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Designing more circular products is essential to reaching Sustainable Development Goal 12, Responsible Consumption and Production, which is anticipated to be achieved by 2030. To achieve progress toward a circular economy in power electronics, discarded products, modules, or components must be recovered. This requires the implementation of End-of-Life (EoL) strategies. In order to maximize the high-value circularity efficiency of a power electronic product, EoL choices and constraints should be taken into account early on in the design phase. Since disassembly is a known bottleneck in EoL practices, design to enable disassembly is essential. Modularity enhances the product's reconfigurability and disassemblability, its reuse in other product families, as well as the product's maintenance, and serviceability. So, it is anticipated that this multiple life cycle thinking enabled by modularity would contribute to the transition towards more circular power electronic designs. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to consider modular designs of power electronic converters (PECs) and categorize them. As a result of a corresponding discussion about the existing PECs, we point out the general potentials to enhance circularity by modularity applied to PECs.

Among various industries, the construction sector has one of the greatest impacts on the environment. Minimizing the resource use and the waste outputs in this sector could be fulfilled by applying circular economy (CE) strategies. Although research on CE in the construction sector has increased in recent years, there have not been remarkable adjustments by applying these strategies to the construction industry. The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of using CE strategies in the construction sector. A framework was adapted to guide the application of different CE strategies at the end-of-life of buildings. The framework was assessed by a case study of a residential building in mass timber. This study evaluated the application of CE strategies from the environmental aspect with the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The results confirmed that circular strategies can deliver lower environmental impacts.

Nowadays the screens collected by the official e-waste schemes in France are mostly comprised of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). Nevertheless, Flat Panel Display (FPD) collection should increase in the following years. Among other differences in material compositions, FPD screens have higher plastic content. In order to keep complying with the recycling targets for screens, as well as to increase the recycling performance per material, it is necessary to improve plastics recycling. The goal of this study is to quantify the plastic flows in screens generated, collected and recycled in France and to identify the current scenario of plastic recycling. The presence of flame retardants and additives in the plastics, the variety of polymer types, as well as the high volumes of black plastics are among the main challenges in plastics sorting and recycling. From the economic outlook, it is necessary to develop the market that uses secondary raw materials to ensure the profitability of the WEEE chain.

The pharmaceutical sector has the societal duty to make medical healthcare products both available and affordable. But like any human activity, it is not neutral in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, and like any industry, the pharmaceutical sector needs to consider the environmental aspects into its product design and activities in order to reach a sustainable production and consumption patterns, as defined by the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 of the United Nations. With a holistic perspective, the eco-design concept is an approach that aims to integrate environmental aspects into product design. To contribute to the SDGs, the pharmaceutical industry needs to consider the environmental impacts of its products. Usually, experts within Research & Development (R&D) do not have the proper level of knowledge to integrate the environmental aspects, in a Lifecycle perspective, into their decision making. Even so, those parameters are not yet part of the New Product Development (NPD) process of the medicine product. With those elements in mind, the aim of this paper is to understand which phases of the pharmaceutical R&D process represent an opportunity to eco-design such products. We proposed two qualitative experimentations with, first interviewing ten practitioners of R&D; and second, with an assessment of the medicine NPD process and related deliverables, based on LCA results. The use of such results to investigate potential key contributors during NPD stages does not seem to be explored yet, especially for the pharmaceutical sector. Results show that eco-design approaches can be performed all along the development of a pharmaceutical product. Main eco-design levers appear in parallel to the clinical phases 2a and 2b, in other words, when the tests on the final marketed form are initiated.

Important advances have been made to define the multiple impact pathways relating mineral resource use to the area of protection (AoP) natural resources in life cycle assessment (LCA). Yet, the link between stakeholders’ interests and the aspects relevant to resource use as addressed by existing impact assessment methods has so far only marginally been explored. This article proposes to go beyond the case-specific determination of stake­ holders’ interests (and the associated selection of impact assessment method) by defining multiple groups of different values based on cultural perspectives, in order to determine the corresponding relevant impact path­ ways and assessment methods. Relying on the Cultural Theory and related potential development scenarios, we identify socio-economicobjectives and resource management strategies that fit the egalitarian, individualist and hierarchist perspec­ tives. Our analysis reveals that different aspects of resource use may be most relevant to assess for each perspective since they pursue different socio-economic objectives. Egalitarians are expected to prioritize the long-term availability of geological stocks for future generations by keeping extraction flows to a minimum to reach global sufficiency, and individualists, to safeguard their short-term accessibility to resources by managing their supply risk. Hierarchists are likely to aim to maximize the value obtained from resources globally, and could thus focus on addressing dissipative flows. Building on this analysis, we provide a proposal for a more holistic assessment of the impact pathways linked to mineral resource use using existing LCIA methods, and identify ways forward for method developments to come. French agency for ecological transition (ADEME) French geological survey (BRGM)

The chemical composition of soils reflects the degree of industrial exposure. Cu and Ni concentrations in soils of the «Severonickel » plant vicinity are higher than remote ones. In the impact area, the mean concentration of the heavy metals in the subsoils is 55 [ppm] for Ni and 33 [ppm] for Cu. Soils’ chemical composition varies over different mineral horizons. The subsoil layer is the main accumulator of chemical elements, including pollutants. Erosion of the surface layer and technogenic disturbance of the soil profile can lead to subsoil spreading and a significant increase in the human health Impact Score. At the same time, the default IS calculation is focused on the 0.1 [m] depth for all zones. In the paper two factors are considered in the impact modeling modification. The human health Impact Score is calculated specifically for each genetic soil layer with the respective depth of the profile (from 0.05 [m] to 0.2 [m]) and for soils from background and impact areas. The discrepancies between default and modified Impact Scores are observed. In the Impact area, the highest IShum for Ni is 60, for Cu is 5.6 [DALY]; in the Background area, it is 11 and 3.1 [DALY] respectively. The importance of using the regionally modified values in population health impact monitoring is highlighted. The statistical data processing is supported by State program RF « Science», project FSWW-35 0022–2020

