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Objective and methods In this study, the hydrochemical method and self-organized neural network (SOM-KM) coupling method were employed to identify recharge sources and reveal the water-rich mechanism in the karst groundwater-rich area of the Changxiao karst water system in Jinan City. The contribution ratio of karst groundwater recharge sources in the karst groundwater-rich area was quantitatively calculated using the end-element mixed model. The enrichment mechanism of karst groundwater is explored by combining with topography, geological structure, stratigraphic lithology, and catchment conditions. Results The results showed that the karst groundwater in the catchment drainage area had similar water chemistry to that in the southern recharge area, the karst groundwater in the lateral runoff area, and the Yellow River, indicating a close hydraulic connection. This implies that the karst groundwater in the catchment drainage area is recharged by three sources: The southern mountain area, the karst groundwater in the lateral runoff area, and the Yellow River. The contribution ratios of the three components are 75.09%, 21.02%, and 3.89%, respectively. Carbonate rocks are widely distributed, and fissured karst is well developed in the accumulation and discharge areas, especially in the Maji-Xiaoli-Guide area. Moreover, there are abundant karst groundwater recharge sources in this area. During the runoff process of karst groundwater from southeast to northwest, it is impeded by sandstone and mudstone in the north. As a result, it accumulates in the contact zone between soluble rock and insoluble rock, thus forming impeded-type karst groundwater-rich structures. Conclusion Revealing the enrichment mechanism of karst groundwater in the Changxiao karst water system can provide scientific support for accurate calculations of recoverable resources and the protection of the springs in Jinan.

The fundamental disputes in urban heritage regeneration stem from variations in power dynamics and inherent value systems among stakeholders. Addressing conflicts and power differentials involving governmental bodies, market forces, community residents, experts, and scholars is crucial for fostering sustainable urban heritage development. Recently, these contradictions have grown more pronounced as China's urbanization has transitioned from rapid expansion to a phase focused on existing urban assets. In the present research, the typical traditional courtyard-style residential buildings in Jinan, a historic city in northern China, were selected as the object of study. These houses often suffer from problems such as outdated infrastructure and low living conditions and have become difficult to adapt to contemporary urban life. A case study approach was employed focusing on a representative courtyard house to develop models for renewing and regenerating urban heritage, specifically tailored to traditional courtyard houses. The aim was to address conflicts and power disparities among urban heritage stakeholders through diverse mechanisms. Methodologically, the research integrates historical study and field investigation, participatory analysis, and policy analysis. Primary data sources include field surveys, historical research, oral interviews, and drone aerial photography. Models were constructed in the present study—namely, the heritage self-renewal, heritage revitalization, and heritage transformation models—for traditional courtyard houses. These models were designed to foster sustainable urban heritage development through collaborative efforts across various stakeholders and administrative levels. They will optimize the renewal mechanism of urban heritage, thus providing diversity and multiple possibilities for the preservation and reuse of architectural heritage in China. They aim to realize comprehensive urban heritage values, including vitality, health, efficiency, and equity, while accommodating the interests of diverse stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural ecosystem services(CES) are the link between human society and natural systems. The way perceiving and quantifying cultural ecosystem services through the use of social media networks is an effective method for decision-making and management of urban parks. Daming Lake Park in the World's First Spring Landscape was selected for the study. Web data such as social media texts, star ratings and photos are used as data sources. Machine learning models, kernel density analysis, correlation analysis and cultural service diversity analysis are used. The developmental evolutionary patterns of cultural ecosystem services are studied, the spatial distribution patterns of cultural ecosystem services are quantitatively identified, and the relevance and diversity of cultural ecosystem services are assessed. The relevance and diversity of cultural ecosystem services are assessed. The results show that the pattern of cultural services for visitors shows an‘ increasing -decreasing - increasing' trend, with the distribution of cultural services perceived by visitors in the ecosystem in the following order: aesthetic>recreation>cultural diversity>inspiration>social relations>spiritual and religions visitors' perceptions of different cultural services have different characteristics, and the overall distribution of cultural services is ‘trapezoidal' ; the correlation coefficient between recreation and social relations is the highest at r = 0. 69, followed by the correlation coefficient between social relations and cultural diversity at r = 0. 62, and the correlation coefficient between aesthetic services and recreation services at r = 0. 50. The diversity of cultural services at different points of interest varies significantly, and the diversity indexes of 28 points of interests are greater than 0. 