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The use of simplified tillage systems and weed control methods using reduced herbicide doses in wheat production technology is one of the basic requirements of sustainable agriculture in terms of obtaining high-quality grain of this species. The aim of three-year field studies was to determine the yield and quality characteristics of hybrid wheat grain depending on two tillage systems (CT and RT) and four weed control methods: mechanical (M) and mechanical–chemical, using recommended herbicide doses (MH100) and doses reduced by 25 and 50% (MH75, MH50). A comparable grain yield, number of grains per spike, weight of one thousand wheat grains, and amount of gluten and ω gliadin subunits (GLI) were obtained in the RT and CT systems. The CT system increased protein content (by 15.2 g kg−1) and the increase in the sum of gluten protein fractions was higher for glutenins (GLU) and their LMW and HMW subunits (from 20.9 to 29.8%). The application of the method with the recommended herbicide dose (MH100), compared to M and MH50, resulted in an increase in grain yield by 0.89 and 1.04 t ha−1, respectively, as well as in the sum of GLI (by 8.4 and 12.3%) and GLU (by 13.7 and 25.3%). The application of the herbicide dose reduced by 25% (MH75) compared to the recommended dose (MH100), especially in the RT system, did not cause a significant decrease in protein content and the amount of GLI and GLU, while reducing grain yield (by 0.26 t ha−1) and the amount of gluten (by 3.1%).

Soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a legume valued for, among other things, the high nutritional value of its seeds, which contain around 40% protein with an excellent amino acid composition and a significant fat content. The study aimed to evaluate the protein, fat, fibre and amino acids content of the seeds of two soya bean varieties sown at different row spacings under organic and conventional growing conditions. The study showed that the conventional method of production has a more favourable effect on the soya bean’s protein content and the most amino acids, primarily essential amino acids. In organic cultivation, soya bean seeds were characterised by a higher content of fat and sulphur amino acids (methionine and cysteine). The research carried out indicates that the seeds of the Aldana variety, compared to the Merlin variety, have greater nutritional importance to humans due to a higher content of protein and almost all amino acids, including essential amino acids. Only a higher content of seed fat and tryptophan was evidenced in the Merlin variety. Row spacing did not significantly differentiate the assessed soya bean seed quality parameters. Only the amount of methionine was significantly higher when soya beans were grown at a narrower row spacing (22.5 cm).

Consumers’ growing awareness of healthy nutrition results in an increase in demand for the production of beverages with health-promoting properties. An example of such a product is kvass produced in the fermentation process. This research aimed to determine the impact of plant additives on the antioxidant and sensorial properties of kvass made from bread based on mountain rye flour. The bread extract was fermented at different temperatures (28 and 34 °C). Additives of 3, 5, and 10% were used in the tests, which included black chokeberry juice and infusion, sea buckthorn fruit juice and infusion, and peppermint leaf infusion. A higher fermentation temperature in the production process resulted in an improvement in the organoleptic and antioxidant properties of the tested kvasses. The highest antioxidant activity was demonstrated by kvass with the addition of 10% black chokeberry juice (0.734 µmol Trolox g−1 (ABTS), 4.90 µmol of Trolox g−1 (DPPH)), and a peppermint leaf infusion (0.773 µmol Trolox g−1 (ABTS), 4.71 µmol Trolox g−1 (DPPH)). The conditions of kvass production and the type and amount of the additive influenced the selected physicochemical parameters of the obtained kvasses. The chromatographic analysis confirmed the content of 13 phenolic compounds in kvass with the addition of black chokeberry juice, which was 1.68–1.73 mg/100 mL of the finished product with a 10% share of the additive. The 11 phenolic compounds in kvass with the addition of peppermint infusion were confirmed for 7.65–6.86 mg/100 mL of the finished product with 10% of the additive. Kvass enriched with additives from black chokeberry fruit and peppermint leaves may be a promising new category of functional beverages with health-promoting properties resulting from the content of polyphenol compounds. It could be a better base for enrichment with raw materials that are richer in these compounds than pasteurized products.

