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960 results on '"Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)"'

1. The INSIEME seismic network: a research infrastructure for studying induced seismicity in the High Agri Valley (southern Italy)

Author: Stabile, Tony, Serlenga, Vincenzo, Satriano, Claudio, Romanelli, Marco, Gueguen, Erwan, Gallipoli, Maria, Ripepi, Ermann, Saurel, Jean-Marie, Panebianco, Serena, Bellanova, Jessica, Priolo, Enrico, Stabile, Tony Alfredo, Gallipoli, Maria Rosaria, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (IMAA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Potenza] (CNR), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre (BCMT), Ecole et Observatoire des sciences de la terre (EOST), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Seismometer, SURFACE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, STREAMS, Fault (geology), Induced seismicity, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, NOISE, ATTENUATION, RATIO, TOMOGRAPHY, LOCATION, Seismic risk, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, APENNINES, lcsh:Geology, Current (stream), Seismic hazard, RESOLUTION, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Data center, INJECTION, business, Geology, Seismology
Abstract: The High Agri Valley is a tectonically active area in southern Italy characterized by high seismic hazard related to fault systems capable of generating up to M=7 earthquakes (i.e. the 1857 Mw=7 Basilicata earthquake). In addition to the natural seismicity, two different clusters of induced microseismicity were recognized to be caused by industrial operations carried out in the area: (1) the water loading and unloading operations in the Pertusillo artificial reservoir and (2) the wastewater disposal at the Costa Molina 2 injection well. The twofold nature of the recorded seismicity in the High Agri Valley makes it an ideal study area to deepen the understanding of driving processes of both natural and anthropogenic earthquakes and to improve the current methodologies for the discrimination between natural and induced seismic events by collecting high-quality seismic data. Here we present the dataset gathered by the INSIEME seismic network that was installed in the High Agri Valley within the SIR-MIUR research project INSIEME (INduced Seismicity in Italy: Estimation, Monitoring, and sEismic risk mitigation). The seismic network was planned with the aim to study the two induced seismicity clusters and to collect a full range of open-access data to be shared with the whole scientific community. The seismic network is composed of eight stations deployed in an area of 17 km×11 km around the two clusters of induced microearthquakes, and it is equipped with triaxial weak-motion broadband sensors placed at different depths down to 50 m. It allows us to detect induced microearthquakes, local and regional earthquakes, and teleseismic events from continuous data streams transmitted in real time to the CNR-IMAA Data Centre. The network has been registered at the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN) with code 3F. Data collected until the end of the INSIEME project (23 March 2019) are already released with open-access policy through the FDSN web services and are available from IRIS DMC (https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/3F_2016; Stabile and INSIEME Team, 2016). Data collected after the project will be available with the permanent network code VD (https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/VD, CNR IMAA Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 2019) as part of the High Agri Valley geophysical Observatory (HAVO), a multi-parametric network managed by the CNR-IMAA research institute.
Published: 2020

2. Near-real-time detection of co-seismic ionospheric disturbances using machine learning

Author: Quentin Brissaud, Elvira Astafyeva, NORSAR, Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Geophysics, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Geochemistry and Petrology, Lead (sea ice), 14. Life underwater, Ionosphere, Seismology, Seabed, Geology
Abstract: SUMMARY Tsunamis generated by large earthquake-induced displacements of the ocean floor can lead to tragic consequences for coastal communities. Measurements of co-seismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) offer a unique solution to characterize an earthquake’s tsunami potential in near-real-time (NRT) since CIDs can be detected within 15 min of a seismic event. However, the detection of CIDs relies on human experts, which currently prevents the deployment of ionospheric methods in NRT. To address this critical lack of automatic procedure, we designed a machine-learning-based framework to (1) classify ionospheric waveforms into CIDs and noise, (2) pick CID arrival times and (3) associate arrivals across a satellite network in NRT. Machine-learning models (random forests) trained over an extensive ionospheric waveform data set show excellent classification and arrival-time picking performances compared to existing detection procedures, which paves the way for the NRT imaging of surface displacements from the ionosphere.
Published: 2022

3. The rise and demise of deep accretionary wedges: A long-term field and numerical modeling perspective

Author: Taras Gerya, Onno Oncken, Samuel Angiboust, Armel Menant, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field (physics), Stratigraphy, Perspective (graphical), [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Numerical modeling, Geology, Demise, Geophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Term (time), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Several decades of field, geophysical, analogue, and numerical modeling investigations have enabled documentation of the wide range of tectonic transport processes in accretionary wedges, which constitute some of the most dynamic plate boundary environments on Earth. Active convergent margins can exhibit basal accretion (via underplating) leading to the formation of variably thick duplex structures or tectonic erosion, the latter known to lead to the consumption of the previously accreted material and eventually the forearc continental crust. We herein review natural examples of actively underplating systems (with a focus on circum-Pacific settings) as well as field examples highlighting internal wedge dynamics recorded by fossil accretionary systems. Duplex formation in deep paleo-accretionary systems is known to leave in the rock record (1) diagnostic macro- and microscopic deformation patterns as well as (2) large-scale geochronological characteristics such as the downstepping of deformation and metamorphic ages. Zircon detrital ages have also proved to be a powerful approach to deciphering tectonic transport in ancient active margins. Yet, fundamental questions remain in order to understand the interplay of forces at the origin of mass transfer and crustal recycling in deep accretionary systems. We address these questions by presenting a suite of two-dimensional thermo-mechanical experiments that enable unravelling the mass-flow pathways and the long-term distribution of stresses along and above the subduction interface as well as investigating the importance of parameters such as fluids and slab roughness. These results suggest the dynamical instability of fluid-bearing accretionary systems causes either an episodic or a periodic character of subduction erosion and accretion processes as well as their topographic expression. The instability can be partly deciphered through metamorphic and strain records, thus explaining the relative scarcity of paleo-accretionary systems worldwide despite the tremendous amounts of material buried by the subduction process over time scales of tens or hundreds of millions of years. We finally stress that the understanding of the physical processes at the origin of underplating processes as well as the forearc topographic response paves the way for refining our vision of long-term plate-interface coupling as well as the rheological behavior of the seismogenic zone in active subduction settings., Geosphere, 18 (1), ISSN:1553-040X
Published: 2021

4. Energy Envelope and Attenuation Characteristics of High-Frequency (HF) and Very-High-Frequency (VF) Martian Events

Author: Simon Stähler, Raphaël F. Garcia, Jules Marti, Sabrina Menina, Nicholas Schmerr, William B. Banerdt, Nicolas Compaire, Grégory Sainton, Mélanie Drilleau, Martin van Driel, Sebastián Carrasco, Domenico Giardini, Ludovic Margerin, Marie Calvet, Philippe Lognonné, Matthieu Plasman, Taichi Kawamura, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Foivos Karakostas, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universität zu Köln, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019)
Subjects: Martian, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Attenuation, Very high frequency, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Computational physics, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Mars seismology, Energy (signal processing), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Envelope (waves)
Abstract: Since its deployment at the surface of Mars, the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) instrument of the InSight mission has detected hundreds of small-magnitude seismic events. In this work, we highlight some features of two specific families: high-frequency (HF) and very-high-frequency (VF) events. We characterize the shape of the energy envelopes of HF and VF events with two parameters: (1) the delay time td between the onset and the peak of the dominant arrival; and (2) the quality factor Qc, which quantifies the energy decay rate in the coda. We observe that the envelope of HF and VF events is frequency independent. As a consequence, a single delay time suffices to characterize envelope broadening in the 2.5–7.5 Hz band. The typical coda decay time is also frequency independent, as attested by the close to linear increase of Qc with frequency. Finally, we use elastic radiative transfer theory to perform a series of inversion of seismogram envelopes for the attenuation properties of the Martian lithosphere. The good fit between synthetic and observed envelopes confirms that multiple scattering of elastic waves released by internal sources is a plausible explanation of the events characteristics. We quantify scattering and attenuation properties of Mars and highlight the differences and similarities with the Earth and the Moon. The albedo, that is, the contribution of scattering to the total attenuation, derived from VF events is very high, which we interpret as a signature of a mostly dry medium. Our results also suggest a stratification of the scattering and attenuation properties.
Published: 2021

5. Slow slip events precursory to the 2014 Iquique Earthquake, revisited with long-base tilt and GPS records

Author: Marianne Métois, E. M. Aissaoui, C Tassara, M. F. Esnoult, Claudio Satriano, J. P. Vilotte, J. P. Boy, G. Meneses, Pascal Bernard, Frédéric Boudin, Martin Vallée, Ch Brunet, Alexandre Nercessian, Ch. Vigny, M. Olcay, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Universidad Arturo Prat (UNAP), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Seismic cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earthquake interaction, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], business.industry, forecasting, Slip (materials science), South America, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geodesy, 01 natural sciences, Transient deformation, Geophysics, Tilt (optics), 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Geodetic instrumentation, Global Positioning System, Subduction zone processes, and prediction, Base (exponentiation), business, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: SUMMARY The M= 8.1, 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake, which broke part of the northern Chile seismic gap, was preceded by a strong foreshock sequence starting early January 2014. The reported analysis of the continuous records of the nearby GPS stations from the Integrated Plate Observatory Chile, North Chile array lead to contradictory results concerning the existence and location of slow slip events (SSEs) on the interplate contact. Resolving this controversy is an important issue, as although many SSEs are reported in subduction zones, only a few were found to be precursory to large earthquakes. Here we show that the records of a long base tiltmeter installed near Iquique, when corrected for coseismic steps, long-term drift, tidal signals and oceanic and atmospheric loading, show significant residual signals. These can be modelled with a sequence of four SSEs located close to Iquique. Their signature was already reported on some GPS stations, but their source was then characterized with a very low resolution in time and space, leading to contradicting models. With the tilt records, we can rule out the previously proposed models with a single large SSE closer to the main shock. Combining tilt with GPS records greatly improves the resolution of GPS alone, and one could locate their sources 100–180 km south–southeast to the main shock epicentre, with moment magnitudes between 5.8 and 6.2, at the edge of the main aftershock asperities. These moderate SSEs thus did not directly trigger the main shock, but contributed to trigger the main foreshock and the main aftershock. Only the sensitivity and resolution of the tiltmeter, added to the GPS records, allowed us to describe with unprecedented accuracy this precursory process as a cascade of cross-triggered, short-term aseismic slip events and earthquakes on the interplate contact. This three months of precursory activation appears to be the final acceleration burst of a weaker, longer term SSE which started mid-2013, already reported, with a moment release history which we could quantify. From the methodological point of view, our study takes advantage of an interesting complementarity of tilt and GPS measurements, due to their different dependence in distance to the source of strain, which turns out to be very efficient for resolving location and moment of strain sources, even when both instruments are close to each other. It finally demonstrates the efficient removal of sequences of small or even undetected coseismic steps from high resolution tilt record signal in order to retrieve the purely aseismic signal, a presently impossible task for high time resolution GPS records due to low signal to noise.
Published: 2021

6. The role of vegetation in setting strontium stable isotope ratios in the Critical Zone

Author: J. Bouchez, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Strontium, Isotope, Stable isotope ratio, chemistry.chemical_element, Fractionation, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Isotope fractionation, chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Erosion, Litter, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: At Earth's surface the stable isotope ratio of strontium (88Sr/86Sr) is predominantly set by biological uptake of Sr and its storage in plant litter. This conclusion was reached from a stable isotope mass balance that was independently validated by direct determination of elemental fluxes between the Critical Zone compartments (rock, soil, vegetation, and stream water) of three field sites located in the Swiss Alps, the US Sierra Nevada, and the tropical highlands of Sri Lanka. These sites cover a gradient in erosion rates, which is inversely related to the residence time of solids in the Critical Zone thereby constituting an “erodosequence”. For eroding landscapes, previous stable isotope models predicted that isotope ratios are set by the rate at which secondary solids form during the conversion of rock to regolith. Counter to this expectation we found that, after release from primary minerals, Sr is partitioned into one fraction taken up by plants and the remainder into dissolved Sr flux. The formation of secondary weathering products such as clays and oxides plays a subordinate role in determining the Sr budget. A Sr isotope fractionation factor for biological uptake was determined for each of the three ecosystems from the average Sr stable isotope composition in bulk plants and its dissolved counterpart in stream water. This fractionation factors range from ca. −0.3 ‰ for the Alps and Sierra Nevada to ∼0 ‰ for the tropical Sri Lanka site. That these isotope fingerprints caused by biologic uptake are preserved means that more Sr was physically removed in plant litter than recycled. Such Sr removal in plant litter appears to be strongest at the slowly-eroding site, whereas the dissolved Sr export by streams is highest at the site with the fastest erosion rate. There, all Sr taken up by plants is returned from litter back into solution. The site with short residence time of solids is the only one at which parent material and dissolved export differ in their Sr isotope composition. Our study shows that the behavior of Sr in the Critical Zone is in stark contrast to that of metals of which the isotope fractionation is not affected by biological uptake (for example lithium, mostly set by formation of secondary solids) or affected by both secondary solid formation and biological uptake (for example silicon). Strontium stable isotope signatures offer the new opportunity to quantify nutrient cycling in the Critical Zone as a function of environmental and ecological parameters.
Published: 2021

