRSP increased it, which was related to WSA stability. Exogenous EE-GRSP almost significantly increased soil acidic, neutral, and alkaline phosphatase activity at different strengths, while exogenous DE-GRSP, also at different strengths, significantly inhibited soil acidic phosphatase activity. The application of both exogenous EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP increased the organic carbon content of the soil. This study concluded that exogenous GRSP exerted differential effects on plant biomass and soil properties, and EE-GRSP can be considered as a soil stimulant for use in citrus plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the negative effects of exogenous DE-GRSP on plant biomass and soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Kinetic parameters were evaluated for inhibition of native and reactivation of tabun-inhibited human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) by three bispyridinium para-aldoximes with butane (K074), but-2-ene (K075) or xylene-like linker (K114). Tested aldoximes reversibly inhibited both cholinesterases with the preference for binding to the native AChE. Both cholinesterases showed the highest affinity for K114 (K i was 0.01mM for AChE and 0.06mM for BChE). The reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE was efficient by K074 and K075. Their overall reactivation rate constants were around 2000min−1 M−1, which is seven times higher than for the classical bispyridinium para-aldoxime TMB-4. The reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE assisted by K114 was slow and reached 90% after 20h. Since the aldoxime binding affinity of tabun-inhibited AChE was similar for all tested aldoximes (and corresponded to their K i ), the rate of the nucleophilic displacement of the phosphoryl-moiety from the active site serine was the limiting factor for AChE reactivation. On the other hand, none of the aldoximes displayed a significant reactivation of tabun-inhibited BChE. Even after 20h, the reactivation maximum was 60% for 1mM K074 and K075, and only 20% for 1mM K114. However, lower BChE affinities for K074 and K075 compared to AChE suggest that the fast tabun-inhibited AChE reactivation by these compounds would not be obstructed by their interactions with BChE in vivo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a widely spread enzyme playing a very important role in nerve signal transmission. As AChE controls key processes, its inhibition leads to the very fast death of an organism, including humans. However, when this feature is to be used for killing of unwanted organisms (i.e. mosquitoes), one is faced with the question - how much do AChEs differ between species and what are the differences? Here, a theoretical point of view was utilized to identify the structural basis for such differences. The various primary and tertiary alignments show that AChEs are very evolutionary conserved enzymes and this fact could lead to difficulties, for example, in the search for inhibitors specific for a particular species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]