Recycling LED lamp technology requires a change from the traditional bulk material-based recovery process. Unlike preceding lighting technology, LED lamps cannot be recycled to meet the regulatory minimum recycling rate of 80% due to multi-materials, including small quantity precious metals, which reduce the sorting efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the challenges have been approached in the scientific literature in this context. The review article investigates the circular solutions to the challenges that the end of life LED lamp management is facing. This review applies PRISMA systematic literature review to locate the relevant studies and investigate whether the proposed processes can increase the recycling rate, using the circular economy strategy as a theoretical framework. Several recycling processes have been proposed in the academic literature. However, the techniques have not been evaluated against the circular economy strategies to identify current gaps and possible ways. This review attempts to fill this gap by assessing the current approaches against the 10 R strategies (refuse, rethink, reconsider, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle and recover). The study suggests that recycling is the dominant strategy, but the higher R strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacture have also been discussed as potential life extension strategies. The study concludes by proposing an integrated treatment approach that focuses on higher R’s (reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture and repurpose) instead of focusing on lower R’s (e.g., recycling). This research was funded by EIT RawMaterials as part of the project " REDLED: Recycling EnD-of-life LED" with the project number 18039.

The dissipation of metals leads to potential environmental impacts, usually evaluated for product systems with life cycle assessment. Dissipative flows of metals become inaccessible for future users, going against the common goal of a more circular economy. Therefore, they should be addressed in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in the area of protection “Natural Resources.” However, life cycle inventory databases provide limited information on dissipation as they only track emissions to the environment as elementary flows. Therefore, we propose two LCIA methods capturing the expected dissipation patterns of metals after extraction, based on dynamic material flow analysis data. The methods are applied to resource elementary flows in life cycle inventories. The lost potential service time method provides precautionary indications on the lost service due to dissipation over different time horizons. The average dissipation rate method distinguishes between the conservation potentials of different metals. Metals that are relatively well conserved, including major metals such as iron and aluminum, have low characterization factors (CFs). Those with poor process yields, including many companion and high-tech metals such as gallium and tellurium, have high CFs. A comparative study between the developed CFs, along with those of the Abiotic Depletion Potential and Environmental Dissipation Potential methods, show that dissipation trends do not consistently match those of the depletion and environmental dissipation potentials. The proposed methods may thus be complementary to other methods when assessing the impacts of resource use on the area of protection Natural Resources when pursuing an increased material circularity. The research of Alexandre Charpentier Poncelet, PhD candidate, is co-financed by the French Agency for ecological transition (ADEME) and the French geological survey (BRGM)

International audience; There are many LCA methods and models (e.g. CML 1992, Eco-Indicator 95, IMPACT 2002+, TRACI, USEtox, etc.), used to characterize environmental impacts. Only four LCIA methods include spatial dimension at different geographical levels: Impact World+, LC-IMPACT, EDIP 2003 and USEtox (Bratec et al., 2019). Among these, three (Impact World+, EDIP 2003 and USEtox) include a human health impact category: human toxicity. The USEtox model, recommended by the European Commission, has already proved its efficiency for the coupling of environmental and geochemical studies. The Characterization factors of the USEtox describe environmental fate (FF) of the chemicals, their non- and carcinogenic effect (EF), direct and the indirect exposure (XF). All these factors vary depends on the applicable area. However, despite all advantages of the model, its geographical customization is rather generic. This paper presents the utilization of the already published case study (Belyanovskaya et al., 2019: 2020) with the indirect human exposure factor modification. The investigation present the modified biotransfer factor of the metals (Cr, Zn, Sb, As, Ba) of the meat product calculated specifically for different location inside the area "Central Asia". The paper extends already published results with local data of the city of Vladivostok (Russia).AcknowledgementThe statistical data processing is supported by State program RF "Science". Project FSWW-0022-2020.The impact assessment with the USEtox model is supported by the RSF grant (№ 20-64-47021).

Biomimetic practice requires a diverse set of knowledge from both biology and engineering. Several researchers have been supporting the integration of biologists within biomimetic design teams in order to meet those biological requirements and improve the effectiveness of biomimetic processes. However, interdisciplinarity practices create well-known communication challenges. Based on functional representations (like SAPPhIRE or function behavior structure (FBS)), several approaches to model biological information have been investigated in the literature. Nonetheless, actual communication processes within interdisciplinary biomimetic design teams are yet to be studied. Following this research axis, this publication focuses on communication noises and wonders if a shared framework of reference can be defined to improve communication between biologists and engineers? Through the comparison of processes and graphic representations between biology and engineering design, a set of guidelines is defined to structure a shared framework of reference. Within this framework, a new tool referred to as LINKAGE is then proposed to assist interdisciplinary communication during the biomimetic process.

In the context of a circular economy, one can observe that (i) recycling chains are not adapted enough to the end-of-life products they have to process and that (ii) products are not sufficiently well designed either to integrate at best their target recycling chain. Therefore, a synergy between product designers and recycling-chains stakeholders is lacking, mainly due to their weak communication and the time-lag between the product design phase and its end-of-life treatment. Many Design for Recycling approaches coexist in the literature. However, to fully develop a circular economy, Design from Recycling also has to be taken into account. Thus Re-Cycling, a complete circular design approach, is proposed. First, a design for recycling methodology linking recyclability assessment to product design guidelines is proposed. Then, a design from recycling methodology is developed to assess the convenience of using secondary raw materials in the design phase. The recyclability of a smartphone and the convenience of using recycled materials in a new cycle are both analyzed to demonstrate our proposal. The Fairphone 2&reg, and its treatment by the WEEE French takeback scheme are used as a case study.