7. La santé environnementale : l’opportunité d’instaurer une gouvernance des risques multidimensionnelle et intégrée

Author: Maud H. Devès, Laure Giamberini, Christian Mougin, Jacques Gardon, Nicolas Eckert, Florence Carré, Gilles Grandjean, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), GET Risques Allenvi, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Des 1990, l’OMS (1999) a percu l’importance des determinants environnementaux de la sante, ce qui l’a amenee a elargir sa definition de la sante de 1946 : « la sante environnementale comprend les aspects de la sante humaine, y compris la qualite de la vie, qui sont determines par les facteurs physiques, chimiques, biologiques, sociaux, psychosociaux et esthetiques de notre environnement. Elle concerne egalement la politique et les pratiques de gestion, de resorption, de controle et de prevention des facteurs environnementaux susceptibles d’affecter la sante des generations actuelles et futures. »Partant du constat de l’impact de la qualite des ecosystemes sur la sante humaine, le concept d’exposome a emerge. Celui-ci est defini comme la totalite des expositions a des facteurs environnementaux que subit un organisme humain, depuis sa conception jusqu’a sa fin de vie en passant par le stade du developpement in utero (Wild, 2005). La notion de « One health » elaboree par Zindsstag et collaborateurs (2011) insiste en outre sur la bidirectionnalite des relations et appelle a developper des approches integrees pour garantir une sante environnementale globale (humaine, vegetale, animale et ecosystemique). A partir de differents exemples, nous questionnons ici le niveau d’integration disciplinaire et spatio-temporelle necessaire a la prise en compte et a l’operationnalisation du concept de sante environnementale globale. Nous montrons ainsi que la sante environnementale offre un cadre d’actions pour repondre au besoin urgent du developpement d’une gouvernance des risques multidimensionnelle et integree.
Published: 2021

8. The Redox Behavior of Rare Earth Elements

Author: Charles Le Losq, Daniel R. Neuville, Grant S. Henderson, Maria Rita Cicconi, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Cerium, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Chemistry, Rare earth, Inorganic chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Europium, 01 natural sciences, Redox, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Elements in the lanthanides series are usually known under the name of rare earth elements (REE). In past decades, the use of these elements in industrial processes has increased exponentially with the development of novel technologies and applications. In addition to such growing industrial importance, and despite their relatively low concentrations in the Earth system, REE are sensitive markers of crystal-melt equilibria in geological systems. As a result, the study of lanthanides in materials, either as whole group or as single species, has become an important point of focus in both Geo-and Materials Sciences. Among REE, Ce and Eu are stable in many geological environments, with two different oxidation states (Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ and Eu 2+ /Eu 3+), hence, these two redox couples have been proposed as proxies for oxygen fugacity (fO 2) in different environments (oxybarometer). However, it is essential to understand the factors influencing redox mechanisms in order to use Ce/Eu distribution as fO 2 sensors. In this chapter, we present an overview of REE properties in minerals, melts, and glasses, and illustrate their importance through examples of applications in the fields of geochemistry, petrology, and mineralogy.
Published: 2021

9. Redox Equilibria

Author: Daniel R. Neuville, Roberto Moretti, Moretti R., Neuville D.R., Moretti, R., Neuville, D. R., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Half-reaction, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Electrode, Mineral buffer, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Acid-base propertie, 01 natural sciences, Redox, Nerst law, Astrobiology, Potential scale, 13. Climate action, Oxidation number, Realm, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], Oxygen fugacity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The basic aspects of redox geochemistry are reviewed to provide a useful compendium to appreciate the redox connection between the aqueous-hydrothermal and igneous realms of Earth. The different ways to treat and visualize the oxidation state of elements dissolved in a medium are discussed, showing how E-pH, E-pO 2-, and logfO 2-pH diagrams are equivalent tools to readily identify redox-sensitive species and their reactions. The redox description of a system is intimately coupled to the knowledge of acid-base properties of the solvent in which redox exchanges take place. For magmas, and then silicate melts, approaches reporting the redox state have so far been centered around the sole concept of oxygen fugacity, fO 2. Based on relevant solid-gas buffers that involve iron in its different oxidation within minerals, the fO 2 concept has provided a reference scale for all igneous processes at the planetary scale and has become one of the main variables to explain Earth's evolution. Mastering the concept of fO 2 in experimental and observational petrology was the key to constrain the processes behind the very large range of relative oxygen fugacity observed on Earth, particularly in its shallow portion. Nevertheless, current descriptions of silicate melts and magma thermodynamic properties are mainly based on oxides or mineral-like molecular components, disregarding the actual melt reactivity. This poses many limits in our understanding of the true chemical exchanges involving oxygen, iron, and the other redox-sensitive elements. Because silicate melts, unlike aqueous solutions or molten salts, lack a full acid-base description, compositional dependencies are solved by means of empirical treatments based on oxides and their combinations. These in turn can bias the interpretation of chemical exchanges that are recorded in analyzed samples and used to identify the physical and chemical gradients imposed by the several processes (e.g., batch or fractional crystallization, elemental recycling, degassing, deep fluid infiltration) that characterize magma evolution and its geodynamic environment. This short redox compendium aims at stimulating the quest for a comprehensive and unifying picture of the acid-base properties of melts from which we could extrinsic the reactivity of all compounds in magmas, in a way similar to aqueous solutions and molten salts.
Published: 2021

10. Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism

Author: Hugues Raimbourg, Anne-Marie Boullier, Vincent Famin, Muriel Andreani, Université de La Réunion (UR), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géodynamique - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion (LGSR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)
Subjects: Accretionary wedge, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratigraphy, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Soil Science, Deformation (meteorology), engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Pore water pressure, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, QE1-996.5, Paleontology, Geology, QE640-699, Diagenesis, Geophysics, Illite, engineering, Deformation bands, Pyrite, Shear zone
Abstract: Understanding diagenetic reactions in accreted sediments is critical for establishing the balance of fluid sources and sinks in accretionary prisms, which is in turn important for assessing the fluid pressure field and the ability for faults to host seismic slip. For this reason, we studied diagenetic reactions in deformation bands (shear zones and veins) within deep mud sediments from the Nankai accretionary prism (SW Japan) drilled at site C0001 during IODP Expedition 315, by means of microscopic observation, X-ray diffraction, and major- and trace-element analyses. Deformation bands are not only more compacted than the host sediment but are also enriched in framboidal pyrite, as observed under microscopy and confirmed by chalcophile-element enrichments (Fe, S, Cu, As, Sb, Pb). In tandem, one shear zone sample displays a destabilization of smectite or illite–smectite mixed layers and a slight crystallization of illite relative to its sediment matrix, and another sample shows correlated increases in B and Li in shear zones and veins compared to the host sediment, both effects suggesting a transformation of smectite into illite in deformation bands. The two diagenetic reactions of sulfide precipitation and smectite-to-illite transformation are explained by a combined action of sulfate-reducing and methanogen bacteria, which strongly suggests an increased activity of anaerobic microbial communities localized in deformation bands. This local bacterial proliferation was possibly enhanced by the liberation of hydrogen from strained phyllosilicates. We suggest that the proliferation of anoxic bacteria, boosted by deformation, may contribute to the pore water freshening observed at depth in accretionary prisms. Deformation-enhanced metabolic reactions may also explain the illitization observed in major faults of accretionary prisms. Care is therefore needed before interpreting illitization, and other diagenetic reactions as well, as evidence of shear heating, as these might be biogenic instead of thermogenic.
Published: 2021

11. Innovative Instrument for the Field Continuous Monitoring of Dissolved Gases in Environmental Studies

Author: Floury Paul, Aquilina Luc, Aurélie Guillou, Eliot Chatton, Labasque Thierry, Virginie Vergnaud-Ayraud, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Condate Eau, ANR-11-EQPX-0011,CRITEX,Parc national d'équipements innovants pour l'étude spatiale et temporelle de la Zone Critique des Bassins Versants(2011), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: dissolved gases, critical zone, geography, Biogeochemical cycle, geography.geographical_feature_category, Denitrification, Continuous monitoring, Mixing (process engineering), Inlet, continuous monitoring, Salinity, Atmosphere, Environmental studies, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, noble gases, field measurements, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, reactive gases, Engineering (miscellaneous), Instrumentation
Abstract: International audience; Dissolved gases are particularly relevant tools for the investigation of environmental processes. Indeed, their solubility being a function of the variables of physical state of the medium (temperature, pressure, salinity), the dissolved noble gases are for instance good indicators of equilibrium conditions with the atmosphere and mixing of water bodies. Dissolved gases can also inform the biogeochemical functioning of natural systems by providing information on major processes such as photosynthesis, respiration or denitrification. Classical methods relying on the sampling, the storage and the ex situ analysis of water samples for the measurement of dissolved gases suffer from the difficulty of taking sufficiently frequent and representative samples as well as the analyte preservation. High-frequency in situ measurement of dissolved gases is therefore the most relevant for the study of environmental processes. The use of Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer (MIMS) technology provides access to high frequency measurements of a large set of dissolved gases in the field (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N2, O2, CO2, CH4, N2O, H2) which offers a real opportunity for environmental studies.
Published: 2021

12. Expanding ocean observation and climate services to build resilience in West African fisheries

Author: Xavier Capet, Todd L. Capson, Marie Boye, Yoann Thomas, Eric Machu, Jörn Schmidt, Malick Diouf, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Universitaire de Pêche et Aquaculture (IUPA), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine conservation, Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Vulnerability, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Food security, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Capacity building, Livelihood, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Psychological resilience, business
Abstract: International audience; The Canary Current is a potential hotspot for climate change impacts on the oceans where 63 million people depend upon marine resources for national economies and livelihoods. Their unique vulnerability highlights the key roles of climate services and capacity building in order to develop effective adaptation measures.
Published: 2021

13. A Significant Increase in Interplate Seismicity near Major Historical Earthquakes Offshore Martinique (FWI)

Author: Valérie Clouard, Nathalie Feuillet, Fabrice R. Fontaine, O’Leary Gonzalez, Jean-Marie Saurel, Anne‐Marie Lejeune, Jordane Corbeau, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de martinique (OVSM), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), CENAIS Santiago de Cuba, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Induced seismicity, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Geochemistry and Petrology, Submarine pipeline, Martinique, Geology, Seismology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Understanding the processes that may be at the origin of major earthquakes in subduction zones is highly challenging, especially in the case of slowly converging areas such as the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. Our study reveals a recorded increase in seismicity rate and cumulative seismic moment over the last two decades offshore Martinique island and, particularly, in the presumed rupture area of the major historical 1839 earthquake. This sustained seismicity is shared between extensive intermediate depth activity since the 2007 Mw 7.4 earthquake that occurred about 20 km north of Martinique and a compressive seismic cluster located in the seismogenic zone of the subduction zone. We also observe a downward migration of the seismicity along the plate interface up to a 60–65 km depth and a recorded increase in the magnitudes of the earthquakes. All these observations may indicate ongoing changes along the plate boundary interface near the area of the historical major rupture of 1839, although more detailed statistical studies and additional data are necessary to confirm this trend.
Published: 2021

14. Time-window into the transcrustal plumbing system dynamics of Dominica (Lesser Antilles)

Author: Daniel J. Morgan, Hélène Balcone-Boissard, Thiebaut d'Augustin, Lea Ostorero, Georges Boudon, Clara Solaro, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), IRCAV - Institut de Recherche sur le Cinéma et l'Audiovisuel - EA 185 (IRCAV), LABEX ICCA, and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], geography, Solid Earth sciences, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Natural hazards, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, Volcanic risk, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Time windows, Magma, Medicine, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: A transcrustal mush system has been recognized beneath Dominica (Lesser Antilles) with different magma ponding zones that generated a series of pumiceous eruptions from Morne Trois Pitons–Micotrin volcano. Here, the latest, large, pumiceous eruption (Grand Fond - 24 kyrs cal BP) and four, smaller, Plinian eruptions (18-9 kyrs cal BP) are investigated. Pre-eruptive magma dynamics within the mush are unraveled through orthopyroxene phenocrysts by combining a Crystal System Analysis approach (on unzoned and zoned orthopyroxenes) and timescale estimates derived by intracrystalline Fe-Mg interdiffusion modeling. Two magmatic environments are recognized in the mush and have mixed, more or less vigorously, before the successive eruptions. Few interactions between the two magmas began 15-34 years prior to the small Plinian eruptions, but the sustained mixing occurred in the last 2 years. This contrasts with longer timescales (2-80 years) obtained for the larger eruption of Grand Fond with magmas stored deeper. These magma mixing timescales have significant implications for volcanic risk mitigation, with a growing reactivation signal that could be registered at the surface few years prior to the eruptions.
Published: 2021

