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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to focus on analyzing how the set of green intangibles held by wineries and their members, i.e. green intellectual capital (GIC), affects green innovation performance (GIP). Specifically, the study aims to investigate how GIP is influenced by GIC through the mediating role of the variable knowledge management (KM) and corporate social responsibility (CSR).Design/methodology/approachThe study proposes a conceptual model, based on previous studies, which is tested through structural equations (PLS-SEM) with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries.FindingsThe results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between GIC and GIP. Furthermore, CSR and KM partially mediate the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries.Originality/valueThe present research, therefore, contributes to the literature in several ways. First, the study advances the understanding of GIC as well as its link with GIP. Second, the research aims to fill the gap in the literature through the study of CSR and KM as mediating variables in such a link. Third, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the model proposed has not been previously addressed in the academic literature, thus representing an advance in scientific knowledge. Fourthly, no research has addressed the study of environmental intangibles in the wine industry, with this research, therefore, being a pioneer in contextualizing the study of GIC in this increasingly knowledge-intensive industry.

The purpose of this chapter is to focus on analyzing how the set of green intangibles held by wineries (GIC) affects green innovation performance (GIP). Specifically, the study aims to investigate how GIP is influenced by GIC through the mediating role of the knowledge management (KM) variable and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study proposes a conceptual model, based on previous studies, which is tested using structural equations (PLS-SEM) with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries. The research results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between GIC and GIP. In addition, CSR and KM partially mediate the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries.

A comprehensive understanding of the significance of vine cultivation and wine production, distribution, and consumption in Spain requires a joint consideration of its economic, social, and environmental implications. To achieve this joint vision, a quantitative research with an exploratory scope is carried out through the use of secondary data sources. The results of the research reveal that, from an economic point of view, the wine industry generates a total annual gross value added (GVA) of more than 23,700 million euros, equivalent to 2.2% of the national GVA. From a social point of view, wine maintains an important territorial rootedness, very visible in the designations of origin (DOs), being the environment where the wine comes from an appreciated attribute of the wine. From the environmental point of view, the effects of climate change introduce more adverse conditions for the cultivation of vines and force the search for solutions, since the quality and volume of wine that can be obtained in the future in Spain are conditioned by the current climatic reality.

Academic contributions pertaining to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the wine industry have seen a steady rise in recent years due to the tremendous importance of these topics for economic, social, and environmental advancement. This study seeks to explore the wine industry by using bibliometric techniques to analyze 107 articles published between 1997 and 2022. The findings of the research indicate substantial growth in the rate of production since 2015, with the Environmental Sciences being the most predominant domain of study. Furthermore, the most influential publishers of related content are MDPI, Elsevier, and Springer. Thus, this research may be beneficial for researchers, both new and experienced, who wish to gain a more thorough understanding of the academic output related to SDGs in the wine industry.

PurposeThe aim of this research is to carry out a bibliometric analysis of the academic literature indexed in the Core Collection of the Web of Science (WoS) on happiness management in companies during the period between 2000 and 2022. In particular, the variables used to keep the scientific production under study are as follows: (1) time evolution, (2) publication format, (3) categories, (4) authors, (5) institutions, (6) journals, (7) publishers and (8) countries.Design/methodology/approachTo carry out the analysis, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology is followed, using the WoS database for data collection and VosViewer to create the network maps.FindingsThe results show, among other aspects, the accelerated growth rate of the scientific production studied since 2017, the use of publications in articles as the main format for disseminating research results, the relevance of the business category as the area of study in which most of the scientific production examined falls as well as the predominant role of the publishers Emerald, Springer and Elsevier in the publication of scientific documents on the subject under analysis.Originality/valueThere are different reasons that justify the originality of the study. First, the research advances the understanding of the academic literature on happiness management at the corporate level. Second, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no previous bibliometric studies that have addressed this topic. Third, the research analyses the literature under analysis from the first record to the year 2022, assuming an update of the previous narrative and systematic reviews carried out on the subject studied.

