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The article emphasizes the importance of transparency in scientific research, specifically focusing on the benefits of preregistration and registered reporting to enhance credibility and reproducibility. It discusses the value of separating hypothesis-testing and hypothesis-generating analyses, as well as the role of interdisciplinary collaborations in study design. The study also addresses common misconceptions about registered reports, highlighting their applicability across various disciplines and their contribution to improving research quality and credibility, particularly in the biomedical field. [Extracted from the article]

Deep learning has become a promising model in the industry due to its superior learning accuracy and efficiency. In addition to conventional applications, such as fraud detection, natural language processing, image classification and reconstruction, object detection and segmentation this model can be widely used for data hiding, that is, watermarking. Existing transformed‐domain‐based watermarking provided better robustness toward attacks. In this article, an interesting autoencoder convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based watermarking technique, AutoCRW, is proposed, which can prevent intellectual property theft of digital images. First, the autoencoder functionality of CNN generates two versions of the same image, namely positive and negative version of the images, which decompose by a transformed domain scheme. Then, watermark information is embedded into the output images, which can be extracted to realize copyright protection and ownership verification. Finally, a denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN) is employed over the extracted mark to ensure the robustness of the watermarking system. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has high invisibility and good robustness against several attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomaly detection in industrial control and cyber-physical systems has gained much attention over the past years due to the increasing modernisation and exposure of industrial environments. Current dangers to the connected industry include the theft of industrial intellectual property, denial of service, or the compromise of cloud components; all of which might result in a cyber-attack across the operational network. However, most scientific work employs device logs, which necessitate substantial understanding and preprocessing before they can be used in anomaly detection. In this paper, we propose a network intrusion detection system (NIDS) architecture based on a deep autoencoder trained on network flow data, which has the advantage of not requiring prior knowledge of the network topology or its underlying architecture. Experimental results show that the proposed model can detect anomalies, caused by distributed denial of service attacks, providing a high detection rate and low false alarms, outperforming the state-of-the-art and a baseline model in an unsupervised learning environment. Furthermore, the deep autoencoder model can detect abnormal behaviour in legitimate devices after an attack. We also demonstrate the suitability of the proposed NIDS in a real industrial plant from the alimentary sector, analysing the false positive rate and the viability of the data generation, filtering and preprocessing procedure for a near real time scenario. The suggested NIDS architecture is a low-cost solution that uses only fifteen network-based features, requires minimal processing, operates in unsupervised mode, and is straightforward to deploy in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, semiconductor companies frequently outsource the production of chips to meet the rising demand for integrated circuits. As a result, the chip supply chain is now dealing with a number of security problems, like hardware intellectual property theft, trojans, and over-production. In critical systems where adversary assaults have the potential to cause large losses or damage, zero-trust offers a promising method for guaranteeing the validity of Integrated Circuits (ICs). A reliable protocol which makes use of certificates to guarantee the legitimacy of ICs is the Security Protocol and Data Model (SPDM). The work under this study presents a secure chip-to-chip (S2C) zero-trust security architecture based on SPDM protocol, which attempts to authenticate any attached peripheral before using it. The contributions include a comprehensive explanation of the proposed design, the SPDM protocol's implementation, and a discussion of the obstacles that were encountered while executing and implementing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are still alarming gaps among organisations and individuals regarding' cyber-attacks in cyber space and measures to create awareness about cyber insurance. In the realm of cyber space, cyber-attacks can occur, impacting both individuals and businesses. For individuals, this often involves crimes such as identity theft and personal data breaches. For businesses, cyber-attacks can include the theft of intellectual property and other sensitive information. The threat posed by cyber-attacks has grown considerably in recent years. Globally, the survey revealed diverse reasons for not obtaining cyber insurance. It was found that people lacked a clear understanding of cyber insurance products or perceived it as too expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explains the essence and importance of innovative entrepreneurship as the basis of economic development; Scientific views on innovation and entrepreneurship are systematized; The inadmissibility of using "innovation" and "invention", "innovative activity" and "innovative activity" as synonyms is