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Objective: Synthesis of some new nicotinonitrile-furan hybrids and evaluation of their hypoglycemic activity. Methods: Three-component pyridine synthesis based on tandem reactions of Knoevenagel condensationMichael addition-heterocyclization using furfural, cyanothioacetamide and Meldrum's acid (or allyl acetoacetate) as the starting reagents. Hypoglycemic effects was studied on the model of dexamethasone-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Results and Discussion: All four new compounds (XX–XXIII) were characterized by spectral methods and found to have remarkable hypoglycemic activity. Conclusions: Some new nicotinonitrile-furan hybrids were prepared and tested in vivo for hypoglycemic activity. The compound (XX) showed more potent hypoglycemic effect that of the reference drug metformin without pronounced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br. is a naturally occurring plant that has been used for thousands of years for its health benefits. In the present study, the blood sugar lowering effect of C. tuberculata was investigated and compare with that of the diabetes drug metformin. The lyophilized extract of C. tuberculata was administered given to both non-diabetic and diabetic mice. Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups. Blood glucose levels were measured after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The dose was administered orally after being dissolved in maize oil. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test of SPSS were used to determine and compare the hypoglycemic effects of C. tuberculata extract and metformin at different time intervals. In diabetic mice administered C. tuberculata extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight, there was a significant (p<0.001) decrease in mean blood glucose level and a protective effect on organ weight. When the effects of the drug metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) were compared with those of crude plant extract C. tuberculata, the results indicated that metformin was less effective. C. tuberculate reduced blood glucose levels, and the effect was enhanced when it was combined with maize oil. CTE showed a protective effect against alloxan-induced increases in blood glucose levels and organ weight by increasing insulin production in an in vivo experiment. Therefore, CTE could be a promising pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidiabetic activity of saponins extracted from Momordica charantia (MCS) on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice was investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of MCS for exerting hypoglycemic effects. Saponins were first extracted from M. charantia L. and their composition was analyzed. The diabetic Kunming mice were fed low‐dose saponins from M. charantia L. and high‐dose MCS, using normal mice and diabetic mice as controls. Body weight, blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance, serum C‐peptide level, hepatic antioxidant capacity, hepatic glycogen and hexokinase in liver tissues, serum blood lipid level, and alpha‐glucosidase activity in small intestines were measured, and microstructure of pancreatic islet was analyzed. The results showed that the total content of seven triterpenoid compounds in MCS was 18.24 μg/mg, with Momordicoside K having the highest content at 11.66 μg/mg. Diabetic mice treated with MCS at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days showed a maximum glucose reduction (p <.05) of 12.63% and 26.47%, respectively. MCS significantly decreased levels of postprandial hyperglycemia, serum lipid, α‐glucosidase activity, and liver malondialdehyde. Additionally, levels of serum C‐peptide and liver glycogen, as well as hexokinase and antioxidant enzyme activity, were significantly increased compared to the diabetic control groups. Histopathological results showed that MCS markedly reduced degenerative changes in islet β‐cells. It is concluded that MCS exerts antidiabetic effects by improved hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, increased hexokinase activity and glycogen synthesis, and enhanced reparative effects on the histological architecture and insulin secretion function of the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide (FCPS) from Ficus carica fruits were optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimal FCPS yield was 7.97 % achieved by conducting ultrasound-assisted extraction four times at a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) and an ultrasound temperature of 70 °C. Then, the structure, antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory activities of FCPS were evaluated. FCPS was characterized as irregular, rough-surfaced, flaky materials consisting of pyran-type polysaccharides with α- and β-glycosidic linkages, and composed of multiple monosaccharides and only one homogeneous concentrated polysaccharide component (FCPS1) with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. The results suggested FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, as evidenced by improved cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Meanwhile, FCPS effectively improved liver-related insulin resistance by promoting glucose consumption in hepatocytes and activated the immune response through activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UAE technique in isolating FCPS with biological functionality and FCPS could potentially serve as a beneficial organic antioxidant source and functional food, carrying important implications for future studies.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder disease, and the number of diabetic patients will reach 578 million by 2030 predictably. Currently, 8 classes of small molecular drugs are used for treating diabetes. However, these drugs cannot completely meet patients’ needs, due to diabetic complications need to be addressed along with diabetes, such as nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Besides, more types of drugs need to be provided for more choices. Hence, scientists still seek lead compounds with hypoglycemic effects. Natural products (NPs) are a reservoir of diverse structures and bioactivities with low toxicity and less side effects. And some of them show effects on diabetic complications, which is a significant idea for drug development. This review aims to summarize natural products with hypoglycemic effects and their details, such as potential mechanisms, biological data, and particularly their advantages in treating diabetes. Considering the huge number of NPs was reported with anti-diabetic activity, and some of them need to be re-validated, this review focuses on the bioactive compounds with in vivo activities. In the end, the trend of natural products treating diabetes was discussed. We hope this review provide a comprehensive and convincing summary, thus lending support to anti-diabetic natural products research.

Objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antiobesity effects of Euphorbia resinifera extracts and investigate the phenolic constituents and the toxicity of these extracts.Methods : Phytochemical screening was performed to detect polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by four methods (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and xanthine oxidase inhibition). The hypoglycemic effect was determined by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro and via a starch tolerance study in normal rats. The antiobesity effect was estimated by in vitro inhibition of lipase.Results : Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in polyphenols (99 ± 0.56 mg GEA/g extract) and tannins (55.22 ± 0.17 mg RE/g extract). Moreover, this extract showed higher antioxidant activity in different tests: the DPPH assay (IC50 = 53.81 ± 1.83 μg/mL), ABTS assay (111.4 ± 2.64 mg TE/g extract), H2O2 (IC50 = 98.15 ± 0.68 μg/mL), and xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 10.26 ± 0.6 μg/mL). With respect to hypoglycemic effect, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed IC50 values of 119.7 ± 2.15 μg/mL and 102 ± 3.63 μg/mL for α-amylase and 121.4 ± 1.88 and 56.6 ± 1.12 μg/mL for α-glucosidase, respectively, and the extracts lowered blood glucose levels in normal starch-loaded rats. Additionally, lipase inhibition was observed with aqueous (IC50 = 25.3 ± 1.53 μg/mL) and ethanolic (IC50 = 13.7 ± 3.03 μg/mL) extracts.Conclusion : These findings show the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hyperlipidemic effects of E. resinifera extracts, which should be investigated further to validate their medicinal uses and their pharmaceutical applications.

The hypoglycemic effects of white tea were investigated, using a newly developed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) zebrafish model.. Treatment of the NIDDM zebra fish with 50 and 100 μg/mL of aged white peony tea (AWP), decreased the level of glucose (GLU) by 29.68% and 20.51%, respectively, after 24 h. After 48 h, the GLU values decreased by 42.16% and 51.54%, respectively, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). Moreover, the GLU values in the 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL white peony tea (WP) groups decreased by 40.18%, 52.57%, and 62.11%, respectively, after 24 h of treatment, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). The effect of white tea treatment on GLU levels of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) zebrafish was also investigated. In this model, the GLU values of the 20 and 30 μg/mL AWP treatment groups (24 h) decreased by 24.92% and 23.66%, respectively, and AWP treatment for 48 h decreased GLU by 54.35% and 38.38%, respectively (P<0.05). The GLU value of the 40 μg/mL WP-treated group decreased by 22.58% (P<0.05) after 24 h, and the corresponding values in the 20 μg/mL WP-treated group, after 48 h of treatment, decreased by 26.51% (P<0.05). After incubation with 30 μg/mL tea polyphenols (TP) for 48 h, the GLU value decreased by 24.53% (P<0.05). Importantly, the hypoglycemic effects of 20 μg/mL of either WP and AWP on NIDDM zebrafish were significantly better than that of 30 μg/mL of tea phenols (TP). The hypoglycemic effect of 30 μg/mL AWP on IDDM zebrafish was slightly better than that of TP, and significantly better than that of WP. Taken together, these results suggest that both white tea and TP have a significant hypoglycemic effect; however, the hypoglycemic effect of white tea was not limited to TP dependence. The identity of the specific active components in white tea warrant further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rui Ma,1 Xiao-long Deng,2 Qi-qi-ge Aleteng,1 Lei Li,1 Jun Zhu3 1Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518101, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jun Zhu, Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13899981212, Email zhujun_dr@outlook.comObjective: In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with different prognosis to explore the differential level genes of different hypoglycemic effects of sitagliptin.Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (within six months of diagnosis) were selected as the study subjects. Patients were given sitagliptin 100 mg once a day orally. After 12 weeks of regular drug therapy, the reduction in glycated hemoglobin was compared before and after drug administration. The patients were then divided into two groups: the significantly effective group (M) and the less effective group (N). High-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome was conducted to detect the differential expression levels of genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Expanded sample size validation of the candidate differential genes was conducted using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results: After 12 weeks of treatment with sitagliptin, high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome found that expression of the following genes was different when comparing the significantly effective group (M) and the less effective group (N): ghrelin (GHRL), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), mitogen-activated protein kinase-3 (MAPK3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphonate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD), and the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). The validation results of RT-PCR showed that, in the significantly effective group (M), the expression of IGF1R was significantly increased (P = 0.034), the expression of MAPK3 was significantly reduced (P = 0.002), and the expression of SOCS3 was also significantly reduced (P < 0.001).Conclusion: There was a significant difference in gene level between patients with significant hypoglycemic effect and patients with poor hypoglycemic effect, and the expression of IGF1R increased and the expression of MAPK3 and SOCS3 decreased.Keywords: sitagliptin, hypoglycemic effects, transcriptome sequencing, RT-PCR, SOCS3