The present research analyses how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices affect Green Innovation Performance (GIP) in the Spanish wine industry. To this end, a conceptual model is proposed and contrasted through a quantitative approach based on structural equation modeling with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries between September 2021 and January 2022. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between CSR and GIP. In addition, Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) and Knowledge Management (KM) partially mediate the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries. The present research therefore contributes to the literature in several ways. First, the study advances the understanding of CSR in the Spanish wine industry, as well as its relationship with GIP. Second, the research aims to fill a gap in the literature by studying GIC and KM as mediating variables in this link, given that, to our knowledge, there are no previous studies that have analyzed mediating variables in the CSR–GIP relationship. Third, to the best of our knowledge, the proposed model has not been previously addressed in the academic literature, which represents an advance in scientific knowledge. [EconLit citations: L66, 03, M1].

PurposeThis research focuses on analysing the effect of wine tourism on green product and process innovations developed by Spanish wineries. In addition, age, size and membership in a protected designation of origin (PDO) are introduced as control variables to increase the precision of the cause–effect relationship analysed.Design/methodology/approachThe study proposes a conceptual model based on previous studies, which is tested using structural equations (partial least squares structural equation modelling [PLS-SEM]) with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries.FindingsThe research results show that wine tourism activity has a positive and significant influence on green product and process innovation.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the academic literature in several ways. First, the study advances knowledge and understanding of the benefits generated by wine tourism. Second, the research contributes to the literature that analyses the wine tourism–sustainability link, since it is predicted that this type of tourism can increase the capacity for green innovation. Third, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no previous research that has analysed wine tourism as a catalytic variable for green innovation. Fourth, the proposed theoretical model has not been previously addressed in the academic literature, so the study represents an important advance in scientific knowledge.

Corporate sustainability is a topic that has gathered a considerable interest in the last years. Despite recent developments, some firms have led with changes in the environment for centuries to survive, being one of the tools used for corporate sustainability. This chapter analyzes how the most long-living companies in the world have carried out sustainable businesses through embeddedness and collaboration with the environment, mostly by the use of intangible resources and capabilities, in order to remain in the market. With a narrative perspective, the authors expose some of the practices developed by the abovementioned companies. The main conclusions extracted from those firms are aimed to be potentially applied to current companies and, thus, enhance corporate sustainability and survival through already proven mechanisms.

To overcome the adverse effects of climate change, wineries can develop environmental management programs to save and reutilize the resources they use. This represents a change of business paradigm in the wine sector that can be extremely beneficial, given that, on the one hand, wineries that develop their environmental management can save costs and protect the environment, favoring the preservation of the environment to ensure the permanence of the sector in the territory; and, on the other hand, such management can serve as a differentiating element in the market, allowing the winery to generate a competitive advantage. The objective of this study is to know precisely what practices can be developed to ensure a correct environmental management. To this end, through a multiple case study, a decalogue of practices is identified that every winery can develop to favor the preservation of the environment in which it operates.

PurposeThe research aims to analyze the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on sustainable performance (SP), as well as the mediating effect of organizational commitment (OC) and consumer satisfaction (CS) on this link. In addition, the variables age, size and membership of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) are included as control variables to increase the precision of the cause–effect relationships under study.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical model is formulated to achieve the proposed research objectives, which is then tested by structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on the basis of primary data obtained from a survey of 196 Spanish wineries between September 2022 and January 2023.FindingsThe findings of the research show that CSR has a positive and significant effect on the SP of wineries, demonstrating also the mediating effect of OC and CS in this link.Originality/valueThere are several reasons that justify the originality of this study. First, the present research advances the knowledge and understanding of the meaning of the CSR–SP relationship of wineries. Secondly, to our knowledge, there are no previous studies that have analyzed OC and CS as measurement variables in the CSR–SP link in the wine context, so the study provides new scientific knowledge. Thirdly, to the best of our knowledge, the proposed theoretical model has not been previously tested, so the study advances the academic literature and management decisions on CSR and sustainability.

