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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides (H2Sn, n ≥ 2) produced by enzymes play a role as signalling molecules regulating neurotransmission, vascular tone, cytoprotection, inflammation, oxygen sensing, and energy formation. H2Sn, which have additional sulfur atoms to H2S, and other S-sulfurated molecules such as cysteine persulfide and S-sulfurated cysteine residues of proteins, are produced by enzymes including 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). H2Sn are also generated by the chemical interaction of H2S with NO, or to a lesser extent with H2O2. S-sulfuration (S-sulfhydration) has been proposed as a mode of action of H2S and H2Sn to regulate the activity of target molecules. Recently, we found that H2S/H2S2 regulate the release of neurotransmitters, such as GABA, glutamate, and D-serine, a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. H2S facilitates the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation, a synaptic model of memory formation, by enhancing the activity of NMDA receptors, while H2S2 achieves this by activating transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels in astrocytes, potentially leading to the activation of nearby neurons. The recent findings show the other aspects of TRPA1 channels—that is, the regulation of the levels of sulfur-containing molecules and their metabolizing enzymes. Disturbance of the signalling by H2S/H2Sn has been demonstrated to be involved in various diseases, including cognitive and psychiatric diseases. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of these molecules will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) are rare complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, we report the case of a 28-year-old Japanese man who showed severe AIHA exacerbation associated with PRCA after COVID-19. AIHA was diagnosed and maintained for 5 years. Approximately 4 weeks after COVID-19, the patient developed severe anemia (hemoglobin level, 3.4 g/dL). Laboratory test results confirmed hemolytic exacerbation of IgG-mediated warm-type AIHA. Despite the hemolysis phase, the bone marrow revealed extreme hypoplasia of erythroblasts with a decreased reticulocyte count, similar to that observed in patients with PRCA. During oral prednisolone treatment, the patient recovered from anemia and showed increased reticulocyte count and reduced hypoplasia of marrow erythroblasts. Exacerbation of AIHA and PRCA was triggered by COVID-19 because other causes were ruled out. Although this case report highlights that COVID-19 could lead to hematological complications such as AIHA and PRCA, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple myeloma (MM) and polycythemia vera (PV) rarely coexist; the clinical manifestations and treatment of this coexistence have not been described. An 81‐year‐old woman developed MM 15 years after undergoing PV treatment and was successfully treated using bortezomib. Herein, we share our experience of treating MM under such unusual conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among various zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) cathodes, vanadium-based oxides have received a great deal of research due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the severe problem of dissolution and sluggish kinetics of Zn2+ diffusion in vanadium-based oxides limit their further development as cathode materials for ZIBs. Herein, a novel monoclinic V 6 O 13 nanoflowers (VONs) cathode is synthesized via an in-situ surface carbon reduction method from orthorhombic V 2 O 5 at specific temperature. Benefiting from the intrinsic open tunnel-like structure and mixed states V4+/V5+ of V 6 O 13 , which are beneficial to facilitate the diffusion of Zn2+ and improve electronic conductivity of VONs. In addition, the dissolution of vanadium in VONs is suppressed remarkably. Based on the synergy of the advantages, the ZIBs with VONs electrode show excellent electrochemical performances, including high specific capacity (420 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and rate capability, especially long-term cycling stability (above 88.9% capacity retention after 6000 cycles). Moreover, the kinetics and mechanism of the Zn2+ storage and diffusion in VONs have been investigated by combining experimental data with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This in-situ preparation strategy provides a new approach to regulate the structure and phase of vanadium-based oxides to meet the requirements of high-performance ZIBs. • A novel VONs electrode for ZIBs with high specific surface area was synthesized. • V 2 O 5 can be converted to V 6 O 13 via an in-situ surface carbon reduction strategy. • 3D structure and multivalent state of VONs are beneficial for battery performance. • The mechanism and kinetics of Zn2+ storage and diffusion in VONs have been explored. • The dissolution of vanadium in VONs was suppressed remarkably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) together with polysulfides (H2Sn, n > 2) are signalling molecules like NO with various physiological roles including regulation of neuronal transmission, vascular tone, inflammation and oxygen sensing. H2S and H2Sn diffuse to the target proteins for S‐sulfurating their cysteine residues that induces the conformational changes to alter the activity. On the other hand, 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase transfers sulfur from a substrate 3‐mercaptopyruvate to the cysteine residues of acceptor proteins. A similar mechanism has also been identified in S‐nitrosylation. S‐sulfuration and S‐nitrosylation by enzymes proceed only inside the cell, while reactions induced by H2S, H2Sn and NO even extend to the surrounding cells. Disturbance of signalling by these molecules as well as S‐sulfuration and S‐nitrosylation causes many nervous system diseases. This review focuses on the signalling by H2S and H2Sn with S‐sulfuration comparing to that of NO with S‐nitrosylation and discusses on their roles in physiology and pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These are the results of phase II study of bortezomib-melphalan-prednisolone (VMP) induction therapy followed by lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd) consolidation and lenalidomide maintenance in transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), overall response rates (ORRs), and safety. Eighty-three eligible patients were enrolled between October 2012 and August 2014. The median PFS was 28.0 months (95% CI 19.6-36.7) and the median OS was 55.3 months (95% CI 51.6-NA). Among the patients who received lenalidomide maintenance therapy, median PFS was significantly improved in patients who had achieved a very good partial response (VGPR) or better (41.8 vs 20.7 months, p = 0.0070). As the best response, the rates of partial response or better were 85.5% comprising stringent complete response (sCR, 21.7%), complete response (CR, 10.8%), VGPR (18.1%), and partial response (PR, 34.9%). The most frequently observed grade 3 or higher adverse events during the VMP therapy were anemia (28.9%), neutropenia (15.6%), thrombocytopenia (6.0%), and peripheral neuropathy (2.4%). The most frequently observed grade 3 or higher adverse events during the Rd therapy were anemia (3.5%), neutropenia (1.8%), and skin rush (5.3%). The most frequently observed grade 3 or higher adverse events during lenalidomide maintenance therapy were anemia (7.4%) and neutropenia (24.1%). Thus, VMP induction therapy followed by Rd consolidation and lenalidomide maintenance is considered a well-tolerated and effective regimen in transplant-ineligible NDMM. This trial is registered with UMIN-CTR with the identification number UMIN000009042. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a signalling molecule that regulates neuronal transmission, vascular tone, cytoprotection, inflammatory responses, angiogenesis, and oxygen sensing. Some of these functions have recently been ascribed to its oxidized form polysulfides (H2 Sn ), which can be produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), also known as a H2 S-producing enzyme. H2 Sn activate ion channels, tumour suppressors, transcription factors, and protein kinases. H2 Sn S-sulfurate (S-sulfhydrate) cysteine residues of these target proteins to modify their activity by inducing conformational changes through the formation of a disulfide bridge between the two cysteine residues involved. The chemical interaction between H2 S and NO also generates H2 Sn , which may be a chemical entity that exerts the synergistic effect of H2 S and NO. MPST also produces redox regulators cysteine persulfide (CysSSH), GSH persulfide (GSSH), and persulfurated proteins. In addition to MPST, haemoproteins such as haemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, and catalase as well as SOD can produce H2 Sn , and sulfide quinone oxidoreductase and cysteinyl tRNA synthetase can make GSSH and CysSSH. This review focuses on the recent progress in the study of the production and physiological roles of these persulfurated and polysulfurated molecules. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive study of the magnetic properties for La doped Bi2FeMnO6 (LBFM) ceramic and film which was first deposited on (100) SrTiO3 substrate by pulsed laser deposition method. The LBFM film is antiferromagnetic or weak ferrimagnetic at room temperature and it shows clear magnetic anisotropy. But it is not sure whether the spin-glass behavior is present in LBFM film because of the influence from substrate. Compared to the film, LBFM ceramic shows different magnetic properties. It has a lower TN and all the observations indicate that LBFM ceramic shows spin-glass behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restricted growth of molybdenum carbide nanoparticles in hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon matrix was prepared, which exhibits satisfactory electromagnetic wave absorption properties. This work enriches the variety of EMW absorbers and offers the route to promote the EMW absorption performance, especially large effective absorption bandwidth. [Display omitted] • MO 2 C/NC composites with honeycomb porous structure was synthesized; • This strategy enriches the variety of high-performance absorbers with mass production; • Bandwidth of 9.6 GHz at 3.5 mm was achieved for electromagnetic wave absorber; • Analysis of the absorption mechanism of MO 2 C/NC absorbers was investigated. With the development of electronic science and technology, electromagnetic pollution is becoming increasingly serious, which urgent people to develop wave-absorbing materials with the features of "thin, light, strong and wide". In this paper, restricted growth of molybdenum carbide nanoparticles in hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (Mo 2 C/NC) was designed and prepared via a salt-assisted template route and carbonization process, whose morphology and the wave-absorbing properties are regulated by changing the content of Mo 2 C/NC nanoparticles. The honeycomb porous Mo 2 C/NC composites with large specific surface area and smooth surface can optimize the impedance matching and allow the entrance, multiple reflections and scattering of incident electromagnetic waves (EMW), which effective enhance the electromagnetic wave consumption. Meanwhile, the honeycomb cross-linked carbon matrix facilitates the construction of the conductive network and enhances its conductive loss. Furthermore, numerous Mo 2 C/NC nanoparticles dispersed restricted growth in carbon matrix induces interfacial polarization. In addition, the heteroatom nitrogen doping acts as dipole centers to induce dipole polarization under electromagnetic field. The uniquely designed Mo 2 C/NC absorbers show satisfactory EMW absorption behaviors of a minimum reflection loss (RL min) of −61.53 dB at 1.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 9.6 GHz at 3.5 mm. This work enriches the variety of EMW absorbers and offers the route to promote the EMW absorption performance, especially large effective absorption bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Multi-dimensional design and the combination of multiple phases can effectively enhance the dielectric loss properties and multiple reflection effects of absorbers. Herein, a novel multi-dimensional microporous nanostructured composite, melamine sponge (MS) loaded puffed-rice biomass carbon (C) together with bimetallic carbide material Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 (Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 -MS/C) was synthesized by simple vacuum filtration and hydrothermal calcination. The result indicates that small Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 particles with little Ni doping uniformly decorated on the surfaces of the three-dimensional (3D) melamine sponge and puffed rice carbons. The Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 -MS/C composite mixed with paraffin (weight ratio of 1:2) exhibited the best electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance, and the minimum reflection loss (RL min) value of the Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 -MS/C composite reaches −107.7 dB with a matching thickness of 2.78 mm and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth for RL below −10 dB (EAB max) is adjusted to 9.2 GHz at a matching thickness of 4.0 mm. The dipole polarization effect of the N doping and the different interfaces provided by the 3D structure of the MS carbon enhance the conduction loss and interface polarization, while the positive effects of eddy current and resonance caused by Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 effectively improve the microwave absorption performances. This melamine sponge–loaded bimetallic carbon composite exhibited a magnetic/dielectric loss combination, resulting in a high-performance absorber with lightweight, cost-effective and efficient properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a signaling molecule used to modify neuronal transmission, regulate vascular tone, protect tissues from oxidative stress, sense oxygen, and generate ATP. Hydrogen polysulfides (H 2 S n) have recently been identified as signaling molecules that mediate the activation of ion channels, regulation of tumor growth, and the transcriptional regulation of oxidative stress; some of which were previously ascribed to H 2 S. Cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) are known as H 2 S-producing enzymes. 