Cereals are a valuable source of biologically active compounds. Phenolic compounds, of which the phenolic acids (PA) found in cereal grains constitute a significant proportion, are characterized by health-promoting properties largely due to their antioxidant capacity. PA, located mainly in the outer parts of the grain, play an important role in preventing environmental stresses. Triticale is a cereal species of increasing economic value, and also value for human consumption. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of conventional (CONV) and integrated (INTEG) cropping systems on antioxidant activity and content of selected PA in triticale cultivars (Meloman, Panteon, Belcanto) grain. The experiment was conducted in seasons from 2019/2020 to 2021/2022. Among the PA tested, ferulic acid (FER) had the highest contribution to total PA content (TPAs), with 519, 99, and 1115 μg g−1 in whole grain, flour, and bran, respectively. The unfavorable hydrothermal conditions occurring in the seasons (rainfall deficit) increased TPA, mainly in whole grain. Grain cv. Meloman had the highest PA content in whole grain, flour, and bran and cv. Belcanto had the lowest, with differences of 22.7, 18.2, and 15.7% respectively. Cultivation of triticale under the CONV vs. INTEG cropping system resulted in reduced amounts of TPAs in flour and bran and PA: p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB) in flour, syringic acid (SYR) in whole grain and bran, and ferulic acid (FER) and sinapic acid (SIN) in bran. The CONV cropping system also caused a decrease in antioxidant activity (AOA) in flour and bran. In most of the cases analyzed, the highest antioxidant activity and content of PA were found in bran, and the lowest were found in flour. The high presence of PA in triticale grain indicates that this cereal, especially when grown under the INTEG cropping system, can be destined for consumption and provide a source of valuable antioxidants for various food and nutraceutical purposes.

Wheat is of significant economic importance due to its high yield potential and high nutritional value as well as the technological usefulness of the grain. Field experiments were carried out in the years 2015–2018 in southeastern Poland. A three-factor experiment was used to study the influence of wheat cultivars (hybrid—cvs. Hybred and Hymack; common—cv. Batuta), cultivation systems (organic—ORG, integrated—INT, conventional—CON) and of environmental conditions (using two different locations: Dukla and Nowy Lubliniec) on wheat grains’ phenolic acid (PA) content and grain yield. The research confirms the genetic determinants of grain yield and PA composition in wheat grains, and their different accumulation levels of ferulic acid and other PAs—with the exception of sinapic, p-coumaric, and salicilic—with hybrid cultivars performing better than common cultivars. The ORG system, compared to the INT and CON systems, caused a larger increase in total acids (TPAs)—especially of ferulic, vanillic, and syringic acids—in grains of cv. Hybred, and of caffeic acid in cv. Hymack, compared to cv. Batuta. The lack of interaction between the cultivation systems and the cultivars indicates that similar reactions to increases in grain yield due to increases in the intensity of cultivation take place in cultivars. The more favourable environmental conditions in Dukla favoured the accumulation of ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, syringic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids in the grains. TPAs were higher by 4.3% and the grain yield by 4.0% on average. Variable conditions in the season 2015/2016 resulted in higher yields of hybrid cvs. grains than of common cv., which proves the greater yielding stability of these cultivars in years with adverse weather conditions. The season 2016/2017 had less rainfall and faced high temperatures during grain ripening, favouring a higher PA content and TPAs, especially in the grains of cv. Hybred. This suggests a need to further assess the genetic progress of hybrid wheat cultivars cultivated under different environmental conditions in terms of their PA composition and content.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of soil tillage systems on technological characteristics, mineral composition and grain yield of selected hybrid wheat cultivars grown in variable climatic conditions. The following factors were studied: tillage systems, namely conventional (CT), reduced (RT) and no tillage (NT) and hybrid cultivars of winter wheat (Hyfi, Hybiza and Hystar). Cvs. Hyfi and Hybiza were characterised by good technological parameters and protein quality, and additionally by a higher Fe and Zn content and a higher grain yield than cv. Hystar. Meteorological conditions (rainfall total 414.9 mm, mean temperature 8.8 °C) during the growing season caused an increase in the yield of grain, protein, gluten and Zeleny test as well as the total gliadins and glutenins. Higher rainfall reduced grain quality and Fe and Zn content, while precipitation deficits reduced grain yield. Quality parameters and grain yield, as well as total gliadins and glutenins in CT and RT were similar, and significantly higher compared with NT. Soil tillage systems did not differentiate mineral composition, except for the higher content of Fe in CT as well as the content of albumins and globulins, α/β, ω gliadins and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins and protein fraction ratios in grain.