International audience; Different Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods in the impact assessment may lead to disparate results. Those disagreements in LCIA results are mainly linked to differences in the characterization model on a spatial scale. Most models only provide information about large geographical areas, ignoring ecological aspects of regions that can vary in accordance with geological conditions and the industrial influence level. The current investigation proposes an approach to reduce the spatial limitation of impact modeling. Based on the results of analytical investigations carried out by the research group, and taken from the literature, the characterization factor (CF) is recalculated. Among existing LCIA models, the USEtox is taken as the model recommended by the European Union for human health impacts assessment. In the USEtox model calculation, the general bioaccumulation factor is replaced by the regionalized concentration coefficient to obtain the indirect human exposure factor. The modified characterization factor for 5 USEtox geo zones is calculated.

International audience; Industry 4.0, indicating a fourth industrial revolution, is based on three basic forms of integration through digital technologies: Horizontal interconnection across the supply chain, vertical interconnection across functional departments, and end-to-end engineering from product development to recycling. By gathering, transmitting, and analyzing data throughout these three forms of integration, several benefits are anticipated for industrial value creation. Relating to the Triple Bottom Line of sustainability, economic, ecological, and social benefits are targeted by Industry 4.0. Extant research on Industry 4.0 has begun to investigate the technological developments from an economic perspective, while the understanding of ecological and social aspects of Industry 4.0 is considerably less understood. Further, entire supply chains, or end-to-end processes have been considered less so far, despite necessary for unlocking the entire benefits of Industry 4.0, especially in an ecological and social regard. Developing the concept of Industry 4.0 towards the idea of a Circular Economy requires to better consider downstream aspects, while benefits are mostly investigated for upstream processes so far, especially towards the End-of-Life (EOL) and recycling of products.

International audience; The construction sector is a key actor for achieving the sustainable development goals, particularly from an environmental point of view, due to the significant sector's contribution to energy consumption, greenhouse gas and pollutants emissions, waste generation, resources depletion etc. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a multi-criteria tool to assess environmental impacts, preventing the impact transferring from one life cycle stage to another and thus is widely used to support decision-making. Consequential LCA (CLCA) can be particularly relevant for decisions involving non-marginal changes and may have an important role in supporting decision-makers of the construction sector by giving a wider comprehension of the environmental impacts associated with the changes caused by their decisions. Particularly when assessing large-scale consequences, it is recommended to couple an economic model to the CLCA methodology to assess the changes in the background system. Therefore, this research aims at reviewing the CLCA works applied to the construction sector and the use of economic models in CLCA for assessing non-marginal changes. For that, the review is divided in two parts: the first reviews the CLCA works and papers in the construction sector; and the second part reviews CLCA studies that assess non-marginal changes, regardless the activity or sector.

International audience; Facing current biomimetics impediments, recent studies have supported the integration within biomimetic teams of a new actor having biological knowledge and know-how. This actor is referred to as the “biomimetician” in this article. However, whereas biology is often considered a homogenous whole in the methodological literature targeting biomimetics, it actually gathers fundamentally different fields. Each of these fields is structured around specific practices, tools, and reasoning. Based on this observation, we wondered which knowledge and know-how, and so biological fields, should characterize biomimeticians. Following the design research methodology, this article thus investigates the operational integration of two biological fields, namely ecology and phylogenetics, as a starting point in the establishment of the biomimetician’s biological tools and practices. After a descriptive phase identifying specific needs and potential conceptual bridges, we presented various ways of applying biological expertise during biomimetic processes in the prescriptive phase of the study. Finally, we discussed current limitations and future research axes.

International audience; The impact of non-energetic abiotic resource use in life cycle assessment (LCA) has been receiving much attention in the last decades, and even more so since the resource efficiency and circular economy have become prominent subjects of discussion in public and private sectors all around the world. As LCA has proven to be the most solid holistic tool to integrate environmental impacts in sustainability assessments of product systems, it should be able to integrate current concerns about non-energetic abiotic resource use into its methodology and therefore provide exploitable results for every LCA user. However, to this day no consensus has been reached on which approach for characterizing impacts due to the use of these resources should be used (Drielsma et al., 2016; Sonderegger et al., 2017). This seems to be attributable to the fact that no method is recognized as both solid on the methodological level while answering at the same time the true concerns for abiotic natural resource uses in LCA: the need to retain and therefore maximize their functional value in the technosphere after their extraction in order to fulfill the needs of current and future generations, while minimizing the losses to the ecosphere. Indeed, abiotic resources are not always consumed

International audience; The construction and building industry is the principal emitter of GHG in France with 116 million tons of CO2 equivalent, i.e. 33% of total GHG, according to CITEPA, 2015; and the biggest consumer of material. These emissions have two distinct causes: energy consumption or functional energy (electricity, heating, ventilation, etc.) and energy used during its construction, known as embodied energy (production of materials, transport, site, etc.). The research work presented aims at setting up an infinite cycle of use of materials by their reuse and answering in particular to the problems of circular economy. Structural work and foundations represent the majority of the embodied energy of a building. The research effort is therefore focused on the structural elements. Reuse is here defined as the reuse of an element without transformation, unlike recycling which induces a new industrial cycle of transformation of matter. It is therefore about reducing the consumption of materials and lowering GHG emissions. Reuse is not sufficiently taken into account in environmental assessments and requires new indicators in LCA methodologies. Several considerations are needed to evaluate reuse including: (1) calling the lifespan of buildings fixed at 50 years for the life cycle into question, in order to take into account the different cycles; (2) distinguish the LCA of the building from that of the products; (3) adapt D module from EN 15804 to the very new and not yet professional sector of reuse; (4) new allocation system for both initial deconstructed building and reconstructed second building to benefit from the positive impacts of reuse; (5) integrate the several possible scenarios of second lives for an initial product (same function / downgrading / redirecting, need to be evaluated differently). The missing data identified have to be generated by the relevant stakeholders. In order to reuse these elements to the fullest of their initial capacity, it is important to transfer the necessary characteristics to the future "reuse designer". The design for rebuild methodology we are implementing aims to design the structural elements by increasing the BIM parameters (6D, LCA), to attach the environmental impact, the mechanical information, material durability, ageing to each object of the digital mock-up. We envisioned to install digital and physical traceability (like RFID chips in the material) that makes it possible to follow the evolution of the element over the years and to feed a database in parallel. At the end of its life the database is accessible and searchable for the design of a future building. A development of tools and gateways will then allow from a model of calculation to go to query the database. The objective is to find an element resulting from the deconstruction that can be reused in the future construction. The challenge of this work is to ensure that the element of the database has all the characteristics to meet its new structural function. Next step is to implement the presented methodology on experimentations.