15. Geomagnetic semblance and dipolar–multipolar transition in top-heavy double-diffusive geodynamo models

Author: Alexandre Fournier, Théo Tassin, Thomas Gastine, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Convection, Buoyancy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Outer core, Physics::Geophysics, Geomagnetic reversal, Physics - Geophysics, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Thermal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Magnetic energy, Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn), Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Mechanics, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), Geophysics, Earth's magnetic field, 13. Climate action, Dynamo theory, engineering, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: SUMMARY Convection in the liquid outer core of the Earth is driven by thermal and chemical perturbations. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of double-diffusive convection on magnetic field generation by means of 3-D global geodynamo models, in the so-called ‘top-heavy’ regime of double-diffusive convection, when both thermal and compositional background gradients are destabilizing. Using a linear eigensolver, we begin by confirming that, compared to the standard single-diffusive configuration, the onset of convection is facilitated by the addition of a second buoyancy source. We next carry out a systematic parameter survey by performing 79 numerical dynamo simulations. We show that a good agreement between simulated magnetic fields and the geomagnetic field can be attained for any partitioning of the convective input power between its thermal and chemical components. On the contrary, the transition between dipole-dominated and multipolar dynamos is found to strongly depend on the nature of the buoyancy forcing. Classical parameters expected to govern this transition, such as the local Rossby number—a proxy of the ratio of inertial to Coriolis forces—or the degree of equatorial symmetry of the flow, fail to capture the dipole breakdown. A scale-dependent analysis of the force balance instead reveals that the transition occurs when the ratio of inertial to Lorentz forces at the dominant length scale reaches 0.5, regardless of the partitioning of the buoyancy power. The ratio of integrated kinetic to magnetic energy Ek/Em provides a reasonable proxy of this force ratio. Given that Ek/Em ≈ 10−4 − 10−3 in the Earth’s core, the geodynamo is expected to operate far from the dipole–multipole transition. It hence appears that the occurrence of geomagnetic reversals is unlikely related to dramatic and punctual changes of the amplitude of inertial forces in the Earth’s core, and that another mechanism must be sought.
Published: 2021

16. ReNovRisk: a multidisciplinary programme to study the cyclonic risks in the South-West Indian Ocean

Author: Alicia Gonzalez, Sabine Garabedian, Claire Rault, Kevin Samyn, David Nortes-Martinez, Dominique Mekies, Soline Bielli, Guillaume Payen, Gwenaëlle Pennober, Florian Jouvenot, Fabrice R. Fontaine, Christelle Barthe, Joris Pianezze, E. J. Rindraharisaona, Julien Cattiaux, Jean-Lambert Join, Idriss Fontaine, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Pascal Mouquet, Bertrand Aunay, Remi Belon, Fabrice Chauvin, Pierre Tulet, Callum Thompson, François Bonnardot, Franck Gabarrot, Olivier Bousquet, Guilhem Barruol, Hélène Vérèmes, Christophe Révillion, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion (LGSR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Météo France, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien (CEMOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)
Subjects: Tropical cyclone, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Interdisciplinary programme, Indian ocean, Geography, 13. Climate action, Multidisciplinary approach, Natural hazard, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Cyclone, 14. Life underwater, Cyclonic hazards, Resilience (network), Indian Ocean, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: Today, resilience in the face of cyclone risks has become a crucial issue for our societies. With climate change, the risk of strong cyclones occurring is expected to intensify significantly and to impact the way of life in many countries. To meet some of the associated challenges, the interdisciplinary ReNovRisk programme aims to study tropical cyclones and their impacts on the South-West Indian Ocean basin. This article is a presentation of the ReNovRisk programme, which is divided into four areas: study of cyclonic hazards, study of erosion and solid transport processes, study of water transfer and swell impacts on the coast, and studies of socio-economic impacts. The first transdisciplinary results of the programme are presented together with the database, which will be open access from mid-2021.
Published: 2021

17. Potassium isotopic evidence for sedimentary input to the mantle source of Lesser Antilles lavas

Author: Fang-Zhen Teng, Yan Hu, Catherine Chauvel, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Radiogenic nuclide, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Subduction, Crustal recycling, location.country, Geochemistry, Trace element, Crust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), location, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Martinique island, Martinique, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Arc magmas derived from mantle melting often have trace element and isotopic signatures that indicate crustal contributions. The origin and extent of crustal contributions are critical constraints for quantifying crust-mantle recycling at subduction zones; however, it is difficult to distinguish between inputs from the downgoing oceanic slabs and that of the over-riding arc crust. Here we present a novel study using stable potassium (K) isotopes to fingerprint the long-debated crustal signatures in lavas from Martinique Island, Lesser Antilles arc. We find δ41K of Martinique lavas varies from −0.66 to 0.01‰ and correlates with chemical parameters and radiogenic isotope ratios. These correlations cannot be produced by assimilation of arc crust during magma ascent. Rather, they reflect mantle sources that have been modified by the input of subducted sediments. Most lavas display a strong negative correlation between δ41K and radiogenic isotopic compositions, from typical mantle values of −0.37‰ to much lower values of −0.66‰, suggesting the addition of
Published: 2021

18. The nucleation of the Izmit and Düzce earthquakes: some mechanical logic on where and how ruptures began

Author: Jean Schmittbuhl, David Marsan, Serdar Özalaybey, Mustafa Aktar, Hayrullah Karabulut, Michel Bouchon, Marie-Paule Bouin, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI), Boǧaziçi üniversitesi = Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], TUBITAK Marmara Research Center (TUNITAK-MAM), Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: geography, Dynamics and mechanics of faulting, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earthquake source observations, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Nucleation, Transform fault, North Anatolian Fault, Fault (geology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Transform faults, Natural (archaeology), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Transition zone, Aseismic slip, Seismology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: SUMMARYIn spite of growing evidence that many earthquakes are preceded by increased seismic activity, the nature of this activity is still poorly understood. Is it the result of a mostly random process related to the natural tendency of seismic events to cluster in time and space, in which case there is little hope to ever predict earthquakes? Or is it the sign that a physical process that will lead to the impending rupture has begun, in which case we should attempt to identify this process. With this aim we take a further look at the nucleation of two of the best recorded and documented strike-slip earthquakes to date, the 1999 Izmit and Düzce earthquakes which ruptured the North Anatolian Fault over ∼200 km. We show the existence of a remarkable mechanical logic linking together nucleation characteristics, stress loading, fault geometry and rupture speed. In both earthquakes the observations point to slow aseismic slip occurring near the ductile-to-brittle transition zone as the motor of their nucleation.
Published: 2021

19. Mass-independent and mass-dependent Cr isotopic composition of the Rumuruti (R) chondrites: Implications for their origin and planet formation

Author: Martin Schiller, Jean-Alix Barrat, Frédéric Moynier, Conel M. O'd. Alexander, Martin Bizzarro, Addi Bischoff, Ke Zhu, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre for Star and Planet Formation (STARPLAN), Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Carnegie Institution for Science, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Planetologie [Münster], Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), F. M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the H2020 framework program/ERC grant agreement (ERC starting grant, #637503-PRISTINE) and financial support of the UnivEarthS Labex program at Université de Paris (#ANR-10-LABX-0023 and #ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), and the IPGP platform PARI, and the Region Île-de-France Sesame grant no. 12015908. M. S. acknowledges funding from the Villum Fonden (#00025333). M. B. acknowledges funding from the Carlsberg Foundation (#CF18-1105), the Danish National Research Foundation (#DNRF97) and the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant Agreement, #833275-DEEPTIME). A. B. thanks the support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, #263649064) – TRR 170 (subproject B05). This is TRR170 Publication No. 116. K. Z. thanks the China Scholarship Council (CSC) for the PhD fellowship (#201706340161) and IPGP for the funding support of traveling, 'Aide à la MOBILITE INTERNATIONALE des doctorants de l’IPGP' (2019), to visit Earth and Planetary Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science., ANR-10-LABX-0023,UnivEarthS,Earth - Planets - Universe: observation, modeling, transfer(2010), ANR-11-IDEX-0005,USPC,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité(2011), European Project: 637503,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,PRISTINE(2015), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU)
Subjects: chondrules, cr-54, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, oxygen-isotope, Geochemistry, EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM, earth, Ureilite, engineering.material, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmochemistry, CR-54, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chondrite, Cr stable isotopes, QUANTITATIVE MODELS, EARTH, fractionation, UBO, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Isotope, Chemistry, FRACTIONATION, ACL, METEORITE, Chondrule, Cr-54 nucleosynthetic anomalies, CHONDRULES, Rumuruti Chondrites, meteorite, OXYGEN-ISOTOPE, Mn-53-Cr-53 chronometry, Planetary science, 13. Climate action, DISCOVERY, Enstatite, engineering, Chondritic clast, quantitative models, chemical-composition, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, early solar-system, Planetary differentiation
Abstract: WOS:000600550100030; International audience; Chromium (Cr) isotopes play an important role in cosmochemistry and planetary science because they are powerful tools for dating (Mn-53-Cr-53 short-lived chronometry), tracing (Cr-54 nucleosynthetic anomalies) the origins of the materials, and studying the processes involved in volatile element fractionation and planetary differentiation (Cr stable isotopic fractionation). To use Cr isotopes for these purposes, it is essential to precisely know the compositions of the various chondritic reservoirs. However, the Cr isotope composition of Rumuruti (R) chondrites remains unknown. Here, we report high-precision mass-independent (average 2SE uncertainty of similar to 0.02 and similar to 0.06 for epsilon Cr-53 and epsilon Cr-54, respectively; epsilon indicates 10,000 deviation) and mass-dependent (uncertainty of average 0.03 parts per thousand for delta Cr-53; .delta indicates 1000 deviation) Cr isotope data for 12 bulk R chondrites of petrologic types 3-6 (including R chondrite breccias), and one R chondrite-like clast (MS-CH) in the Almahata Sitta polymict ureilite. All the R chondrites show homogeneous bulk epsilon Cr-54 values, -0.06 +/- 0.08 (2SD), similar only to those of the Earth-Moon system and enstatite chondrites. This first epsilon Cr-54 dataset for R chondrites provides significant addition to the epsilon Cr-54-A, Delta O-17 diagram, and positions them as a potential endmember for planetary precursors. The R chondrites possess a higher Mn-55/Cr-52 of 0.68 +/- 0.04 relative to most of carbonaceous chondrites and higher epsilon Cr-53 values 0.23 +/- 0.05 (2SD) relative to most of chondrite groups. This likely results from the lower chondrule abundance in R chondrites compared to that of ordinary and enstatite chondrites. The stable Cr isotope composition of R chondrites is homogeneous with a delta Cr-53 = -0.12 +/- 0.03%e (2SD). Combined with previous data of other groups of chondrites, we show that the stable Cr isotopic composition of all the chondrites is homogeneous with delta Cr-53 of -0.12 +/- 0.04%e (2SD, N = 42) and is independent of the petrologic type and redox conditions. The lack of mass-dependent fractionation between all groups of chondrites suggests that the average chondrite delta Cr-53 value is also representative for the initial composition of all differentiated planets in the Solar System. Finally, the MS-CH clast in Almahata Sitta has a Cr isotopic composition (epsilon Cr-53 = 0.18 +/- 0.04, epsilon Cr-54 = 0.16 +/- 0.07, and delta Cr-53 = -0.11 +/- 0.05%e) that is consistent (within error) with it being an R chondrite-like clast. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2021

20. Drainage of subduction interface fluids into the forearc mantle evidenced by a pristine jadeitite network (Polar Urals)