The study involved a field experiment conducted on two cultivars of chamomile (‘Złoty Łan’ and ‘Mastar’) in the climatic and soil conditions of the central Lublin region (Poland) during the years 2016–2018. The experiment was designed to determine the effects of three foliar biological preparations (growth stimulant Bio-algeen, fertilizer Herbagreen Basic, and Effective Microorganisms applied as EM Farming spray), which were applied once or twice, on the yield and quality of herbal raw material of chamomile grown under organic conditions. Chamomile was grown at different row spacings (40 cm and 30 cm). The biopreparations (in particular Herbagreen Basic) had a positive effect on chamomile yield (about 10–11% in comparison with control treatment) and yield attributing characters (plant height, number of branches, and inflorescences per plant) as well as on the quality parameters. The EM Farming had a minimal influence on the quantity characteristics studied, but it beneficially affected essential oil and chlorophyll content. The biopreparations had a more favorable effect when they were applied twice. The wider row spacing of chamomile (40 cm) promoted higher yields (about 18%) compared to 30 cm. The narrower spacing (30 cm), however, contributed to better quality characteristics of herbal raw material. The study confirmed much higher productivity and quality of the cultivar ‘Złoty Łan’ compared to cv. ‘Mastar’ (about 15%). Significant interactions of experimental factors concerned mainly the formation of the essential oil content in herbal raw material (the most advantageous was the ‘Złoty Łan’ cultivar sown at a row spacing of 30 cm with the use of Herbagreen Basic biopreparation twice).

In this experiment, the response of winter oilseed rape cv. SY Alister F1 to diverse foliar fertilization was evaluated. Foliar fertilization with the preparation Insol 5 was applied at the following dates: control (without a foliar fertilizer); autumn; autumn + spring; autumn + twice spring; spring and twice spring. Each variant in which autumn foliar fertilization was carried out contributed to a significant increase in plant density before harvest. In turn, each variant with spring foliar fertilization significantly increased the number of pods per plant compared to the control. Variants with autumn + spring, autumn + twice-spring, and twice-spring foliar fertilization influenced the increase in the soil-plant analysis development index (SPAD), thousand seed weight and protein and fat yield. The leaf area index was the highest after foliar fertilization applied in autumn + in spring or autumn + twice in spring. Foliar fertilization affected a significant increase in seed yield compared to the control. The content of protein and magnesium in seeds was the highest after the fertilizer application in autumn + twice in spring or twice in spring.

At present, under the conditions of climate change, for mainly environmental but also economic reasons, especially in the case of new wheat genotypes, alternative cropping systems are recommended in addition to the common conventional system. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the integrated system (INTEG) and conventional system (CONV) on the physiological parameters, yield, and mineral composition of the grain, as well as the amount and quality of protein of winter wheat Hymalaya (hybrid cv.) and Formacja (population cv.) against the background of changing hydrothermal conditions in the years of the study. The field experiment was carried out in 2016–2019 in Przecław (50°11′00″ N, 21°29′00″ E), Poland. More favorable values of physiological parameters and grain yield were found in the CONV system than in the INTEG system. A more efficient course of the photosynthesis process in cv. Hymalaya effected a higher grain yield, which was similar in the INTEG system to that of cv. Formacja from the CONV system. The use of the CONV system effected an increase in the grain quality traits as well as the sum of gliadins and glutenins, including the subunits γ gliadins, LMW glutenins, and HMW glutenins. Grain of cv. Hymalaya from the INTEG system had higher contents of Fe, Mn, and Mg and more favorable composition of glutenin proteins and their HMW/LMW ratio than cv. Formacja. Higher values of quality traits and gluten protein fractions and subunits, along with a reduction in the grain yield of wheat cultivars, were favored by periods with rainfall deficit in the wheat ripening period, where low hydrothermal coefficients were recorded.

