32 results on '"Kishor Kumar Paul"'
Search Results
2. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with negative conventional Xpert MTB/RIF but chest imaging suggestive of tuberculosis in Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Samanta Biswas, Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin, Kishor Kumar Paul, Md. Fahim Ather, Shahriar Ahmed, Rumana Nasrin, Senjuti Kabir, Scott K Heysell, and Sayera Banu
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Xpert MTB/RIF ,Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra ,trace call ,paucibacillary ,pulmonary TB ,molecular diagnostics ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization is considering substituting Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) with Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, but supportive evidence is scarce, particularly among people more likely (presumptive) to have paucibacillary pulmonary TB (PTB). Methods: During January-July 2018, presumptive PTB patients visiting TB Screening and Treatment Centres of Dhaka for routine chest X-ray (CXR) and conventional Xpert were enrolled. Sputum specimens were additionally tested with microscopy, culture, and Ultra. Specimens with “Trace call” by Ultra (Ultra-trace) were retested. Yield and diagnostic accuracy using various approaches to Ultra-trace and concordance of Ultra with bacteriological-positive PTB were assessed. Results: Altogether, 1,083 participants (104 ‘Xpert-positive’; 979 ‘Xpert-negative and CXR-suggestive’) were enrolled. All Xpert-positives and 900 (92%) Xpert-negatives were concordant with Ultra, however, seventy-nine (8.1%) Xpert-negative specimens tested positive with Ultra; 37 (46.8%) were categorically positives, and 42 (53.2%) were Ultra-trace. Sixteen of the 42 were retested, of whom eight (50.1%) Ultra-trace turned categorically positive, leading to 45 (4.6%) additionally detected by Ultra. Ultra sensitivity and specificity were 93.9% and 94.6%, and it additionally detected 5.4% more TB patients with a concordance of 94.6% (kappa, □=0.78) compared to any bacteriologically positive specimen (microscopy, culture, or Xpert). Conclusion: Ultra exhibited improved detection and accuracy among Xpert-negatives in a cohort with a high likelihood of PTB.
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- 2022
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3. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh
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Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Fatema Tuj Johora, Seth R. Irish, Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey, Lucrecia Vizcaino, Kishor Kumar Paul, Wasif A. Khan, Rashidul Haque, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, and Audrey Lenhart
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Aedes aegypti ,Insecticide resistance ,Bangladesh ,Bioassays ,Mortality ,Kdr ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Arboviral diseases, including dengue and chikungunya, are major public health concerns in Bangladesh where there have been unprecedented levels of transmission reported in recent years. The primary approach to control these diseases is to control the vector Aedes aegypti using pyrethroid insecticides. Although chemical control has long been practiced, no comprehensive analysis of Ae. aegypti susceptibility to insecticides has been conducted to date. The aim of this study was to determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh and investigate the role of detoxification enzymes and altered target site sensitivity as resistance mechanisms. Methods Eggs of Aedes mosquitoes were collected using ovitraps from five districts across Bangladesh and in eight neighborhoods of the capital city Dhaka, from August to November 2017. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted for permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and bendiocarb using 3- to 5-day-old F0–F2 non-blood-fed female mosquitoes. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms, and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations Gly1016, Cys1534, and Leu410. Results High levels of resistance to permethrin were detected in all Ae. aegypti populations, with mortality ranging from 0 to 14.8% at the diagnostic dose. Substantial resistance continued to be detected against higher (2×) doses of permethrin (5.1–44.4% mortality). Susceptibility to deltamethrin and malathion varied between populations while complete susceptibility to bendiocarb was observed in all populations. Significantly higher levels of esterase and oxidase activity were detected in most of the test populations as compared to the susceptible reference Rockefeller strain. A significant association was detected between permethrin resistance and the presence of Gly1016 and Cys1534 homozygotes. The frequency of kdr (knockdown resistance) alleles varied across the Dhaka Aedes populations. Leu410 was not detected in any of the tested populations. Conclusions The detection of widespread pyrethroid resistance and multiple resistance mechanisms highlights the urgency for implementing alternate Ae. aegypti control strategies. In addition, implementing routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh will lead to a greater understanding of susceptibility trends over space and time, thereby enabling the development of improved control strategies.
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- 2020
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4. Hospital-based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Bangladesh, 2007–2016: Implications for introduction of immunization
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Kishor Kumar Paul, Hossain M.S. Sazzad, Mahmudur Rahman, Sharmin Sultana, M. Jahangir Hossain, Jeremy P. Ledermann, Paul Burns, Michael S. Friedman, Meerjady S. Flora, Marc Fischer, Susan Hills, Stephen P. Luby, and Emily S. Gurley
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Japanese encephalitis ,Vaccine-preventable disease ,Hospital-based surveillance ,Causes of encephalitis ,Vaccination ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is recognized as a major cause of encephalitis in Bangladesh. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends human immunization as the most effective means to control JE. Several WHO-prequalified vaccines are available to prevent JE but no vaccination program has been implemented in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted hospital-based surveillance for acute meningitis-encephalitis syndrome (AMES) to describe JE epidemiology and help inform policy decisions about possible immunization strategies for Bangladesh. Results: During 2007–2016, a total of 6543 AMES patients were identified at four tertiary hospitals. Of the 6525 patients tested, 548 (8%) were classified as JE cases. These 548 patients resided in 36 (56%) out of 64 districts of Bangladesh, with the highest proportion of JE cases among AMES patients (12% and 7%) presenting at two hospitals in the northwestern part of the country. The median age of JE cases was 30 years, and 193 (35%) were aged ≤15 years. The majority of JE cases (80%) were identified from July through November. Conclusions: Surveillance results suggest that JE continues to be an important cause of meningo-encephalitis in Bangladesh. Immunization strategies including JE vaccine introduction into the routine childhood immunization program or mass vaccination in certain age groups or geographic areas need to be examined, taking into consideration the cost-effectiveness ratio of the approach and potential for decreasing disease burden.
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- 2020
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5. Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh
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Kishor Kumar Paul, Henrik Salje, Muhammad W. Rahman, Mahmudur Rahman, and Emily S. Gurley
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Chikungunya ,Community Controls ,Community-Based Investigation ,Hospital-Based Investigation ,Incidence of Chikungunya ,Outbreak Investigation ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: Outbreak investigations typically focus their efforts on identifying cases that present at healthcare facilities. However, these cases rarely represent all cases in the wider community. In this context, community-based investigations may provide additional insight into key risk factors for infection, however, the benefits of these more laborious data collection strategies remains unclear. Methods: We used different subsets of the data from a comprehensive outbreak investigation to compare the inferences we make in alternative investigation strategies. Results: The outbreak investigation team interviewed 1,933 individuals from 460 homes. 364 (18%) of individuals had symptoms consistent with chikungunya. A theoretical clinic-based study would have identified 26% of the cases. Adding in community-based cases provided an overall estimate of the attack rate in the community. Comparison with controls from the same household revealed that those with at least secondary education had a reduced risk. Finally, enrolling residents from households across the community allowed us to characterize spatial heterogeneity of risk and identify the type of clothing usually worn and travel history as risk factors. This also revealed that household-level use of mosquito control was not associated with infection. Conclusions: These findings highlight that while clinic-based studies may be easier to conduct, they only provide limited insight into the burden and risk factors for disease. Enrolling people who escaped from infection, both in the household and in the community allows a step change in our understanding of the spread of a pathogen and maximizes opportunities for control.
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- 2020
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6. Vibrio cholerae O1 transmission in Bangladesh: insights from a nationally representative serosurvey
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Andrew S Azman, PhD, Stephen A Lauer, PhD, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, PhD, Francisco J Luquero, PhD, Daniel T Leung, MD, Sonia T Hegde, PhD, Jason B Harris, MD, Kishor Kumar Paul, MPH, Fatema Khaton, MSc, Jannatul Ferdous, MSc, Justin Lessler, AA, Henrik Salje, PhD, Firdausi Qadri, PhD, and Emily S Gurley, PhD
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Medicine (General) ,R5-920 ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Summary: Background: Pandemic Vibrio cholerae from cholera-endemic countries around the Bay of Bengal regularly seed epidemics globally. Without reducing cholera in these countries, including Bangladesh, global cholera control might never be achieved. Little is known about the geographical distribution and magnitude of V cholerae O1 transmission nationally. We aimed to describe infection risk across Bangladesh, making use of advances in cholera seroepidemiology, therefore overcoming many of the limitations of current clinic-based surveillance. Methods: We tested serum samples from a nationally representative serosurvey in Bangladesh with eight V cholerae-specific assays. Using these data with a machine-learning model previously validated within a cohort of confirmed cholera cases and their household contacts, we estimated the proportion of the population with evidence of infection by V cholerae O1 in the previous year (annual seroincidence) and used Bayesian geostatistical models to create high-resolution national maps of infection risk. Findings: Between Oct 16, 2015, and Jan 24, 2016, we obtained and tested serum samples from 2930 participants (707 households) in 70 communities across Bangladesh. We estimated national annual seroincidence of V cholerae O1 infection of 17·3% (95% CI 10·5–24·1). Our high-resolution maps showed large heterogeneity of infection risk, with community-level annual infection risk within the sampled population ranging from 4·3% to 62·9%. Across Bangladesh, we estimated that 28·1 (95% CI 17·1–39·2) million infections occurred in the year before the survey. Despite having an annual seroincidence of V cholerae O1 infection lower than much of Bangladesh, Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh and largest city in the country) had 2·0 (95% CI 0·6–3·9) million infections during the same year, primarily because of its large population. Interpretation: Serosurveillance provides an avenue for identifying areas with high V cholerae O1 transmission and investigating key risk factors for infection across geographical scales. Serosurveillance could serve as an important method for countries to plan and monitor progress towards 2030 cholera elimination goals. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2020
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7. Social Enterprise Model (SEM) for private sector tuberculosis screening and care in Bangladesh.