Author: Johannes Glodny, Michael Popov, Tom Raimondo, Samuel Angiboust, Patrick Monié, Antonio García-Casco, Aitor Cambeses, Angiboust, Samuel, Glodny, Johannes, Cambeses, Aitor, Raimondo, Tom, Monie, Patrick, Popov, Michael, Garcia-Casco, Antonio, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), University of South Australia [Adelaide], Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geology and Geochemistry [Ekaterinburg] (IGG UB RAS), Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS), Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Departamento de Mineralogia y Petrologia [Granada], and Universidad de Granada (UGR)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mantle wedge, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Jadeite, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), serpentinite, Geochemistry and Petrology, Drainage, Petrology, Forearc, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Fluids, Subduction, jadeite, Geology, mantle wedge, 13. Climate action, Polar, fluids, subduction, Serpentinite
Abstract: The physical and mechanical processes rooted in the hydrated, serpentinized mantle above subduction zones remain insufficiently explored despite fundamental implications for our understanding of rheology and fluid recycling along subduction interfaces. Through a field-based investigation, serpentinized peridotites and jadeitite samples from a fossil forearc mantle in the Polar Urals (Russia) are studied here to document fluid–rock interaction processes in the high-P field, as well as the long-term evolution of the base of the mantle wedge. Petrographic, geochemical and microstructural observations reveal a complex, protracted evolution of the jadeitite-forming fluid pathway throughout the gradual cooling of the forearc mantle and increasing serpentinization of the host. It is shown that the jadeitite lenses in the studied locality (a) derive for a large part from a trondhjemitic dyke earlier emplaced in a warm subduction environment, and (b) record the cooling of the subduction hangingwall under high-P conditions associated with increasing host serpentinization. In the studied locality, the majority of the jadeitites formed at relatively high temperatures (>600°C) by the influx of Na–Al-rich, slab-derived metamorphic fluids that were drained along the base of the mantle wedge, parallel to the subduction interface. Changes in bulk-rock geochemical signatures and in paragenetic sequences also constrain the compositional evolution of the fluid channelized along this drainage, with an increasing sedimentary component. The phlogopite-bearing walls of the dyke exhibit Rb–Sr and Ar–Ar ages ranging between c. 405 and c. 390 Ma, a range partly overlapping within uncertainty with the previously dated zircons from the jadeitite core (410–⁠400 Ma; U–Pb). This study opens a unique window on the pristine structures formed above the plate interface by melting and fluid–rock interaction in the early subduction stages, as well as their evolution during secular cooling of the base of the mantle wedge., Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Grant/ Award Number: 16C538. Nicolas Rividi and Michel Fialin (CAMPARIS) are acknowledged for assistance with Electron Probe measurements and mapping. Michael Bostock is acknowledged for insightful discussions. This study was supported by the IdEx ANR-18-IDEX-0001 through a chair attributed to SA. Oleg, Firaz and Katia are acknowledged for assistance during the two field expeditions. The article was prepared when working on the state budget topic IGG UB RAS AAAA-A18-118052590032-6. Two reviewers are acknowledged for constructive comments. This is IPGP contribution #40XX.
Published: 2020

21. Effect of Ti4+ on the structure of nepheline (NaAlSiO4) glass

Author: Emily T. Nienhuis, Charles Le Losq, José Marcial, Daniel R. Neuville, Thibaut Robine, John S. McCloy, Martin C. Stennett, Neil C. Hyatt, Washington State University (WSU), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and University of Sheffield [Sheffield]
Subjects: Materials science, Coordination sphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Absorption spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, Neutron scattering, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Glass structure, chemistry.chemical_compound, symbols.namesake, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Nepheline, Crystallization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Titanium, Extended X-ray absorption fine structure, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, X-ray scattering, Silicate, chemistry, symbols, Absorption (chemistry), Raman spectroscopy, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract: International audience; In this study, the effect of Ti 4+ on the structure of nepheline glass (NaAlSiO 4) is investigated as SiO 2 is systematically replaced with TiO 2. Traditionally, TiO 2 is considered to be a nucleating agent for silicate crystallization but can also be incorporated into the glass network in relatively large amounts as either a network former or modifier depending on its coordination with oxygen. To determine the effect of Ti 4+ on the structure of nepheline glass, X-ray and neutron pair distribution function (PDF) analysis paired with Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) were conducted and are supplemented with Raman spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (including Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, EXAFS). Through these methods, it has been found that up to 15 mol% (16 wt%) TiO 2 can incorporate into the glass network as a four-fold coordinated species, with a minor contribution of higher coordinated Ti. Between NaAlTi 0.1 Si 0.9 O 4 and NaAlTi 0.2 Si 0.8 O 4 , EXAFS suggests a local structure change in the second coordination sphere of Ti, which changes from Ti-Ti to Ti-Al. Raman spectroscopy also suggests that as Ti content increases, the Na environment becomes more ordered. These results suggest that the Ti activity coefficient and its isotopic fractionation for magnetite and other Ti-bearing minerals should be fairly constant in polymerized melts, such as metaluminous and peraluminous rhyolites.
Published: 2020

22. Mineral self-organization on a lifeless planet

Author: Juan Manuel García-Ruiz, Mark A. van Zuilen, Wolfgang Bach, aboratorio de Estudios Cristalográﬁcos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Geoscience Department and MARUM, University of Bremen, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), and Garcia Ruiz, Juan Manuel
Subjects: Nanostructure, Carbonate, Hadean, General Physics and Astronomy, Chemical reaction, Catalysis, Astrobiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Artificial Intelligence, Abiogenesis, Origin of life, Mineral, Prebiotic chemistry, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Serpentinization, Silicate, chemistry, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, Life detection, Mineral self-organization, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: It has been experimentally demonstrated that, under alkaline conditions, silica is able to induce the formation of mineral self-assembled inorganic-inorganic composite materials similar in morphology, texture and nanostructure to the hybrid biomineral structures that, millions of years later, life was able to self-organize. These mineral self-organized structures (MISOS) have been also shown to work as effective catalysts for prebiotic chemical reactions and to easily create compartmentalization within the solutions where they form. We reason that, during the very earliest history of this planet, there was a geochemical scenario that inevitably led to the existence of a large-scale factory of simple and complex organic compounds, many of which were relevant to prebiotic chemistry. The factory was built on a silica-rich high-pH ocean and powered by two main factors: a) a quasi-infinite source of simple carbon molecules synthesized abiotically from reactions associated with serpentinization, or transported from meteorites and produced from their impact on that alkaline ocean, and b) the formation of self-organized silica-metal mineral composites that catalyze the condensation of simple molecules in a methane-rich reduced atmosphere. We discuss the plausibility of this geochemical scenario, review the details of the formation of MISOS and its catalytic properties and the transition towards a slightly alkaline to neutral ocean, The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seven Framework Programe grant agreement n° 340863 , and under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement n° 646894 . JMG-R also acknowledges the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain for funding the project CGL2016-78971-P . We acknowledge Lucas Chacón for the artist view of Fig. 6 . This is IPGP contribution n° 4108.
Published: 2020

23. Walkers in a wave field with memory

Author: Olivier Devauchelle, Christophe Josserand, François James, Eric Lajeunesse, Pierre-Yves Lagrée, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Denis Poisson (IDP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire d'hydrodynamique (LadHyX), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (DALEMBERT), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT)-Université d'Orléans (UO)
Subjects: Physics, Wave-particle interaction, Faraday waves, Field (physics), Helmholtz equation, Walking droplets, 01 natural sciences, Non-linear dynamics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Faraday wave, Nonlinear system, symbols.namesake, Mechanics of Materials, Quantum electrodynamics, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, General Materials Science, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], 010306 general physics, MSC 2020 : 76B15, 35Q35, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

24. The influence of codoping on optical properties and glass connectivity of silica fiber preforms

Author: Wilfried Blanc, Maria Rita Cicconi, Dominique de Ligny, Daniel R. Neuville, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: Materials science, Optical fiber, Photoluminescence, Silica fiber, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, symbols.namesake, law, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Raman, 010302 applied physics, business.industry, glass structure, Process Chemistry and Technology, Doping, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Cladding (fiber optics), REE, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Amorphous solid, Photodarkening, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Ceramics and Composites, symbols, Optoelectronics, cations structural role, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy, business
Abstract: International audience; Rare Earth Elements-doped glasses have applications in many fields, and for example, Al and Ce codoping in silica optical fibers is usually done to attenuate the optical degradation (photodarkening) of, e.g. Yb and Tm doped silica optical fibers. To shed some light on the effect of codoping on the optical properties and the glass structure of SiO 2 fibers, we investigated a SiO 2 fiber preform having a gradual increase of the CeO 2 + Al 2 O 3 content from 1.5 to 6.3 mol% and a CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio varying from 0.04 to 1.4. Raman and photo-luminescence spectroscopies have been used to evaluate changes in the short-and medium-range order both in the cladding and in the core portions, and the evolution of the glass optical properties, respectively. The variations of the excitation and emission have been linked to modifications in the vibration bands of the Raman spectra, and in turn, the relationship between optical properties and glass connectivity has been carefully considered. Our results show that there is a strong positive linear relationship between the increase of the Raman bands in the high-frequency range and the red-shift of the excitation maxima. Therefore, the change of < Ce-O > distances and bond covalency character influences, in the same way, both the photoluminescence behavior of the core and the connectivity of the amorphous network.
Published: 2020

25. Gas Monitoring of Volcanic-Hydrothermal Plumes in a Tropical Environment: The Case of La Soufrière de Guadeloupe Unrest Volcano (Lesser Antilles)

Author: Severine Moune, Roberto Moretti, Arnand Burtin, David Edward Jessop, Tristan Didier, Vincent Robert, Magali Bonifacie, Giancarlo Tamburello, J-Christophe. Komorowski, Patrick Allard, Margaux Buscetti, Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe (OVSG), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Moune, S., Moretti, R., Burtin, A., Jessop, D. E., Didier, T., Robert, V., Bonifacie, M., Tamburello, G., Komorowski, J. -C., Allard, P., Buscetti, M., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: monitoring, hydrothermal unrest, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, MultiGas, fumarole, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: Fumarolic gas survey of dormant volcanoes in hydrothermal activity is crucial to detect compositional and mass flux changes in gas emissions that are potential precursors of violent phreatic or even magmatic eruptions. Here we report on new data for the chemical compositions (CO2, H2S, SO2) and fluxes of fumarolic gas emissions (97–104°C) from La Soufrière volcano in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) obtained from both mobile MultiGas measurements and permanent MultiGas survey. This paper covers the period 2016–2020, encompassing a period of enhanced hydrothermal unrest including an abrupt seismic energy release (M 4.1) on April 27, 2018. Our dataset reveals fumarolic CO2/H2S and SO2/H2S gas trends correlated to the evolution of surface activity and to other geochemical and geophysical parameters. We demonstrate that, even under tropical conditions (high humidity and rainfall), MultiGas surveys of low-T fumarolic emissions permit to distinguish deeply sourced signals of volcanic unrest from secondary changes in degassing due to shallow forcing processes such as water-gas-rock interactions in the hydrothermal system and meteorological effects.
Published: 2022

26. Correlating sulfur solubility with short-to-intermediate-range ordering in the structure of borosilicate glasses

Author: Rajan Saini, Saurabh Kapoor, Daniel R. Neuville, Randall E. Youngman, Bianca M. Cerrutti, John S. McCloy, Hellmut Eckert, Ashutosh Goel, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Washington State University (WSU), and Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Subjects: nuclear waste, VIDRO, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Borosilicate glass, MAS NMR spectroscopy, General Energy, ICP– OES, 0103 physical sciences, Raman spectroscopy, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; The present study focuses on understanding the structural dependence of sulfur (as SO3) solubility in Na2O–B2O3–SiO2 glasses over a broad composition space exhibiting a rich variety of structural associations. The focus is on probing the impact of the (1) structural role of Na+, (2) degree of polymerization, and (3) network former connectivity (formation of Si–O–B and B–O–B linkages) on sulfur solubility in borosilicate glasses. By employing a suite of state-of-the-art characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, an inverse correlation has been established between the sulfur solubility and the degree of network polymerization in the glasses across the investigated composition space. While the modification of SO3 leading to the formation of SO42– can successfully compete with the network depolymerization mechanisms (i.e., creation of nonbridging oxygens) and induce repolymerization in the glass network, the BO3 → BO4 conversion facilitated by the charge compensation by alkali cations takes precedence. The results from this study, when extended to more complex borosilicate-based glass compositions, will not only add to our understanding of the fundamental science controlling the sulfur solubility in borosilicate-based real-world nuclear waste glasses but will also form a basis for the development of nonempirical quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR)-based predictive models.
Published: 2022

27. Use of stable Mg isotope ratios in identifying the base cation sources of stream water in the boreal Krycklan catchment (Sweden)