International audience; Circular Economy(CE) is an economic concept, which is in the framework of sustainable development. Circular economy is mostly related to the use of material after their life cycle, and has to be implemented at the design stage of a product or a system. On the one hand, increasing the taxes and the expenses for waste disposal, and on the other hand, decreasing in the resources push industries forward in using circular economy. Nowadays due to the increase in the population, the need for shelter increase and among the materials, which can be used in building, wood is becoming more popular. As wood resources face depletion and wooden houses can have a long lifetime, there will be lots of possibilities for re-using the wooden parts. But as the types of wood for being used in different industries differ, selecting the best type of wood and the future use of it in other industries have to be considered in the buildings’ designing stage.In this work at first the structure and life cycle of the buildings were studied. After that, a new circular structure has been proposed by involving CE in the previous structure. Then by defining appropriate indicators, the use of wood as the main raw material for constructions evaluated. This evaluation has been done by the means of multi criteria decision-making(MCDM) methods.

International audience; The USEtox model as one of LCIA models is an instrument to characterize the human toxicity impact. The model measures the intake of metals by population with meat products. The USEtox is the only model including geographical separation and wide database with organic and nonorganic chemicals. However, the USEtox does notprovide any regional information, as ecological or geological specifications of areas included into the model.There is also a lack of data about metals concentrations in the database. Current investigation proposes an approach to reduce these limitations using results of bioindication studying– chemical composition of pork meat samples. Results of bioindication express assessing and forecasting changes in biotas under the anthropogenic influence locally in 3 settlements of “Central Asia” district. We extrapolate them into the USEtox model database, toextend it with concentrations of heavy metals Cr, Zn and As in the meat of pork. Characterization factor is proposedto assess their potential toxicity in soil and air in the region “Central Asia”.

International audience; Shipbreaking literature and sustainability framework

National audience; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool allowing to assess environmental impacts of a product or service over its whole life cycle. It may serve as a support for product eco-design, policy- makers and decision-takers in governments and industries. LCA is relatively new, and methodological improvements are still required for it to be as robust as possible in order for it to fulfill its function and to be considered reliable and credible. A proper method to assess resource use in LCA has yet to be developed. In this regard, our work in progress is aiming at a better understanding and assessment of resource use impacts on Natural Resources Area of Protection in LCA with a dissipation approach.

Recent developments for the Natural Resources Area of Protection (AoP) in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (eg. Dewulf et al. (2015); Sonderegger et al. (2017))Existing methods for abiotic resource use have been discussed and criticized by many in recent years (eg. Swart, Alvarenga, & Dewulf (2015); Drielsma et al. (2016); Sonderegger et al. (2017)).Safeguard subject for non-energetic abiotic resources has been defined as “the potential to make use of the value that mineral resources, as embedded in a natural or anthropogenic stock, can hold for humans in the technosphere” (Berger et al., 2018. Damage to the safeguard subject happens when abiotic resources are dispersed in a way which make them unavailable for future use or when they are rendered inaccessible in technosphere through different mechanisms.Dissipation approach is a promising way forward to account for this damage, and should be investigated further (Zampori & Sala (2017); Berger et al. (2018))

International audience; Life cycle assessment is a valuable tool to assess the ecological performance of a product system holistically. However, it is still an imperfect tool for which some of the impact categories especially need to be revisited. Abiotic resource use is an impact category for which much debate has been going on in the last years. Methodological choices in the existing indicators are often criticized, and the usefulness of results is of questionable relevance to decision takers in the industry or the policy makers. Dissipation of those resources has been identified as a promising way forward. Dynamic material flow analysis can serve as an important basis to account for dissipated flows in a product system at different scales, and therefore serve as first steps towards the integration of dissipation in life cycle assessment. The ongoing work presented here aims at proposing a sound methodology based on dynamic material flow analysis to implement the dissipation of abiotic resources in life cycle assessment.

Efficiency indicators have been frequently used to assess end-of-life chain performance, mostly. In terms of the percentage of mass sent to re-use, recycling, and/or energy recovery facilities. While legislation gives a standard definition for recycling and recovery rates, stakeholders sometimes redefine them to better fit their own scopes and objectives. Therefore, to accurately interpret the results of an efficiency indicator, during a decision-making process, it’s necessary to fully understand the scope definition used to calculate it. This work discusses the influence of scope definition when establishing performance rates. It does this by introducing further alternative scope definitions and comparing them to those defined by legislation and stakeholders. As a case study, the proposed complementary scopes are applied to the recycling chain of flat panel displays in France.

The lack of the spatial coverage as one of the main limitations of the Life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) models leads to disagreement between their results. The USEtox model is only model that provides 8 continental and 17 subcontinental zones but does not consider the wind and water transfers affected areas around the source of pollution. Current investigation proposes the way to reduce this limitation by using the results of chemical analysis (instrumental neutron activation analysis “INAA”) of pork meat as a regional indicator of anthropogenic influence. The concentration coefficient of Cr by replacing the Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) is extrapolated into the calculation of Exposure factor (XF) to modify Characterization factor (CF). Impacted and clean areas of Tomsk district (Russia) placed around Northern industrial hub (Seversk city) are studied. Neither area is located directly in the industrial hub, but the impacted area is under an anthropogenic influence due to air and water transfer of pollution. Results of our investigation present the difference between results of own investigation and default values of USEtox. Probably the model can minimize the impact because of lack of experiment data in the database. The database can be extended more with other analytical results for wide range of metals and geographical locations.