shown; Classification of innovations according to object, process and intensity is given; There is a difference between the innovation cycle and the innovation life cycle; Facilitating and hindering factors for the activation of innovative activities have been identified; The stages of innovation process and innovative entrepreneurship are different from each other; The characteristics of "radical innovation" and "incremental innovation" are highlighted; Entrepreneurship is classified according to the degree of innovation: "business", "traditional entrepreneurship" and "innovative entrepreneurship. Such a separation is made only at the theoretical level, because it is impossible to do it in practice even due to the lack of statistical accounting data; It is argued that the innovative direction of entrepreneurial activity ensures the domestic and international competitiveness of business entities and the strengthening of their positions in the market; The unfavorable situation of innovative entrepreneurship in Georgia is analyzed and evaluated; Based on international and national experience, suggestions and recommendations are offered for the further improvement and development of innovative entrepreneurship in order to facilitate the economic growth and sustainable development of the country. It is necessary to have a systematic approach to the challenges in the sector of innovative entrepreneurship and to eliminate the gaps. In particular:  In order to promote innovation, research and development, first of all, it is necessary to raise awareness in enterprises about the essence and importance of innovative entrepreneurship. Because this or that idea will turn into a material force only when it takes over the consciousness of the masses;  Usually, innovations are created where and when there is a demand for them. The main problem of Georgian economy is less demand for innovations. The reason for this is the low level of economic development, unhealthy competition, tendencies of monopolization and oligopolization of the economy, insufficient industries and low technological level of production. The low innovative activity of large enterprises is related to their monopoly position;  In Georgia, due to the weak connections between science and business, the supply and demand for innovations sometimes miss each other, and in fact there is no commercialization of them. Therefore, intensive connections between scientific circles, research centers and the business sector are necessary so that the research conducted by research institutes and universities is in line with the needs of the real sector of the economy.  99.7% of enterprises in Georgia are small and medium. Small and medium-sized enterprises, due to limited financial resources, do not have the opportunity to invest in innovation, research and development, as well as in new technologies. The high cost of innovation and the lack of own funds limit the innovative activity of almost half of the existing innovators. however. Entrepreneurs who face limited resources can seek alternative sources of financing, such as government grants (a certain share of the profits from the success of innovations must also be returned to the state. This applies to innovations that were created as a result of significant investments made by the state), capital market, venture (risk) capital or financially strong partners to obtain the resources needed for innovation;  We often boast that Georgia is attractive to foreign investors because of its cheap labor force, and we forget that cheap labor force means low qualifications, low incomes, and low incomes mean low living standards and poverty. It should be emphasized that lowskilled labor force (cheap labor force) and innovations, advanced equipment and techno logies are incompatible phenomena that naturally slow down progress and the construction of a knowledge-based economy. That is why it is necessary to improve the level of competence of personnel working in the industry, retrain them and equip them with modern practical knowledge. The problem of insufficient knowledge and lack of practice can be solved by business incubators, the experience of which has already been accumulated in Georgia;  As for educational policy: imitation of existing technologies and invention of fundamentally new ones requires a different education. In the first case, the most important is secondary and applied engineering education. In the second case, fundamental science plays a much greater role. Therefore, countries at different stages of development must build their education systems accordingly;  Before creating strong scientific and research bases in Georgia, it is better to import advanced technologies, besides, it should not be excluded to implement all stages of fundamental research and idea development on the ground. In this regard, the opening of new innovation centers in higher educational institutions seems to be an effective tool.  For innovation, research and development, the infrastructure needs to be renewed, which will support the development of start-ups and small and medium-sized companies. In addition, the entrepreneur, in addition to the idea, should be able to produce an innovative product as quickly and efficiently as possible, as well as to sell it;  In Georgia, the status of innovative startup should be determined by law, and companies with this status should be exempted from income and profit taxes for three years. Also, it is necessary to have preferential credit and tax government programs for innovative projects;  It is necessary to take into account the specific indicators for which data cannot be collected to date. It is important to deepen cooperation with the mentioned sources and update outdated data;  It is necessary to improve the legal and regulatory framework of intellectual