Author: Bolou-Bi B. Emile, Stephan Jürgen Köhler, A. Legout, B. Pollier, Hjalmar Laudon, Kevin Bishop, Jérôme Gaillardet, Pascale Louvat, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Drainage basin, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Weathering, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Geochemistry and Petrology, Magnesium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bedrock, Krycklan, Geology, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, Throughfall, Stable isotope, Watershed, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Snowmelt, Surface runoff, Groundwater, Riparian soil
Abstract: International audience; The knowledge of the sources of base cations in stream water is a prerequisite to assess potential effects of changing environmental conditions such as changing rainfall, weathering or groundwater flows on cation export with stream water. This study use stable Mg isotopes to identify potential sources in the well-studied catchment of Krycklan located on gneissic bedrock covered by quaternary sediments in Sweden. Samples were collected from open filed rain, throughfall, stream, soil, rock and litterfall. The δ26Mg values of these samples was determined and the contributions of different sources to Mg fluxes in the stream were determined from the variation of the Mg isotope and Sr / Mg ratios.The results show an overall variation of 1.10‰ between all samples. In addition, Magnesium isotope ratios varied little in the streamwater and in soil solution, except during snowmelt periods during which a large portion of the annual runoff occurs. Magnesium in the streamwater is explained as a mixture of three pools (open field rain, soil solution and groundwater) with the latter two influenced by catchment processes. Outside the snowmelt period, Mg in streamwater mainly derived from the groundwater, assumed to be mineral weathering signature in this catchment, with a contribution ranging from 12 to 63% to Mg fluxes. Open field rain dominates Mg fluxes in streamwater during spring flood (0 to 78%) and may contribute significantly during larger summer and autumn rainfall events. Soil solution input to streamwater range from 16 to 59% of Mg fluxes in streamwater. Our results demonstrate that δ26Mg values together with Mg concentrations and Sr/Mg ratios can be used to constrain the Mg sources of stream water and quantify weathering release rates.
Published: 2022

28. Simplified simulation of rock avalanches and subsequent debris flows with a single thin-layer model: Application to the Prêcheur river (Martinique, Lesser Antilles)

Author: Sophie Lagarde, Martin Mergili, Yoann Legendre, Gilles Grandjean, Clara Levy, Anne Mangeney, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Yannick Thiery, Anne-Marie Lejeune, Arnaud Lemarchand, Benoit Vittecoq, Marc Peruzzetto, Fabrice R. Fontaine, Thomas Dewez, Anne Le Friant, Jean-Marie Saurel, Aude Nachbaur, Valérie Clouard, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de martinique (OVSM), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, and ANR-18-IDEX-0001,Université de Paris,Université de Paris(2018)
Subjects: landslide, shallow-water, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field data, Thin layer, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Debris flow, lahar, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geomorphology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geology, modeling, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Debris, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Model application, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, River catchment, Martinique
Abstract: International audience; This work focuses on the use of thin-layer models for simulating fast gravitational flows for hazard assessment. Such simulations are sometimes difficult to carry out because of the uncertainty on initial conditions and on simulation parameters. In this study, we aggregate various field data to constrain realistic initial conditions and to calibrate the model parameters. By using the SHALTOP numerical code, we choose a simple and empirical rheology to model the flow (no more than two parameters), but we model more finely the geometrical interactions between the flow and the topography. We can thus model both a rock avalanche, and the subsequent remobilization of the deposits as a high discharge debris flow.Using the Prêcheur river catchment (Martinique, Lesser Antilles) as a case study, we focus on extreme events with a high potential to impact populations and infrastructures. We use geological and geomorphological data, topographic surveys, seismic recordings and granulometric analysis to define realistic simulation scenarios and determine the main characteristics of documented events. The latter are then reproduced to calibrate rheological parameters. With a single rheological parameter and the Coulomb rheology, we thus model the emplacement and main dynamic characteristics of a recent rock avalanche, as well as the travel duration and flooded area of a documented high discharge debris flow. Then, in a forward prediction simulation, we model a possible 1.9x10^6 m^3 rock avalanche, and the instantaneous remobilization of the resulting deposits as a high-discharge debris flow. We show that successive collapses allow to better reproduce the dynamics of the rock avalanche, but do not change the geometry of the final deposits, and thus do not influence the initial conditions of the subsequent debris flow simulation. A progressive remobilization of the materials slows down the debris flow and limits overflow, in comparison to instantaneous release. However, we show that high discharge debris flows, such as the one considered for model calibration, are better reproduced with an instantaneous initiation. The range of travel times measured for other significant debris flows in the Prêcheur river is consistent with our simulation results, with various rheological parameters and the Coulomb or Voellmy rheology.
Published: 2022

29. Influence of aphotic haloclines and euxinia on organic biomarkers and microbial communities in a thalassohaline and alkaline volcanic crater lake

Author: Mylène Hugoni, Cécile Bernard, Ingrid Antheaume, Gérard Sarazin, Hélène Agogué, Christophe Leboulanger, Vincent Grossi, Didier Jézéquel, David Sala, Magali Ader, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Microbiologie, adaptation et pathogénie (MAP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Biogeochemical cycle, haline and aphotic euxinia, WSA2 methanogenic 69 Euryarchaeota, Thermoplasmata, Haline and aphotic euxinia, Bacteroidetes ML635J-40 aquatic group, syntrophomonadaceae, 03 medical and health sciences, Water column, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Crater lake, Organic matter, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, lipid biomarkers, WSA2 methanogenic Euryarchaeota, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, General Environmental Science, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, Microbiota, bacterial and archaeal diversity, 15. Life on land, bacteroidetes ML635J-40 aquatic group, biology.organism_classification, Archaea, Anoxic waters, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 6. Clean water, Lakes, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Aphotic zone, Environmental chemistry, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Syntrophomonadaceae, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Biomarkers
Abstract: International audience; Studies on microbial communities, and their associated organic biomarkers, that are found thriving in the aphotic euxinic waters in modern stratified ecosystems are scarce compared to those undertaken in euxinic photic zones. The Dziani Dzaha (Mayotte,Indian Ocean) is a tropical, saline, alkaline crater lake that has recently been presentedas a modern analog of Proterozoic Oceans due to its thalassohaline classification (having water of marine origin) and specific biogeochemical characteristics. Continuous intense photosynthetic production and microbial mineralization keep most of the water column permanently aphotic and anoxic preventing the development of a euxinic (sulfidic and anoxic) photic zone despite a high sulfide/sulfate ratio and the presence of permanent or seasonal haloclines. In this study, the molecular composition of the organic matter in Lake Dziani Dzaha was investigated and compared to the microbial diversity evaluated through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, over two contrasting seasons (rainy vs. dry) that influence water column stratification. Depth profiles of organic biomarker concentrations (chlorophyll-a and lipid biomarkers) and bacterial and archaeal OTU abundances appeared to be strongly dependent on the presence of aphotic haloclines and euxinia. OTU abundances revealed theimportance of specific haloalkaliphilic bacterial and archaeal assemblages in phytoplanktonic biomass recycling and the biogeochemical functioning of the lake, suggesting new haloalkaline non-phototrophic anaerobic microbial precursors for some of the lipid biomarkers. Uncultured Firmicutes from the family Syntrophomonadaceae (Clostridiales), and Bacteroidetes from the ML635J-40 aquatic group, emerged as abundant chemotrophic bacterial members in the anoxic or euxinic waters and were probably responsible for the production of short-chain n-alkenes, wax esters, diplopterol, and tetrahymanol. Halocline-dependent euxinia also had a strong impact on the archaeal community which was dominated by Woesearchaeota in the sulfide-free waters. In the euxinic waters, methanogenic Euryarchaeota from the Methanomicrobia, Thermoplasmata, and WSA2 classes dominated and were likely at the origin of common hydrocarbon biomarkers of methanogens (phytane, pentamethyl-eicosenes, and partially hydrogenated squalene).
Published: 2022

30. Engineering E. coli for Magnetic Control and the Spatial Localization of Functions

Author: Alice Lebreton, François Guyot, Wei-An Wang, Yohan Guyodo, Mary Aubry, Eugenia Delacou, Zoher Gueroui, Olivier Espéli, Jean-Michel Guigner, Processus d'Activation Sélective par Transfert d'Energie Uni-électronique ou Radiatif (UMR 8640) (PASTEUR), Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Labex MemoLife, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Gueroui, Zoher
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Cell division, Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Microorganism, Biomedical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), 03 medical and health sciences, Synthetic biology, 010608 biotechnology, [CHIM] Chemical Sciences, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Spatial localization, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Cell growth, General Medicine, Human cell, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, equipment and supplies, biology.organism_classification, Living systems, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 0210 nano-technology, Biological system, human activities, Bacteria
Abstract: The fast-developing field of synthetic biology enables broad applications of programmed microorganisms including the development of whole-cell biosensors, delivery vehicles for therapeutics, or diagnostic agents. However, the lack of spatial control required for localizing microbial functions could limit their use and induce their dilution leading to ineffective action or dissemination. To overcome this limitation, the integration of magnetic properties into living systems enables a contact-less and orthogonal method for spatiotemporal control. Here, we generated a magnetic-sensing Escherichia coli by driving the formation of iron-rich bodies into bacteria. We found that these bacteria could be spatially controlled by magnetic forces and sustained cell growth and division, by transmitting asymmetrically their magnetic properties to one daughter cell. We combined the spatial control of bacteria with genetically encoded-adhesion properties to achieve the magnetic capture of specific target bacteria as well as the spatial modulation of human cell invasions.
Published: 2020

31. First Optical Seismometer at the Top of La Soufrière Volcano, Guadeloupe

Author: Mathieu Feuilloy, Philippe Menard, Romain Feron, Pascal Bernard, Sébastien Deroussi, Guy Plantier, Thierry Kitou, Alexandre Nercessian, ESEO-GSII (GSII), ESEO-Tech, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe (OVSG), and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
Subjects: Seismometer, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geophone, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Seismic wave, Fumarole, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Geophysics, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Archipelago, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Stratovolcano, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Phreatic, Seismology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Accurate monitoring of volcanic activity demands expertise in fields including geophysics, geology, and geochemistry. Data obtained from the most recent technical advances are particularly vital in pre-eruptive phases. In particular, seismic monitoring in near real time is essential to locating and discriminating early signs among different sources of seismic waves, especially those related to movement and overpressure in underground fluids. Among the major indicators of volcanic restlessness are fumaroles, or gas and steam vents, often located near a volcanic summit. Their activity could be monitored by seismometers in their vicinity, but today’s standard instruments cannot last very long when exposed to the high temperatures and the billowing, sulfurous, acidic gases near a fumarole. Conventional gear may also not be accessible for emergency deployment, or repair, even in pre-eruptive phases. La Soufrière de Guadeloupe Volcano in the Caribbean typifies such challenges. Its last significant event was a phreatic (gas and steam) eruption in 1976 that prompted evacuation of the archipelago’s nearby capital. Since early 2018, the 1467-meter-high stratovolcano has shown signs of increased activity. To provide a hardy, high-resolution monitoring system, we installed a recently developed type of seismometer just 10 m from a vigorous summit fumarole. The sensor is a purely opto-mechanical geophone that is interrogated through a 1.5 km fiber-optic cable by a remote, and thus it is a much safer optic-electronic system down the volcano’s flank. The ESEO Group and the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) started development of this novel seismometer in 2008. The 2019 Guadeloupe installation is part of the HIgh PERformance SeISmometer (HIPERSIS) project (French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR]). It is, to our knowledge, the first high-resolution optical seismometer ever installed on an active volcano or other active, hazardous zone. We report here the details of this installation, the means we are using for measurements, and our implementation strategy, and we share some of the first results. Such an optical seismometer, as well as a variety of other geophysical sensors built on the same principle, can be installed in a wide variety of sites with fibers up to 50 km long.
Published: 2020

32. Iron‐biomineralizing organelle in magnetotactic bacteria: function, synthesis and preservation in ancient rock samples