International audience; The human health risk assessment is one the most important problem of modern ecology. The USEtox model is an instrument to characterize the human health risks in the LCIA method. In the USEtox the exposure factor (XF) is used to assess the contact between the person and the environment considering the receipt of the foodstuffs (e.g. pork). Despite all advantages of USEtox, there are some uncertainties in calculations of XF. In the study of the chemicals entry into the human body with food and water, the regional aspect is considered only for the place where the conditionally “contaminated” products are derived, but the residence place of a population is not considered. However, air and water transfer pollutants (heavy metal – Сhromium) to zones that do not have industrial facilities. As an example of estimation of the health impact of the residents near the nuclear fuel cycle industry, the XF was calculated using the concentration of Cr in pork meat. For the study, samples of Sus scrofa domestica organs (totally 60 samples) were taken in the territory of two settlements, impacted and cleaned. Both areas are not located directly in the industrial hub, but the impacted area is under the anthropogenic influence with air and water transfer of pollution. The results of XF estimation show that population of the impacted area consumes more Cr with pork meat even if this area is not directly located in the industrial hub. The XF for both areas is much higher than USEtox default values, calculated for population of whole Central Asia. We purpose a spatial aspect as a new characterization factor for the impact assessment. The population of one region can consume a different amount of pollutant depending on the location of settlement they live.

International audience; Transport is an inherent activity of recycling chains. In LCA studies of e-waste recycling, the transport during the end-of-life management is either not considered or the distances are estimated and are not in accordance with reality. When transport is comprised in LCA boundaries, depending to the type of product then material, there is no consensus of its influence on the results. Some authors stressed that logistic chain accounts for a significant amount of impacts, but there are studies that concluded that the impacts are negligible in comparison to treatment activities. In this context, the goal of the study was to identify the contribution of transport (varying both distance and loading rate) in LCA results of e-waste recycling. A tablet treated in France was used as a case study. Life cycle inventory is based on the inventories available in Ecoinvent database and adapted with literature and primary data. In order to assess, spatialize and quantify the distances between the different stakeholders of the recycling chain, transport inventory was performed with a geographic information system (GIS) and LCA coupling approach. Impact assessment results were calculated at midpoint level with several impact categories. Depending on the impact category, transport contributes between 10 to 30% of the total impacts related to end-of-life treatment. This result stresses the need for assessing more realist scenarios for e-waste treatment.

International audience; Cycle de vie des produits, procédés et services.Considération des nanos dans les calculs d'Analyse de Cycle de Vie: Limites et opportunités

International audience; For more than one hundred years the industrial revolution explodes all over the worldthrough the different technologies. All these technologies were developed to help and increasethe human conditions in providing new products. However, this development demands more andmore resources (e.g. energy, water, raw materials) and generates many undesirable consequenceswith our over consumptions and the industrial systems used for the production.With the development of the research in human health and on the ecosystems, one hascapable to assess our potential negative impacts. It exists many model in order to assess theenvironmental impacts (environmental impacts are on the ecosystem and on human health), oneof the most famous methodology is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) [1] [2] that is managed bythe standard ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. However, even if this methodology is well-known, thisone presents many limitations.

Bubble sweep-down on oceanographic vessels generates acoustic perturbations. We propose in this work to characterize the sub-surface bubbles occurrence conditions from acoustic data analysis acquired during surveys in relatively shallow water with the IFREMER research vessels Thalassa and Pourquoi Pas?. The methodology of data analysis used in this work allows us to characterize the sailing conditions influence on bubble sweep-down occurrence. The correlation between sailing conditions and acoustic perturbations tends to demonstrate that the presence of bubbles under the hull is clearly related to the wind speed and natural aeration, and that surface bubbles are advected differently in the water column by the two vessels.

Substantial quantities of senile coconut palms are present in plantations within the Asia-Pacific region. Once coconut palms become over-mature, their production of traditional products, such as coconuts, significantly decreases, resulting in profitability challenges for farmers. Presently, few profitable markets exist for over-mature, senile coconut palms. Using the coconut palm stem in composite or engineered wood products could, however, provide an attractive alternative. Due to some of its unique characteristics, a processing system able to recover wood from the high-density zone near the stem periphery is desirable. A series of rotary veneer laboratory trials were undertaken to establish fundamental benchmark lathe settings and veneering characteristics for coconut palm stems. Different pressure bar configurations, billet pretreatment temperatures, and veneer thicknesses were tested and the resulting cutting forces and veneer quality were assessed. Optimal setting recommendations for peeling coconut wood are provided. The authors thank the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR; project FST/2009/062) for research funding. They acknowledge the financial and kind support of all collaborators involved in the project. We also wish to thank our partners and funders of the Xylomat Technical Platform from the Xylomat Scient ific Network funded by ANR-10-EQPX-16 XYLOFOREST.