property protection. Intellectual property protection is very important in innovative entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs should consider obtaining patents, trademarks or copyrights to protect their innovative ideas, products or technologies. Seeking legal advice and implementing strict privacy measures can help entrepreneurs protect against intellectual property theft; Finally, Georgia's economy needs to develop sustainably to meet the needs of current generations without compromising its ability to meet the needs of future generations through resource depletion and environmental degradation. Sustainability and innovation business practices are closely linked. Innovative entrepreneurs can find green solutions, reduce waste, and contribute to a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the connection between the film "The Shawshank Redemption" and cybersecurity in the real world. It focuses on the difficulties that businesses encounter in safeguarding their data from cyberattacks and draws inspiration from the movie's themes of resilience and triumph over adversity. The article stresses the significance of ongoing education, independent audits, and ethical hacking in fortifying an organization's security. It also discusses the necessity of a well-rounded security approach that encompasses both detection and correction measures, as well as the importance of challenging established norms and embracing innovation in response to evolving threats. The article concludes by addressing common vulnerabilities in businesses and the need for comprehensive security measures to mitigate the risk of breaches. Additionally, the article delves into the concept of insider threats in cybersecurity and the importance of identifying and mitigating these risks. It highlights the challenges faced by businesses in preventing data breaches and emphasizes the need for prompt detection and response mechanisms. The article also explores how organizational culture influences employee attitudes and behaviors towards security. It suggests that businesses should adopt a balanced approach to security that includes prevention, detection, and response strategies. Furthermore, the article mentions the concept of zero trust and its potential in combating insider threats. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous learning and adaptation in the face of evolving cyber threats. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the institutional frameworks that guide research integrity and security in universities in Kenya, with a focus on the protection of intellectual property (IP) and the management of technology transfer. The expansion of Kenya's higher education system has led to an increased emphasis on universities contributing to solving social and environmental challenges and generating economically relevant knowledge. However, universities face challenges in ensuring research integrity and security, particularly in STEM subjects and commercially sensitive research areas. The article highlights the need for universities to establish research compliance structures and implement policies and guidelines to protect IP and manage technology transfer. Recommendations include sensitizing faculty and administration on potential risks, providing effective tools for research administrators, and implementing research integrity and security education and training programs. The study was approved by the Kenyatta University Ethics Review Committee and supported by CRDF Global and CNS. [Extracted from the article]

The world is currently going through the intensified stage of globalisation and socio-economic interdependence characterised by different policies, processes, rules, propositions and regulations. In Africa, in 2018, the African Free Trade Area (AfCTA) was established encompassing most of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential impact of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) on South African multinational corporations (MNCs). The study examined the theories of Functionalism and Transactionalism to highlight country interdependence and how the terms of free trade agreements, such as those provided by the AfCFTA, may help nations harness AfCFTA advantages for mutual gain. An examination of multinational companies' operations in the context of trade based on the AfCFTA revealed that South African MNCs gain from such an agreement in both the short and long run. This conclusion was reached using primary data gathered from purposively sampled individuals knowledgeable about the MNCs in the Gauteng Province, policymakers, and a trade research think tank. Based on the sample size of 12, gathered data was analysed qualitatively using thematic analysis approach. It was further discovered that, while MNCs operating within the scope of the AfCFTA may potentially experience some short-term and long-term benefits, they may also face some challenges, such as exposure to intense local competition, intellectual property theft through product imitations, and poor infrastructure. As a result, it was proposed that some structural changes be made to the AfCFTA and that infrastructure investment be raised in order to boost the performance of MNCs in South Africa and enhance their benefit from the AfCFTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital forensic investigations are becoming increasingly crucial in criminal investigations and civil litigations, especially in cases of corporate espionage and intellectual property theft as more communication occurs online via e-mail and social media. Deceptive opinion spam analysis is an emerging field of research that aims to detect and identify fraudulent reviews, comments, and other forms of deceptive online content. In this paper, we explore how the findings from this field may be