Author: François P. Mathon, Christopher T. Lefèvre, Vincent Busigny, Caroline L. Monteil, Matthieu Amor, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Department of Geophysical Sciences [Chicago], University of Chicago, Microbiologie Environnementale et Moléculaire (MEM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), ANR-18-CE31-0003,SIGMAG,SIGNATURE DES MAGNETITES PRODUITES PAR LES BACTERIES MAGNETOTACTIQUES : PERSPECTIVES CHIMIQUES ET ISOTOPIQUES(2018), ANR-19-CE01-0005,PHOSTORE,Piégeage du phosphore : contribution des bactéries magnétotactiques dans les zones de transition oxique-anoxique(2019), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Greigite, Mineralization (geology), Magnetotactic bacteria, Iron, Microorganism, Geochemistry, Sulfides, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Organelle, Magnetite Nanoparticles, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Magnetite, 0303 health sciences, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, Magnetic Phenomena, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, chemistry, Sedimentary rock, Magnetosomes, Function (biology)
Abstract: Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that incorporate iron from their environment to synthesize intracellular nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) or greigite (Fe3 S4 ) in a genetically controlled manner. Magnetite and greigite magnetic phases allow MTB to swim towards redox transition zones where they thrive. MTB may represent some of the oldest microorganisms capable of synthesizing minerals on Earth and have been proposed to significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle by immobilizing soluble iron into crystals that subsequently fossilize in sedimentary rocks. In the present article, we describe the distribution of MTB in the environment and discuss the possible function of the magnetite and greigite nanoparticles. We then provide an overview of the chemical mechanisms leading to iron mineralization in MTB. Finally, we update the methods used for the detection of MTB crystals in sedimentary rocks and present their occurrences in the geological record.
Published: 2020

33. Fossil seamount in southeast Zagros records intraoceanic arc to back-arc transition: New constraints for the evolution of the Neotethys

Author: Hubert Whitechurch, Jafar Omrani, Guillaume Bonnet, Philippe Agard, Marc Fournier, Benoit Caron, Samuel Angiboust, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Earth Science and Earth Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Geological Survey of Iran
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Subduction, Seamount, Geology, Massif, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Ophiolite, 01 natural sciences, Cretaceous, Paleontology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Island arc, 14. Life underwater, Suture (geology), Forearc, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Neotethys ocean is transiently involved in two subduction zones during the Late Cretaceous. While the Northern Neotethys subduction zone (below Eurasia) was active from the early Mesozoic until the Eocene, the intra-oceanic Southern Neotethys subduction zone only developed during the Late Cretaceous. We herein document, through a combination of structural, geochemical and geochronological data, the magmatic evolution of a Late Cretaceous supra-subduction ophiolite fragment of the Neotethys (the Siah Kuh massif, Southern Iran), now sandwiched in the Zagros suture zone. Results show that this ophiolite fragment — a subducted yet exceptionally well-preserved seamount — records an evolution from supra-subduction zone magmatism (including island arc tholeiites, boninites and calc-alkaline transitional magmatism) around 87 Ma, to MORB (from E-MORB to N-MORB) magmatism at 78 Ma, and potentially until 73 Ma. We conclude that this seamount initially formed in an arc context and represents either (i) a non-obducted remnant of the Oman ophiolite that experienced a longer-lived magmatic history (prefered hypothesis) or (ii) a piece from the forearc/frontal arc of the Northern margin of the Neotethys. Regardless of its exact original location, the Siah Kuh seamount was later subducted in the Northern Neotethys subduction zone.
Published: 2020

34. Zinc isotopic composition of the lower continental crust estimated from lower crustal xenoliths and granulite terrains

Author: Frédéric Moynier, La Zhang, Ming Li, Yangtao Zhu, Zaicong Wang, Zhaochu Hu, Haihong Chen, Ganglan Zhang, Yongsheng Liu, China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China, and National Natural Science Foundation of China4153021141927803State Administration of Foreign Expert Affairs of China BP0719022MOST Special Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources MSFGPMR01National High-level Personnel of Special Support Program ('Ten Thousand Talents Program')
Subjects: Xenoliths, Basalt, geography, Felsic, geography.geographical_feature_category, Zn isotopes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Archean, Continental crust, Geochemistry, Lower continental crust, 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Granulite, 01 natural sciences, Fe-Ti oxides, Craton, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Geochemistry and Petrology, Metasomatism, Mafic, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This study presents high precision Zn stable isotope analyses for lower crustal rocks (9 granulites from Archean terrains and 30 lower crustal xenoliths) from the north margin of the North China Craton (NCC) to understand the behavior of Zn isotopes during deep crustal processes and the Zn isotopic composition of the lower continental crust (LCC). The lower crustal xenoliths range in composition from mafic to felsic with MgO contents of between 0.4 to 20.2 wt.%. The δ66Zn (the permil deviation of the 66Zn/64Zn ratio from the JMC-Lyon standard) values of lower crustal xenoliths range from −0.17‰ to 0.38‰. The lack of clear correlation of δ66Zn with geochemical indicators (e.g., Al2O3, Cr, Ba/La, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd) indicates that assimilation of Precambrian lower crust, fluid metasomatism, and accumulation of pyroxene and plagioclase had a limited effect on Zn isotopic compositions of these lower crustal xenoliths. The δ66Zn values (0.18‰ to 0.34‰) of garnet-bearing mafic granulites decrease with increasing FeO(T) and V contents, which are likely results of the accumulation of Fe-Ti oxides. The average δ66Zn of the lower continental crust is estimated to be 0.29 ± 0.02‰ (95% SE) using lower crustal xenoliths from the Neogene Hannuoba basalts. This δ66Zn value is similar to the estimated value (0.28 ± 0.04‰, 95% SE) obtained from the granulites from Archean terrains, suggesting that there is no significant difference in the Zn isotopic composition between the Archean and present-day lower continental crust. Combining the δ66Zn data of the lower crustal xenoliths and granulite terrains and different weighting methods, the Zn isotopic composition of the lower continental crust is estimated to be 0.28 ± 0.04‰ (95% SE).
Published: 2020

35. Low concentration of zeolite to enhance microalgal growth and ammonium removal efficiency in a membrane photobioreactor

Author: Melanie Pickett, Jorge Luis Calabria, Ran Tao, Aino-Maija Lakaniemi, Jukka Rintala, Eric D. van Hullebusch, Daniel H. Yeh, Robert Bair, Tampere Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, POB 541, FI-33104 Tampere, Finland, Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), IHE Delft Inst Water Educ, Dept Environm Engn & Water Technol, Delft, Netherlands, Tampere University of Technology, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network European Joint Doctorate (ITN-EJD) in Advanced Biological Waste-To-Energy Technologies (ABWET) from Horizon 2020 643071United States Environmental Protection AgencyRD835569National Science Foundation (NSF)1602087
Subjects: 0208 environmental biotechnology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Photobioreactor, 02 engineering and technology, Wastewater, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Photobioreactors, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nutrient, Ammonium Compounds, Microalgae, Environmental Chemistry, Ammonium, Biomass, Turbidity, Zeolite, membrane photobioreactor, Waste Management and Disposal, Volume concentration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Chemistry, Microalgal growth, General Medicine, Pulp and paper industry, turbidity, 020801 environmental engineering, wastewater treatment, Membrane, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Zeolites, nutrient removal, Sewage treatment
Abstract: International audience; The aim of this work was to study the growth and nutrient removal efficiency of a mixed microalgal culture with and without the addition of low concentrations (0.5, 1, and 5 g L-1 of total liquid volume in the reactor) of natural zeolite. A control test in which only zeolite was added into a similar membrane photobioreactor was also conducted. The addition of 0.5 g L-1 zeolite to a continuously-fed membrane photobioreactor increased the microalgal biomass concentration from 0.50 to 0.90-1.17 g particulate organic carbon per L while the average ammonium removal efficiency increased from 14% to 30%. Upon microscopic inspection, microalgal cells were observed growing on the surface of zeolite particles, which indicates that zeolite can support attached microalgal growth. With higher zeolite doses (1 and 5 g L-1) inside the reactor, however, the breaking apart of added zeolite particles into finer particles dramatically increased solution turbidity, which likely was not beneficial for microalgal growth and ammonium removal due to reduced light penetration. This work shows that low doses of zeolite can be used as microcarriers to enhance microalgal biomass concentration and ammonium removal efficiency, while minimizing zeolite dose would likely reduce the turbidity effects.
Published: 2020

36. Lagged rejuvenation of groundwater indicates internal flow structures and hydrological connectivity

Author: Tamara Kolbe, Thierry Labasque, Jean Marçais, Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy, Kevin Bishop, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Technishe Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Swedisch University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Groundwater flow, Water table, 0207 environmental engineering, Aquifer, Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources, 02 engineering and technology, hillslope storage Boussinesq equations, CFCs, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, Subsurface flow, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Krycklan, Groundwater recharge, groundwater recharge, 15. Life on land, subsurface hydrological connectivity, 6. Clean water, subsurface discharge, Environmental science, groundwater age stratification, Groundwater, Return flow
Abstract: International audience; Large proportions of rain water and snowmelt infiltrate into the subsurface before contributing to stream flow and stream water quality. Subsurface flow dynamics steer the transport and transformation of contaminants, carbon, weathering products and other biogeochemistry. The distribution of groundwater ages with depth is a key feature of these flow dynamics. Predicting these ages are a strong test of hypotheses about subsurface structures and time varying processes. CFC‐based groundwater ages revealed an unexpected groundwater age stratification in a 0.47 km2 forested catchment called Svartberget in northern Sweden. An overall groundwater age stratification, representative for the Svartberget site, was derived by measuring CFCs from 9 different wells with depths of 2 m to 18 m close to the stream network. Immediately below the water table, CFC‐based groundwater ages of already 30 years that increased with depth were found. Using complementary groundwater flow models, we could reproduce the observed groundwater age stratification and show that the 30 year lag in rejuvenation comes from return flow of groundwater at a subsurface discharge zone that evolves along the interface between two soil types. By comparing the observed groundwater age stratification with a simple analytical approximation, we show that the observed lag in rejuvenation can be a powerful indicator of the extent and structure of the subsurface discharge zone, while the vertical gradient of the age‐depth relationship can still be used as a proxy of the overall aquifer recharge even when sampled in the discharge zone. The single age stratification profile measured in the discharge zone, close to the aquifer outlet, can reveal the main structure of the groundwater flow pattern from recharge to discharge. This groundwater flow pattern provides information on the participation of groundwater in the hydrological cycle and indicates the lower boundary of hydrological connectivity.
Published: 2020

37. The 2007 caldera collapse at Piton de la Fournaise : new insights from multi-temporal structure-from-motion

Author: Thomas Staudacher, Aline Peltier, Nicolas Villeneuve, Allan Derrien, Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion (LGSR), and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
Subjects: Lava, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 3d mapping, Geochemistry and Petrology, 4d mapping, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, caldera, Caldera, geodynamics, Digital elevation model, Collapse (medical), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, QE1-996.5, piton de la fournaise, Elevation, Geology, Geophysics, collapse, volcano, 13. Climate action, medicine.symptom, Seismology
Abstract: International audience; We produced new multi-temporal Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the April 2007 summit collapse at Piton de la Fournaise from previously unused aerial photographs. This dataset reveals the precise temporal evolution of the collapsed volume and caldera morphological changes during the event. It provides a unique opportunity to study caldera formation, one of the most hazardous natural phenomena, for which relatively little scientific and quantified information is available. During this rare example of observed caldera formation, the summit started to collapse four days after the onset of a high-volume eruption at an unusually low elevation (at 20:48 UTC on April 5 th). Our new data show that during the first 30 hours, collapse was relatively fast (840 m 3 s −1 average), and continued for at least the following 12 days, at a slower rate (46 m 3 s −1 average), which had not previously been reported. On April 19 th , the collapse reached 96 % of its final volume, while the remaining 4 % was probably attained by May 1 st (end of lava emission at the vent). New infrared 3D mapping of the caldera floor made a year after the event demonstrates that post-collapse hydrothermal activity in the caldera is closely associated with the main ring faults active during the collapse, which are now preferential paths for fluids to reach the surface.
Published: 2020

38. Isotope metallomics approaches for medical research

Author: Frédéric Moynier, Brandon Mahan, Roger S. Chung, Simon Turner, Dean Louis Pountney, Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia Department of Biomedical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia, Department of Biomedical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, Australia, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Sydney], and Macquarie University
Subjects: Biomedical Research, Metallomics, Computer science, Directory, Mass Spectrometry, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neoplasms, Humans, Isotope metallomics, Neurodegeneration, Molecular Biology, Keyword List:Biomarkers, Biomedicine, Pharmacology, 0303 health sciences, Disease diagnostics, Stable metal isotopes, business.industry, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, Metallome, Cell Biology, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Medical research, Data science, 3. Good health, Call to action, Geochemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Metals, Isotope Labeling, Osteoporosis, Molecular Medicine, business, Isotope distribution
Abstract: International audience; Metallomics is a rapidly evolving field of bio-metal research that integrates techniques and perspectives from other "-omics" sciences (e.g. genomics, proteomics) and from research vocations further afield. Perhaps the most esoteric of this latter category has been the recent coupling of biomedicine with element and isotope geochemistry, commonly referred to as isotope metallomics. Over the course of less than two decades, isotope metallomics has produced numerous benchmark studies highlighting the use of stable metal isotope distribution in developing disease diagnostics-e.g. cancer, neurodegeneration, osteoporosis-as well as their utility in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of such diseases. These pioneering works indicate an enormous wealth of potential and provide a call to action for researchers to combine and leverage expertise and resources to create a clear and meaningful path forward. Doing so with efficacy and impact will require not only building on existing research, but also broadening collaborative networks, bolstering and deepening cross-disciplinary channels, and establishing unified and realizable objectives. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the field and its underpinnings, provide a directory of the state of the art, outline the most encouraging paths forward, including their limitations, outlook and speculative upcoming breakthroughs, and finally to offer a vision of how to cultivate isotope metallomics for an impactful future.
Published: 2020