PurposeThe research focuses on analysing the effect of wine tourism (WT) on the green performance (GP) of Spanish wineries, as well as the mediating role of green intellectual capital (GIC) and the moderating effect of circular economy practices (CEPs) developed by wineries in this main relationship. In addition, age, size and protected designation of origin (PDO) membership are introduced as control variables to increase the precision of the cause–effect relationships analysed.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model is proposed through the literature review carried out and then verified through structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) based on data obtained from a survey of 202 Spanish wineries between September 2021 and January 2022.FindingsThe results of the study show that WT activity has a positive and significant effect on the GP of wineries, also demonstrating the mediating effect of GIC and the moderating role of CEPs in this relationship.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the academic literature in several ways. First, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has addressed the impact of WT on the set of wineries' ecological intangibles. Second, to the authors’ knowledge, no previous study has analysed the mediating effect of GIC on the WT-GP relationship. Third, there is no previous attempt to deal with the moderating role of CEPs in the main relationship under analysis. Fourth, the proposed theoretical model has not been previously addressed in the academic literature.

Academic contributions on the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on businesses have grown exponentially in recent years as a result of the importance of the business sector in improving the economy, society and the environment. Through the use of bibliometric methods and taking the Web of Science (WoS) as a reference database, the research aims to analyze the structure of scientific knowledge of the link between the SDGs and the corporate sector, analyzing 2366 documents published between 1992 and 2022. The results show, among other aspects, the accelerated growth rate of the scientific production analyzed since 2015, the use of publications in articles as the main format for disseminating research results, the relevance of the category of Environmental Sciences as the area of study in which most of the scientific production analyzed falls as well as the predominant role of the publishing houses MDPI, Elsevier and Emerald in the publication of scientific documents on the topic under analysis. The research can therefore be of use to both neophyte and experienced researchers who wish to deepen their understanding of the academic knowledge structure of the SDGs in the business world.

Business leaders play a key role in the implementation of actions leading to the achievement of the 17 SDGs. Likewise, higher education is emerging as the principal factor in developing a sense of moral responsibility amongst university business students, who will eventually become company managers and decision makers. The aim of this research is, thus, twofold. First, to analyse university business students’ perceptions of the role of business in achieving the SDGs; and second, to examine university business students’ perceptions of the relationship between greater commitment to achieving the SDGs and business benefits. The analysis was performed with a sample of 178 business-related university students. Amongst the potential contributions made by this study we can highlight the possibility of understanding future managers’ perceptions of the role of business in achieving the SDGs, as well as the benefits that companies could derive from greater commitment to achieving these SDGs and identifying areas for improvement in university education regarding sustainable development. This work was supported by the University Teaching Research Networks Programme of the Institute of Education Sciences of the University of Alicante under Grant XARXES-I3CE-2020-5041.

Knowledge plays a fundamental role in the achievement of business success. This has led to the intensification of the study of the set of intangible assets of the organization called intellectual capital (IC) as well as its impact on the achievement of sustainable competitive advantages over time. Moreover, IC that incorporates sustainable aspects (i.e., green intellectual capital [GIC]) was only recently introduced in the academic literature and has since become an emerging field of study. The lack of consistency in the terminologies used has made it difficult to establish clear measurements of intangibles, especially of the dimensions of IC, which have posed an additional difficulty in advancing this area of knowledge. To overcome this research problem, the authors analyze the origins and conceptualization of IC and GIC, trying to shed light on the field of study by answering the following questions: (1) What are the origins of IC? (2) How is IC defined? (3) What are the origins of GIC? (4) How is GIC defined?

In recent years, interest in intangible assets has grown, and their identification, measurement, and management has become a topical issue. It is considered important to the recognized value of these invisible assets, called intellectual capital (IC), because they add information to traditional financial indicators that are used both to improve decision making and to demonstrate their potential to potential external users. In this context, IC that incorporates environmental and sustainable aspects (i.e., green intellectual capital [GIC] and sustainable intellectual capital [SIC]) were recently introduced in the academic literature to emphasize the importance of sustainable performance. In order to contribute new knowledge to the subject under study, the research aims to answer the following six research questions through a literature review: (1) What are the origins of IC? (2) How is IC defined? (3) What are the origins of GIC? (4) How is GIC defined? (5) What are the origins of SIC? (6) How is SIC defined?