As the end of life products are becoming more and more complex, the recycling systems encountered many difficulties in valuing all the materials contained in each product. This involves not only recovering a large number of materials but also doing so with the minimal environmental impact. Although the benefits of recycling are well established, the industrial processes need to be designed in regard with their environmental impacts. That is why recyclers need robust assessment tools to make the right choices during the design of recycling processes. This evaluation’s work should enable them to choose the right recycling solutions for a wide range of end of life products. In this article, we present how we develop a methodology for evaluating the performance of recycling processes during their design phase. This methodology is our answer to help optimize the recycling of multi materials products based on the evaluation of the sustainability performance of the processes chosen. ANRT Convention CIFRE N ° 2015/0226

The circular economy offers a partial answer to resource depletion. Recycling is inherent in the circular economy strategies that why industrial companies look for stepping recycling rates up. But recycling approaches are often motivated by economic considerations. Yet the recycling paths are multiple and it is important to determine the best path according to different categories of indicators and not only profit. We worked with MTB, an engineering and manufacturing company of recycling equipment. Our work aims to determine which are the most relevant indicators to assess the sustainability performance of recycling processes. We selected 8 indicators in 3 different categories: technical, environmental and economic. The technical indicators are determined based on a common framework established using the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) protocol. Environmental and economic indicators results are given using a process Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database. Information stored in the database using both variable and invariable unit process. The calculation is respectively done with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) methodologies. During the design phases, specific information is provided to establish the unit process performance of each recycling scenario. In this article, we present how the performance indicators were selected and calculated in regard with the decision support methodology build up. Convention CIFRE N ° 2015/0226

International audience; Efficiency indicators have been frequently used to assess end-of-life chain performance. While legislations give a standard definition, sometimes stakeholders redefine them to fit their own scopes and objectives. It is therefore necessary to fully understand the indicators calculation scope in order to accurately interpret the results during a decision-making process. This work discusses the influence of scope definition when establishing performance rates using the French e-waste chain and recycling rate as an example. Complementary recycling rates to the one established by WEEE Directive are proposed.

As the end of life becoming more and more complex recycling systems encountered many difficulties in valuing all the materials contain in each product. This involves not only recovering a large number of materials but also doing so with the minimal environmental impact. Although the benefits of recycling are well established, the industrial processes need to be designed in regard with their environmental impacts. That why recyclers need robust assessment tools to make the right choices during the design of recycling processes. This evaluation work should enable them to choose the right recycling solutions for a wide range of end of life products. In this article, we present how we develop a methodology for evaluating the performance of recycling processes during their design phase. This methodology is our answer to help optimise the recycling of multi materials products based on the evaluation of the sustainability performance of the processes chosen. CIFRE Convention N° 2015/0226

National audience; L’écoconception est une approche visant à réduire les impacts environnementaux des produits. Elle est basée sur l’évaluation et l’amélioration des performances environnementales. Afin de justifier des choix d’écoconception, il est nécessaire d’utiliser des indicateurs pour suivre les performances environnementales et s’assurer des potentiels bénéfices des choix pris. Il existe déjà plusieurs méthodes de sélection des indicateurs de performances environnementales. Pour la plupart, elles mettent en avant l’importance des besoins des utilisateurs dans le choix des indicateurs. Cependant aucune d’entre elles n’explicite clairement qui sont les utilisateurs, quels sont leurs besoins et quel type d’indicateurs peuvent être utilisés dans le cadre d’une approche d’écoconception. Cet article se concentre sur les besoins des utilisateurs et propose une méthode pour la sélection d’indicateurs de performances environnementales.

International audience; Ecodesign is an approach to reduce environmental impacts of products. This approach is based on the assessment and the improvement of environmental performance. In order to justify ecodesign choices, indicators must be used to follow environmental performance and to insure their potential benefits. There already exist environmental performance indicators selection methods, and almost all the methods highlight the fact that the needs of users are important, but no one explicitly express which are the users, what are their needs and what are the type of indicators that can be applied in ecodesign approach. This paper focuses on the users’ needs and proposes a combined framework forenvironmental performance indicators selection.

Pour déployer des solutions industrielles de recyclage compétitives pour une large gamme de produits en fin de vie, les recycleurs doivent connaître les performances de chaque solution. Actuellement, les seuls outils disponibles permettent des évaluations longues au cas par cas. Nos travaux ont pour objet la création d’une méthodologie pour évaluer les performances développement durable des scénarios de recyclage. L’outil se destine à une utilisation par le concepteur de filières de recyclage afin de communiquer au donneur d’ordre les performances des solutions de recyclage. Dans cet article, nous présentons la méthodologie mise en œuvre pour construire l’outil d’évaluation. Cet outil doit permettre d’optimiser les voies de recyclage des produits complexes. Notre approche est basée sur différents outils d’évaluation pour déterminer chaque performance : environnementale, technique et économique. Dans cet article, nous présentons la démarche en lien avec l’évaluation technique de la performance. Cette dernière est déterminée sous le prisme du programme européen de vérification ETV (Environmental Technology Verification). Le but est de pouvoir proposer sur le marché des solutions identifiées comme les meilleures écotechnologies disponibles. Les auteurs souhaitent remercier MTB Recycling et l’Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie pour le financement des travaux de recherche doctorale du premier auteur (Convention CIFRE n ° 2015/0226).

The scarcity of resources and the increasing in generation of wastes encourages the need for solutions through circular economy strategy. Recycling is mostly used as the key vector to reduce the environmental impact. Nevertheless, different end-of-life pathways are available even for same kind of waste. All recycling solutions are not equivalent in terms of secondary raw materials quality and quantity. These performance factors of recycled materials are mainly influenced by technological and economic investments, and their changes lead to huge environmental impact differences. Environmental assessment of different aluminium recycling pathways allowed us to identify the lack of decision-making process during the design phase of new recycling pathways. Using the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) certification guidelines, our methodology allows to assess and guide the choices of designers to ensure economic, environmental and social efficiency. French National Association for Technical Research (ANRT) for the funding of the PhD study (CIFRE Convention N° 2015/0226) of the first author