39. Early Diagenesis of Lacustrine Carbonates in Volcanic Settings: The Role of Magmatic CO2 (Lake Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte, Indian Ocean)

Author: Aurélien Virgone, Gérard Sarazin, François Guyot, Vincent Milesi, Mathieu Debure, Virgile Rouchon, Edouard Bard, Nicolas C.M. Marty, Manuela Capano, Magali Ader, Carl I. Steefel, Patrick Albéric, Eric C. Gaucher, Didier Jézéquel, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TOTAL-Scientific and Technical Center Jean Féger (CSTJF), TOTAL FINA ELF, CNRS-INSU : INTERRIVECNRS-INSU : ARTEMIS, ANR-13-BS06-0001,Dziani,Ecalairages sur les océans précambriens par l'étude biogéochimique et microbiologique d'un analogue actuel: le lac Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte.(2013), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Chaire Evolution du climat et de l'océan, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Collège de France - Chaire Evolution du climat et de l'océan, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre scientifique et Technique Jean Feger (CSTJF)
Subjects: saponite, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, volcanic crater lake, Geochemistry, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Crater lake, Dissolved organic carbon, magmatic CO2, Dziani Dzaha, 14. Life underwater, Hydromagnesite, rift settings, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, magnesium phyllosilicates, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Mg silicates saponite rift settings pre-salt reactive transport modeling magmatic CO2 volcanic crater lake South-Atlantic early Cretaceous lacustrine carbonates paleoenvironment, Aragonite, Sediment, reactive transport modeling, Diagenesis, isotopy, Volcano, chemistry, kinetics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, engineering, Carbonate, Geology, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract: International audience; Lacustrine carbonates formed in rift settings are increasingly studied not only as archives of Earth chemical and climatic history but also as potential hydrocarbon source rocks and/or reservoirs. The role of magmatic gases in their formation and diagenetic evolution, hence in their reservoir properties, remains unclear. We studied the first meter of carbonate sediment of the Dziani Dzaha volcanic crater lake (Mayotte Island) and developed a reactive-transport model with CrunchFlow software that allows the quantification of diagenetic reactions by considering depth-dependent burial rates and sediment compaction. The model is constrained by the previously documented solid-phase compositions of the lake sediment and new data consisting of 14C dating of plant macroremains to characterize the sediment age model, chemical composition of sediment pore waters, and chemical and isotopic composition of gases dissolved and bubbling through the lake. These new data reveal a massive magmatic CO2 contribution to the dissolved inorganic carbon of the lake, which fuels the primary productivity and carbonate formation. A pH value of 9 in the surface sediment pore waters induces supersaturation relative to aragonite, hydromagnesite, and saponite. At 1 m depth in the sediment, our model predicts that magmatic CO2 inflows and organic matter degradation account for 22 and 2 mol % dissolved inorganic carbon, respectively. The magmatic CO2 inflows result in a pH decrease at depth, leading to the destabilization of hydromagnesite, while saponite and aragonite remain stable. These results demonstrate the role of magmatic CO2 in fueling carbonate production and controlling the diagenetic evolution of sediment mineralogy.
Published: 2020

40. Calcium isotope compositions of mantle pyroxenites

Author: Wei Dai, Chunfei Chen, Yongsheng Liu, Lian Zhou, Zaicong Wang, Keqing Zong, Frédéric Moynier, Zhaochu Hu, Ganglan Zhang, Ming Li, China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China, China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and National Natural Science Foundation of China4167302741722302Chinese Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities CUG170602MOST Special Fund from GPMR-CUG MSFGPMR10ERC under the European Community's H2020 framework program/ERC grant 637503UnivEarthS Labex program ANR-10-LABX-0023ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02
Subjects: Basalts, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), chemistry.chemical_compound, Melt-peridotite reaction, Geochemistry and Petrology, Recycling, Xenolith, Ca stable isotope, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mantle heterogeneity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Peridotite, Basalt, Pyroxenite, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Fractional crystallization (geology), Partial melting, Silicate, Craton, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Geology
Abstract: Variations of the stable Ca isotopic compositions (noted as δ44/40Ca relative to the SRM915a standard) of basalts are interpreted as effects of mantle sources. Mantle pyroxenites are a minor but integral part of the mantle and, as fusible components, they are important source rocks to understand chemical and isotopic heterogeneity in mantle-derived magmas. However, the effect of pyroxenites on the Ca isotopic composition of the mantle has been poorly constrained. To which extent mantle pyroxenites and their formation processes such as melt-peridotite reaction, particularly involving recycled crustal materials, lead to heterogeneity in δ44/40Ca of the mantle is unknown. Here, we report δ44/40Ca of different types of pyroxenites (spinel pyroxenites, garnet pyroxenites, and phlogopite-bearing spinel clinopyroxenites) and minerals separates, along with surrounding peridotites from Hannuoba xenoliths, North China Craton to address the issue. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio indicates that recycled crustal materials were incorporated into parental magmas of garnet pyroxenites (0.70391–0.70715) and phlogopite-bearing clinopyroxenites (0.7142–0.7149), consistent with previous conclusions from Sr-Nd isotopes. Overall, the δ44/40Ca of garnet pyroxenites ranges from 0.86‰ to 0.98‰ (average 0.90 ± 0.05‰, n = 10) and the host peridotites affected by the infiltrating melts from 0.87‰ to 0.93‰ (0.89 ± 0.04‰, n = 8). Each pair (n = 8) of garnet pyroxenite and host peridotite displays no measurable difference in δ44/40Ca. The spinel pyroxenites and phlogopite-bearing spinel clinopyroxenites also show similar δ44/40Ca (0.94 ± 0.06‰ and 0.98 ± 0.05‰, respectively). The indistinguishable δ44/40Ca among these different types of pyroxenites and surrounding peridotites suggest no obvious Ca isotope variations during silicate melt-peridotite interaction and fractional crystallization, even if recycled silicate materials were involved. These results indicate that the mantle source with variable proportions of pyroxenites in equilibrium conditions overall would show uniform δ44/40Ca. It implies that the basic magmas derived from such peridotite-pyroxenite source would display limited variations in δ44/40Ca, even if their radiogenic isotopes show strong heterogeneity. The conclusion is consistent with no systematic variations in the available δ44/40Ca of different basalt types such as DMM, EM1 and HIMU. However, garnets in mantle rocks of recent work and this study generally display heavier δ44/40Ca than co-existing clinopyroxenes, implying that melts generated by partial melting of mantle sources with abundant residual garnets may show lighter δ44/40Ca values than MORBs.
Published: 2020

41. Silicon isotope measurement in zircon by laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Author: Marc Chaussidon, Zhengbin Deng, Frédéric Moynier, Martin Guitreau, Johanna Marin-Carbonne, Abdelmouhcine Gannoun, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut des sciences de la terre [Lausanne] (ISTE), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Université de Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: Reproducibility, Laser ablation, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Isotope, Analytical chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, Isotopes of silicon, Nanosecond laser, Quartz, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Spectroscopy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Zircon
Abstract: Co-auteur étranger; International audience; This study reports the first Si isotope data measured in zircon using nanosecond laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Long-term (>2 years) external reproducibility obtained on the 91500 zircon standard is 0.13‰ and 0.21‰ (2SD) for δ29Si and δ30Si (per mil deviation from the quartz reference NBS 28), respectively, and typical precision on a single run is on the order of 0.10‰ and 0.12‰ (2SE) for δ29Si and δ30Si, respectively. Our results show good consistency between laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) and solution multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (S-MC-ICP-MS)/secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) data demonstrating that the Si isotopic composition of zircon can be accurately measured by LA-MC-ICP-MS. Obtained δ30Si values on natural zircon standards range from −0.32 ± 0.23‰ (2SD) for 91500 to −0.47 ± 0.17‰ for MudTank, whereas the MUN (synthetic) zircon standards have lower δ30Si values around −2.0‰ (e.g. −2.08 ± 0.17‰ for MUN-1-2b). Silicon isotope measurements by LA-MC-ICP-MS open new possibilities for studying zircon formation in various geological contexts.
Published: 2020

42. Influence of fault roughness on surface displacement: from numerical simulations to coseismic slip distributions

Author: Eric M. Dunham, Amaury Vallage, Yann Klinger, Lucile Bruhat, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coseismic slip, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, Supershear earthquake, Geometry, Surface finish, Slip (materials science), EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Fractal dimension, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physics::Geophysics, Wavelength, Geophysics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Geophysics and Seismology, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Geophysics and Seismology, Shear stress, Earthquake rupture, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: SUMMARYField studies have characterized natural faults as rough, non-planar surfaces at all scales. Fault roughness induces local stress perturbations during slip, which dramatically affect rupture behaviour, resulting in slip heterogeneity. However, the relation between fault roughness and slip heterogeneity remains a key knowledge gap between current numerical and field studies. In this study, we analyse numerical simulations of earthquake rupture to determine how roughness influences final slip. Using a rupture catalogue containing thousands of dynamic rupture simulations on band-limited self-similar fractal fault profiles with varying roughness and background shear stress levels, we quantify how fault roughness affects the spectral characteristics of the resulting slip distribution. We find that slip distributions become increasingly more self-affine, that is, containing more short wavelength fluctuations as compared to the self-similar fault profiles, as roughness increases. We also find that, at very short wavelengths (
Published: 2019

43. Tracking the volatile and magmatic history of Vesta from chromium stable isotope variations in eucrite and diogenite meteorites

Author: Ke Zhu, Frédéric Moynier, Julien Siebert, Paolo A. Sossi, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Inst Univ France, F-75005 Paris, France, and ERC under the European Community's H2020 framework program/ERC 637503 French National Research Agency (ANR) IDEX13C445 ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR11-IDEX-0005-02 IPGP multidisciplinary program PARI Region Ile-de-France 12015908 French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-14-CE33-0017-01 China Scholarship Council 201706340161
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Parent body, Vesta, Howardite-eucrite-diogenite, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chondrite, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Diogenite, Eucrite, Magma ocean, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Volatile history, Stable isotope ratio, Chemistry, Volatile elements, Equilibrium fractionation, Meteorite, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Chondrites, Cr isotopes
Abstract: International audience; Although Solar System bodies exhibit large variations in their volatile element abundances, the mechanisms and conditions that lead to these variations remain ambiguous. The howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) meteorites that likely sample the asteroid 4 Vesta, provide evidence for extensive volatile depletion on their parent body. Isotopic variations in moderately volatile elements, such as Zn, have been used to track the origin of such volatile loss. Although not nominally volatile, Cr is useful because it has several oxidized gas species that render it volatile under the oxidizing conditions that characterize planetary accretion. As such, volatile loss of Cr has the potential to produce an isotopically light evaporation residue under an equilibrium regime. This contrasts with other moderately volatile elements that show heavy isotope enrichments in the residue following both kinetic or equilibrium fractionation. Here, we report the Cr stable isotope composition of 11 eucrites and four diogenites. The eucrites possess systematically lighter Cr isotope compositions than diogenites, which is onset by the accumulation of isotopically heavy Cr3+-rich orthopyroxene and spinel in diogenites during their magmatic evolution. We estimate for the primary eucrite melt with Mg# approximate to 50, a delta Cr-53 (Cr-53/Cr-52 deviation relative to NIST SRM 979 in per mile) of -0.22 +/- 0.03 parts per thousand (2SD), lighter than any chondritic meteorite group by similar to 0.1 parts per thousand This deficit may result from either partial melting with residual Cr3+-bearing phases (e.g. chromite) that retain heavy isotopes, or from vapor loss that occurred at equilibrium with a magma ocean on Vesta. Isotopic fractionation during partial melting would necessitate implausibly high Cr contents in the Vestan mantle, and oxygen fugacities high enough to stabilize chromite in the mantle source. Isotopic fractionation during evaporation would require an oxidized vapor and a reduced residue, as predicted by thermodynamic constraints on the composition of the vapor phase above a silicate magma ocean. Therefore, this Cr isotopic deficit between Vesta and chondrites may be caused by Cr loss at relatively high oxygen fugacity in a gas phase at equilibrium with the liquid from which it evolved. Temperatures of volatile loss are estimated to be lower than 2300 K, consistent with loss from a large-scale magma ocean model for formation of Vesta, which may be a common evolutionary stage in accreting planetesimals. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2019