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The present study aimed to investigate hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide from Dolichos lablab L. (named WHBP) involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in a type II diabetic rat model. In this work, Type II diabetic rat model was established by high fat and high sugar diet combined with the tail vein injection of STZ (30 mg/kg BW), and then these rats were received 1.5 mL of WHBP referring to high (100 mg/kg bw), medium (50 mg/kg bw) and low (25 mg/kg bw) dose of WHBP, respectively. Administration for 4 weeks, the main parameters were examined including body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), the serum contents of insulin (INS), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT). Additionally, the levels of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1）mRNA was also determined in this work. The results showed that WHBP significantly reduced the levels of FBG and serum INS in type II diabetic rats(P0.05). Furthermore, high-dose WHBP significantly reduced serum CRH, ACTH and CORT contents in type II diabetic rats(P

In the study, the structural features and hypoglycemic effects of a polysaccharide Pan from the root of Panax notoginseng were investigated. The molecular weight of Pan was 8.27 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that Pan mainly consisted of →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ and →6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ residues with acetyl groups. Pan exhibited good antioxidant activity. Pan could slow down the body weight and the content of blood glucose in the high-fat diet-induced mice, further suppress GLUT-2 and SGLT-1 expression in the intestines, and enhance p-IRS and p-AMPK expression in the livers, finally exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. The results could supply a direction for further research on polysaccharides as components for the control of hyperglycemia induced by obesity and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To screen the hypoglycemic active ingredients from Coptidis rhizoma, and study their targets as well as signal pathways via network pharmacology. Methods: The fifty-nine ingredients of Coptidis rhizoma were screened for. Their targets were confirmed by comparing with the hypoglycemic targets in DrugBank databases. The relationship between ingredients and targets was revealed through String database. The ingredient-targetpassageway network was constructed. Coptidis rhizoma was soaked in boiling water and concentrated. Rat models were rendered diabetic by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection, and administered Coptidis rhizoma (0.40 g/kg, once a day by gavage), and tested for antidiabetic activity. Results: After four weeks of treatment, their blood glucose levels (BG) of all treated hyperglycemic rats decreased (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hypoglycemic compounds screened from Coptidis rhizome via network pharmacology could activate 13 targets, such as D (2) dopamine receptor (DRD2), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (HTR2C), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A) and sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter (SLC6A2). These targets were involved in 141 pathways, e.g., cAMP signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and Apelin signaling pathway. Conclusion: This study suggests that Coptidis rhizoma contains several active compounds that show significant hypoglycemic effects. Furthermore, this study has established the basis for future investigations on the hypoglycemic effects of Coptidis rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To screen the hypoglycemic active ingredients of Coptidis rhizoma, and study their targets as well as signal pathways via network pharmacology. Methods: Fifty-nine ingredients of Coptidis rhizoma were screened. Their targets were confirmed by comparing with the hypoglycemic targets in DrugBank databases. The relationship between ingredients and targets was revealed through String database. The ingredient-target-passageway network was constructed. Coptidis rhizoma was soaked in boiling water and concentrated. Rat models were rendered diabetic by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection. The hyperglycemic rats received Coptidis rhizoma extract (0.40 g/kg, once a day by gavage). Results: After four weeks of treatment, the blood glucose levels (BG) of all treated hyperglycemic rats decreased (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hypoglycemic