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Sayera Banu, Farhana Haque, Shahriar Ahmed, Sonia Sultana, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Razia Khatun, Kishor Kumar Paul, Senjuti Kabir, S M Mazidur Rahman, Rupali Sisir Banu, Md Shamiul Islam, Allen G Ross, John D Clemens, Robert Stevens, and Jacob Creswell
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundIn Bangladesh, about 80% of healthcare is provided by the private sector. Although free diagnosis and care is offered in the public sector, only half of the estimated number of people with tuberculosis are diagnosed, treated, and notified to the national program. Private sector engagement strategies often have been small scale and time limited. We evaluated a Social Enterprise Model combining external funding and income generation at three tuberculosis screening centres across the Dhaka Metropolitan Area for diagnosing and treating tuberculosis.Methods and findingsThe model established three tuberculosis screening centres across Dhaka Metropolitan Area that carried the icddr,b brand and offered free Xpert MTB/RIF tests to patients visiting the screening centres for subsidized, digital chest radiographs from April 2014 to December 2017. A network of private and public health care providers, and community recommendation was formed for patient referral. No financial incentives were offered to physicians for referrals. Revenues from radiography were used to support screening centres' operation. Tuberculosis patients could choose to receive treatment from the private or public sector. Between 2014 and 2017, 1,032 private facilities networked with 8,466 private providers were mapped within the Dhaka Metropolitan Area. 64, 031 patients with TB symptoms were referred by the private providers, public sector and community residents to the three screening centres with 80% coming from private providers. 4,270 private providers made at least one referral. Overall, 10,288 pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases were detected and 7,695 were bacteriologically positive by Xpert, corresponding to 28% of the total notifications in Dhaka Metropolitan Area.ConclusionThe model established a network of private providers who referred individuals with presumptive tuberculosis without financial incentives to icddr,b's screening centres, facilitating a quarter of total tuberculosis notifications in Dhaka Metropolitan Area. Scaling up this approach may enhance national and international tuberculosis response.
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- 2020
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8. Nationally-representative serostudy of dengue in Bangladesh allows generalizable disease burden estimates
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Henrik Salje, Kishor Kumar Paul, Repon Paul, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Ziaur Rahman, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Mahmadur Rahman, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, James Heffelfinger, and Emily Gurley
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Seroprevalence ,Bangladesh ,dengue ,nationally-representative ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Serostudies are needed to answer generalizable questions on disease risk. However, recruitment is usually biased by age or location. We present a nationally-representative study for dengue from 70 communities in Bangladesh. We collected data on risk factors, trapped mosquitoes and tested serum for IgG. Out of 5866 individuals, 24% had evidence of historic infection, ranging from 3% in the north to >80% in Dhaka. Being male (aOR:1.8, [95%CI:1.5–2.0]) and recent travel (aOR:1.3, [1.1–1.8]) were linked to seropositivity. We estimate that 40 million [34.3–47.2] people have been infected nationally, with 2.4 million ([1.3–4.5]) annual infections. Had we visited only 20 communities, seropositivity estimates would have ranged from 13% to 37%, highlighting the lack of representativeness generated by small numbers of communities. Our findings have implications for both the design of serosurveys and tackling dengue in Bangladesh.
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- 2019
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9. Risk factors for the presence of dengue vector mosquitoes, and determinants of their prevalence and larval site selection in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Kishor Kumar Paul, Parnali Dhar-Chowdhury, C Emdad Haque, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Doli Rani Goswami, Mohammad Abdullah Heel Kafi, Michael A Drebot, L Robbin Lindsay, Gias Uddin Ahsan, and W Abdullah Brooks
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Dengue viruses are responsible for over 100 million infections a year worldwide and are a public health concern in Bangladesh. Although risk of transmission is high, data on vector population characteristics are scanty in Bangladesh; therefore, a comprehensive prediction of the patterns of local virus transmission is not possible. Recognizing these gaps, multi-year entomological surveys were carried out in Dhaka, where the disease is most frequently reported. The specific objectives of the present study are threefold: i) to determine the risk factors for the presence of Aedes mosquitoes; ii) to identify the types of most productive and key containers; and iii) to estimate the effects of climatic factors on Aedes abundance in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Entomological surveys were conducted in 12 out of 90 wards in Dhaka. These wards were selected using a probability proportional sampling procedure during the monsoon seasons in 2011, 2012 and 2013 and in the dry season in 2012. All containers inside and around sampled households were inspected for mosquito larvae and pupae, and containers were classified according to their relative size, use pattern, and materials of construction. During the study period (2011-2013), 12,680 larvae and pupae were collected. About 82% of the identified immature mosquitoes were Aedes aegypti, while the remainder were Ae. albopictus and other mosquito species. The largest number of immature mosquitoes was collected from tires and refrigerator trays during 2011 and 2012 monsoon seasons. Conversely, plastic drums were the most productive during the 2012 dry and 2013 monsoon season. Vehicle parts and discarded construction materials were the most efficient producers of Aedes mosquitoes in all surveys. The presence of Aedes mosquitoes was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in low socio-economic zones of Dhaka. Container location, presence of vegetation, and availability of shade for containers were also significantly associated with finding immature Aedes mosquitoes, based on multivariable analysis after confounder adjustment. Rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity also significantly affected the mean abundance of mosquitoes. Proper use, disposal, and recycling of the containers that effectively produce large numbers of Aedes vector mosquitoes may decrease the risk of arboviral transmission.
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- 2018
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10. Dengue seroprevalence, seroconversion and risk factors in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Parnali Dhar-Chowdhury, Kishor Kumar Paul, C Emdad Haque, Shakhawat Hossain, L Robbin Lindsay, Antonia Dibernardo, W Abdullah Brooks, and Michael A Drebot
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BACKGROUND:Dengue virus (DENV) activity has been reported in Dhaka, Bangladesh since the early 1960s with the greatest burden of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever cases observed in 2000. Since this time, the intensity of dengue activity has varied from year to year, and its determining factors remained relatively unknown. In light of such gaps in knowledge, the main objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of seroprevalence and seroconversion among the surveyed population, and establish the individual/household level risk factors for the presence of DENV antibodies among all age groups of target populations in the city of Dhaka. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Considering the lack of fine scale investigations on the factors driving dengue activity in Bangladesh, a prospective cohort study involving serological surveys was undertaken with participant interviews and blood donation across the city of Dhaka in 2012. Study participants were recruited from 12 of 90 wards and blood samples were collected during both the pre-monsoon (n = 1125) and post-monsoon (n = 600) seasons of 2012. The findings revealed that the seroprevalence in all pre-monsoon samples was 80.0% (900/1125) while the seropositivity in the pre-monsoon samples that had paired post-monsoon samples was 83.3% (503/600). Of the 97 paired samples that were negative at the pre-monsoon time point, 56 were positive at the post-monsoon time point. This resulted in a seroprevalence of 93.2% (559/600) among individuals tested during the post-monsoon period. Seroprevalence trended higher with age with children exhibiting a lower seropositivity as compared to adults. Results from this study also indicated that DENV strains were the only flaviviruses circulating in Dhaka in 2012. A multivariate analysis revealed that age, possession of indoor potted plants, and types of mosquito control measures were significant factors associated with DENV seroprevalence; while attendance in public/mass gatherings, and use of mosquito control measures were significantly associated with DENV seroconversion after adjusting for all other variables. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Our study suggests that there is a high level of endemic dengue virus circulation in the city of Dhaka which has resulted in significant DENV seroprevalence among its residents. Seropositivity increased with age, however, a substantial proportion of children are at risk for DENV infections. Our serological analysis also documents considerable DENV seroconversion among study participants which indicates that a large proportion of the population in the city of Dhaka were newly exposed to DENV during the study period (pre-and post-monsoon 2012). High levels of seroconversion suggest that there was an intense circulation of DENV in 2012 and this may have resulted in a significant risk for viral associated illness. Findings of our study further indicated that home-based interventions, such as removing indoor potted plants and increased bed net use, in addition to vector control measures in public parks, would reduce exposure to DENV and further decrease risk of viral associated disease.