6. This shows the importance of optimising the planning and development of urban parks based on visitor perceptions and quantifying cultural ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study enhances the understanding of the evolution of water transport in karst water flow systems. This paper explores the karst water flow system from a hydrogeochemical perspective. It has been discovered that in the recharge area, the hydrochemical effect of karst water is primarily influenced by dissolution and filtration. In the fault zone and concentrated discharge area, it is primarily influenced by mixing. In the geothermal area, the dominant factors are dissolution, precipitation, and dolomitization. From the southern to the northern area, the hydrochemical type of karst water gradually changes from HCO3-Ca type to SO4·Cl-Ca·Na type. Atmospheric precipitation is the primary recharge source of karst water, with a recharge elevation range of 181–1,495 m. According to geological drilling statistics, the groundwater transport depth transits from the shallow transport in the south to the deep transport in the north, with a depth range of 3,000–3,500 m, and using isotope data to obtain the groundwater retention time range is 6–27,000 years. The groundwater transport mode is divided into three levels: open-shallow transport karst cold water phreatic flow, semi-open-medium-deep transport karst cold water confined flow, and weak open-deep transport geothermal water confined water flow. HIGHLIGHTS This study has revealed the hydrochemical evolution and transport patterns of karst water in the Jinan spring area.; The transport mode of the karst water flow system in the monoclinic structure of the Jinan spring area has been classified.;

Sponge City Construction (SCC) can effectively solve urban areas' water problems. Green infrastructure (GI), the core of SCC, exhibits a multifaceted capacity to deliver many co-benefits, while grey infrastructure primarily serves the single function of controlling rainfall runoff. However, existing assessment indicator systems fail to either consider or evaluate comprehensive impacts. In this work, a comprehensive indicator system has been established to assess the co-benefits of five different GI measures. The system includes twelve indicators from four aspects, i.e., disaster reduction, economic, environmental, and social benefits. This newly established assessment system is applied to Jinan as a case study. Six out of twelve indicators are evaluated using the self-developed Flood Risk Analysis Software and empirical equations. The results show that the inundation reduction ratios are 11.02%, 9.32%, and 8.02% under the 24-h design rainfall with a 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year return period, respectively. In addition, the corresponding direct flood loss reduction rates are 13.86%, 4.28%, and 4.09%. That is, as the rainfall return periods increase, the disaster reduction benefits become less pronounced. On the contrary, other benefits, e.g., groundwater recharge volumes, are more obvious. The corresponding groundwater recharge volumes are 2.23 million m3, 2.86 million m3, and 2.87 million m3, respectively. The proposed indicator system can be adopted to assess the performances of the different GI combinations, which provides effective support and reference to decision-makers in SCC at the planning and design stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of travel for residents has improved in China's urban renewal development, but there are still barriers to the activities of disadvantaged groups like people with disabilities in the city, including challenges with accessible travel and a lack of accessible design. All urban people should have access to services and be guaranteed equal rights, according to the inclusive development theory. This study examines the travel requirements and behavioural patterns of the barrier-free groups to safeguard the right of underprivileged groups to participate equally in the urban space. It also determines the impact of various types of urban land use and service facilities on the distribution of barrier-free facilities. An evaluation system based on the needs of the disabled group is established to evaluate the degree of barrier-free facilities in the surveyed areas, summarise the problems shown by the evaluation scores, and propose improvement strategies for the shortcomings of accessibility to residential areas and the controversy through web data crawling and a geographically weighted analysis. From the standpoint of inclusive development, the goal is to lessen the travel issues faced by underprivileged groups and to improve their capacity to take advantage of opportunities and have access to resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the integrated development of culture and tourism in China has shown a promising trend, but there are still some shortcomings in the development of tourism resources. Jinan is prosperous and famous for its springs. As a landmark of Jinan, spring has played an indispensable role in Jinan's tourism. The unique spring culture is an important component of Chinese water culture and has significant development value. At present, there is still shortcoming of spring tourism resources development in Jinan. In this paper, combining market demand and utilizing RMCP analysis, Jinan spring water resources are further analyzed and integrated, and targeted development strategies and suggestions for Jinan's characteristic spring resources are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain the chemical composition characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a western industrial region of Jinan, manual sampling and analysis of PM2.5 in Pingyin County was conducted during 2019. The results showed that the total concentration of 29 species of PM2.5 was 53.8 μg·m−3. The NO3− concentration (14.6 ± 14.2 μg·m−3) was the highest, followed by OC (9.3 ± 5.5 μg·m−3), SO42− (9.1 ± 6.4 μg·m−3) and NH4+ (8.1 ± 6.8 μg·m−3). Concentrations of OC, NO3− and SO42− were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The concentration of NH4+ was highest in winter and lowest in spring. The annual SOR and NOR were 0.30 ± 0.14 and 0.21 ± 0.12, respectively. SO2 emission and conversion ratio was highest in winter, leading to the highest SO42− concentration. SO2 emission in summer was low, but the conversion ratio was high. NOR in winter and autumn were close and higher than spring and summer. The high NOR in autumn caused a higher NO3− concentration compared with that in spring and summer. The average concentration of SOC during 2019 was 2.8 ± 1.9 μg·m−3, accounting for 30% of OC. The PMF results showed that coal emission accounted for 36.5% of PM2.5 concentration, followed by mobile sources (32.6%), industry emission (17.4%), dust emission (7.1%) and other emissions (6.