The objective of this research is to analyze the mediating role of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in the main Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) and Sustainable Performance (SP) relationship, as well as the moderating role of Green Agriculture (GA) in the GSCM–SP relationship. To achieve this objective, a theoretical model is proposed based on the literature review and then analyzed using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) based on a sample of 196 Spanish wineries collected from September 2022 to January 2023. The results reveal that while GSCM partially mediates the GIC–SP relationship, GA positively but not significantly moderates the GSCM–SP relationship. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies that have contextualized the model proposed in the wine industry, so the study represents the generation of new knowledge about the meaning of the relationships presented. Furthermore, no previous research has analyzed the moderating role of GA in the GSCM–SP relationship, so the study advances understanding of the variables that may affect this link (GSCM–SP).

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of wine routes and Designations of Origin (DOs) on the competitiveness of wineries belonging to the Valencian Community, given that, to the best of our knowledge, such relationships have not been analyzed in this wine region. To this end, information was obtained on the operating income, results for the year, equity, level of indebtedness and number of employees of the 90 wineries belonging to this wine-growing territory. Subsequently, a comparison of means was made, calculating Student’s t-test for independent samples with the SPSS software, based on whether the wineries belonged to the wine routes and DOs existing in the Valencian Community. The results show the wineries that are members of a wine route and/or a DO have, on average, a higher operating income, higher equity and a higher number of employees, and these differences are statistically significant. This research may be useful for general managers who are considering the development of wine tourism activities, as well as for those who are thinking of joining DOs, since, as was empirically demonstrated, these actions can improve the economic performance of their wineries and, as a consequence, their competitiveness.

After more than two decades of research on dynamic capabilities, it is quite unusual for empirical works to focus on their study applied to SMEs. Inside this context, our work tries to assess whether or not the dynamic capabilities (DC) of the SMEs positively influence their innovation capacity. The field study was conducted with the population of SMEs located in the city of Machala (Ecuador) and belonging to the trade sector, the sample comprising 109 companies. Our findings in this study show that not every dynamic capability is equally relevant in the Machala-based SMEs, given that while absorptive capacity and learning capacity have a positive and significant effect on innovation, adaptive capacity does not have a significant impact on the innovation processes of the firms under study.

Nowadays, the attitude of companies seems to play a relevant role in detecting and exploiting opportunities to create value, especially in terms of knowledge and cooperation. Thereon, the concept of entrepreneurial orientation has become relevant over the last years. Firms are entrepreneurially oriented when their decision-making, techniques, and procedures allow them to identify opportunities, develop a proactive mindset, and use creative ways to achieve their objectives. The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and companies’ innovation capacity, in addition to the mediating effect of entrepreneurial networks and firms’ learning capacity in this relationship. A sample of 197 Spanish companies in the energy sector is analyzed using the variance-based structural equation modeling technique (PLS-SEM), using the software “SmartPLS” in its version 3.9. The results show a direct positive and significant influence of entrepreneurial orientation on companies’ innovation capacity, as well as the existence of an indirect effect through the mediation of entrepreneurial networks and the learning capacity of firms. It is concluded that businesses must dedicate time and resources to develop a strong entrepreneurial orientation which, in addition to allowing them to exploit external entrepreneurial networks, boosts their learning and innovation capabilities, favoring the development of new sustainable possibilities for value creation.

The Spanish wine industry is a world leader in terms of wine exports by volume and third in terms of the value of these exports, behind only France and Italy. Spanish wine is therefore present in the world's main wine consuming markets, contributing to the maintenance and even improvement of the Spain brand on an international scale. Through a descriptive analysis carried out with secondary sources of information, this research aims to analyze wine trade flows as well as the degree of concentration of these flows in order to determine the degree of equality or inequality among Spanish wine exporters. The results show that for the last decade Spain has had a surplus in the wine trade balance of more than 2,000 million euros per year, and more than 80% of the wineries export on a regular basis, with a high concentration of large wineries.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to a business approach that takes into account economic, environmental, and social issues in a balanced, holistic, and long-term manner for the benefit of current and future stakeholders. However, when did the term emerge? How has it evolved since its inception? Under what theoretical perspectives has it been approached? Through a narrative review of the literature, the research addresses these research questions to bring clarity to the field of study. The results of the research show that the term emerged in the 1950s, having evolved to include the economic, social, and environmental dimensions and that there are five motivations that drive its implementation: (1) alignment of interests between agents and principal, (2) satisfaction of stakeholder demands, (3) compliance with the institutional context, (4) obtaining a competitive advantage, and (5) maintaining congruence between the objectives of society and the objectives of the organization.