International audience; Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver o inventário de ciclo de vida para madeira empregada na estrutura de telhado de edificações populares do Estado de São Paulo, com base na adaptação de inventários existentes na base de dados ecoinvent (versão 3.1) para a realidade da produção madeireira no Brasil. Considerou-se como sistema de produto a produção de 1m3 de madeira serrada de cambará proveniente de manejo florestal sustentável na Amazônia, desde a extração das toras até a peça de madeira serrada estocada em São Paulo. As informações nacionais foram obtidas da literatura. A despeito das semelhanças entre o sistema de produto da base ecoinvent e a realidade nacional na extração das toras na floresta, há diferenças referentes ao transporte até a serraria, ao desdobro das toras e à geração e destinação de resíduos: no Brasil, todas as etapas são executadas próximas à região de exploração, resultando em alterações no modelo de transporte, máquinas empregadas e resíduos gerados. Além disso, os valores de consumo de diesel e eletricidade apresentaram ordens de grandeza diferentes dos ICVs de referência. Com base nessa análise, conclui-se que a estrutura de dados dos ICVs existentes na base ecoinvent auxilia a construção de inventários nacionais e que a adaptação dos inventários é imprescindível para a realização de estudos de avaliação do ciclo de vida condizentes com as condições do Brasil. Entretanto, considerando as diferenças observadas, é recomendada a apuração dos índices de consumo nacionais por meio de verificação e coleta de dados inloco

Many natural phenomena in geophysics and hydrogeology involve the flow of non-Newtonian fluids through natural rough-walled fractures. Therefore, there is considerable interest in predicting the pressure drop generated by complex flow in these media under a given set of boundary conditions. However, this task is markedly more challenging than the Newtonian case given the coupling of geometrical and rheological parameters in the flow law. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a simple method to predict the flow of commonly used Carreau and yield stress fluids through fractures. To do so, an expression relating the “in-situ” shear viscosity of the fluid to the bulk shear-viscosity parameters is obtained. Then, this “in-situ” viscosity is entered in the macroscopic laws to predict the flow rate-pressure gradient relations. Experiments with yield stress and Carreau fluids in two replicas of natural fractures covering a wide range of injection flow rates are presented and compared to the predictions of the proposed method. Our results show that the use of a constant shift parameter to relate “in-situ” and bulk shear viscosity is no longer valid in the presence of a yield stress or a plateau viscosity. Consequently, properly representing the dependence of the shift parameter on the flow rate is crucial to obtain accurate predictions. The proposed method predicts the pressure drop in a rough-walled fracture at a given injection flow rate by only using the shear rheology of the fluid, the hydraulic aperture of the fracture and the inertial coefficients as inputs.

There is a need by the European Commission (EC) regulations, as well as others, to reduce the in vivo toxicity tests made on animals. Conventional in vitro tests were designed for non-nanoparticle sized entities, and therefore do not necessarily assess the adverse impacts of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on humans. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used methodology for evaluating the environmental performance of products. Nevertheless, the application of LCA on ENPs is difficult because the characterization factors (CFs) of ENPs, as significant input parameters in LCA, remain a major unknown. It is a premise of this study to monitor the chemiluminescence (CL) spectra resulting from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigger made from the presence of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) to porcine neutrophils in vitro, thereby enabling to calculate the porcine and human toxicity CFs. The framework of a scientific consensus model, USEtox model, is selected and the midpoint of CF is set as the inflammation of pig or human. Finally, the present study recommends human and porcine inflammation CFs of CuNPs in Europe to be 1.07 and 2.90 CTU (comparative toxic units) respectively. China Scholarship Council (CSC)

is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited version published in: https://sam.ensam.eu Handle ID, O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a estimativa de incertezas em ACV, utilizando três procedimentos de cálculo a partir de dados de inventários da produção de blocos cerâmicos de uma fábrica localizada no Estado de São Paulo (berço ao portão). O primeiro procedimento para a estimativa de incertezas consistiu na atribuição de modelos probabilísticos e seus parâmetros aos valores obtidos na fábrica. As distribuições de probabilidade foram selecionadas dentre as disponíveis no Simapro (versão 8.1.1.16). O segundo procedimento consistiu na aplicação das diretrizes do Ecoinvent versão 3.1 relativas a incertezas, adotandose valores padronizados de incerteza básica e incertezas adicionais da matrizPedigree, com distribuição lognormal. O terceiro procedimento consistiu em uma mescla dos procedimentos prévios: adotou-se o primeiro procedimento para o cálculo da incerteza básica e a matriz Pedigree para a atribuição da incerteza adicional. Os ICVs foram inseridos com suas respectivas incertezas no Simapro e foram feitas simulações de Monte Carlo com parâmetros equivalentes para as trêssituações. Realizaram-se também análises de variância (ANOVA) para verificar a distribuição das incertezas entre o processo principal e os processos a montante. Observou-se que os procedimentos 1 e 2 são passíveis de adoção em estudos de ACV, a depender da disponibilidade de recursos e do nível de detalhamento do estudo em questão, sendo que o primeiro procedimento, que envolve o cálculo direto dasincertezas associadas, tem potencial de agregar maior confiabilidade ao estudo de ACV, enquanto o segundo requer menor esforço para a estimativa de incertezas. Ambas as abordagens melhoram a qualidade do resultado final a ser comunicado em relação à divulgação de um valor determinístico único.

This work presents a case study for a tablet treated in France. The objective was to assess the impacts of the end-of-life stage and its influence in the final results when considering different waste management scenarios. After a first analysis of the global electronic waste management scenario, three scenarios were selected: (1) optimistic scenario, in which the tablet is recycled considering the best available technologies; (2) a conservative scenario, which considers only the best referenced recycling channels; (3) a pessimist scenario considering the worst situation in terms of recycling. For some impact categories, the recycling activities result in higher environmental impacts than the scenarios with poor recycling, among others due to the increase in energy consumption during recycling. When the benefits of recycling are considered in the assessment, the advantage of recycling is evident, reinforcing the importance of the recycling channels as a provider of secondary materials that have lower environmental impacts. The differences in the results of the three scenarios reinforce the importance of clearly report the scenario considered in the end-of-life. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) and Ecologic (a French compliance scheme).