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- 2017
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11. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with negative conventional Xpert MTB/RIF but chest imaging suggestive of tuberculosis in Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shahriar Ahmed, Md. Fahim Ather, Kishor Kumar Paul, Scott K. Heysell, Rumana Nasrin, Senjuti Kabir, Sayera Banu, Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin, and Samanta Biswas
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Microbiology (medical) ,trace call ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Concordance ,Xpert MTB/RIF ,Tb screening ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Tuberculosis, Lymph Node ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,World health ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,molecular diagnostics ,Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra ,Internal medicine ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,medicine ,pulmonary TB ,Humans ,Antibiotics, Antitubercular ,Bangladesh ,Chest imaging ,biology ,business.industry ,Sputum ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.symptom ,Rifampin ,business ,Pulmonary tb ,paucibacillary - Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization is considering substituting Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) with Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, but supportive evidence is scarce, particularly among people more likely (presumptive) to have paucibacillary pulmonary TB (PTB). Methods: During January-July 2018, presumptive PTB patients visiting TB Screening and Treatment Centres of Dhaka for routine chest X-ray (CXR) and conventional Xpert were enrolled. Sputum specimens were additionally tested with microscopy, culture, and Ultra. Specimens with “Trace call” by Ultra (Ultra-trace) were retested. Yield and diagnostic accuracy using various approaches to Ultra-trace and concordance of Ultra with bacteriological-positive PTB were assessed. Results: Altogether, 1,083 participants (104 ‘Xpert-positive’; 979 ‘Xpert-negative and CXR-suggestive’) were enrolled. All Xpert-positives and 900 (92%) Xpert-negatives were concordant with Ultra, however, seventy-nine (8.1%) Xpert-negative specimens tested positive with Ultra; 37 (46.8%) were categorically positives, and 42 (53.2%) were Ultra-trace. Sixteen of the 42 were retested, of whom eight (50.1%) Ultra-trace turned categorically positive, leading to 45 (4.6%) additionally detected by Ultra. Ultra sensitivity and specificity were 93.9% and 94.6%, and it additionally detected 5.4% more TB patients with a concordance of 94.6% (kappa, □=0.78) compared to any bacteriologically positive specimen (microscopy, culture, or Xpert). Conclusion: Ultra exhibited improved detection and accuracy among Xpert-negatives in a cohort with a high likelihood of PTB.
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- 2022
12. Hepatitis E in Bangladesh: Insights From a National Serosurvey
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Emily S. Gurley, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Andrew S. Azman, Aybüke Koyuncu, Kishor Kumar Paul, Henrik Salje, and Firdausi Qadri
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Male ,Adolescent ,Population ,Disease ,Logistic regression ,medicine.disease_cause ,Hepatitis E virus ,Pregnancy ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Environmental health ,Case fatality rate ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Hepatitis Antibodies ,Enteric Diseases and Nutritional Disorders: Persisting Challenges for LMICs ,Child ,education ,Disease burden ,Bangladesh ,education.field_of_study ,seroprevalence ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Rotavirus and Enteric Virus Infection ,Infant ,Bayes Theorem ,Odds ratio ,Hepatitis E ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Immunoglobulin G ,Population Surveillance ,hepatitis E virus (HEV) ,Female ,business - Abstract
BackgroundHepatitis E virus, typically genotypes 1 and 2, is a major cause of avoidable morbidity and mortality in South Asia. Although case fatality risk among pregnant women can reach as high as 25%, a lack of population-level disease burden data has been cited as a primary factor in key global policy recommendations against the routine use of licensed hepatitis E vaccines, one of the only effective tools available for preventing disease and death.MethodsWe tested serum from a nationally-representative serosurvey in Bangladesh for anti-HEV IgG. We estimated the proportion of the population with evidence of historical HEV infection and used Bayesian geostatistical models to generate high-resolution national maps of seropositivity. We examined variability in seropositivity by individual-level, household-level, and community-level risk factors using spatial logistic regression.ResultsWe tested serum samples from 2924 individuals from 70 communities representing all divisions of Bangladesh and estimated a national seroprevalence of hepatitis E of 20% (95% CI 17-24%). Seropositivity increased with age and male sex (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.8–2.8). Community-level seroprevalence ranged from 0-78% with the seroprevalence in urban areas being higher, including Dhaka, the capital, with 3-fold (95%CrI 2.3-3.7) higher seroprevalence than the rest of the country.ConclusionHepatitis E infections are common throughout Bangladesh, though 90% of women reach reproductive age without any evidence of previous exposure to the virus, thus likely susceptible to infection and disease. Strengthening clinical surveillance for hepatitis E, especially in urban areas may help generate additional evidence needed to appropriately target interventions like vaccines to the populations most likely to benefit.
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- 2021
13. Tuberculosis detection from chest x-rays for triaging in a high tuberculosis-burden setting: an evaluation of five artificial intelligence algorithms
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Jacob Creswell, Ahammad Shafiq Sikder Adel, Mohammad Shahnewaz Sarker, Shahriar Ahmed, Sayera Banu, Rachael Barrett, Zhi Zhen Qin, Kishor Kumar Paul, and Tasneem Naheyan
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History of tuberculosis ,Tuberculosis ,Receiver operating characteristic ,business.industry ,Product profile ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Health Informatics ,Tuberculosis screening ,medicine.disease ,Triage ,Test (assessment) ,Health Information Management ,Age groups ,medicine ,Decision Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Algorithm - Abstract
Summary Background Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can be trained to recognise tuberculosis-related abnormalities on chest radiographs. Various AI algorithms are available commercially, yet there is little impartial evidence on how their performance compares with each other and with radiologists. We aimed to evaluate five commercial AI algorithms for triaging tuberculosis using a large dataset that had not previously been used to train any AI algorithms. Methods Individuals aged 15 years or older presenting or referred to three tuberculosis screening centres in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between May 15, 2014, and Oct 4, 2016, were recruited consecutively. Every participant was verbally screened for symptoms and received a digital posterior-anterior chest x-ray and an Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) test. All chest x-rays were read independently by a group of three registered radiologists and five commercial AI algorithms: CAD4TB (version 7), InferRead DR (version 2), Lunit INSIGHT CXR (version 4.9.0), JF CXR-1 (version 2), and qXR (version 3). We compared the performance of the AI algorithms with each other, with the radiologists, and with the WHO's Target Product Profile (TPP) of triage tests (≥90% sensitivity and ≥70% specificity). We used a new evaluation framework that simultaneously evaluates sensitivity, proportion of Xpert tests avoided, and number needed to test to inform implementers’ choice of software and selection of threshold abnormality scores. Findings Chest x-rays from 23 954 individuals were included in the analysis. All five AI algorithms significantly outperformed the radiologists. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 90·81% (95% CI 90·33–91·29) for qXR, 90·34% (89·81–90·87) for CAD4TB, 88·61% (88·03–89·20) for Lunit INSIGHT CXR, 84·90% (84·27–85·54) for InferRead DR, and 84·89% (84·26–85·53) for JF CXR-1. Only qXR (74·3% specificity [95% CI 73·3–74·9]) and CAD4TB (72·9% specificity [72·3–73·5]) met the TPP at 90% sensitivity. All five AI algorithms reduced the number of Xpert tests required by 50% while maintaining a sensitivity above 90%. All AI algorithms performed worse among older age groups (>60 years) and people with a history of tuberculosis. Interpretation AI algorithms can be highly accurate and useful triage tools for tuberculosis detection in high-burden regions, and outperform human readers. Funding Government of Canada.