3MST also produces H 2 S n and other persulfurated molecules such as cysteine persulfide, glutathione persulfide, and persulfurated proteins. The chemical interaction of H 2 S and nitric oxide (NO) also produces H 2 S n , which may be the mechanism underlying the synergistic effect of H 2 S and NO that was initially reported on vascular relaxation. H 2 S n and other persulfurated molecules elicit their effect via S-sulfuration (S-sulfhydration) of specific cysteine residues of the target proteins. This review article focuses on the production and roles of H 2 S n as well as H 2 S in the central nervous system. • Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a signaling molecule with various physiological roles. • Some functions previously reported by H 2 S have recently been ascribed to polysulfides (H 2 S n). • H 2 S n S-sulfurate (S-sulfhydrate) cysteine residues of the target proteins. • The disturbance of the signaling by H 2 S and H 2 S n may be involved in various neuronal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) possess remarkable advantages in terms of abundant reserves, high theoretical capacity, and low cost. However, the current graphite anodes fail to meet the daily requirements of individuals. The study of novel high-energy storage LIBs anode materials is increasingly imperative. Ferroferric oxide (Fe 3 O 4) anode material is listed as a research object due to its exceptional theoretical specific capacity, cost-effectiveness, sufficient resources, and simple preparation process. However, the low conductivity and volume expansion issues limit its long-term development and widespread application. Recently, extensive research has been reported on Fe 3 O 4 composite electrode materials with diverse structures, achieving significant achievements. This review summarizes the latest progress in high-performance Fe 3 O 4 composites based on recent research. Herein, Fe 3 O 4 composite anode materials based on dimensions is categorized and the structure-property relationship with different dimensions is covered. This work will motivate the preparation of Fe 3 O 4 -based composites electrodes with high electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries, aims to promote the commercial application of rechargeable lithium-ion energy storages. This review summarizes the latest progress in high-performance Fe 3 O 4 composites based on recent research. Here, we categorize Fe 3 O 4 composite anode materials based on dimensions. The research on the microstructure and properties of Fe 3 O 4 -based composites, promotes its practical common application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: 3D cubic hollow core–shell NiCo2O4@C composites were synthesized. Oxygen vacancies were introduced into the prepared composites. Ultrabroad effective absorption bandwidth of 12.48 GHz was obtained. The absorption performance mechanism of NiCo2O4/C composites was investigated. Cobalt nickel bimetallic oxides (NiCo2O4) have received numerous attentions in terms of their controllable morphology, high temperature, corrosion resistance and strong electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption capability. However, broadening the absorption bandwidth is still a huge challenge for NiCo2O4-based absorbers. Herein, the unique NiCo2O4@C core–shell microcubes with hollow structures were fabricated via a facile sacrificial template strategy. The concentration of oxygen vacancies and morphologies of the three-dimensional (3D) cubic hollow core–shell NiCo2O4@C framework were effectively optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature. The specially designed 3D framework structure facilitated the multiple reflections of incident electromagnetic waves and provided rich interfaces between multiple components, generating significant interfacial polarization losses. Dipole polarizations induced by oxygen vacancies could further enhance the attenuation ability for the incident EM waves. The optimized NiCo2O4@C hollow microcubes exhibit superior EMW absorption capability with minimum RL (RLmin) of −84.45 dB at 8.4 GHz for the thickness of 3.0 mm. Moreover, ultrabroad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) as large as 12.48 GHz (5.52–18 GHz) is obtained. This work is believed to illuminate the path to synthesis of high-performance cobalt nickel bimetallic oxides for EMW absorbers with excellent EMW absorption capability, especially in broadening effective absorption bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the high friction coefficient and low toughness bottleneck of MoSi 2 used as protective films for moving parts, a novel strategy of doping and alloying through magnetron sputtering to build self-lubricating Mo-Si-Au solid solution film has been proposed. Herein, a series of MoSi 2 films with different Au contents were prepared, and their phase structure, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated. The results indicate that when Au/Mo atomic ratio R = 0.10, Au atoms tend to replace Si atoms to form Mo-Si-Au solid solution film. Nevertheless, the Au atom would segregate to form a nanocomposite at R = 0.20. The nanoindentation test shows that the Mo-Si-Au solid solution film possesses the largest hardness, which is mainly attributed to the solid solution strengthening. The result of tribological testing exhibits that Au doping can significantly reduce the friction coefficient of MoSi 2. More importantly, Mo-Si-Au solid solution film is realized with a lower coefficient of friction (∼0.08), which is ascribed to the formation of MoSiO x lubricating phase during the sliding induced solute Au atoms. Accordingly, the research would provide a considerable theoretical and technical foundation for the development of novel self-lubricating films with excellent mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: 3D cubic hollow core–shell NiCo2O4@C composites were synthesized. Oxygen vacancies were introduced into the prepared composites. Ultrabroad effective absorption bandwidth of 12.48 GHz was obtained. The absorption performance mechanism of NiCo2O4/C composites was investigated. Cobalt nickel bimetallic oxides (NiCo2O4) have received numerous attentions in terms of their controllable morphology, high temperature, corrosion resistance and strong electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption capability. However, broadening the absorption bandwidth is still a huge challenge for NiCo2O4-based absorbers. Herein, the unique NiCo2O4@C core–shell microcubes with hollow structures were fabricated via a facile sacrificial template strategy. The concentration of oxygen vacancies and morphologies of the three-dimensional (3D) cubic hollow core–shell NiCo2O4@C framework were effectively optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature. The specially designed 3D framework structure facilitated the multiple reflections of incident electromagnetic waves and provided rich interfaces between multiple components, generating significant interfacial polarization losses. Dipole polarizations induced by oxygen vacancies could further enhance the attenuation ability for the incident EM waves. The optimized NiCo2O4@C hollow microcubes exhibit superior EMW absorption capability with minimum RL (RLmin) of −84.45 dB at 8.4 GHz for the thickness of 3.0 mm. Moreover, ultrabroad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) as large as 12.48 GHz (5.52–18 GHz) is obtained. This work is believed to illuminate the path to synthesis of high-performance cobalt nickel bimetallic oxides for EMW absorbers with excellent EMW absorption capability, especially in broadening effective absorption bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The puffed-rice derived carbon@Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 -400 showed RL min of −39.9 dB and the broadest absorption bandwidth of 9.9 GHz. Moreover, the composite showed good performance stability under 400 °C. [Display omitted] • Various puffed-rice derived carbon@Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 composites were prepared by chemical synthesis and annealing. • The puffed-rice derived carbon@Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 -400 mg showed best electrochemical performance. • It showed RL min of −39.9 dB and the broadest absorption bandwidth of 9.9 GHz. • The composite material can be stable at 400 °C and has good performance stability. With the rapidly development of radar detection technology and the increasingly complex application environment in military field and electromagnetic pollution surrounded by electron devices, increasingly demand is needed for electromagnetic wave absorbent materials with high absorption efficiency and thermal stability. Herein, a novel Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 /Ni loaded puffed-rice derived carbon (RNZC) composites are successfully prepared by vacuum filtration of metal-organic frameworks gel precursor together with layered porous-structure carbon and followed by calcination. The Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 particles uniformly decorate on the surface and pores of puffed-rice derived carbon. The puffed-rice derived carbon@Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 /Ni-400 mg (RNZC-4) sample displayed the best electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) performances among the samples with different Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 loading. The minimum reflection loss (RL min) of the RNZC-4 composite reaches −39.9 dB at 8.6 GHz, while widest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of RNZC-4 for RL < −10 dB can reach 9.9 GHz (8.1–18 GHz, 1.49 mm). High porosity and large specific surface area promote the multiple reflection-absorption effect of the incident electromagnetic waves. The Ni 3 ZnC 0.7 nanoparticles provide a large number of interfaces and dipole factors. Analysis reveals that the RNZC-4 remained general stability under 400 °C with formation of a small amount of NiO and ZnO phases. Surprisingly, at such high temperature, the absorbing properties of the material are improved rather than decreased. Obviously, the material still maintains good electromagnetic wave performance at high temperature, and implies that the absorber shows good performance stability. Therefore, our preparations exhibit potential applications under extreme conditions and a new insight for the design and application of bimetallic carbides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a physiological mediator with various roles, including neuro-modulation, vascular tone regulation, and cytoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, angiogenesis, and oxygen sensing. Hydrogen polysulfide (HS), which possesses a higher number of sulfur atoms than HS, recently emerged as a potential signaling molecule that regulates the activity of ion channels, a tumor suppressor, transcription factors, and protein kinases. Some of the previously reported effects of HS are now attributed to the more potent HS. HS is produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) from 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP) and is generated by the chemical interaction of HS with nitric oxide (NO). HS sulfhydrates (sulfurates) cysteine residues of target proteins and modifies their activity, whereas HS sulfurates oxidized cysteine residues as well as reduces cysteine disulfide bonds. This review focuses on the recent progress made in studies concerning the production and physiological roles of HS and HS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are challenging to manage, leading to caregiver burden and often to subsequent transfer of patients to a nursing home or psychiatric hospital for treatment. Eliciting favourable positive emotions should be an important goal in the treatment of negative emotions associated with BPSD. To date, no data have indicated that antipsychotic medications can improve positive emotions. BPSD are known to be associated with anxiety in patients with dementia. The traditional Chinese medicine Jia Wei Gui Pi Tang is officially indicated and approved for anxiety treatment in Japan. Methods: Here, we performed a multicentre, randomised, observer‐blind control study of the effect of Jia Wei Gui Pi Tang on BPSD in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Patients with AD or AD with cerebral vascular disease were randomly divided into the Jia Wei Gui Pi Tang treatment group and the control group that received no traditional Chinese medicine. BPSD were scored using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home Version (NPI‐NH) and by favourable positive emotions using the Delightful Emotional Index (DEI). Results: A total of 63 participants (18 male and 45 female; mean age: 83.3 ± 6.0 years) were included in the study. Changes in NPI‐NH scores differed significantly between the two groups (one‐way analysis of variance, P < 0.001). Within the treatment group, there was a significant improvement in the NPI‐NH score from 29.8 ± 17.3 at baseline to 13.2 ± 9.4 at the endpoint (paired t‐test, P < 0.001), whereas there was no statistically significant change in the control group. Changes in DEI scores differed significantly between the two groups. Within the treatment group, there was a significant improvement in the DEI score from 24.3 ± 23.0 at baseline to 32.5 ± 21.2 at the endpoint (paired t‐test, P = 0.001), whereas there was no statistically significant change in the control group. Conclusion: The traditional Chinese medicine Jia Wei Gui Pi Tang significantly improved both BPSD and positive emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanoparticles in a spherical-like structure were synthesized via filtration and calcination methods, and different amounts of ZnO nanoparticles were added to MgH2 via ball milling. The SEM images revealed that the size of the composites was about 2 μm. The composites of different states were composed of large particles with small particles covering them. After the absorption and desorption cycle, the phase of composites changed. The MgH2-2.5 wt% ZnO composite reveals excellent performance among the three samples. The results show that the MgH2-2.5 wt% ZnO sample can swiftly absorb 3.77 wt% H2 in 20 min at 523 K and even at 473 K for 1 h can absorb 1.91 wt% H2. Meanwhile, the sample of MgH2-2.5 wt% ZnO can release 5.05 wt% H2 at 573 K within 30 min. Furthermore, the activation energies (Ea) of hydrogen absorption and desorption of the MgH2-2.5 wt% ZnO composite are 72.00 and 107.58 KJ/mol H2, respectively. This work reveals that the phase changes and the catalytic action of MgH2 in the cycle after the addition of ZnO, and the facile synthesis of the ZnO can provide direction for the better synthesis of catalyst materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to have physiological roles such as neuromodulation, vascular tone regulation, cytoprotection, oxygen sensing, inflammatory regulation, and cell growth. Recently, hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn) have been found to be produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and to regulate the activity of ion channels, tumor suppressers, and protein kinases. Furthermore, some of the effects previously reported to be mediated by H2S are now ascribed to H2Sn. Cysteine persulfide and cysteine polysulfide may also be involved in cellular redox regulation. The chemical interaction between H2S and nitric oxide (NO) can also produce H2Sn, nitroxyl, and nitrosopersulfide, suggesting their involvement in the reactions previously thought to be mediated by NO alone. This Forum focuses on and critically discusses the recent progress in the study of H2Sn, H2S, and NO as well as other per- or polysulfide species. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurivillius Bi 6 Ti 3 Fe 2 O 18 thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the obtained thin films were polycrystalline and belong to orthorhombic F2mm(42) space group. Ferroelectric measurements of as-obtained Bi 6 Ti 3 Fe 2 O 18 thin films present an increasement of polarization with increasing substrate temperature which is result from a decrease of leakage current in the films. The positive-up-negative-down (PUND) measurements show switched and non-switched polarization in all of the Bi 6 Ti 3 Fe 2 O 18 thin films, which manifest the ferroelectricity in as-deposited thin films. Fatigue-free behavior was obtained in Pt/Bi 6 Ti 3 Fe 2 O 18 /Pt capacitors. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements show out-of-plane piezoelectric response and demonstrate the ferroelectric polarizability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 20 years ago, a pungent gas was found to be the physiological mediator of cognitive function and vascular tone. Since then, studies on hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) have uncovered its numerous physiological roles such as protecting various tissues/organs from ischemia and regulating inflammation, cell growth, oxygen sensing, and senescence. These effects of H 2 S were extensively studied, and some of the corresponding mechanisms were also studied in detail. Previous studies on the synergistic interaction between H 2 S and nitric oxide (NO) have led to the discovery of several potential signaling molecules. Polysulfides are considerably potent and are one of the most active forms of H 2 S. H 2 S has a significant therapeutic potential, which is evident from the large number of novel H 2 S-donating compounds and substances developed for manipulating endogenous levels of H 2 S. The Third International Conference on H 2 S was held in Kyoto in June 2014. One hundred and sixty participants from 21 countries convened in Kyoto to report new advances, discuss conflicting findings, and make plans for future research. This article summarizes each oral presentation presented at the conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule as well as a cytoprotectant. It modulates neurotransmission, regulates vascular tone, and protects various tissues and organs, including neurons, the heart, and kidneys, from oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury. H2S is produced from l-cysteine by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) along with cysteine aminotransferase. Recent Advances: In addition to these enzymes, we recently identified a novel pathway to produce H2S from d-cysteine, which involves d-amino acid oxidase (DAO) along with 3MST. These enzymes are localized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. However, some enzymes translocate to organelles under specific conditions. Moreover, H2S-derived potential signaling molecules such as polysulfides and HSNO have been identified. Critical Issues: The physiological stimulations, which trigger the production of H2S and its derivatives and maintain their local levels, remain unclear. Future Directions: Understanding the regulation of the H2S production and H2S-derived signaling molecules and the specific stimuli that induce their release will provide new insights into the biology of H2S and therapeutic development in diseases involving these substances. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 22, 362-376. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has been considered to be a physiological mediator since the identification of endogenous sulfides in the mammalian brain. H 2 S is produced from l -cysteine by enzymes such as cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST), and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). CSE and CAT are regulated by Ca 2+ . At steady-state low intracellular concentrations of Ca 2+ , CSE and the 3MST/CAT pathway produce H 2 S. However, after intracellular concentrations of Ca 2+ increase in stimulated cells, the production of H 2 S by these enzymes decreases. We recently identified a fourth pathway, by which H 2 S is produced from d -cysteine by the enzymes d -amino acid oxidase (DAO) and 3MST. This pathway is mainly localized in the cerebellum and the kidney. The production of H 2 S from d -cysteine is 80 times more efficient than that from l -cysteine in the kidney, and the administration of d -cysteine to mice ameliorates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury more effectively than l -cysteine. These results suggest that d -cysteine might be used to treat renal diseases or even increase the success of kidney transplantation. We found that H 2 S-derived polysulfides exist in the brain and activate transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) channels 300 times more potently than H 2 S. Although TRPA1 channels mediate sensory transduction and respond to a variety of stimuli, including cold temperature, pungent compounds and environmental irritants, their endogenous ligand(s) has not been identified. The sulfane sulfur of polysulfides is a reactive electrophile that is readily transferred to a nucleophilic protein thiolate to generate the protein persulfide or bound sulfane sulfur by sulfhydration (as referred to as sulfuration). The bound sulfane sulfur-producing activity of polysulfides is much greater than that of H 2 S. This review focuses on the physiological roles of H 2 S and H 2 S-derived polysulfides as signaling molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the challenges of energy crisis and global warming, the development of renewable energy has received more and more attention. To offset the discontinuity of renewable energy, such as wind and solar energy, it is urgent to search for an excellent performance energy storage system to match them. Metal–air batteries (typical representative: Li–air battery and Zn–air battery) have broad prospects in the field of energy storage due to their high specific capacity and environmental friendliness. The drawbacks preventing the massive application of metal–air batteries are the poor reaction kinetics and high overpotential during the charging–discharging process, which can be alleviated by the application of an electrochemical catalyst and porous cathode. Biomass, also, as a renewable resource, plays a critical role in the preparation of carbon-based catalysts and porous cathode with excellent performance for metal–air batteries due to the inherent rich heteroatom and pore structure of biomass. In this paper, we have reviewed the latest progress in the creative preparation of porous cathode for the Li–air battery and Zn–air battery from biomass and summarized the effects of various biomass sources precursors on the composition, morphology and structure-activity relationship of cathode. This review will help us understand the relevant applications of biomass carbon in the field of metal–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiferroic materials, which offer the possibility of manipulating the magnetic state by an electric field or vice versa, are of great current interest. However, single-phase materials with such cross-coupling properties at room temperature exist rarely in nature; new design of nano-engineered thin films with a strong magneto-electric coupling is a fundamental challenge. Here we demonstrate a robust room-temperature magneto-electric coupling in a bismuth-layer-structured ferroelectric Bi5Ti3FeO15 with high ferroelectric Curie temperature of ∼1000 K. Bi5Ti3FeO15 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition are single-phase layered perovskit with nearly (00l)-orientation. Room-temperature multiferroic behavior is demonstrated by a large modulation in magneto-polarization and magneto-dielectric responses. Local structural characterizations by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy reveal the existence of Fe-rich nanodomains, which cause a short-range magnetic ordering at∼620 K. In Bi5Ti3FeO15 with a stable ferroelectric order, the spin canting of magnetic-ion-based nanodomains via the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction might yield a robust magneto-electric coupling of ∼400 mV/Oe·cm even at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a physiological mediator with a variety of functions. It regulates synaptic transmission, vascular tone, inflammation, transcription, and angiogenesis; protects cells from oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury; and promotes healing of ulcers. Recent Advances: In addition to cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase along with cysteine aminotransferase was recently demonstrated to produce H2S. Even in bacteria, H2S produced by these enzymes functions as a defense against antibiotics, suggesting that the cytoprotective effect of H2S is a universal defense mechanism in organisms from bacteria to mammals. Critical Issues: The functional form of H2S-undissociated H2S gas, dissociated HS ion, or some other form of sulfur-has not been identified. Future Directions: The regulation of H2S production by three enzymes may lead to the identification of the physiological signals that are required to release H2S. The identification of the physiological functions of other forms of sulfur may also help understand the biological significance of H2S. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 783-793. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] H2S is produced by four enzymatic pathways. [•] H2S regulates synaptic transmission. [•] H2S protects neurons from oxidative stress. [•] H2S-derived polysulfides activate TRPA1 channels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sulfur is the seventh most abundant element measurable in the human body and is supplied mainly by the intake of methionine ( Met), an indispensable amino acid found in plant and animal proteins. Met controls the initiation of protein synthesis, governs major metabolic and catalytic activities, and may undergo reversible redox processes safeguarding protein integrity. Withdrawal of Met from customary diets causes the greatest downsizing of lean body mass following either unachieved replenishment (malnutrition) or excessive losses (inflammation). These physiopathologically unrelated morbidities nevertheless stimulate comparable remethylation reactions from homocysteine, indicating that Met homeostasis benefits from high metabolic priority. Inhibition of cystathionine-β-synthase activity causes the upstream sequestration of homocysteine and the downstream drop in cysteine and glutathione. Consequently, the enzymatic production of hydrogen sulfide and the nonenzymatic reduction of elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide are impaired. Sulfur operates as cofactor of several enzymes critically involved in the regulation of oxidative processes. A combination of malnutrition and nutritional deprivation of sulfur maximizes the risk of cardiovascular disorders and stroke, constituting a novel clinical entity that threatens plant-eating population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to search candidate multiferroics, a heterostructure of Nd:BiFeO3/YMnO3 (BFO/YMO) was designed. It was fabricated using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method on (111) Nb: SrTiO3 substrate through layer-by-layer growth. The particularly interesting phases for Nd:BiFeO3 (P4mm) and YMnO3 (hexagonal and orthorhombic) were observed. This film has a high ferromagnetic Curie temperature at 420K. The ferroelectric domain switching was observed and it exhibited large electromechanical coupling with maximum d 33∼73pm/V at 10V. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although potassium niobate K4Nb6O17 single crystal is easy to absorb moisture due to the intercalation of water molecules in the crystal, single crystals can be grown in fiber shape using an original pulling down method. K4Nb6O17 single crystals are easy to break down in plate shape by cleavage which is in turn affected by moisture. The dielectric constant and electric polarization measurements show that K4Nb6O17 single crystal is with weak ferroelectricity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study synthesized two novel middle- ε r Ln 3 NbO 7 (Ln = Nd, Sm; named NNO and SNO) microwave dielectric ceramics through the classic solid-state process. The results of XRD and Rietveld refinement show that NNO and SNO ceramics formed pure phases with the space group Cmcm (63) and C222 1 (20), respectively. The properties of Ln-O and Nb–O bonds of NNO and SNO ceramics were calculated based on the P–V–L theory. The Nb–O bonds positively affect the crystal structure stability of the two ceramics. The optimum microwave dielectric properties were obtained (NNO: ε r = 31.61, Q·f = 6,615 GHz (at 6.10 GHz), and τ f = −455.70 ppm/°C; SNO: ε r = 34.55, Q·f = 11,625 GHz (at 5.77 GHz) and τ f = 72.59 ppm/°C) when the samples sintered at 1550 °C. Notably, SNO ceramic shows a low dielectric loss and medium dielectric constant, and the opposite τ f of NNO and SNO ceramics provide the possibility to fabricate microwave dielectric devices with good temperature stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 as microwave dielectrics was investigated in terms of sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties and synthesized using the solid-state sintering method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed that the Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramics belong to the monoclinic structure with the P2 1 /c (#14) space group. The sintering behavior analysis confirmed that the sample reached a dense state at 1200 °C. It's permittivity (ε r) and quality factor (Q × f) possess distinct density-dependent features. The admirable Q × f of 83,430 GHz (at 10.21 GHz) was accomplished coupled with a low ε r of 6.23 and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ f) of −24.63 ppm/°C in Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramic when sintering at 1200 °C for 2 h. Thus, it is a promising candidate for microwave dielectrics with low loss and low permittivity. The dielectric properties were discussed using the chemical bond theory, and their chemical bond features were quantified. The results confirmed the significance of P–O bonds in the microwave dielectric response of Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find high-performance multiferroic materials, which are good candidates for lead-free piezoelectric/ferroelectric films, a new type of heterostructural thin film of YMnO3/SnTiO3+ x (YST) was designed and produced. SnTiO3 is a metastable but promising lead-free ferroelectric material. Our expectation was that it could be stabilized by alternating YMnO3 layers. Here we report the fabrication and ferroelectric, piezoelectric and magnetic properties of YST films. Antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties were observed to coexist on the YST film with four layers, fabricated using the pulsed laser deposition method on (110) Nb:SrTiO3 substrates. Although some basic ferroelectric properties of the SnTiO3 films have previously been reported, further study is needed to obtain high-performance SnTiO3 films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (HS), which is a well-known toxic gas, has been recognized as a signal molecule as well as a cytoprotectant. It is produced by three enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase along with cysteine aminotransferase. In addition to an immediate release of HS from producing enzymes, it can be stored as bound sulfane sulfur, which may release HS in response to physiological stimuli. As a signal molecule, it modulates neuronal transmission, relaxes smooth muscle, regulates release of insulin and is involved in inflammation. Because of its reputation as a toxic gas, the function as a cytoprotectant has been overlooked: the nervous system and cardiovascular system are protected from oxidative stress. In this review, enzymatic production, release mechanism and functions of HS are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) regulates the expression of angiogenic growth factors. We analyzed the effect of intramuscular (i.m.) delivery of AdCA5, an adenovirus encoding a constitutively active form of the HIF-1α subunit, in a