relevant to forensic investigation, particularly the features that capture stylistic patterns and sentiments, which are psychologically relevant aspects of truthful and deceptive language. To assess these features' utility, we demonstrate the potential of our proposed approach using the real-world dataset from the Enron Email Corpus. Our findings suggest that deceptive opinion spam analysis may be a valuable tool for forensic investigators and legal professionals looking to identify and analyze deceptive behavior in online communication. By incorporating these techniques into their investigative and legal strategies, professionals can improve the accuracy and reliability of their findings, leading to more effective and just outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An online social network is a platform that is continuously expanding, which enables groups of people to share their views and communicate with one another using the Internet. The social relations among members of the public are significantly improved because of this gesture. Despite these advantages and opportunities, criminals are continuing to broaden their attempts to exploit people by making use of techniques and approaches designed to undermine and exploit their victims for criminal activities. The field of digital forensics, on the other hand, has made significant progress in reducing the impact of this risk. Even though most of these digital forensic investigation techniques are carried out manually, most of these methods are not usually appropriate for use with online social networks due to their complexity, growth in data volumes, and technical issues that are present in these environments. In both civil and criminal cases, including sexual harassment, intellectual property theft, cyberstalking, online terrorism, and cyberbullying, forensic investigations on social media platforms have become more crucial. This study explores the use of machine learning techniques for addressing criminal incidents on social media platforms, particularly during forensic investigations. In addition, it outlines some of the difficulties encountered by forensic investigators while investigating crimes on social networking sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the growing dependency of organisations on suppliers and the importance of supplier relationship management (SRM) in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. It highlights the various reasons organisations engage with suppliers, including accessing specialised expertise, cost savings, flexibility, risk mitigation and improved quality. The paper emphasises the need for organisations to adopt best practices in SRM to enhance their resilience to disruptions, particularly those caused by cyber attacks. It introduces a threat assessment process for organisations to evaluate the potential impact of supplier disruptions and proposes strategies for improving resilience through collaboration with suppliers. The article also discusses the significance of data sharing between organisations and suppliers, outlining different channels and methods for secure data exchange. It addresses the risks associated with data sharing, such as breaches, intellectual property theft, compliance violations and loss of control. Additionally, the article examines the impacts of supplier disruptions on organisations and emphasises the importance of establishing clear guidelines and policies for data sharing. It concludes by presenting a threat assessment process for supplier disruptions due to cyber attacks, including identifying critical suppliers, conducting risk assessments, analysing findings, developing mitigation strategies, implementing strategies and conducting ongoing monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the specific parts of constant exchange conflict between the US and China, with a particular interest on its implications for the global economic politics. The world supply chain has been significantly disrupted as a result of the trade dispute, which has been marked by a series of tariff impositions and retaliatory measures that have impacted a variety of industries. The trade war has made cybersecurity risks, forced technology transfers, and theft of intellectual property even more of a concern. Prices have gone up and supply chain blockages have occurred as a result of tariffs imposed by both nations on essential technological goods like consumer electronics, telecommunications equipment, and semiconductors. Innovation and expansion in the technology sector have been further hampered by restrictions on cross-border collaborations and investments. In addition, the trade war has leading transnational organizations to re-examine their manufacturing and sourcing reliance on China. Expanding their supply chains by looking for new markets and alternative production sites has been an option for many businesses. Investors, stakeholders in the industry, and policymakers all need to keep a close eye on the changing dynamics if they want to navigate the complexities, come up with plans to reduce risks, and take advantage of potential opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a traffic crash event, traffic crash investigators collect evidence and data to assist in reconstructing the events to determine crash causation. Some of the data collected in a crash investigation is in the form of digital data from event data recorders built into the electronic control units in the vehicles. Occasionally, traffic crashes are severe enough to destroy the typical network‐based communications protocols to extract the digital forensic data. In these cases, more invasive techniques of gathering forensic data through in‐circuit programming ports or direct reading of data bearing memory chips is needed. While a digital forensic