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the rapid growth in urbanization over recent decades, urban aquatic ecosystems have been subjected to unprecedented threats and challenges. In this study, we visited 48 sites, of which 14 were reservoir sites, in water bodies in Jinan, China, on six occasions in May, August, and October of 2014 and 2015. We sampled fish, macroinvertebrates, and phytoplankton assemblages and physicochemical factors at each site. We used the richness and diversity of fish, macroinvertebrates, and phytoplankton to evaluate the condition of the aquatic ecosystems of the river sites. We also evaluated the water quality of the reservoir sites using the physicochemical factors of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China. We classified the results into five levels—excellent, good, moderate, poor, and bad—with the comprehensive evaluation index (CEI). More than 40% of the sampling sites were in either poor or bad condition. Nearly half of the excellent or good sites were in the south of Jinan. The CEI was significantly different between the reference and impaired sites; it was significantly and positively correlated with the qualitative habitat evaluation index and was significantly and negatively correlated with conductivity, total alkalinity, and ammonia nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of travel for residents has improved in China’s urban renewal development, but there are still barriers to the activities of disadvantaged groups like people with disabilities in the city, including challenges with accessible travel and a lack of accessible design. All urban people should have access to services and be guaranteed equal rights, according to the inclusive development theory. This study examines the travel requirements and behavioural patterns of the barrier-free groups to safeguard the right of underprivileged groups to participate equally in the urban space. It also determines the impact of various types of urban land use and service facilities on the distribution of barrier-free facilities. An evaluation system based on the needs of the disabled group is established to evaluate the degree of barrier-free facilities in the surveyed areas, summarise the problems shown by the evaluation scores, and propose improvement strategies for the shortcomings of accessibility to residential areas and the controversy through web data crawling and a geographically weighted analysis. From the standpoint of inclusive development, the goal is to lessen the travel issues faced by underprivileged groups and to improve their capacity to take advantage of opportunities and have access to resources.

Understanding the speciation and related influence factors of Hg in wet deposition is important to predict the fate and transport of mercury in the atmosphere. In this study, event-based samples of rainwater were collected for one year in Jinan, a northern city in eastern China. The volume-weighted mean concentration of total mercury (THg) in rainwater was 34.8 ng L−1, comparable to levels in some inland cities in China and were significantly higher than those in North America, Korea and Japan. Most of the Hg in rainwater was associated with particulates, accounted for 15.2–92.9% of THg with a mean of 66.9%, which might be attributed to the scavenging effects of high particulate-bound mercury concentrations in ambient air in urban Jinan. Dissolved mercury (DHg) accounted for 33.1% of THg, in which Hg(OH)2, HgClOH, HgCl2 and Hg(NH3)22+ are the dominant species based on the chemical equilibrium modeling simulations. THg concentrations in rainwater decreased as the rainfall amount increased owing to the dilution effect and 5 mm rainfall might be a threshold for the full wash-out capability of atmospheric Hg. For a continuous rain event, the proportion of DHg in THg could increase from 7.1% to 84.8% with the rainfall processing, especially for the species of HgClOH and HgCl2 under the influence of rainwater pH. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis suggested that the major sources of Hg in rainwater were combustion emissions, marine sources, industrial emissions, as well as complexation process, which contributed to 51.4%, 24.7%, 12.2%, and 11.7% of the THg, respectively. For the specific species, the main sources varied with different Hg species, in which combustion emissions contributed one third to one half of each species sum to particulate mercury (PHg), HgClOH, HgCl2, HgBrOH and HgBrCl followed by marine sources and industrial emissions. Cluster analysis of backward trajectories revealed that polluted air masses, transported from southeast Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces, as well as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, contributed to high Hg concentration in rainwater in Jinan.

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This study takes Jinan City as the research area, the landscape elements of the core area which are most suitable for the survival of species are extracted by the method of morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA); Through the analysis of landscape connectivity, the importance of the extracted patches in the core area to the overall connectivity is evaluated, and 19 patches in the core area with the greatest effect on the connectivity are selected as the ecological source areas; Based on the minimum resistance model (MCR), 171 potential ecological corridors are calculated; Based on the gravity model, the importance of corridors is quantitatively evaluated, and 51 important corridors and 120 general corridors are classified. Removing redundant parts, the ecological network of Jinan is constructed, and the characteristics and landscape composition of the network are analyzed. The results show that the green space in Jinan City is relatively concentrated and seriously broken, with obvious characteristics of distribution along the ridge and except for some source patches, the overall connectivity of its ecological network is in sound condition, so it is necessary to build stepping stone patches for protection. The results of this study can provide basis for the protection and improvement of ecological environment in Jinan City, and also have some reference significance for the construction of ecological network in other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]