active compounds were obtained after screening the extract of Coptidis rhizome via network pharmacology. These active compounds activated 13 targets, including D (2) dopamine receptor (DRD2), Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (HTR2C), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A) and sodiumdependent noradrenaline transporter (SLC6A2). These targets were involved in 141 pathways, e.g., cAMP signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and apelin signaling pathway. Conclusion: Coptidis rhizoma contains several active compounds that exhibit good hypoglycemic effects. Thus, there is a need for human studies on the hypoglycemic effects of Coptidis rhizome extract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the structure, composition, cytotoxicity, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina platensis (PSP1) and its degradation fragments (PSP2, PSP3) were assessed. Structurally, PSP was identified as a sulfated α-pyranose. All three tested polysaccharides were found to inhibit α-glucosidase, with the small-molecule polysaccharide PSP3 exhibiting the best efficacy in this context. MTT assays indicated that none of the tested polysaccharides exhibited cytotoxic activity when used to treat 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, whereas all three were able to enhance the glucose uptake capacity of these cells in a model of insulin resistance and PSP3 exhibited the best in vitro hypoglycemic activity. In vivo hypoglycemic activity of PSP3 indicated that its oral administration alleviated glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in STZ-induced diabetic mice, PSP3 alleviating insulin resistance in diabetic mice while also improving liver function parameters and antioxidant system activity.

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Plant extracts may help to improve glycemic control in individuals with poor glycemic control. However, few studies have been investigated in the prediabetes cohort, which is a high-risk condition for T2DM. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the acute effect of grape seed, rooibos tea, and olive leaf extracts on postprandial blood glucose and insulin in participants with prediabetes. Methods: An acute, single-blind, placebo-controlled, non-randomized, crossover study (ACTRN12617000837325) where placebo and extracts of grape seed, rooibos tea and olive leaf standardized for total antioxidant capacity were given separately during an oral glucose tolerance test to participants (n=19, five men and fourteen women, aged 65.0 ± 1.6 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27.3 ± 1.1 kg/m2) with prediabetes (Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 42 ± 1 mmol/mol). The primary outcome incremental area under the curve of glucose (iAUCglucose) was examined with other glycemic measures. Data was analyzed using linear mixed model for repeated measures. Secondary analysis was conducted by stratifying participants into either a healthier or less healthy subgroup based on the postprandial time to glucose and insulin peaks, with the less healthy subgroup experiencing delayed glucose and/or insulin peaks. Results: There were no overall significant changes to glucose and insulin measures between all plant extracts and placebo (p>0.05). Upon secondary analysis, all extracts affected glycemic responses in the less healthy subgroup. Compared to placebo, grape seed reduced plasma iAUCglucose (p=0.016, 21.9% reduction), 2 h postprandial glucose (2hPG) (p=0.034, 14.7% reduction) and metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCRglucose) (p=0.016, 16.7% increase). It also improved insulin indices such as 2 h postprandial insulin (2hPI) (p=0.029, 22.4% reduction) and Stumvoll overall insulin sensitivity index (ISIoverall) (p=0.028, 15.0% increase). Rooibos tea extract significantly improved ß-cell function as demonstrated by the increased oral disposition index (DI) (p=0.031, 32.4% increase) compared to placebo. Olive leaf extract significantly increased incremental area under the curve of insulin (iAUCinsulin) (p=0.040, 16.7% increase). Conclusion: Grape seed, rooibos tea and olive leaf extracts demonstrated acute hypoglycemic benefits in adults with prediabetes and having less healthy metabolic profiles. A chronic study on the plant extracts is warranted to determine their longer-term impact on prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the structural features and hypoglycemic effects of a polysaccharide Pan from the root of Panax notoginseng were investigated. The molecular weight of Pan was 8.27 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that Pan mainly consisted of →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ and →6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ residues with acetyl groups. Pan exhibited good antioxidant activity. Pan could slow down the body weight and the content of blood glucose in the high-fat diet-induced mice, further suppress GLUT-2 and SGLT-1 expression in the intestines, and enhance p-IRS and p-AMPK expression in the livers, finally exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. The results could supply a direction for further research on polysaccharides as components for the control of hyperglycemia induced by obesity and diabetes.