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- 2021
14. Vibrio cholerae O1 transmission in Bangladesh: insights from a nationally representative serosurvey
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Jason B. Harris, Daniel T. Leung, Fatema Khaton, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Justin Lessler, Henrik Salje, Emily S. Gurley, Stephen A. Lauer, Kishor Kumar Paul, Andrew S. Azman, Jannatul Ferdous, Firdausi Qadri, Sonia T Hegde, and Francisco J. Luquero
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Microbiology (medical) ,Population ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Distribution (economics) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Virology ,Environmental health ,Pandemic ,medicine ,education ,education.field_of_study ,lcsh:R5-920 ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,Articles ,Serum samples ,medicine.disease ,Cholera ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Vibrio cholerae ,Cohort ,business ,lcsh:Medicine (General) - Abstract
Summary Background Pandemic Vibrio cholerae from cholera-endemic countries around the Bay of Bengal regularly seed epidemics globally. Without reducing cholera in these countries, including Bangladesh, global cholera control might never be achieved. Little is known about the geographical distribution and magnitude of V cholerae O1 transmission nationally. We aimed to describe infection risk across Bangladesh, making use of advances in cholera seroepidemiology, therefore overcoming many of the limitations of current clinic-based surveillance. Methods We tested serum samples from a nationally representative serosurvey in Bangladesh with eight V cholerae-specific assays. Using these data with a machine-learning model previously validated within a cohort of confirmed cholera cases and their household contacts, we estimated the proportion of the population with evidence of infection by V cholerae O1 in the previous year (annual seroincidence) and used Bayesian geostatistical models to create high-resolution national maps of infection risk. Findings Between Oct 16, 2015, and Jan 24, 2016, we obtained and tested serum samples from 2930 participants (707 households) in 70 communities across Bangladesh. We estimated national annual seroincidence of V cholerae O1 infection of 17·3% (95% CI 10·5–24·1). Our high-resolution maps showed large heterogeneity of infection risk, with community-level annual infection risk within the sampled population ranging from 4·3% to 62·9%. Across Bangladesh, we estimated that 28·1 (95% CI 17·1–39·2) million infections occurred in the year before the survey. Despite having an annual seroincidence of V cholerae O1 infection lower than much of Bangladesh, Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh and largest city in the country) had 2·0 (95% CI 0·6–3·9) million infections during the same year, primarily because of its large population. Interpretation Serosurveillance provides an avenue for identifying areas with high V cholerae O1 transmission and investigating key risk factors for infection across geographical scales. Serosurveillance could serve as an important method for countries to plan and monitor progress towards 2030 cholera elimination goals. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2020
15. Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh
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Henrik Salje, Muhammad Waliur Rahman, Emily S. Gurley, Mahmudur Rahman, Kishor Kumar Paul, Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adolescent ,Incidence of Chikungunya ,Community Controls ,Outbreak Investigation ,030106 microbiology ,Attack rate ,Context (language use) ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Disease Outbreaks ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Residence Characteristics ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Risk Factors of Chikungunya ,Health care ,Hospital-Based Investigation ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Chikungunya ,Child ,Aged ,Bangladesh ,Family Characteristics ,Data collection ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Outbreak ,Community-Based Investigation ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Mosquito control ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Chikungunya Fever ,Female ,business - Abstract
Highlights • A healthcare facility-based investigation of an outbreak would have been limited. • Clinic-based case identification in this chikungunya outbreak would only have identified a quarter of all cases. • Community-based household investigation involving only case households revealed that cases were more likely to be female and had lower educational attainment. • Community-based investigation involving all households additionally identified clothing that exposed both limbs and traveling outside the district as risk factors. • Outbreak investigations that identify cases in community and enroll controls from across the community should be used for better understanding of the risk factors as well as community transmission estimates., Background Outbreak investigations typically focus their efforts on identifying cases that present at healthcare facilities. However, these cases rarely represent all cases in the wider community. In this context, community-based investigations may provide additional insight into key risk factors for infection, however, the benefits of these more laborious data collection strategies remains unclear. Methods We used different subsets of the data from a comprehensive outbreak investigation to compare the inferences we make in alternative investigation strategies. Results The outbreak investigation team interviewed 1,933 individuals from 460 homes. 364 (18%) of individuals had symptoms consistent with chikungunya. A theoretical clinic-based study would have identified 26% of the cases. Adding in community-based cases provided an overall estimate of the attack rate in the community. Comparison with controls from the same household revealed that those with at least secondary education had a reduced risk. Finally, enrolling residents from households across the community allowed us to characterize spatial heterogeneity of risk and identify the type of clothing usually worn and travel history as risk factors. This also revealed that household-level use of mosquito control was not associated with infection. Conclusions These findings highlight that while clinic-based studies may be easier to conduct, they only provide limited insight into the burden and risk factors for disease. Enrolling people who escaped from infection, both in the household and in the community allows a step change in our understanding of the spread of a pathogen and maximizes opportunities for control.
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- 2020
16. Xpert Ultra Assay on Stool to Diagnose Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children
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S. M. Mazidur Rahman, Shahriar Ahmed, Sayeeda Anwar, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Shakil Ahmed, Hemant Deepak Shewade, Sabrina Choudhury, Pruthu Thekkur, Rupali Sisir Banu, Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin, Shamiul Islam, Senjuti Kabir, Nazneen Akhter Banu, Rumana Nasrin, Kishor Kumar Paul, Razia Khatun, and Sayera Banu
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Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,childhood TB ,Tuberculosis ,Induced sputum ,Stool specimen ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Tertiary care ,World health ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,Feces ,fluids and secretions ,Pulmonary tuberculosis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Xpert Ultra ,stool ,Xpert ,Child ,Antibiotics, Antitubercular ,Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ,Bangladesh ,biology ,business.industry ,Sputum ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Major Articles and Commentaries ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Infectious Diseases ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,SORT IT ,Rifampin ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Background The World Health Organization recommends the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children. Though stool is a potential alternative to respiratory specimens among children, the diagnostic performance of Xpert Ultra on stool is unknown. Thus, we assessed the diagnostic performance of Xpert Ultra on stool to diagnose PTB in children. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among consecutively recruited children (, Xpert Ultra may be used on stool, an easy-to-obtain specimen, for childhood pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis. Future studies with follow-up and clinical evolution are needed to provide insight on management of children with trace call.
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- 2020
17. Hospital-based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Bangladesh, 2007–2016: Implications for introduction of immunization
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Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Stephen P. Luby, Marc Fischer, Mahmudur Rahman, Sharmin Sultana, Susan L. Hills, Michael Friedman, Paul Burns, Emily S. Gurley, Hossain M.S. Sazzad, M Jahangir Hossain, Jeremy P. Ledermann, and Kishor Kumar Paul
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,030106 microbiology ,Mass Vaccination ,World health ,Article ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Tertiary Care Centers ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cost of Illness ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Acute Febrile Encephalopathy ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Encephalitis, Japanese ,Disease burden ,Vaccine-preventable disease ,Aged ,Bangladesh ,Causes of encephalitis ,business.industry ,Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines ,Vaccination ,General Medicine ,Hospital based ,Japanese encephalitis ,Hospital-based surveillance ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Family medicine ,Child, Preschool ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Female ,business ,Encephalitis - Abstract
Highlights • Japanese encephalitis (JE) is largely preventable through vaccination. • Several JE vaccines prequalified by World Health Organization are available. • Hospital-based surveillance were conducted in Bangladesh to describe JE epidemiology. • JE cases were identified each year, among all age groups, and from a widespread geographical area. • Routine childhood immunization program or mass vaccination need to be examined., Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is recognized as a major cause of encephalitis in Bangladesh. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends human immunization as the most effective means to control JE. Several WHO-prequalified vaccines are available to prevent JE but no vaccination program has been implemented in Bangladesh. Methods We conducted hospital-based surveillance for acute meningitis-encephalitis syndrome (AMES) to describe JE epidemiology and help inform policy decisions about possible immunization strategies for Bangladesh. Results During 2007–2016, a total of 6543 AMES patients were identified at four tertiary hospitals. Of the 6525 patients tested, 548 (8%) were classified as JE cases. These 548 patients resided in 36 (56%) out of 64 districts of Bangladesh, with the highest proportion of JE cases among AMES patients (12% and 7%) presenting at two hospitals in the northwestern part of the country. The median age of JE cases was 30 years, and 193 (35%) were aged ≤15 years. The majority of JE cases (80%) were identified from July through November. Conclusions Surveillance results suggest that JE continues to be an important cause of meningo-encephalitis in Bangladesh. Immunization strategies including JE vaccine introduction into the routine childhood immunization program or mass vaccination in certain age groups or geographic areas need to be examined, taking into consideration the cost-effectiveness ratio of the approach and potential for decreasing disease burden.