Unmalted wheat grain and barley malt are the basic materials used in the production of Belgian wheat beers known as Witbier. A change in the ingredients defined in the recipe, by which part of the unmalted wheat is replaced with wheat malt, can positively affect the quality of the beverage produced. The purpose of the study was to brew Witbier-style beers made from four cultivars of winter wheat, with a 50% share of unmalted wheat and barley malt as well as Witbier-style beers made from four wheat cultivars, where 25% of unmalted wheat was replaced with wheat malt. Physicochemical and sensory analyzes showed mild differences in the quality of the beer products, more specifically higher alcohol content (by 11.33%) were found in beers made without the addition of wheat malt, while higher sensory attractiveness and 17.13% higher total polyphenol content were identified in beers enhanced with wheat malt. Phenolic compounds were identified using UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. The highest flavanol content, including kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-pentoside, was found in beers produced using wheat grains of the ‘Elixer’ cultivar, whether or not wheat malt was added; the values were 1.31 mg/L in E50 beer, and 1.39 mg/L in E25 beer. The same beer samples with the highest antioxidant and antiradical activity were found (in E25 beer, 2.35 mmol TE/L, and in E50 beer, 2.12 mmol Fe2+/L). The present findings show that the investigated wheat cultivars may be used in beer production, whereas replacing part of unmalted wheat with wheat malt can improve the sensory profile of the beer produced.

The environmental factor determining the increase in soybean crops during the current climate changes is its adaptation to drought periods; therefore, in addition to conventional tillage (CT), no-till cultivation systems (RT, NT) are practiced in the cultivation of this species. A field experiment was conducted in 2017–2019 in Boguchwała, Poland. The test plant was soybean cv. Merlin. The experimental factors were three tillage systems (conventional—CT, reduced—RT, no-tillage—NT). The use of CT and RT influenced the increase of LAI and SPAD and stimulated the course of the photosynthesis process, which resulted in an increase in the values of Fv/F0 and PI parameters compared to NT. Soybean with CT yielded significantly higher than with NT, and seeds contained more protein. Fat and P content was significantly higher in NT and K in seeds from RT. Under extremely dry and dry conditions (June–September), in 2017 the seed yield in NT was similar to CT and significantly higher than in RT.

Plant production technologies based solely on the improvement of plants themselves face obstacles resulting from the natural limitations of the biological potential of varieties. Therefore, new substances are sought that positively influence the growth and development of plants and increase resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, which also translates into an increase in obtained yields. The exogenous application of various phytoprotectants shows great promise in terms of cost effectiveness compared to traditional breeding methods or transgenic approaches in relation to increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Quercetin is a strong antioxidant among phenolic compounds, and it plays a physiological and biochemical role in plants. As such, the aim of this research was to assess the effect of an aqueous solution of a quercetin derivative with potassium, applied in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%), on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and biochemical properties of maize. Among the tested variants, compared to the control, the most stimulating effect on the course of physiological processes (PN, gs, ci, CCI, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, PI) in maize leaves was found in 3.0 and 5.0% aqueous solutions of the quercetin derivative. The highest total antioxidant capacity and total content of polyphenolic compounds were found for plants sprayed with 5.0% quercetin derivative solution; therefore, in this study, the optimal concentration could not be clearly selected.