44. The Seismic Signature of Upper‐Mantle Plumes: Application to the Northern East African Rift

Author: Saskia Goes, Chiara Civiero, John J. Armitage, James Hammond, Dublin Inst Adv Studies DIAS, Dublin, Ireland, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck], Birkbeck College [University of London], Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London Project SPIDER from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia PTDC/GEO-FIQ/2590/2014French National Research Agency (ANR) NERC Natural Environment Research CouncilNE/I020342/1, and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, ATLANTIC, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 04 Earth Sciences, Inversion (geology), WESTERN MAGHREB REGION, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, tomography, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle plume, Physics::Geophysics, Mantle convection, dynamic modeling, Geochemistry and Petrology, UPWELLINGS, East African Rift, Transition zone, thermal boundary layer, TEMPERATURE, Rayleigh Taylor, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, Rift, Geophysics, thermal anomaly, mantle plumes, AFAR, Plume, Boundary layer, CONVECTION, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physical Sciences, STRUCTURE BENEATH, TRANSITION, Geology, GENERATION
Abstract: International audience; Several seismic and numerical studies proposed that below, some hotspots upper-mantle plumelets rise from a thermal boundary layer below 660 km depth, fed by a deeper plume source. We recently found tomographic evidence of multiple upper-mantle upwellings, spaced by several 100 km, rising through the transition zone below the northern East African Rift. To better test this interpretation, we run 3-D numerical simulations of mantle convection for Newtonian and non-Newtonian rheologies, for both thermal instabilities rising from a lower boundary layer, and the destabilization of a thermal anomaly placed at the base of the box (700-800 km depth). The thermal structures are converted to seismic velocities using a thermodynamic approach. Resolution tests are then conducted for the same P and S data distribution and inversion parameters as our traveltime tomography. The Rayleigh Taylor models predict simultaneous plumelets in different stages of evolution rising from a hot layer located below the transition zone, resulting in seismic structure that looks more complex than the simple vertical cylinders that are often anticipated. From the wide selection of models tested, we find that the destabilization of a 200 degrees C, 100 km thick thermal anomaly with a non-Newtonian rheology, most closely matches the magnitude and the spatial and temporal distribution of the anomalies below the rift. Finally, we find that for reasonable upper-mantle viscosities, the synthetic plume structures are similar in scale and shape to the actual low-velocity anomalies, providing further support for the existence of upper-mantle plumelets below the northern East African Rift.
Published: 2019

45. Using Component Ratios to Detect Metadata and Instrument Problems of Seismic Stations: Examples from 18 Yr of GEOSCOPE Data

Author: David C. Wilson, Adam T. Ringler, Nicolas Leroy, Martin Vallée, Helle Pedersen, Dimitri Zigone, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Sismologie (IPGS) (IPGS-Sismologie), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Metadata, Geophysics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Component (UML), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: Replacement or deterioration of seismic instruments and the evolution of the installation conditions and sites can alter the seismic signal in very subtle ways; therefore, it is notoriously difficult to monitor the signal quality of permanent seismic stations. We present a simple way to characterize and monitor signal quality, using energy ratios between each pair of the three components, as a complement to existing methods. To calculate stable daily energy ratios over a large frequency range (0.01–5 Hz), we use the daily median energy ratio over all 5 min windows within the day. The method is applied to all GEOSCOPE stations, for continuous BH channel data collected since 2001. We show applications to identify past gain problems (stations ROCAM and CRZF), to provide feedback after field interventions at remote sites (Antarctic station DRV), and to shed light on complex instrument problems (stations ECH and KIP). Our results show that component energy ratios have excellent time resolution and that they are visually simple for identification of problems. They can be used both for ongoing continuous monitoring of the signal quality, or as a tool to identify past problems. The Python code to produce the results in this work and the Python code for daily monitoring used by GEOSCOPE are available (see Data and Resources).
Published: 2019

46. Automated Analyte Separation by Ion Chromatography Using a Cobot Applied to Geological Reference Materials for Li Isotope Composition

Author: Xu (Yvon) Zhang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Julien Bouchez, Alkiviadis Gourgiotis, Gérard Manhès, Marie L Kuessner, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), PSE-ENV/SEDRE/LELI, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IPGP, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Analyte, Isotope, Isotopes of lithium, 010401 analytical chemistry, Ion chromatography, Separation (statistics), Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Volume (thermodynamics), 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Composition (visual arts), Lithium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The demand for large and reliable datasets on isotopic composition has increased ingeochemistry and environmental sciences over recent years. We present an automated ionchromatographic separation method using a robotic pipetting arm, termed “ChemCobOne”, toreduce the time of sample separation. Its performance was tested for lithium isotope separationin geological reference materials using a single-step separation with HCl (0.2 mol l-1) and a 2-mlresin volume. This refined lithium purification method does not forfeit precision, accuracy orpurity compared with manual sample processing. In addition, a 7Li value for NASS-6 of 30.99 ±0.50‰ (2s) (95%CI = 0.14‰, n = 44) was determined and the first 7Li values for the granite rock
Published: 2019

47. Rapid condensation of the first Solar System solids

Author: Emmanuel Jacquet, Johan Villeneuve, Maxime Piralla, Marc Chaussidon, Yves Marrocchi, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), ANR-18-CE31-0010,CASSYSS,Chronologie et origine des premiers solides dans le jeune Système Solaire(2018), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Solar System, Materials science, Silicon, protoplanetary disk, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Protoplanetary disk, 01 natural sciences, meteorites, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, isotopes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Olivine, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Isotope, condensation, Meteorite, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Chemical physics, Physics::Space Physics, Physical Sciences, engineering, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Significance Combined O, Si, Mg isotopic measurements of amoeboid olivine aggregates allow the individual condensation timescales of a typical set of the first Solar System solids to be estimated. Our results indicate formation over days or weeks, much faster than could be inferred from the secular evolution of the Solar protoplanetary disk. The oldest solids of the Solar System thus bear witness to a turbulent disk with strong thermal heterogeneities., Chondritic meteorites are composed of primitive components formed during the evolution of the Solar protoplanetary disk. The oldest of these components formed by condensation, yet little is known about their formation mechanism because of secondary heating processes that erased their primordial signature. Amoeboid Olivine Aggregates (AOAs) have never been melted and underwent minimal thermal annealing, implying they might have retained the conditions under which they condensed. We performed a multiisotope (O, Si, Mg) characterization of AOAs to constrain the conditions under which they condensed and the information they bear on the structure and evolution of the Solar protoplanetary disk. High-precision silicon isotopic measurements of 7 AOAs from weakly metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites show large, mass-dependent, light Si isotope enrichments (–9‰ < δ30Si < –1‰). Based on physical modeling of condensation within the protoplanetary disk, we attribute these isotopic compositions to the rapid condensation of AOAs over timescales of days to weeks. The same AOAs show slightly positive δ25Mg that suggest that Mg isotopic homogenization occurred during thermal annealing without affecting Si isotopes. Such short condensation times for AOAs are inconsistent with disk transport timescales, indicating that AOAs, and likely other high-temperature condensates, formed during brief localized high-temperature events.
Published: 2019

48. Tracing the formation and differentiation of the Earth by non-traditional stable isotopes

Author: Fang-Zhen Teng, Shui-Jiong Wang, Frédéric Moynier, Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Isotope Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA, China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China, Inst Univ France, F-75231 Paris, France, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China
Subjects: Extinction event, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stable isotope ratio, Differentiation of the Earth, Atmospheric evolution, Snowball Earth, Biosphere, Crust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mass extinction, Mantle (geology), Astrobiology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Paleoclimatology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Non-traditional stable isotopes, Crust-mantle interactions, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrosphere
Abstract: International audience; The Earth has grown from chaotically mixed small dusts and gases to its present highly differentiated layered structure over the past 4.567 billion years. This differentiation has led to the formation of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, crust, mantle, and core. The timing and mechanism for the formation and evolution of these different layers are still subjects of intense debate. This review brings together recent advances in using non-traditional stable isotopes to constrain major events and processes leading to the formation and differentiation of the Earth, including the Moon-forming giant impact, crust-mantle interactions, evolution of life, the rise of atmospheric oxygen, extreme paleoclimate changes, and cooling rate of magmas.
Published: 2019

49. Use of factorial experimental design to study the effects of iron and sulfur on growth of Scenedesmus acuminatus with different nitrogen sources

Author: Eric D. van Hullebusch, Jukka Rintala, Robert Bair, Ran Tao, Aino-Maija Lakaniemi, Tampere Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, POB 541, FI-33104 Tampere, Finland, IHE Delft Inst Water Educ, Dept Environm Engn & Water Technol, POB 3015, NL-2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Tampere University Tampere University Hospital Tampere University of Applied Sciences (TUNI), Tampere University, Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, and Research group: Bio- and Circular Economy
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 020209 energy, Photobioreactor, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Plant Science, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, 010608 biotechnology, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Ammonium, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Scenedesmus acuminatus, biology, 218 Environmental engineering, Plant physiology, Factorial experiment, biology.organism_classification, Sulfur, Nitrogen, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental chemistry, Chlorophyceae . Microalgal growth . Nitrogen removal . Iron . Sulfur . Factorial experimental design
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of iron and sulfur on microalgal biomass concentration and removal efficiency of nitrogenous compounds using factorial design. Scenedesmus acuminatus (currently accepted name Tetradesmus lagerheimii) was separately cultivated in batch photobioreactors using modified N-8 media with two nitrogen sources, nitrate, and ammonium. To study the interaction effect between iron and sulfur and to reduce the total number of experimentally studied combinations, a factorial design was used. Three iron (0.1, 1, and 1.9 mg L−1) and three sulfur concentrations (3.7, 20, and 35.8 mg L−1) were employed to the modified N-8 media in this study. The results show that the final microalgal biomass concentration and nitrogen removal efficiency were more sensitive to the changes in iron and sulfur concentrations in the media with nitrate than with ammonium possibly because of the different assimilation mechanisms used by microalgae for these two nitrogen sources. The created models demonstrated that iron had a statistically significant effect on the microalgal biomass concentration and nitrate removal efficiency while sulfur did not. In addition, the interaction effect between iron and sulfur was not significant on microalgal biomass concentration and nitrogen removal. In synthetic medium with nitrate as nitrogen source, the highest microalgal biomass concentration was obtained with 1.0 mg L−1 iron and 35.8 mg L−1 sulfur.
Published: 2019

50. Seasonal seismic activity on Mars

Author: Knapmeyer, Martin, Stähler, S., Daubar, I., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Pierron, T., Van Driel, M., Banfield, D., Hauber, Ernst, Grott, Matthias, Müller, Nils, Perrin, C., Jacob, A., Lucas, A., Knapmeyer-Endrun, B., Newman, C., Panning, M.P., Weber, R.C., Calef, F., Böse, M., Ceylan, S., Charalambous, C., Clinton, J., Dahmen, N., Giardini, D., Horleston, A., Kawamura, T., Khan, A., Mainsant, G., Plasman, M., Lemmon, M., Lorenz, R. D., Pike, W.T., Scholz, J.-R., Lognonne, P., Banerdt, B., Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Geological Institute (ETHZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
Subjects: Mars, Elysium Planitia, InSight, seasonal seismic activity, Phobos, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Statistik, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Marsbeben, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The rate of occurrence of High Frequency (HF) marsquakes, as recorded by InSight at Homestead Hollow, Elysium Planitia, increased after about Ls =33°, and ceased almost completely by Ls =187°, following an apparently seasonal variation with a peak rate near aphelion. We define seismic rate models based on the declination of the Sun, annual solar tides, and the annual CO2 cycle as measured by atmospheric pressure. Evaluation of Akaike weights and evidence ratios shows that the declination of the Sun is the most likely, and the CO2 cycle the least likely driver of this seismic activity, although the discrimination is weak, and the occurrence of a few events in August 2020 is in favor for a triggering by CO2 ice load. We also show that no periodicity related to Phobos' orbit is present in the HF event sequence. Event rate forecasts are presented to allow further discrimination of candidate mechanisms from future observations. ISSN:0012-821X ISSN:1385-013X
Published: 2021

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