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- 2020
18. Dengue transmission risk in a changing climate: Bangladesh could experience a longer dengue fever season in the future
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Richard Gray, Donna Green, Kishor Kumar Paul, Ian Macadam, and David G. Regan
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Disease surveillance ,biology ,Public health ,Climate change ,Outbreak ,Aedes aegypti ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Dengue fever ,law.invention ,Geography ,Transmission (mechanics) ,law ,medicine ,Climate model ,Socioeconomics - Abstract
Our changing climate is already affecting the transmission of vector borne diseases such as dengue fever. This issue presents a significant public health concern for some nations, such as Bangladesh, which already experience regular seasonal outbreaks of dengue fever under present day conditions. To provide guidance for proactive public health planning to potentially mitigate future infections, we explore the impact of climate change on dengue infections by calculating the change in vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti mosquito at a seasonal level for all regions in Bangladesh under two scenarios for future atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. For each of the four climate models used, and for both scenarios, our analysis reveals that the annual vectorial capacity remains at a level that would enable potential dengue epidemic transmission in all regions in Bangladesh. We found a slight decline in vectorial capacity in half of the regions examined during the last two decades of the 21st Century for the lower-concentration scenario, with a pronounced decline in vectorial capacity in all geographic regions beginning in 2060 for the higher-concentration scenario. The likely reason is that in many regions, warming is leading to sub-optimal mosquito breeding temperatures. However, seasonal differences in vectorial capacity dissipates as the climate warms, to the point that there is almost no observable seasonality for the higher-concentration scenario during the last two decades of this century. This finding suggests there is the potential for the dengue season to extend all year, with outbreaks occurring at any time. Consequently, disease surveillance and control activities would need to be geographically and temporally adapted to mitigate dengue epidemic risk in response to climate change.
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- 2021
19. A Low-Cost, Community Knowledge Approach to Estimate Maternal and Jaundice-Associated Mortality in Rural Bangladesh
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Repon C. Paul, Andrew Hayen, Kajal Chandra Banik, Kishor Kumar Paul, Emily S. Gurley, Heather F. Gidding, Arifa Nazneen, Stephen P. Luby, and Shariful Amin Sumon
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Adult ,Male ,Rural Population ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,Jaundice ,Hepatitis ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Cause of Death ,Virology ,Environmental health ,Infant Mortality ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,Cause of death ,Bangladesh ,Family Characteristics ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Community Participation ,Infant ,Articles ,Stillbirth ,medicine.disease ,Health Surveys ,Infectious Diseases ,Maternal Death ,Female ,Parasitology ,Rural area ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
In the absence of a civil registration system, a house-to-house survey is often used to estimate cause-specific mortality in low- and middle-income countries. However, house-to-house surveys are resource and time intensive. We applied a low-cost community knowledge approach to identify maternal deaths from any cause and jaundice-associated deaths among persons aged ≥ 14 years, and stillbirths and neonatal deaths in mothers with jaundice during pregnancy in five rural communities in Bangladesh. We estimated the method’s sensitivity and cost savings compared with a house-to-house survey. In the five communities with a total of 125,570 population, we identified 13 maternal deaths, 60 deaths among persons aged ≥ 14 years associated with jaundice, five neonatal deaths, and four stillbirths born to a mother with jaundice during pregnancy over the 3-year period before the survey using the community knowledge approach. The sensitivity of community knowledge method in identifying target deaths ranged from 80% for neonatal deaths to 100% for stillbirths and maternal deaths. The community knowledge approach required 36% of the staff time to undertake compared with the house-to-house survey. The community knowledge approach was less expensive but highly sensitive in identifying maternal and jaundice-associated mortality, as well as all-cause adult mortality in rural settings in Bangladesh. This method can be applied in rural settings of other low- and middle-income countries and, in conjunction with hospital-based hepatitis diagnoses, used to monitor the impact of programs to reduce the burden of cause-specific hepatitis mortality, a current World Health Organization priority.
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- 2018
20. Differentiating transient from persistent diabetic range hyperglycemia in a cohort of people completing tuberculosis treatment in Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sayera Banu, Kishor Kumar Paul, Scott K. Heysell, Samanta Biswas, Yosra Alkabab, Shahriar Ahmed, and Jyothi F Nagajyothi
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Bacterial Diseases ,Male ,Physiology ,Disease ,Weight Gain ,Biochemistry ,Medical Conditions ,Endocrinology ,Risk Factors ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Diabetes diagnosis and management ,Prospective Studies ,Prediabetes ,Prospective cohort study ,Bangladesh ,Multidisciplinary ,Disease Management ,Middle Aged ,Actinobacteria ,Infectious Diseases ,Physiological Parameters ,Cohort ,Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Management ,Medicine ,Female ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,HbA1c ,Tuberculosis ,Adolescent ,Endocrine Disorders ,Science ,Prediabetic State ,Young Adult ,Insulin resistance ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes Mellitus ,medicine ,Humans ,Hemoglobin ,Glycemic ,Glycated Hemoglobin ,Biology and life sciences ,Bacteria ,business.industry ,Body Weight ,Organisms ,Proteins ,Tropical Diseases ,medicine.disease ,Diagnostic medicine ,Metabolic Disorders ,Hyperglycemia ,business ,Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Abstract
Background In recent non-pandemic periods, tuberculosis (TB) has been the leading killer worldwide from a single infectious disease. Patients with DM are three times more likely to develop active TB and poor treatment outcomes. Single glycemic measurements at TB diagnosis may inaccurately diagnose or mischaracterize DM severity. Data are limited regarding glycemic dynamics from TB diagnosis through treatment. Methods Prospective study of glycemia dynamics in response to TB treatment measured glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients presenting to TB screening centres in Bangladesh to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hyperglycemia before and at TB treatment completion. Results 429 adults with active TB disease were enrolled and divided into groups based on history of DM and initial HbA1c range: normoglycemia, prediabetes, and DM. DM was diagnosed in 37%. At treatment completion,14(6%) patients from the normoglycemia and prediabetes groups had HbA1c>6.5%, thus increasing the prevalence of DM to 39%. The number needed to screen to diagnose one new case of DM at TB diagnosis was 5.7 and 16 at treatment completion in the groups without DM. Weight gain>5% at treatment completion significantly increased the risk of hyperglycemia in the groups without DM at TB diagnosis (95% CI 1.23–26.04, p Conclusion HbA1c testing prior to and at TB treatment completion found a high prevalence of prediabetes and DM, including a proportion found at treatment completion and commonly in people with a higher percentage of weight gain. Further longitudinal research is needed to understand the effects of TB disease and treatment on insulin resistance and DM complications.
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- 2021
21. Social Enterprise Model (SEM) for private sector tuberculosis screening and care in Bangladesh
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Rupali Sisir Banu, Mahfuzur Rahman, Shamiul Islam, Farhana Haque, Shahriar Ahmed, Razia Khatun, Robert Stevens, John D. Clemens, S. M. Mazidur Rahman, Allen G. Ross, Jacob Creswell, Sonia Sultana, Sayera Banu, Senjuti Kabir, and Kishor Kumar Paul
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Bacterial Diseases ,Economics ,Health Care Providers ,Social Sciences ,Geographical Locations ,Medical Conditions ,Health care ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Mass Screening ,Medical Personnel ,Child ,Referral and Consultation ,Geographic Areas ,Bangladesh ,Multidisciplinary ,Geography ,Pharmaceutics ,Public sector ,Professions ,Infectious Diseases ,Models, Economic ,Treatment Outcome ,Scale (social sciences) ,Medicine ,Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Management ,Private Sector ,Algorithms ,Research Article ,Urban Areas ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Asia ,Referral ,Science ,Human Geography ,Urban Geography ,Drug Therapy ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Physicians ,medicine ,Revenue ,Humans ,Cities ,business.industry ,Private sector ,medicine.disease ,Tropical Diseases ,Metropolitan area ,Health Care ,Health Care Facilities ,Family medicine ,People and Places ,Earth Sciences ,Population Groupings ,Patient Care ,business ,Finance - Abstract
Background In Bangladesh, about 80% of healthcare is provided by the private sector. Although free diagnosis and care is offered in the public sector, only half of the estimated number of people with tuberculosis are diagnosed, treated, and notified to the national program. Private sector engagement strategies often have been small scale and time limited. We evaluated a Social Enterprise Model combining external funding and income generation at three tuberculosis screening centres across the Dhaka Metropolitan Area for diagnosing and treating tuberculosis. Methods and findings The model established three tuberculosis screening centres across Dhaka Metropolitan Area that carried the icddr,b brand and offered free Xpert MTB/RIF tests to patients visiting the screening centres for subsidized, digital chest radiographs from April 2014 to December 2017. A network of private and public health care providers, and community recommendation was formed for patient referral. No financial incentives were offered to physicians for referrals. Revenues from radiography were used to support screening centres’ operation. Tuberculosis patients could choose to receive treatment from the private or public sector. Between 2014 and 2017, 1,032 private facilities networked with 8,466 private providers were mapped within the Dhaka Metropolitan Area. 64, 031 patients with TB symptoms were referred by the private providers, public sector and community residents to the three screening centres with 80% coming from private providers. 4,270 private providers made at least one referral. Overall, 10,288 pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases were detected and 7,695 were bacteriologically positive by Xpert, corresponding to 28% of the total notifications in Dhaka Metropolitan Area. Conclusion The model established a network of private providers who referred individuals with presumptive tuberculosis without financial incentives to icddr,b’s screening centres, facilitating a quarter of total tuberculosis notifications in Dhaka Metropolitan Area. Scaling up this approach may enhance national and international tuberculosis response.