Quercetin, classified as a flavonoid, is a strong antioxidant that plays a significant role in the regulation of physiological processes in plants, which is particularly important in the case of biotic and abiotic stresses. The study investigated the effect of the use of potassium quercetin solutions in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) on the physiological and biochemical properties of wheat seedlings. A pot experiment was carried out in order to determine the most beneficial dose of this flavonoid acting as a bio-stimulant for wheat plants. Spraying with quercetin derivative solutions was performed twice, and physiological measurements (chlorophyll content and fluorescence as well as gas exchange) were carried out on the first and seventh days after each application. The total phenolic compounds content and the total antioxidant capacity were also determined. It was shown that the concentrations of potassium quercetin applied have a stimulating effect on the course of physiological processes. In the case of most of the tested physiological parameters (chlorophyll content and fluorescence and gas exchange) and the total antioxidant capacity, no significant differences were observed in their increase as a result of application with concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0%. Therefore, the beneficial effect of quercetin on the analysed parameters is already observed when spraying with a concentration of 3.0%.

In the years 2013-2015 a field experiment was carried out, whose aim was to determine the response of spring wheat cultivar Arabella to different levels of soil fertilization with NPK and foliar feeding Plonvit Zboża. Higher level of soil fertilization with NPK caused an increase in the LAI (Leaf Area Index), MTA (Mean Tip Angle) and SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) indices in comparison to lower fertilization level. The applied soil fertilization and foliar application did not differentiate the number of plants after emergences and prior to the harvest. The higher dose of NPK caused an increase in the number of ears per 1 m2, TGW and grain yield in comparison to the lower dose. Two-time and three-time foliar application caused an increase in MTA and SPAD indices, while TGW and grain yield increased three times in comparison to the control. The higher level of NPK fertilization caused an increase in total protein, K, Cu and Mn contents in grain and a decrease in Fe content. Three-time foliar application caused an increase in ash and Mg contents in grain in comparison to the control. An increase in Cu and Zn contents, in comparison to single foliar application and the control, was also observed.

Although the conventional tillage (CT) system dominates in the cultivation of wheat in Europe, currently, mainly for economic and environmental reasons, especially in the case of new varietal genotypes, reduced tillage systems (RT), including no-tillage (NT), are practised. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of tillage systems on yield, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the quantity and quality of protein of hybrid winter wheat cultivars grown under various hydrothermal conditions in the years of the research. A field experiment was carried out between 2016 and 2019 in Domaradz (49°47′38′′ N, 21°56′54′′ E), Poland. The following factors were tested: three tillage systems—conventional (CT), reduced (RT) and no-tillage (NT), and five hybrid cultivars of winter wheat—Hybery, Hyking, Hymalaya, Hypocamp and Hyvento. The highest grain yield and the most favourable values of physiological parameters were found in the CT system in comparison to the reduced systems RT and NT. Unfavourable hydrothermal conditions with a deficit of precipitation during the 2018/2019 growing season resulted in a decrease in the grain yield and selected physiological parameters in the CT system, while they increased in the NT system. More favourable physiological parameters and higher yields resulted from cultivation of hybrid winter wheat in the CT system for cvs. Hymalaya and Hypocamp grain, and in the NT system for cv. Hyking. The use of the CT system in comparison to RT and NT resulted in a significant increase in the value of grain quality parameters and the content of the sum of gliadins and glutenins as well as γ, ω gliadins and HMW glutenins. No statistical differences were found in the content of albumin and globulin or α/β subunits of gliadins and LMW glutenins in the CT and RT systems. Cvs. Hyvento and Hyking, in the CT as well as in the RT and NT systems, obtained higher values of quality characteristics and fractions and subunits of gluten proteins, especially when low hydrothermal coefficients were recorded during the grain formation and ripening period (June–July).

The appropriate row spacing and sowing density of soybeans are the basic non-input and pro-environmental agrotechnical factors. The optimal spacing of plants in the field can be crucial in terms of reducing competition between plants for water, nutrients and light, which is particularly important for photosynthesis and maximizes the use of environmental resources. The field experiment was carried out in the years 2017–2019 at the Experimental Station for Cultivar Assessment in Przecław, Poland, on Merlin cv. soybean plants. The experimental factors were: row spacing of 15 and 30 cm and the sowing density of 70, 90 and 110 pcs. m−2. During the research, the influence of row spacing and sowing density on yielding, seed quality, plant morphological features, nodulation and physiological processes in plants was assessed. The obtained soybean seed yield was not influenced by the experimental factors, but only by the weather conditions prevailing in the research years. The smaller row spacing and sowing density of 15/70 and 30/70 resulted in an increase in the parameters of the yield structure, the number and dry weight of root nodules, as well as the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and PI). Greater plant density per area unit resulted in low yield structure parameters, lower number and dry weight of nodules, poorer parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and higher protein content in seeds. With the increased sowing density, the plants were higher, the 1st. pod was placed higher and an LAI value was also higher.