investigation satisfies a virtuous need for society in determining the truth of a traffic crash, the same techniques can be applied by nefarious actors interested in stealing intellectual property (IP) from the same data bearing chips. The exposure of the executable binary containing the IP of the manufacturer has prompted auto makers and suppliers to eliminate access to these sources of digital forensic data by disabling the Joint Task Action Group (JTAG) instrumentation and obfuscating or encrypting the binary data. Herein lies the purpose of this paper, which is to take a systems engineering approach to balance the needs and requirements for a manufacturer to provide sufficient forensic artifacts in the case of an investigation while improving their cybersecurity posture and limiting their exposure to the theft of intellectual property or cyberat‐tack. An activity diagram is presented to show a system model for responding to and investigating a crash event. These activities inform the needs of an improved event data recorder technologies that contain information necessary to reconstruct the crash. Some proposed top level system requirements are presented with a discussion of how they satisfy the needs of the manufacturer and the crash investigator. Specific requirements of recorded data give a notion of a minimal set of recorded data to help investigators. These requirements will improve both the availability and adequacy of forensic data needed for crash event reconstruction. In addition, a separate requirement governing the preservation of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) proprietary software is made, such that their intellectual property is protected to encourage the requirement compliance. Finally, a discussion of how the proposed requirements help determine if a crash event was a result of a cyber‐attack demonstrates the important nature of addressing these needs in future systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's Republic of China's (PRC) acquires foreign technology to upgrade its military capabilities. We describe how PRC-affiliated actors acquire technology according to a legal, extra-legal, and illegal taxonomy based on laws in the United States and highlight each activity using illustrative examples. Policymakers in advanced industrial countries lack comprehensive data and do not have accurate estimates of the size of the problem for activities such as technology licensing, investing in technology companies, or talent programs. For intellectual property theft, the economic estimates are high but assessing the impact on military innovation remains fraught with measurement errors. Devising appropriate policy responses requires a complete inventory of methods used across the spectrum of legality to decide on technology protection priorities and allocate resources accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict thesis between science and Christianity: it makes for a good story: David Hutchings and James C. Ungureanu: Of popes and unicorns: science, Christianity, and how the conflict thesis fooled the world. Hutchings and Ungureanu provide a compelling account of a developing conflict thesis that did not originate with Draper and White after all. Hutchings and Ungureanu cover some of that same terrain here, as well as building on previous work by Ungureanu. [Extracted from the article]

Effective resistance to intellectual property theft, reverse engineering, and hardware Trojan insertion in integrated circuit supply chains is increasingly essential, for which many solutions have been proposed. Accordingly, strong attacks are also designed in this field. One way to achieve the above goal is obfuscation. The hardware obfuscation method hides the primary function of the circuit and the normal Netlist from the attacker by adding several key gates in the original Netlist. The functionality circuit is correct only if the correct key is applied; otherwise, the circuit is obfuscated. In recent years, various obfuscation methods have been proposed. One is logic locking, the most prominent hardware protection technique since it can protect against untrusted items. Logic locking induces functional and structural changes to a design even before the layout generation. We secured the circuit against hardware Trojan insertion with a secure logic locking method based on the insertion of key gates in interference mode. We call our proposed method Secure Interference Logic Locking, SILL. SILL is based on minimum controllability in paths with maximum fan-out. In this method, we have reduced the number of key gates required for circuit obfuscation and created the maximum Hamming distance between normal and obscure outputs. In addition, the key gates are added to the circuit's complete interference, and the AES algorithm is used to generate the key. Our proposed method, SILL, was simulated in the Vivado simulation environment; the algorithms used in this method were prepared in VHDL language and designed to allow parallel execution, then applied on the original Netlist of the ISCAS85 benchmark circuits. By analyzing and comparing the results of this simulation to recent works, the amount of hardware consumption has decreased (about 5% space consumption and about a 0.15-nanosecond time delay). Then, the SAT attack algorithm was tested on ISCAS85 benchmark circuits that were obfuscated with SILL. The execution time of the attack in the second attempt was 0.24 nanoseconds longer compared to similar recent works, and it timed out in the fourth attempt. The resistance of our proposed method, having less hardware overhead and higher speed is more effective against SAT attacks than the existing conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enlightened history of the twenty-five-year relationship between private empire-building internet enterprises and the world's libraries and archives has yet to be written, although Kaufman comes close to approaching it. Kaufman criticizes the glut of misinformation and fake news offered by the internet and presents Wikipedia as a solution, but it is no secret that Wikipedia is full of bias and error. Peter B. Kaufman opens I The New Enlightenment and the Fight to Free Knowledge i with an expansive call for the world's knowledge institutions - universities, libraries, museums, archives, public broadcasters, and others - to fight the darkness wrought by pandemic closures, economic and social disparity, misinformation, and disinformation, with knowledge conveyed on the open internet. [Extracted from the article]