The research aims to analyze the different theoretical perspectives under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been analyzed. Based on the narrative review conducted, five motivations have been identified that drive the implementation of CSR practices: (1) the alignment of interests between agents and principal, (2) the satisfaction of stakeholder demands, (3) compliance with the institutional context, (4) obtaining a competitive advantage, and (5) maintaining congruence between the objectives of society and the objectives of the organization. These objectives are not mutually exclusive, but complementary. Thus, the reason why organizations develop CSR practices can be an accumulation of the five factors mentioned above.

The research is of great interest since it allows us to know the points of convergence and divergence between two of the concepts most used today to refer to the company's commitment to society and the environment in which it operates: corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate sustainability (CS). Through the narrative review conducted, the research shows that both concepts are converging to refer to the commitment of companies to economic, social, and environmental well-being. However, CS researchers consider that the three dimensions are interconnected, while CSR researchers do not seem to recognize this link. Furthermore, CSR is considered to have emerged to address social issues, while CS focused on environmental issues, given that CSR has its origins in the critique of neoclassical economic theory and CS in the environmental impact of organizations.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the different effects of the green intellectual capital (GIC) of wine companies on the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), contributing to academic literature in a remarkable way, since, to the authors' knowledge, there is no previous research that has addressed this relationship. In order to achieve the proposed objective, the research follows a qualitative approach, since the single case study was used. The research results demonstrate how the three dimensions of the GIC (green human capital, green structural capital, green relational capital) act as catalysts for the fulfillment of SDGs 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 17.

The wine sector occupies a prominent place in the Spanish agrifood industry, for both the quality and the variety of its production. Although the protection of geographical designations is at the heart of Spain and European Union wine quality policy, much empirical investigation is still needed to assess the role played by business agglomerations in creating value for the territory through these quality protection systems. The aim of the paper is to identify Spanish wine clusters and characterize them from geographical, historical and economic perspectives. A deep analysis of the six wine clusters identified is carried out given the importance of these competitive environments in terms of degree of productive specialization, employment and Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) at the national level. The results show that while the area of cultivated vineyards, the number of winegrowers and wineries in the six analysed cases have decreased over the last two decades, production, sales volume and especially their economic value have increased considerably. This could explain the orientation towards a differentiation strategy, in recent years, based on the reputation of the collective brand, which is translated into the marketed product.

Sustainable business is suffering an increasing demand by part of different stakeholders, especially those in the end of the value chain. One way to accomplish it is through a business longevity assessment model. If companies last in a sustainable way that is also recognizable, they will create value not only from an economic perspective but also from a social one. In this chapter, the authors expose the reasons why migrating from the main profit maximization goal to pursuing business longevity (survival in an adequate manner) may help to enhance sustainable development both inside and outside the organization, as well as some action proposals to achieve it.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents the voluntary commitment of companies to behave appropriately, fairly, and responsibly with the environment in which they operate. It refers to a business approach that takes into account economic, environmental, and social issues in a balanced, holistic, and long-term manner for the benefit of current and future stakeholders. Thus, since the introduction of the concept, more managers are including social and environmental objectives in their decision-making process. The aim of CSR is therefore to seek the well-being of society and the environment through business activities. However, when did the term come into being, how has the term evolved since its foundation, and how has the concept of CSR evolved over time? Through a narrative review of the literature, the research addresses these research questions to bring clarity to the field of study.

The research aims to analyze the link between the green intellectual capital (GIC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the wine industry, contributing to the academic literature in a remarkable way, since, to the authors' knowledge, there is no previous research that has addressed this relationship. To achieve the proposed objective, the research follows a qualitative approach, given that the case study method was used. The research results show the positive effect of the three dimensions of the GIC (green human capital, green structural capital, green relational capital) on the achievement of SDGs 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 17.