The study assessed the quality parameters of grain and flour, the rheological properties of dough and the quality of bread prepared from flour of hybrid cultivars of wheat in comparison with population cultivars of wheat. As the interest in wheat hybrids cultivars from the agricultural and milling industry is growing, their technological value of grain and flour was evaluated at two levels of nitrogen fertilisation (N1—110 kg/ha, N2—150 kg/ha). Increasing the fertilisation (N2) produced a significant influence on the crude protein and gluten content in the flour, as well as the moisture of the crumb and the yield of the dough without impacting other rheological traits and parameters of bread baking process. The performed principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for identification of the best cultivars among the studied wheat cultivars (Hybery and Hyvento). The hybrid cultivar Hyvento was characterised by favourable qualitative traits of the grain (vitreousness, crude protein content) and rheological parameters of the dough (bread volume), however, it had lower baking quality parameters. Among the hybrid cultivars, the best applicability for baking purposes was Hybery due to the favourable values of the baking process parameters and bread quality (bread yield, bread volume, Dallmann porosity index of crumb). Hybrid cultivars of wheat can therefore be used for the production of bread and be an alternative in agricultural production for population cultivars, which will contribute to filling the knowledge gap for the hybrid wheat cultivars.

Ścisłe doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2011–2014 w Stacji Doświadczalnej Oceny Odmian w Przecławiu. Celem badań było określenie stanu oraz stopnia zachwaszczenia łanów odmian pszenicy ozimej populacyjnej i mieszańcowej, w których stosowano technologie o zróżnicowanej intensywności uprawy. Stwierdzono, że zastosowane technologie modyfikowały skład gatunkowy i liczbę chwastów oraz ich powietrznie suchą masę w łanie. Najbardziej radykalnie ograniczała zachwaszczenie technologia wysokonakładowa. Technologia średnionakładowa była mniej efektywna w zmniejszeniu powietrznie suchej masy chwastów w porównaniu z technologią niskonakładową. W strukturze florystycznej zbiorowisk chwastów poszczególnych odmian obserwowano podobny skład gatunkowy, a różnice dotyczyły liczby i powietrznie suchej masy występujących gatunków chwastów. Odmiana hybrydowa Hymack odznaczała się wyższą konkurencyjnością względem chwastów i charakteryzowała się najmniejszą liczbą i masą chwastów ogółem.

Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2008–2010 w Stacji Doświadczalnej Krasne należącej do Wydziału Biologiczno-Rolniczego Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego w Rzeszowie. W dwuczynnikowym doświadczeniu w układzie losowanych bloków porównywano reakcję pszenicy ozimej odmiany ‘Batuta’, uprawianej w stanowisku po bobiku i pszenicy ozimej, z zastosowaniem zalecanych i zmniejszonych dawek herbicydów oraz adiuwantu Atpolan 80 EC. Stwierdzono istotnie wyższy poziom plonowania pszenicy po bobiku niż uprawianej po sobie. Zwiększenie wskaźników zachwaszczenia łanu oraz kompensację chwastów zwłaszcza w stanowisku po pszenicy zanotowano na obiektach, gdzie stosowano zmniejszone o 1/3 dawki herbicydów. Zastosowanie adiuwantu z dawkami herbicydów zmniejszonymi o 1/3 umożliwiło otrzymanie plonu ziarna pszenicy na poziomie zbliżonym do otrzymanego w warunkach dawek pełnych bez adiuwantu, zarówno w stanowisku po bobiku, jak i w krótkotrwałej monokulturze.