Uncertainty estimation is an important part of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), especially when comparing product alternatives. This work presents a study carried out for nine construction products in Brazil, with the aim of estimating the uncertainty of the Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicator and its main uncertainty sources. Product Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) were developed based on national data for the product manufacturing processes, which were collected from local manufacturers and/or from literature, and upstream and downstream processes were modelled using datasets from Ecoinvent v. 3.2. GWP was calculated using the IPCC 2013 method with 100 years’ timeframe and its coefficient of variation (CV) was estimated using the Monte Carlo sampling available in Simapro v. 8.2, with 10.000 interactions. Afterwards ANOVA was conducted for each product, in order to identify the distribution of the CV between the process itself and upstream and downstream processes. The ANOVA also allowed to identify the process that most contributed to the final uncertainty. GWP CVs were on average 16%. For seven products, upstream and downstream processes contributed most to the uncertainty (79% of CV on average); while for two products (wood based) the process itself was prevalent (82% of CV on average). The upstream processes that most contributed to the uncertainty (and also to the GWP indicator) were electricity production, diesel combustion, cement production and acrylic binder production. It can be concluded that upstream processes are a major uncertainty source in the LCA of construction products, and reinforces the importance of a national database for increasing LCA reliability.

Wide use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is likely to result in the eventually accumulation of ENPs in sediment. The benthic organisms living in sediments may suffer relatively high toxic effects of ENPs. This study has selected copper oxide nanoparticles (nano-CuO) as a research object. To consider the impacts of spatial heterogeneity on ENPs toxicity, the characterization factor (CF) derived from life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is used as an indicator in this study. A nano-specific fate model has been used to calculate the freshwater sediment fate factor (FF) of nano-CuO. A literature survey of the nano-CuO toxicology values has been performed to calculate the effect factor (EF). Seventeen freshwater sediment CFs of nano-CuO are proposed as recommended values for subcontinental regions. The region most likely to be affected by nano-CuO is northern Australia (CF of 21.01·10^3 CTUe, comparative toxic units) and the least likely is northern Europe and northern Canada (CF of 8.55·10^3 CTUe). These sediment CFs for nano-CuO could be used in the future when evaluating the ecosystem impacts of products containing nano-CuO by LCA method. Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Life cycle impact of European generic primary and secondary aluminium are well defined. However specific end-of-Life scenario for aluminium products are not available in the literature. In this study, the environmental assessment of cable recycling pathway is examined using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The data comes from a recycling plant (MTB Recycling) in France. MTB Recycling process relies only on mechanical separation and optical sorting steps on shredder cables to obtain a high purity aluminium (above 99.6%). The life cycle assessment results confirm the huge environmental benefits for aluminium recycled in comparison with primary aluminium. In addition, our study demonstrates the gains of product centric recycling pathways for cables. The mechanical separation is a relevant alternative to metal smelting recycling. This work was done firstly to document specific environmental impact of the MTB Recycling processes in comparison with traditional aluminium recycling smelting. Secondly, to provide an environmental overview of the process steps in order to reduce the environmental impact of this recycling pathway. The identified environmental hotspots from the LCA for the MTB recycling pathway provide help for designers to carry on reducing the environmental impact. financial support from French Agency for Environment and Energy Efficiency (ADEME). Et convention CIFRE N° 2015/0226

Life cycle impact of European generic primary and secondary aluminium are well defined. However specific recycling processes are not available in literature. In this study, the environmental assessment of cable recycling processing is examined using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The data come from a recycling plant (MTB Recycling) in France. MTB process relies only on mechanical separation and optical sorting processes on shredder cables. The LCA results demonstrate huge environmental benefits for aluminium recycled in comparison with primary aluminium. This work was done firstly to document specific environmental impact of MTB recycling process in comparison with traditional aluminium recycling smelting. Secondly, to provide an environmental overview of the process steps in order to reduce the environmental impact of this recycling pathway. Using the identified hotspots from the LCA for the MTB specific recycling process for aluminium cables, we were able to provide help for designers to carry on reducing the environmental impact of the technologies used during the recycling pathway. This paper focuses on LCA results and implementations on the process for reducing the environmental impact. Financial support from French Agency for Environment and Energy Efficiency (ADEME) Funding of the PhD study (CIFRE Convention N ° 2015/0226) of the first author from French National Association for Technical Research (ANRT)

In France is estimated a generation of about 17 and 23 kg per year of WEEE per inhabitant. However, in 2014, the return rate for household WEEE reached only 38% of the total market input. The French regulation targets higher collection rates for the next years: 45% between 2016 and 2019, and 65% after 2019 of the total market input. The aim of this work was to quantify the real environmental benefits of improving the collection and treatment of WEEE in France by the life cycle assessment methodology. A mobile phone charger was selected as a case study, and three scenarios were assessed based on the actual collection rate and the future collection and recycling targets. For most impact categories, mainly due to the intensification on energy consumption and transport activities related to the recycling processes, the growth in collection rate leads to higher environmental impacts. However, when comparing the impact of end-of-life with the production of virgin materials, the benefits of increasing collection rates and recycling are evident.

This paper proposes a framework that interrelates the life cycle of the product, remanufacturing and recycling for plastics. The paper analyses the different chemical processes of recycling polymer wastes. We introduce a thermodynamic calculation of the energy consumed and CO $$_2$$ emissions for all types of waste (municipal, electronic, vehicle). The remanufacturing process could reduce the amount of CO $$_2$$ emissions through feedback to the product design stage with robust platforms that extend the product life cycle. In order to meet the requirements of remanufacturing we combine mechanical and chemical recycling solutions. These recycling processes must undergo a thermodynamic analysis to optimize energy and decrease the minimum CO $$_2$$ emissions, i.e. recycling processes in line with the ultimate objective, which is the reduction of CO $$_2$$ emissions and slowing a part of the problem global warming.