Several studies have addressed the role played by the Spanish wine routes in boosting the competitiveness of a territory, increasing wine production, improving the quality of life of citizens, and respecting the environment. However, to the authors' knowledge, the impact of COVID-19 on these wine routes has not been addressed in the academic literature. To overcome this research gap, this chapter aims to analyze the impact of the pathogen on the supply and demand of tourism activities through, on the one hand, the analysis of the evolution of the institutions adhered to the Spanish wine routes and, on the other hand, the study of the economic impact of the 32 routes that make up this tourism product.

The present research analyzes the different factors that influence the formation of green intellectual capital (GIC) in wine companies, contributing to the academic literature in a remarkable way, since, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been identified that addresses such typology of organizational intangibles in the wine industry. Through a case study, the research indicates that, from a green human capital (GHC) point of view, workers' knowledge derived from environmental awareness sessions or seminar attendance are key to enhance this set of intangibles. As for green structural capital (GSC), circular economy programs, carbon and water footprint measurement computer systems, and eco-efficient facilities are clear examples that enable the formation of this dimension of the GIC. Finally, the analysis of green relational capital (GRC) highlights the importance of the company-stakeholder link for the proper environmental management of the winery.

Academic contributions regarding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and renewable energy have been steadily increasing, given their essential relevance to economic, societal, and environmental progress. This research aims to examine the structure of scientific knowledge on the connection between SDGs and renewable energy by utilizing bibliometric methods and analyzing 3132 articles published between 1992 and 2022. Results indicate a sharp rise in the production rate since 2015, Environmental Sciences as the most prevalent area of study, and the leading role of publishers Elsevier, MDPI, and Springer in the publication of papers related to the subject. Consequently, this research may prove useful for both novice and veteran researchers who wish to further their understanding of the academic production regarding the SDGs and renewable energy.

Currently, the wine industry has gained great relevance worldwide. At the same time, the sustainability of the business activity has positioned itself as one of the main challenges to be achieved in the coming years. Due to the great impact that agricultural processes can have on the environment, vine and wine production is particularly susceptible to the application of new technologies and processes that improve its sustainability in the medium and long term, while allowing the improvement of product quality. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the academic literature in the field of wine industry sustainability, to determine the main contributions carried out, as well as the most prominent authors, universities, and countries in this field of study. The methodology used is bibliometric analysis, specifically the Bibliometrix® R package, in its version 4.1.1. The results reveal that research in the field of sustainability in the wine industry has increased considerably in the last three years by several leading researchers, mainly from universities located in wine-producing regions. It is concluded that research shows a trend towards collaboration among stakeholders, especially in terms of innovation, which is postulated as the main tool to improve the sustainability of the sector in the coming years.

Winemaking is an ancestral activity characterized by its strong roots in the culture, heritage, and people of the producing regions. In addition to providing important health benefits, wine is a product that is widely accepted by society. However, the socioeconomic context is evolving at a rapid pace, and new requirements and needs are forcing companies to innovate in order to remain competitive in the markets, especially in terms of sustainability. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between green transformational leadership and green innovation, as well as the mediating effect of green motivation and green creativity in this relationship. Data were obtained from a sample of 196 Spanish companies belonging to the wine industry and, as a method of analysis, was used partial least squares structural equation modeling PLS-SEM. The results show a positive and significant relationship between green transformational leadership and green innovation in wine companies. Furthermore, green motivation and green creativity exert a mediating effect in this relationship. It is concluded that the managers of wine companies should encourage employee motivation and creativity, especially in ecological terms, by creating an environment conducive to the development of environmentally friendly innovations.

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of industrial agglomeration on the degree of interorganizational cooperation and the innovative performance of firms of the electricity supply sector in Spain. For this purpose, the agglomeration coefficient in each of the 50 provinces of Spain is calculated, based on secondary data from SABI database. Subsequently, primary data are obtained from a sample of 197 companies through a structured questionnaire. In this case, the PLS-SEM technique is used. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables analyzed. It is concluded that industrial agglomeration and cooperation are relevant external factors that boost the innovative performance of firms and that business associations foster interorganizational cooperation.