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- 2020
22. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh
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Lucrecia Vizcaino, Wasif A. Khan, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Fatema Tuj Johora, Kishor Kumar Paul, Rashidul Haque, Audrey Lenhart, Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey, Seth R. Irish, and Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
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0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary medicine ,Insecticides ,Insecticide resistance ,030231 tropical medicine ,Bendiocarb ,Aedes aegypti ,Mosquito Vectors ,Arbovirus Infections ,Esterase ,Bioassays ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aedes ,Kdr ,parasitic diseases ,Pyrethrins ,medicine ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Mortality ,Bangladesh ,Pyrethroid ,biology ,Research ,Knockdown resistance ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Deltamethrin ,chemistry ,Malathion ,Parasitology ,Oxidase ,Permethrin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Arboviral diseases, including dengue and chikungunya, are major public health concerns in Bangladesh where there have been unprecedented levels of transmission reported in recent years. The primary approach to control these diseases is to control the vector Aedes aegypti using pyrethroid insecticides. Although chemical control has long been practiced, no comprehensive analysis of Ae. aegypti susceptibility to insecticides has been conducted to date. The aim of this study was to determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh and investigate the role of detoxification enzymes and altered target site sensitivity as resistance mechanisms. Methods Eggs of Aedes mosquitoes were collected using ovitraps from five districts across Bangladesh and in eight neighborhoods of the capital city Dhaka, from August to November 2017. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted for permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and bendiocarb using 3- to 5-day-old F0–F2 non-blood-fed female mosquitoes. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms, and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations Gly1016, Cys1534, and Leu410. Results High levels of resistance to permethrin were detected in all Ae. aegypti populations, with mortality ranging from 0 to 14.8% at the diagnostic dose. Substantial resistance continued to be detected against higher (2×) doses of permethrin (5.1–44.4% mortality). Susceptibility to deltamethrin and malathion varied between populations while complete susceptibility to bendiocarb was observed in all populations. Significantly higher levels of esterase and oxidase activity were detected in most of the test populations as compared to the susceptible reference Rockefeller strain. A significant association was detected between permethrin resistance and the presence of Gly1016 and Cys1534 homozygotes. The frequency of kdr (knockdown resistance) alleles varied across the Dhaka Aedes populations. Leu410 was not detected in any of the tested populations. Conclusions The detection of widespread pyrethroid resistance and multiple resistance mechanisms highlights the urgency for implementing alternate Ae. aegypti control strategies. In addition, implementing routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh will lead to a greater understanding of susceptibility trends over space and time, thereby enabling the development of improved control strategies. Graphical Abstract
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- 2020
23. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh
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Kishor Kumar Paul, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Rashidul Haque, Fatema Tuj Johora, Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey, Lucrecia Vizcaino, Seth R. Irish, Audrey Lenhart, Wasif A. Khan, and Mohammad Shafiul Alam
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Aedes ,Veterinary medicine ,Pyrethroid ,Bendiocarb ,Knockdown resistance ,Aedes aegypti ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Deltamethrin ,chemistry ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Malathion ,Permethrin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
BackgroundArboviral diseases including dengue and chikungunya are major public health concern in Bangladesh, with unprecedented levels of transmission reported in recent years. The primary approach to control these diseases is control of Aedes aegypti using pyrethroid insecticides. Although chemical control is long-practiced, no comprehensive analysis of Ae. aegypti susceptibility to insecticides has previously been conducted. This study aimed to determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh and investigate the role of detoxification enzymes and altered target site sensitivity as resistance mechanisms.MethodsAedes eggs were collected using ovitraps from five districts across the country and in eight neighborhoods of the capital city Dhaka from August to November 2017. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted for permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and bendiocarb using 3-5-day old F0-F2 non-blood fed female mosquitoes. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations Gly1016, Cys1534, and Leu410.ResultsHigh levels of resistance to permethrin were detected in all Ae. aegypti populations, with mortality ranging from 0 – 14.8% at the diagnostic dose. Substantial resistance continued to be detected against higher (2X) doses of permethrin (5.1 – 44.4% mortality). Susceptibility to deltamethrin and malathion varied between populations while complete susceptibility to bendiocarb was observed in all populations. Significantly higher levels of esterase and oxidase activity were detected in most of the test populations as compared to the susceptible reference Rockefeller strain. A significant association was detected between permethrin resistance and the presence of Gly1016 and Cys1534 homozygotes. The frequency of kdr alleles varied across the Dhaka populations, and Leu410 was not detected in any of the tested populations.ConclusionsThe detection of widespread pyrethroid resistance and multiple mechanisms highlights the urgency for implementing alternate Ae. aegypti control strategies. In addition, implementing routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh will lead to a greater understanding of susceptibility trends over space and time, thereby enabling the development of improved control strategies.
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- 2020
24. Dengue transmission risk in a changing climate: Bangladesh is likely to experience a longer dengue fever season in the future
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Richard Gray, Donna Green, David G. Regan, Ian Macadam, and Kishor Kumar Paul
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Geography ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Environmental health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Dengue transmission ,medicine ,medicine.disease ,General Environmental Science ,Dengue fever - Published
- 2021
25. A public-private model to scale up diabetes mellitus screening among people accessing tuberculosis diagnostics in Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sayera Banu, Scott K. Heysell, Mahfuzur Rahman, Yosra Alkabab, Delwar Hossain, Jobaer Amin, Kishor Kumar Paul, and Shahriar Ahmed
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,030106 microbiology ,Disease ,Diabetes Complications ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Tuberculosis diagnostics ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aged ,Bangladesh ,business.industry ,Diabetes mellitus screening ,General Medicine ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Infectious Diseases ,Treatment Outcome ,Sputum ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Background Data are scarce regarding the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among tuberculosis (TB) patients in Bangladesh. This study was undertaken to estimate the number needed to screen (NNS) to identify a case of DM among those with TB symptoms and those with confirmed TB disease, and to identify factors predicting treatment outcomes of TB patients with and without DM. Methods Persons attending public–private model screening centres in urban Dhaka for the evaluation of TB were offered free blood glucose testing in addition to computer-aided chest X-ray and sputum Xpert MTB/RIF. Results Among 7647 people evaluated for both TB and DM, the NNS was 35 (95% confidence interval (CI) 31–40) to diagnose one new case of DM; among those diagnosed with TB, the NNS was 21 (95% CI 17–29). Among those with diagnosed TB, patients with DM were more likely to have cavitation on chest X-ray compared to those without DM (31% vs 22%). Treatment failure (odds ratio (OR) 18.9, 95% CI 5.43–65.9) and death (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.11–3.90) were more common among TB patients with DM than among TB patients without DM. DM was the most important predictor of a poor treatment outcome in the classification analysis for TB patients aged 39 years and above. Conclusions A considerable burden of DM was found among patients accessing TB diagnostics through a public–private model in urban Bangladesh, and DM was associated with advanced TB disease and a high rate of poor treatment outcome.