Badania w latach 2004–2006 przeprowadzono na polu doświadczalnym należącym do Stacji Dydaktyczno-Badawczej Wydziału Biologiczno-Rolniczego Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Badano wpływ pełnych i zredukowanych o połowę dawek herbicydów, a także przydatność metody mechaniczno-chemicznej, w której aplikację połowy dawki środka poprzedzono dwukrotnym bronowaniem zasiewów. Czynnikami doświadczenia były: I. odmiany pszenicy jarej Zebra i Histra, II. sposoby odchwaszczania pszenicy jarej uwzględniające kombinacje dawek herbicydów Chwastox Trio 540 SL i Sekator 6,25 WG. Stosując dwukrotne bronowanie pszenicy jarej i połowę dawki herbicydów, uzyskano zbliżoną efektywność zwalczania chwastów jak po zastosowaniu pełnych dawek. Po zastosowaniu pełnych dawek herbicydów oraz zredukowanych dawek po wcześniejszym bronowaniu uzyskano istotnie wyższy plon ziarna w porównaniu z obiektem kontrolnym, średnio po Chwastoxie Trio 540 SL o 27,3% i o 24,4%, a po aplikacji Sekatora 6,25 WG o 33,8% i również o 24,4%. Natomiast zwyżka plonu ziarna w odniesieniu do kontroli na obiektach z połową dawki herbicydów wynosiła średnio od 12,6 (Chwastox Trio 540 SL) do 17,9% (Sekator 6,25 WG).

Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2000–2002 na polu doświadczalnym należącym do Stacji Dydaktyczno-Badawczej Wydziału Biologiczno-Rolniczego Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskie-go. Badano wpływ zróżnicowanych dawek i sposobów stosowania azotu na wielkość, strukturę plonu i jakość ziarna pszenicy ozimej. Czynnikami doświadczenia były: A – odmiany pszenicy ozimej Begra i Kobra; B – poziomy nawożenia azotem doglebowo (saletra amonowa) i dolistne stosowanie mocznika. Plon ziarna obu odmian był uzależniony od dawki azotu, a przy poziomie nawożenia 120 kg · ha–1 również od sposobu jego stosowania. Badane odmiany pszenicy reagowały istotnym wzrostem plonu na zwiększenie dawki azotu w stosunku do kontroli. Dawka 120 kg N · ha–1 – 60 kg · ha–1 w formie sypkiej i 60 kg · ha–1 jako trzykrotny zabieg dokarmiania mocznikiem w porównaniu z dawką 120 kg N · ha–1 w całości aplikowaną w formie sypkiej spowodowała większy przyrost plonu ziarna obu odmian pszenicy i jego elementów składowych. Zwiększenie dawki azotu z 60 do 120 kg · ha–1 zwiększyło zawartość białka i potasu w ziarnie obu odmian, zmniejszyło natomiast zawartość fosforu, nie powodując jednocześnie zróżnicowania zawartości magnezu i wapnia. Sposób aplikacji azotu nie miał wpływu na zawartość białka i makroelementów w ziarnie pszenicy.

The study was carried out in 2003–2004 on the field which had been left fallowed for the last 3–4 years, on loess soil. Thirteen species of weeds were thoroughly analysed. The purpose of the analysis was assessing their prolificacy in relation to the selected biometric features. Each species was represented by 30 specimens. On the basis of each plant's seed numbers the average, minimal and maximal numbers of seeds for species were given in the table. Among the most prolific were: Daucus carota, Conyza canadensis and Matricaria inodora, and the least prolific were Vicia grandiflora, Stachys palustris and Lithospermum arvense. Seed production of the studied weed species was significantly correlated with their air-dry weight and the number of fruits or fruit sets. Also, the correlation of seed production and the height of plants was found for Bromus secalinus, Viola arvensis, Stachys palustris, Centaurea cyanus and Vicia hirsuta. Among the discussed biometric features the weight of one thousand seeds and plant's height revealed slight deviation, while the number of fruits or fruit sets and air-dry weight – strong deviation from the average values.