The rhizome of Polygonatum kingianum has been used as a traditional medicine in China. In this study, a novel polysaccharides (PKPs-1) was isolated from P. kingianum and characterized by its molecular weight, primary structure. The hypoglycemic activity of PKPs-1was investigated by in vitro assay with the HepG2 cell line and in vivo test using STZ-induced diabetic mice. Results showed that the average molecular weight of PKPs-1 was 14.05 kDa and is composed mainly of glucose and mannose. Methylation analysis indicated that this polysaccharides fraction consisted mainly of β1,2-link glucose. Besides, PKPs-1 exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity on STZ-induced mice, improved insulin tolerance, and affected the metabolism of serum lipids. Results of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) showed that PKPs-1 significantly increased the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT), indicating that PKPs-1 regulates glucose metabolism by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study provides new insights for investigating the hypoglycemic effects of PKPs-1 and suggests that PKPs-1 could be a promising functional food or medicine for treating T2DM.

[Display omitted] • Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Ficus carica polysaccharides (FCPS) was optimized by RSM. • FCPS was characterized as pyran-type polysaccharides with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. • FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activities and alleviated oxidative stress damage. • FCPS promoted insulin resistance in hepatocytes and activated the immune response. In this research, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide (FCPS) from Ficus carica fruits were optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimal FCPS yield was 7.97 % achieved by conducting ultrasound-assisted extraction four times at a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) and an ultrasound temperature of 70 °C. Then, the structure, antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory activities of FCPS were evaluated. FCPS was characterized as irregular, rough-surfaced, flaky materials consisting of pyran-type polysaccharides with α- and β-glycosidic linkages, and composed of multiple monosaccharides and only one homogeneous concentrated polysaccharide component (FCPS1) with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. The results suggested FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, as evidenced by improved cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Meanwhile, FCPS effectively improved liver-related insulin resistance by promoting glucose consumption in hepatocytes and activated the immune response through activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UAE technique in isolating FCPS with biological functionality and FCPS could potentially serve as a beneficial organic antioxidant source and functional food, carrying important implications for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a hotspot in international research because of potential threats to human health. Phellinus baumii, a wild fungus traditionally used as a food and medicine source, is now cultivated in certain East Asian countries, and is rich in polyphenols, which are effective anti-inflammatory ingredients useful in treatment of T2DM, with fewer side effects than drugs. To examine the hypoglycaemic effects of Phellinus baumii phenolics (PPE), the metabolite profiles of T2DM mice induced by streptozotocin after PPE intervention were systematically analyzed. Here, 10 normal mice were given normal saline as control group, and 50 model mice were randomly assigned to five groups and daily intragastric administrated with saline, metformin (100 mg/kg), and PPE (50, 100, 150 mg/kg of body weight), for 60 days. The pro-inflammatory factor contents of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after PPE treatment, we propose that PPE could exert anti-inflammatory properties. PPE could also effectively reduce blood glucose levels, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved other glucolipid metabolism. Q-PCR results suggested that the hypoglycemic effects of PPE might be through activating IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway in diabetic mice. These results suggest that PPE has strong potential as dietary components in the prevention or management of T2DM.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus and its related complications including dyslipidemia and oxidative stress have been threating the health of a large number of patients all over the world. In this study, FCPC, one polysaccharide fraction separated from the polysaccharides of Chinese medicine Fructus Corni (FCPs), revealed obvious inhibitory effects against α -amylase and α -glucosidase, and marked insulin-sensitizing effect by increasing insulin secretion and promoting pancreatic β cell proliferation. In addition, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, the polysaccharide fraction not only significantly restrained the increase of food (p < 0.05) and water (p < 0.01) intake at 800 mg/kg, but also significantly controlled the increase of levels for sugar (p < 0.01), insulin (p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR value (p < 0.05) in blood at 800 mg/kg on 42th day. Meanwhile, the reduced glycogen contents in liver (p < 0.01) and skeletal (p < 0.01) muscle