novel model of limb ischemia. Methods: AdCa5 or AdLacZ (6×108 pfu) was injected into male New Zealand White rabbits that were untreated or subjected to occlusion of the left superficial femoral artery by endovascular coils. Expression of mRNAs was quantified 1, 3, and 7 days after adenovirus injection into rabbits without occlusion. Calf blood pressure (BP), angiography, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed 14 days after arterial occlusion and adenovirus injection. Results: AdCA5 increased the expression of HIF-1α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, placental growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor B, stromal-derived factor 1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA as well as HIF-1α and VEGF protein. On day 14, AdCA5-injected limbs showed improved calf BP ratios (0.89±0.13 vs. 0.51±0.05, p =0.02), angiographic perfusion scores (3.50±0.56 vs. 8.33±1.31, p =0.007), and distal deep femoral artery diameter ratio (1.84±0.25 vs. 0.93±0.22, p =0.02) relative to those receiving AdLacZ. The capillary/myocyte ratio (0.93±0.03 vs. 0.78±0.06, p =0.04) and arterial luminal area (0.32±0.05 mm2 vs. 0.21±0.03 mm2, p =0.04) were significantly increased in the AdCA5 group. Conclusion: In a model that resembles atherosclerotic obstruction of peripheral arteries in patients, the i.m. administration of AdCA5 promoted arteriogenic and angiogenic responses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: While many investigations measuring oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) have been carried out on several mammalian tissues and blood cells, few reports have dealt with monolayers of cultured cells. Here we show a novel method to measure NAD+ and NADH in monolayers of a neuroblastoma cell line. The method was established by modifying a single extraction procedure originally developed for erythrocytes and an enzymatic cycling assay using a dye that absorbs in visible range. The following modifications were made. (i) Addition of 0.05% of a detergent, Triton X-100, to carbonate–bicarbonate extraction buffer enabled us to accurately measure cellular [NADH]/([NAD+]+[NADH]). (ii) Addition of N-ethyldibenzopyrazine ethyl sulfate salt (phenazine ethosulfate) immediately before the incubation suppressed the gradual decline of the sensitivity of the assay. The procedure presented here provides a simple and inexpensive measurement of NAD+ and NADH in cell monolayers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Garnet single crystals in solid solution were grown by the Czochralski method. Optical properties were estimated. In the transmission spectrum, small difference was observed between Dy3Ga5O12 and Dy3Al5O12. Shorter cut-off frequency on the transparency limit decreased with the decrease of the lattice parameter. New results which revealed that both refractive index and dielectric constant increased with the increase of their lattice parameters depending on an ionic radius of rare-earth ions were obtained. Garnet single crystals in solid solution hardened by the solid solution hardening. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hydrogen sulfide (H[sub 2]S) is endogenously produced in the brain from L-cysteine by the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and functions as a neuromodulator in the brain. H[sub 2]S selectively enhances NMDA receptor-mediated responses and alters hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). The production of H[sub 2]S is regulated by Ca[sup 2+]/calmodulin-mediated pathways and is enhanced in response to neuronal excitation. In addition to this fast regulation, we describe here a slower form of the regulation of H[sub 2]S production by testosterone and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a CBS activator. Endogenous H[sub 2]S in the mouse brain increases after birth, reaches a maximum level at 8 weeks and then decreases. Female brain contains less H[sub 2]S than male brain at each age. A single administration of testosterone to female mice increases the endogenous H[sub 2]S and SAM, which reach levels similar to those of male mice. In contrast, castration of male mice decreases the levels of testosterone, SAM and H[sub 2]S in the brain. Administration of SAM once a day for 3 days increases the brain H[sub 2]S without significantly changing the testosterone level. These observations suggest that testosterone can regulate the brain H[sub 2]S level via changing the level of SAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to modulate the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene by accumulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein, but there is a contradiction among effects of various NO donors. The effects of NO donors including S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO), 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3,3-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1-triazene (NOC18), 3-[(+/−)-(E)-ethyl-2′-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenecarbamoyl]-pyridine (NOR4), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and nitroprusside (SNP) on the VEGF reporter gene were examined. SNAP, GSNO, NOC18, and NOR4 enhanced the VEGF reporter activity under normoxia and modulated the hypoxic induction. In contrast, SNP had only an inhibitory effect. An NO scavenger attenuated the reporter activation by NO donors except NOR4, but did not ameliorate the inhibitory effect of SNP. A reducing compound dithiothreitol suppressed NO-induced activation of the VEGF reporter gene. SNAP, GSNO, and NOC18 induced the accumulation of HIF-1α protein, while others did not. These results suggest that SNAP, GSNO, and NOC compounds are suitable for pharmacological studies in HIF-1-mediated VEGF gene activation by NO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Investigates the mechanism for the regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism. Role of the modifier of cell adhesion (MOCA) protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology; Reduction of APP secretion with MOCA expression; Characteristic features of AD.

Since the first description of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a toxic gas in 1713 by Bernardino Ramazzini, most studies on H2S have concentrated on its toxicity. In 1989, Warenycia et al. demonstrated the existence of endogenous H2S in the brain, suggesting that H2S may have physiological roles. In 1996, we demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potential signaling molecule, which can be produced by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) to modify neurotransmission in the brain. Subsequently, we showed that H2S relaxes vascular smooth muscle in synergy with nitric oxide (NO) and that cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) is another producing enzyme. This study also opened up a new research area of a crosstalk between H2S and NO. The cytoprotective effect, anti-inflammatory activity, energy formation, and oxygen sensing by H2S have been subsequently demonstrated. Two additional pathways for the production of H2S with 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) from l- and d-cysteine have been identified. We also discovered that hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n ≥ 2) are potential signaling molecules produced by 3MST. H2Sn regulate the activity of ion channels and enzymes, as well as even the growth of tumors. S-Sulfuration (S-sulfhydration) proposed by Snyder is the main mechanism for H2S/H2Sn underlying regulation of the activity of target proteins. This mini review focuses on the key findings on H2S/H2Sn signaling during the first 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 as microwave dielectrics was investigated in terms of sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties. Samples were prepared using the solid-state sintering method. XRD data indicates that the Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramic possesses a triclinic structure and belongs to the space group of P-1 (No. 2). Its microstructure was observed using a scanning electron microscope. Results confirmed that a dense ceramic was obtained at 900 °C. The permittivity and quality factor of Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramics possess distinct density-dependent properties. A low permittivity (ε r) of 7.33 coupled with Q × f of 86,753 GHz (at 10.18 GHz) and τ f of −33.80 ppm/°C was obtained in the dense Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramic at 900 °C for 2 h. The Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramic exhibits well compatibility with Ag. Accordingly, it is a promising candidate for microwave materials with low permittivity and low loss. The microwave dielectric properties were discussed from the viewpoint of chemical bond theory. The qualified chemical bond features indicate the major contributions of P–O chemical bonds in the microwave dielectric response of the Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been almost two decades since the first demonstration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a physiological mediator of cognitive function and vascular tone. H2S is physiologically important because it protects various organs from ischemia-reperfusion injury besides regulating inflammation, oxygen sensing, cell growth, and senescence. The production, metabolism, and regulation of H2S have been studied extensively. H2S modulates target proteins through sulfhydration (or sulfuration) or by the reduction of cysteine disulfide bonds. A large number of novel H2S-donating compounds are being developed owing to the therapeutic potential of H2S. Recently, polysulfides, rather than H2S, have been identified as molecules that sulfhydrate (or sulfurate) their target proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 22, 347-349. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report three patients with histiocytic sarcoma of the spleen associated with severe hypoalbuminemia, hypo γ-globulinemia and thrombocytopenia. After the clinical diagnosis of splenic tumor of unknown origin was made, all three patients underwent splenectomy. The histiocytic origin of the tumor was confirmed histopathologically and immunohistochemically using a panel of antibodies. in contrast to malignant histiocytosis (MH), which typically reveals severe generalized clinical manifestations and a rapidly fatal course caused by the disseminated proliferation of neoplastic histiocytes, these patients were asymptomatic or showed only mild clinical symptoms for a long period of time until the recurrence was detected by which time the tumor cells had already spread to other organs. All three cases were characteristically associated with hypoalbuminemia, hypo γ-globulinemia and thrombocytopenia, which returned to normal after splenectomy. Splenic histiocytic sarcoma with the features described here may represent a unique clinical entity, distinct from MH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nickel metal nanoparticles and 3D nitrogen-doped carbon matrix are adopted to embellish nickel oxide via a simplified hard template method. This strategy will shine the route to prepare and ameliorate the electrochemical performance of NiO-based electrodes and other-type electrodes for energy storage. [Display omitted] Tailoring the omnidirectional conductivity networks in nickel oxide-based electrodes is important for ensuring their long lifespan, stability, high capacity, and high-rate capability. In this study, nickel metal nanoparticles and a three-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon matrix were used to embellish the nickel oxide composite NiO–Ni/N–C via simplified hard templating. When a porous nitrogen-doped carbon matrix is present, a rapid pathway would be established for charging and discharging the electrons and lithium ions in a lithium-ion battery, thereby alleviating the volumetric expansion of the NiO nanoparticles during the operation of the battery. Moreover, the Ni0 ions added to serve as active sites to improve the capacity of the NiO-based electrodes and strengthen their conductivities. The multielement-effects of the optimal NiO–Ni/N–C electrode leads it to exhibit a capacity of 1310.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 for 120 loops and a rate capability of 441.5 mAh g-1 at 20.0 A g-1. Kinetic analysis of the prepared electrodes proved their ultrafast ionic and electronic conductivities. This strategy of hard templating reduces the number of routes required for preparing different types of electrodes, including NiO-based electrodes, and improves their electrochemical performance to enable their use in energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since our initial demonstrations that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may function as a neuromodulator in the brain and a smooth muscle relaxant in the vascular system, accumulating evidence shows that H2S may function as a signaling molecule. We and others also found that H2S has a cytoprotective effect. Because H2S is well-known toxic gas, a cytoprotective role has been overlooked. H2S protects neurons from oxidative stress. It also protects cardiac muscle from ischemiareperfusion injury. The finding led to the application of H2S to the bypass surgery patients in Phase II clinical trial. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) are well known as H2S-producing enzymes. We recently demonstrated that the other H2S-producing enzyme, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) along with cysteine aminotransferase (CAT) is localized to neurons in the brain and to the vascular endothelium. However, the regulation of H2S production by 3MST/ CAT pathway had not been well understood. The present study shows that H2S production by 3MST/CAT pathway is regulated by Ca2+ and that H2S protects retinal photoreceptor cells from light induced degeneration by suppressing excessive Ca2+ influx caused by intense light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous levels of sulfide in the brain have been measured in rats, humans and bovines in 1989 and 1990, suggesting that H2S may have a physiological function. We demonstrated in 1996 that cystathionine β-synthase can produce H2S in the brain and that H2S facilitates the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation by enhancing the activity of NMDA receptors. The following year, we showed that another H2S-producing enzyme, cystathionine γ-lyase, is expressed in the thoracic aorta, portal vein and ileum and that H2S relaxes these tissues. We proposed that H2S may be a neuromodulator as well as a smooth muscle relaxant. In addition to a function as a signalling molecule, we demonstrated another function as a cytoprotectant in 2004. Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress by reinstating the reduced glutathione levels. We recently demonstrated that a third H2S-producing enzyme, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST), is expressed in neurons and vascular endothelium. In addition to reinstating glutathione levels, H2S produced by 3MST, which is mainly localized to mitochondria, reduces reactive oxygen species generated in these organelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which examined the role of hydrogen sulfide in protecting neurons from oxidative stress. Influence of hydrogen sulfide on the production of glutathione; Effect of hydrogen sulfide on &gamma-glutamylcysteine; Significance of hydrogen sulfide to cystine transport.