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- 2019
26. Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017
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Arifa Akram, Andrew Hayen, Saleem Kamili, Heather F. Gidding, Emily S. Gurley, Stephen P. Luby, Shariful Amin Sumon, Arifa Nazneen, M. Salim Uzzaman, Kajal Chandra Banik, Repon C. Paul, Alexandra Tejada-Strop, Kishor Kumar Paul, and Tahir Iqbal
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,Physiology ,Maternal Health ,RC955-962 ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Hepatitis ,Miscarriage ,Geographical Locations ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hepatitis E virus ,Pregnancy ,Hygiene ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Immune Physiology ,Case fatality rate ,Young adult ,Pathology and laboratory medicine ,media_common ,Bangladesh ,Immune System Proteins ,biology ,Liver Diseases ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Hepatitis A ,Medical microbiology ,Middle Aged ,Jaundice ,Hepatitis E ,Hospitals ,Hospitalization ,Infectious Diseases ,Viruses ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,06 Biological Sciences, 11 Medical and Health Sciences ,Female ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Pathogens ,medicine.symptom ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Asia ,Patients ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immunology ,030231 tropical medicine ,Viral diseases ,Gastroenterology and Hepatology ,Microbiology ,Antibodies ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tropical Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Liver Disease and Pregnancy ,Aged ,Medicine and health sciences ,Biology and life sciences ,business.industry ,Viral pathogens ,Organisms ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Proteins ,medicine.disease ,Hepatitis viruses ,Microbial pathogens ,Health Care ,030104 developmental biology ,Immunoglobulin M ,Health Care Facilities ,People and Places ,biology.protein ,Women's Health ,business - Abstract
In the absence of reliable data on the burden of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in high endemic countries, we established a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance program in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh to estimate the burden of HEV infection among hospitalized acute jaundice patients aged ≥14 years, identify seasonal and geographic patterns in the prevalence of hepatitis E, and examine factors associated with death. We collected blood specimens from enrolled acute jaundice patients, defined as new onset of either yellow eyes or skin during the past three months of hospital admission, and tested for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against HEV, HBV and HAV. The enrolled patients were followed up three months after hospital discharge to assess their survival status; pregnant women were followed up three months after their delivery to assess pregnancy outcomes. From December’2014 to September’2017, 1925 patients with acute jaundice were enrolled; 661 (34%) had acute hepatitis E, 48 (8%) had hepatitis A, and 293 (15%) had acute hepatitis B infection. Case fatality among hepatitis E patients was 5% (28/589). Most of the hepatitis E cases were males (74%; 486/661), but case fatality was higher among females—12% (8/68) among pregnant and 8% (7/91) among non-pregnant women. Half of the patients who died with acute hepatitis E had co-infection with HAV or HBV. Of the 62 HEV infected mothers who were alive until the delivery, 9 (15%) had miscarriage/stillbirth, and of those children who were born alive, 19% (10/53) died, all within one week of birth. This study confirms that hepatitis E is the leading cause of acute jaundice, leads to hospitalizations in all regions in Bangladesh, occurs throughout the year, and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Effective control measures should be taken to reduce the risk of HEV infections including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of HEV vaccine to high-risk groups., Author summary In the absence of reliable surveillance data on the burden of hepatitis E in endemic countries, we conducted a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance study over a two and a half year period in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. The study confirms that HEV infections occur throughout the year, and is a major (34%) cause of acute jaundice in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. Three-quarters of the acute hepatitis E cases were male, and HEV infection was higher among patients residing in urban areas than patients in rural areas (41% vs 32%). The overall case fatality rate of acute HEV infections in hospitals was 5%, but was higher among pregnant women (12%). Hepatitis E patients who died were more likely to have co-infection with HAV or HBV than the HEV infected patients who did not die. Fifteen percent of HEV infected mothers had miscarriage/stillbirth. Of the children who were born alive, 19% died, all within one week of birth. Considering the high burden of hepatitis E among hospitalized acute jaundice patients, Bangladesh could take control measures to reduce this risk including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of hepatitis E vaccine in high-risk areas.
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- 2019
27. Author response: Nationally-representative serostudy of dengue in Bangladesh allows generalizable disease burden estimates
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Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Ziaur Rahman, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Kishor Kumar Paul, Emily S. Gurley, James D. Heffelfinger, Repon C. Paul, Henrik Salje, and M.Z. Rahman
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business.industry ,Environmental health ,medicine ,medicine.disease ,business ,Disease burden ,Dengue fever - Published
- 2019
28. Screening of Diabetes Mellitus among Tuberculosis cases in Urban Bangladesh
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Biswas, Samanta, Kishor Kumar Paul, Alkabab, Yosra M, Saba, Sabrina, Ahmed, Shahriar, Uddin, Mohammad K M, Bashar, Mohammad Sayadul, Rupali Sisir Banu, Heysell, Scott K, and Sayera Banu
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- 2019
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29. Nationally-representative serostudy of dengue in Bangladesh allows generalizable disease burden estimates
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Repon C. Paul, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Kishor Kumar Paul, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, M.Z. Rahman, Emily S. Gurley, Henrik Salje, Ziaur Rahman, James D. Heffelfinger, Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], Paul, Kishor Kumar [0000-0002-6054-3571], Rodriguez-Barraquer, Isabel [0000-0001-6784-1021], Gurley, Emily [0000-0002-8648-9403], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,global health ,Seroprevalence ,Antibodies, Viral ,Dengue fever ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cost of Illness ,nationally-representative ,Risk Factors ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Epidemiology ,Global health ,Viral ,Biology (General) ,Bangladesh ,Travel ,General Neuroscience ,General Medicine ,Virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Medicine ,epidemiology ,Female ,Infection ,Research Article ,medicine.medical_specialty ,QH301-705.5 ,Science ,030231 tropical medicine ,virus ,Representativeness heuristic ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Antibodies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sex Factors ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Disease burden ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Prevention ,medicine.disease ,dengue ,Vector-Borne Diseases ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,030104 developmental biology ,Epidemiology and Global Health ,Immunoglobulin G ,Disease risk ,Biochemistry and Cell Biology - Abstract
Serostudies are needed to answer generalizable questions on disease risk. However, recruitment is usually biased by age or location. We present a nationally-representative study for dengue from 70 communities in Bangladesh. We collected data on risk factors, trapped mosquitoes and tested serum for IgG. Out of 5866 individuals, 24% had evidence of historic infection, ranging from 3% in the north to >80% in Dhaka. Being male (aOR:1.8, [95%CI:1.5–2.0]) and recent travel (aOR:1.3, [1.1–1.8]) were linked to seropositivity. We estimate that 40 million [34.3–47.2] people have been infected nationally, with 2.4 million ([1.3–4.5]) annual infections. Had we visited only 20 communities, seropositivity estimates would have ranged from 13% to 37%, highlighting the lack of representativeness generated by small numbers of communities. Our findings have implications for both the design of serosurveys and tackling dengue in Bangladesh., eLife digest Dengue is a mosquito-borne virus that infects millions of people each year. Often the countries most affected by the virus, such as Bangladesh, do not have the resources needed to tackle the disease. For resources sent to these countries to have the greatest impact, it is important to know which areas are most affected, and which subsets of the population are most at risk. A way to gather this information is to test for dengue virus antibodies a protein produced by the immune system in response to the infection in the blood of individuals. However, previous efforts to use these tests to understand dengue risk in communities have generally only been done in single locations, typically a major city, and the findings of these tests are unlikely to be applicable to the wider population. Now, Salje et al. have visited 70 different communities from all around Bangladesh and used these tests on blood samples collected from over 5,000 individuals from a range of age-groups. From these measurements it was estimated that an average 2.4 million people are infected with dengue each year in Bangladesh, with major cities, such as Dhaka, experiencing more concentrated levels. The exposure to dengue outside major cities was much lower, and men, who tend to travel more, were found to be at greater risk of infection. Salje et al. also showed that using a small number of communities to estimate national levels of infection led to misleading results. This highlights the danger of using information collected from a limited number of places to represent the effects of a disease on the wider population. Public health agencies in Bangladesh will be able to use this information to tackle dengue more effectively, focusing on the areas and the populations most affected by the disease. In addition, the design and analytical approaches used in this study could be applied to other countries, and to different diseases.
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- 2018
30. Risk factors for the presence of dengue vector mosquitoes, and determinants of their prevalence and larval site selection in Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mohammad Abdullah Heel Kafi, Michael A. Drebot, W. Abdullah Brooks, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Parnali Dhar-Chowdhury, Gias U. Ahsan, L. Robbin Lindsay, Kishor Kumar Paul, C. Emdad Haque, and Doli Goswami
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Veterinary medicine ,Atmospheric Science ,Life Cycles ,Climate ,Monsoons ,Disease Vectors ,Mosquitoes ,Dengue fever ,law.invention ,Geographical Locations ,Dengue ,0302 clinical medicine ,Larvae ,law ,Aedes ,Risk Factors ,Dry season ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Prevalence ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Climatology ,education.field_of_study ,Bangladesh ,Multidisciplinary ,Geography ,Pupa ,Eukaryota ,Insects ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Infectious Diseases ,Larva ,Medicine ,Seasons ,Research Article ,Asia ,Arthropoda ,Science ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,Aedes aegypti ,Biology ,Aedes Aegypti ,03 medical and health sciences ,Species Specificity ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,education ,fungi ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Water ,Pupae ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Invertebrates ,Insect Vectors ,Species Interactions ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Vector (epidemiology) ,People and Places ,Earth Sciences ,Zoology ,Entomology ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Dengue viruses are responsible for over 100 million infections a year worldwide and are a public health concern in Bangladesh. Although risk of transmission is high, data on vector population characteristics are scanty in Bangladesh; therefore, a comprehensive prediction of the patterns of local virus transmission is not possible. Recognizing these gaps, multi-year entomological surveys were carried out in Dhaka, where the disease is most frequently reported. The specific objectives of the present study are threefold: i) to determine the risk factors for the presence of Aedes mosquitoes; ii) to identify the types of most productive and key containers; and iii) to estimate the effects of climatic factors on Aedes abundance in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Entomological surveys were conducted in 12 out of 90 wards in Dhaka. These wards were selected using a probability proportional sampling procedure during the monsoon seasons in 2011, 2012 and 2013 and in the dry season in 2012. All containers inside and around sampled households were inspected for mosquito larvae and pupae, and containers were classified according to their relative size, use pattern, and materials of construction. During the study period (2011-2013), 12,680 larvae and pupae were collected. About 82% of the identified immature mosquitoes were Aedes aegypti, while the remainder were Ae. albopictus and other mosquito species. The largest number of immature mosquitoes was collected from tires and refrigerator trays during 2011 and 2012 monsoon seasons. Conversely, plastic drums were the most productive during the 2012 dry and 2013 monsoon season. Vehicle parts and discarded construction materials were the most efficient producers of Aedes mosquitoes in all surveys. The presence of Aedes mosquitoes was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in low socio-economic zones of Dhaka. Container location, presence of vegetation, and availability of shade for containers were also significantly associated with finding immature Aedes mosquitoes, based on multivariable analysis after confounder adjustment. Rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity also significantly affected the mean abundance of mosquitoes. Proper use, disposal, and recycling of the containers that effectively produce large numbers of Aedes vector mosquitoes may decrease the risk of arboviral transmission.