Informational Sovereignty: A New Framework for AI Regulation Discussions of digital sovereignty predominate artificial intelligence (AI) discourses. However, digital sovereignty has been unable to effectively respond to longstanding concerns regarding the use of AI. These challenges include systemic bias, transparency/accountability and intellectual property infringement/theft. The authors posit an alternative framework – informational sovereignty – encouraging a recalibration of how technological sovereignty is viewed. Through this model emphasis is placed on respecting jurisdictional boundaries and jurisdictionally appropriate information sources to result in representative outcomes for communities rather than the traditional focus on where the data is held and system reliability that has thus far been the subject of much high-profile litigation. The article therefore sets out a quadripartite model of informational sovereignty encompassing concerns regarding population, territory, recognition and regulation of borders, before analysing the place of informational sovereignty in future iterations of AI regulation, including its practical applicability in the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid advancement of wireless technology, the problem of cybersecurity monitoring and detection of cyber-attacks has been receiving widespread attention from industry and academia. The consequences of an undetected cyber-attack in a manufacturing system are not limited to intellectual property theft and cost. It may include destroying equipment, changing product plans, or altering processes. This paper proposes a deep hybrid learning model to improve network intrusion detection systems. To this end, initially, the data set is normalized and preprocessed. Afterward, deep hybrid learning models integrating Attention-based Long Short Term Memory (ALSTM) and Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCN) with Gradient Boosting, such as Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Adaptive Boost (AdaBoost) are constructed to detect anomalies in traffic data of industrial internet of things (IoT) devices, successfully. The proposed model managed to detect cybersecurity threats in seven different Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices with high-performance measures. The results reveal that deep hybrid learning can ideally detect cyber-security attacks and be versatile in detecting different types of attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the changing landscape of medical journals, specifically focusing on the future of the journal Pediatric Anesthesia. The author explores various drivers for change, including the rise of the internet and digital age, open science and open access, the increasing number of manuscripts and journals, and the growing complexity of science. The internet has allowed journals to move online, changing the way manuscripts are published and accessed. The author also discusses the impact of open access on the traditional economics of publishing and the need for quality and reputation in the face of an abundance of information. Despite these changes, the author believes that Pediatric Anesthesia will continue to exist in the future, emphasizing the importance of being a place of quality in an increasingly information-saturated world. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic committees of all countries restricted face-to-face interactions. This study aimed to determine how the pandemic changed the research output for many neurosurgeons while highlighting how social media may have been used as a contactless platform to maintain research productivity during these times. A cross-sectional, descriptive, 24-item, and non-randomized online survey was applied worldwide, and shared using social media platforms and emails. The questions mainly focused on comparing the results of the pre-pandemic period to the pandemic period (after March 2020). A total of 202 respondents from 60 different countries responded to the survey. Interest in neurosurgical education increased from 24% to 76%, while the topic of epidemiology gained interest from 28% to 72% when the pre-pandemic era was compared to the pandemic era. Preference for prospective studies decreased from 66% to 34%, while interest in retrospective studies increased from 39% to 61%. In evaluating publication types, the preference for reviews increased from 36% to 64%. Sixty-two percent of the respondents stated they had concerns over delays in individual contributions/lack of accountability. These concerns were followed by problems with theft of intellectual property/data and authorship disputes. Forty-one percent believed that the support of extra hands on a load-heavy project was the most powerful benefit of social media collaboration. Those who reported increased publications during the pandemic were also more likely to collaborate using social media (P = 0.030). During the pandemic, social media collaborations helped increase research output for neurosurgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]