caused by STZ were prominently improved, while the dyslipidemia status and oxidative damage were markedly ameliorated. Therefore, FCPC could be developed to natural medicines and functional foods in the treatment of diabetes and its complications including dyslipidemia status and oxidative stress. • FCPC could exhibit hypoglycemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats. • FCPC could exhibit hypolipidemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats. • FCPC was able to inhibit STZ-induced oxidative stress on rats. • FCPC could be developed as natural medicine or functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Four legume polysaccharides were extracted from mung bean (MBP), azuki bean (ABP), pea (PP) and cowpea (CPP) with obvious differences in molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. Their hypoglycemic activities in STZ-induced diabetic mice were compared by oral administration at the dose of 400 mg/kg·bw/d. The analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), serum lipids (including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol), hepatic glycogen content and mice body weight showed that ABP and CPP possessed significant hypoglycemic activities. Histopathological observation confirmed the capability of ABP and CPP to intervene the damage in pancreas tissues. Results suggested that the hypoglycemic effects of the four kinds of legume polysaccharides were significantly different, which might due to their different chemical structures. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The molecular structure of four legume polysaccharides is different. • Polysaccharides from azuki bean and cowpea has hypoglycemic effect. • Polysaccharides from mung bean has little hypoglycemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant polysaccharides have an excellent hypoglycemic effect through various ways such as promoting insulin secretion, improving insulin resistance, regulating related enzyme activities, improving sugar, protein and fat metabolism, promoting hepatic glycogen synthesis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, and improving immune system function and resistance. At present, more than 200 polysaccharides derived from traditional Chinese medicines have been reported, and most of them are isolated and purified from plants. With the deepening of research on plant polysaccharides, more and more attention has been paid to the development of safe and economical natural hypoglycemic products. This paper first introduced the hypoglycemic effects of Folium Mori polysaccharides, Cucurbita moschata polysaccharides, Momordica charantia polysaccharides, Dioscoreae Rhizoma polysaccharides and Camellia sinensis O.Kuntze polysaccharides. Besides, it discussed the utilization ways of hypoglycemic plant polysaccharides, and the prospects of applying polysaccharide hypoglycemic effect to diabetes treatment, so as to provide reference for the research and utilization of plant polysaccharide hypoglycemic effects and the development of natural hypoglycemic foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical and hypoglycemic effects of two varieties of Gymnema sylvestre were studied. The leaves of Big-leaf (MCL) and the small-leaf (ZMGL) varieties were grown in Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, India. Water, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, haxane and chloroform were used for phytochemical extraction from the dried leaves. Gymnemic acid was extracted and purified from the two varieties by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Four groups of matured whisker rats (six per group) were induced with high-glucose level. Three groups were treated with standard drug Glibenclamide (5mg/kg), gymnemic acid extracts from MCL and ZMDL respectively while the fourth group served as experimental control. Hypoglycemic activities of extracts were evaluated using animals’ blood sample. Result showed water and methanol are best solvents for phytochemical extraction from the plant and the yield is higher in ZMGL than MCL. Also, gymnemic acid yield varied. From the results, hypoglycemic activities from the animals’ blood revealed that treatments from both MCL and ZMGL are not significantly different from standard drug Glibenclamide. The study concluded that water or methanol is appropriate solvent for phytochemical extraction from G. sylvestre leaves and extract from both lines of the plant could be utilized to reduce blood glucose level

The prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus has become a major global public health challenge. Decursin, an active compound of Angelica gigas Nakai roots, was recently reported to have a glucose-lowering activity. However, the antidiabetic effect of Angelica gigas Nakai extract (AGNE) has not yet been investigated. We evaluated the effects of AGNE on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic mice and investigated the underlying mechanism by which AGNE acts. Male C57BL/KsJ- db/db mice were treated with either AGNE (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg) or metformin (100 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. AGNE supplementation (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly decreased fasting glucose and insulin levels, decreased the areas under the curve of glucose in oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests, and improved homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR) scores. AGNE also ameliorated hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Mechanistic studies suggested that the glucose-lowering effect of AGNE was mediated by the activation of AMP activated protein kinase, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. AGNE can potentially improve hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a global epidemic ravaging both developed and developing countries. The situation will worsen if nothing is done urgently. In fact, the need to identify natural products with antidiabetic potentials is of great importance as supported by several research efforts all over the world, in search of antidiabetic plant based products that are safe and efficacious. Available literatures show that several phytochemicals with antidiabetic properties have been identified in certain plants amongst which include Uvaria chamae. The potentials of Uvaria chamae as an antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drug-candidate are thus tested. Methods: Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced after the rats were fasted overnight by administering intraperitoneally, 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 72 h, the rats with plasma glucose levels >200 mg/dl were classified as diabetic. A total of six groups containing five rats per group were used. One group of diabetic rats was untreated. Three diabetic groups, each were treated orally with 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Another diabetic group was treated with insulin (0.5 IU/kg) subcutaneously. The control received 0.5 ml (2% solution) of acacia orally. The treatment was for 8 days. The effects of the extract on weight, plasma glucose and other biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: The diabetic rats treated with the extract showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in weight, plasma glucose levels, low density lipoprotein and cholesterol compared with the control. The 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract showed maximum glucose reduction of 85.16, 81.50 and 86.02% respectively. Histologically the pancreas of the diabetic rats treated with the extract, showed clusters of variably sized regenerated islet of Langerhans within sheets of normal exocrine pancreas, while the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with insulin showed no islet of Langerhans. Conclusion: The study showed that Uvaria chamae caused weight loss and has good hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities that may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical and hypoglycemic effects of two varieties of Gymnema sylvestre were studied. The leaves of Big-leaf (MCL) and the small-leaf (ZMGL) varieties were grown in Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, India. Water, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, haxane and chloroform were used for phytochemical extraction from the dried leaves. Gymnemic acid was extracted and purified from the two varieties by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Four groups of matured whisker rats (six per group) were induced with high-glucose level. Three groups were treated with standard drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg), gymnemic acid extracts from MCL and ZMDL respectively while the fourth group served as experimental control. Hypoglycemic activities of extracts were evaluated using animals' blood sample. Result showed water and methanol are best solvents for phytochemical extraction from the plant and the yield is higher in ZMGL than MCL. Also, gymnemic acid yield varied. From the results, hypoglycemic activities from the animals' blood revealed that treatments from both MCL and ZMGL are not significantly different from standard drug glibenclamide. The study concluded that water or methanol is appropriate solvent for phytochemical extraction from G. sylvestre leaves and extract from both lines of the plant could be utilized to reduce blood glucose level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and potential mechanism of recombinant irisin on diabetes, STZ-induced diabetic mice were established and treated with irisin. The results showed that daily water and food intake, and blood glucose significantly decreased after various concentrations of recombinant irisin treatment by intraperitoneal injection, of which 1.0 mg/kg was the optimal dose for lowering blood glucose. However, the body weight exhibited no significant difference during the treatment within groups, although the 0.9% NaCl treated group showed a trend of decreased body weight and the irisin treated groups showed a tendency of increasing weight. The oral glucose tolerance was improved, and serum insulin and circulating irisin content were significantly elevated in diabetic mice after 1.0 mg/kg irisin-injection treatment, compared to diabetic mice treated with 0.9% NaCl. 1.0 mg/kg irisin-injection also significantly increased the expression of energy and metabolism-related genes. In addition, oral administration of irisin lowered the blood glucose in diabetic mice. Our data suggested that irisin could lower blood glucose in insulin-deficient diabetic mice, to some extent, through irisin-mediated induction of energy and metabolic genes expression. These observations laid a foundation for the development of irisin-based therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]