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- 2018
31. How social structures, space, and behaviors shape the spread of infectious diseases using chikungunya as a case study
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Mahmudur Rahman, Derek A. T. Cummings, Andrew S. Azman, M. Waliur Rahman, Kishor Kumar Paul, Simon Cauchemez, Henrik Salje, Emily S. Gurley, Justin Lessler, Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), This study was funded by the CDC under a cooperative agreement (Grant 5U01CI000628).H.S., J.L., and D.C. also recognize funding from the NIH (Grant R01 AI102939-01A1).S.C. acknowledges funding from the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenirprogram, Laboratoire d’Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(#ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the NIGMS MIDAS initiative, the AXA Research Fund and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement number 278433 - PREDEMICS, ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 278433,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,PREDEMICS(2011), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Time Factors ,Climate ,Basic Reproduction Number ,Context (language use) ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,03 medical and health sciences ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,medicine ,Credible interval ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Chikungunya ,Social Behavior ,Bangladesh ,Family Characteristics ,Multidisciplinary ,Models, Statistical ,Geography ,Transmission (medicine) ,Outbreak ,Biological Sciences ,Virology ,Markov Chains ,3. Good health ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious disease (medical specialty) ,Relative risk ,Chikungunya Fever ,Female ,Monte Carlo Method ,Demography - Abstract
International audience; Whether an individual becomes infected in an infectious disease outbreak depends on many interconnected risk factors, which may relate to characteristics of the individual (e.g., age, sex), his or her close relatives (e.g., household members), or the wider community. Studies monitoring individuals in households or schools have helped elucidate the determinants of transmission in small social structures due to advances in statistical modeling; but such an approach has so far largely failed to consider individuals in the wider context they live in. Here, we used an outbreak of chikungunya in a rural community in Bangladesh as a case study to obtain a more comprehensive characterization of risk factors in disease spread. We developed Bayesian data augmentation approaches to account for uncertainty in the source of infection, recall uncertainty, and unobserved infection dates. We found that the probability of chikungunya transmission was 12% [95% credible interval (CI): 8–17%] between household members but dropped to 0.3% for those living 50 m away (95% CI: 0.2–0.5%). Overall, the mean transmission distance was 95 m (95% CI: 77–113 m). Females were 1.5 times more likely to become infected than males (95% CI: 1.2–1.8), which was virtually identical to the relative risk of being at home estimated from an independent human movement study in the country. Reported daily use of antimosquito coils had no detectable impact on transmission. This study shows how the complex interplay between the characteristics of an individual and his or her close and wider environment contributes to the shaping of infectious disease epidemics.
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- 2016
32. Dengue seroprevalence, seroconversion and risk factors in Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shakhawat Hossain, Kishor Kumar Paul, C. Emdad Haque, W. Abdullah Brooks, Parnali Dhar-Chowdhury, Michael A. Drebot, L. Robbin Lindsay, and Antonia Dibernardo
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Male ,RNA viruses ,Viral Diseases ,Mosquito Control ,Physiology ,Prevalence ,Dengue virus ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Biochemistry ,Dengue fever ,Dengue Fever ,Dengue ,Geographical Locations ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Immune Physiology ,Epidemiology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays ,Child ,education.field_of_study ,Bangladesh ,Family Characteristics ,Immune System Proteins ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Middle Aged ,Infectious Diseases ,Serology ,Seroconversion ,Medical Microbiology ,Child, Preschool ,Viral Pathogens ,Viruses ,Female ,Pathogens ,Risk assessment ,Research Article ,Neglected Tropical Diseases ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Asia ,Adolescent ,Infectious Disease Control ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,Immunology ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Microbiology ,Antibodies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Humans ,education ,Immunoassays ,Microbial Pathogens ,Aged ,Flaviviruses ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Organisms ,Infant ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Dengue Virus ,medicine.disease ,Tropical Diseases ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Logistic Models ,Age Groups ,Multivariate Analysis ,People and Places ,Immunologic Techniques ,Population Groupings ,business - Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) activity has been reported in Dhaka, Bangladesh since the early 1960s with the greatest burden of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever cases observed in 2000. Since this time, the intensity of dengue activity has varied from year to year, and its determining factors remained relatively unknown. In light of such gaps in knowledge, the main objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of seroprevalence and seroconversion among the surveyed population, and establish the individual/household level risk factors for the presence of DENV antibodies among all age groups of target populations in the city of Dhaka. Methodology/Principal findings Considering the lack of fine scale investigations on the factors driving dengue activity in Bangladesh, a prospective cohort study involving serological surveys was undertaken with participant interviews and blood donation across the city of Dhaka in 2012. Study participants were recruited from 12 of 90 wards and blood samples were collected during both the pre-monsoon (n = 1125) and post-monsoon (n = 600) seasons of 2012. The findings revealed that the seroprevalence in all pre-monsoon samples was 80.0% (900/1125) while the seropositivity in the pre-monsoon samples that had paired post-monsoon samples was 83.3% (503/600). Of the 97 paired samples that were negative at the pre-monsoon time point, 56 were positive at the post-monsoon time point. This resulted in a seroprevalence of 93.2% (559/600) among individuals tested during the post-monsoon period. Seroprevalence trended higher with age with children exhibiting a lower seropositivity as compared to adults. Results from this study also indicated that DENV strains were the only flaviviruses circulating in Dhaka in 2012. A multivariate analysis revealed that age, possession of indoor potted plants, and types of mosquito control measures were significant factors associated with DENV seroprevalence; while attendance in public/mass gatherings, and use of mosquito control measures were significantly associated with DENV seroconversion after adjusting for all other variables. Conclusions/Significance Our study suggests that there is a high level of endemic dengue virus circulation in the city of Dhaka which has resulted in significant DENV seroprevalence among its residents. Seropositivity increased with age, however, a substantial proportion of children are at risk for DENV infections. Our serological analysis also documents considerable DENV seroconversion among study participants which indicates that a large proportion of the population in the city of Dhaka were newly exposed to DENV during the study period (pre-and post-monsoon 2012). High levels of seroconversion suggest that there was an intense circulation of DENV in 2012 and this may have resulted in a significant risk for viral associated illness. Findings of our study further indicated that home-based interventions, such as removing indoor potted plants and increased bed net use, in addition to vector control measures in public parks, would reduce exposure to DENV and further decrease risk of viral associated disease., Author summary Similar to many other tropical regions of the world, dengue is a major public health problem in Bangladesh where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vector. Through this serological survey, we present data on the magnitude (measured in proportions) of seroprevalence and seroconversion within 12 selected wards in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. In 2012 the observed dengue seroprevalence was 93% among individuals tested during post-monsoon with a seroconversion rate between pre- and post-monsoon periods of 57.7%. This finding suggests that dengue virus (DENV) circulated in the city during the observation period. Past exposure to dengue virus was highly associated with age, possession of indoor potted plants, types of mosquito control measures used, and human movement and attendance in mass gatherings, while the extent of dengue seroprevalence were not associated with the socioeconomic status of the study participants. Our findings suggest that household utilities and water management or storage practices and recognition and elimination of mosquito development sites and participation in mass gatherings are important factors that affect exposure to dengue. Intervention strategies should therefore target these factors for effective prevention and control of dengue infection.
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- 2016
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