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Decreasing total natural resource input is critical for sustainability. Thus, improving resource efficiency is increasingly required at all levels from products to industry-wide systems. Product lifecycle systems and business models for circular economy, such as remanufacturing and sharing products, have been developed in only particular markets. Lifecycle processes of different products are often connected after sales, even if the products and their lifecycle processes were developed by independent companies or business communities. This study focuses on one such complex system called “connected lifecycle systems,” which is a system of systems comprising product lifecycle systems. Connected lifecycle systems can be regarded as industrial symbiosis in wide areas. The objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid simulation architecture for more realistically calculating dynamic material flow in connected lifecycle systems.

Car- and ride-sharing services are focused on environmental and new business issues in recent years. This study analyzes environmental effects of the transition from car ownership to sharing services and aims to clarify sensitive parameters by sensitivity analysis. The following steps are carried out: 1) model causal relationships between variables in ownership and sharing service business models, 2) develop life cycle simulation models of gasoline and electric vehicles based on these causal relationships, and 3) analyze transition scenarios. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions and copper usage decrease with the diffusion of car- and ride-sharing services, and that the average number of vehicle passengers is the most sensitive parameter for car- and ride-sharing services.

Reuse is an effective method of circulating resources in terms of environmental benefits because it requires fewer resources and less energy than manufacturing new products from virgin materials. In global reuse, a used component or module is reused in a different application. To evaluate a system of multiple product lifecycle systems (PLSs), the lifecycle simulation methodology LCS4SoS has been proposed. LCS4SoS comprises three elements, namely, individual PLSs, interactions among them, and their evolution over time. This paper proposes a lifecycle simulation method for global reuse based on the LCS4SoS framework. Flow control rules are developed for global reuse to control the directions and quantities of material flow among the PLSs. The usefulness of this method is verified by a case study of automobile and stationary battery PLSs.

Reducing environmental loads and resource consumption throughout the product lifecycle is one approach to address environmental problems. Lifecycle simulation (LCS) is a tool to evaluate environmental impacts considering lifecycle options such as maintenance, reuse, and recycling. Various interactions exist between different product lifecycle systems. For example, to increase the energy density and cycle life, a lithium ion battery (LiB) from an electric vehicle (EV) can be reused in a stationary battery (SB). Considering these interactions, a new LCS method that includes multiple product lifecycle systems is needed. In this research, which assumes that a system of systems (SoS) consists of different product lifecycle systems and their interactions, flow control rules among different product lifecycle systems are developed and applied as a case study to LiB reuse in SB from EV.

This paper focuses on the fulfillment of fundamental human needs in the achievement of sustainable consumption and production (SCP). Here, we focus on the Human-scale development (HSD) theory proposed by Chilean economist Max-Neef, in which the following nine fundamental needs are introduced: subsistence, protection, affection, understanding, participation, idleness, creation, identity, and freedom. In HSD, an important role is played by satisfiers, which are ways of fulfilling the above-mentioned fundamental needs in a particular context, such as climate and culture. From the standpoint of a producer, satisfiers are regarded as the starting points of product development for SCP. This paper introduces the opposite concept, referred to as a barrier—a factor that interferes with fulfilling fundamental needs. The purpose of this paper is to determine the satisfiers and barriers for younger people in Vietnam based on the results of needs-based workshops. Around 1200 satisfiers and barriers were extracted; however, barriers were largely equivalent to satisfiers. We found that the concept of satisfiers is useful to achieve SCP, because it is comprehensive, realistic, and provides an opportunity for social practice.

Silicon wafers both without and with silicon(IV) oxide surface coverage were covered with benzene solutions of stable organic radical 3-(N-tert-butyl-N-aminoxyl)benzoic acid (mNBA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy supported the presence of the radical on both surface-cleaned (oxide-reduced) and oxide-covered surfaces. Optical waveguide spectroscopy showed that the radical retained its structure while adsorbed to the surface of the wafers, without noticeable decomposition. AFM and MFM imaging showed that the radical formed blocky particles with a change in rms roughness from 0.3 nm premodification to 1.7 nm postmodification on the surface-cleaned silicon. Similar experiments using oxide-coated silicon showed that the radical adsorbed to form much smoother layers, with a small change in rms roughness from 0.2 to 0.3 nm. Contact angle measurements of water on the premodified and postmodified samples showed a large, hydrophobic change in the silicon oxide surface but only a modest change in the surface-clean...

癌や老化などのさまざまな疾患では，過剰な活性酸素(O2-・)の発生が深く関係している．生体内で過剰に発生した O2-・ を消去するため，生体内投与を視野に入れ，かつ，長期血中滞留性を有する新規抗酸化剤としてカチオン性マンガンポルフィリン錯体導入ニオソームを調製した．抗酸化作用を有するマンガン 5,10,15,20-テトラキス(N-2-メチルピリジル)ポルフィリン(MnT2MePyP)およびマンガン 5,10,15,20-テトラキス(S,S-4-ジメチルスルフォニオフェニル)ポルフィリン(MnT4Me2SuP)をノニオン性界面活性剤主成分(プルロニック(Pluronic)F-88/コレステロール系)のニオソームに導入した(マンガンポルフィリン/ニオソーム)．調製したマンガンポルフィリン/ニオソームの構造は，動的光散乱および蛍光偏光解消法により確認した．血中投与した際の安定性は棚置き安定性試験および擬似血中滞留試験により評価した．また，抗酸化剤としての性能をストップトフロー法および動物試験により評価した．ストップトフロー法の結果より，マンガンポルフィリン/ニオソームはマンガンポルフィリン単独系とほぼ同等の高い抗酸化活性を示した．マウスを用いた動物実験の結果より，マンガンポルフィリン/ニオソームはマンガンポルフィリン錯体単独系よりも長期血中滞留性を有し，有意な抗酸化活性の向上が見られた．マンガンポルフィリン/ニオソームは抗酸化作用の DDS への応用が期待できる．

A novel electrochemical sensor was used in this study to determine the correlations between jugular venous O(2)(-) and HMGB1, malondialdehyde (MDA), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in rats with forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R). Twenty-one male rats were divided into a Sham group, a hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion (HS/R) group, and a forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R) group. The O(2)(-) sensor in the jugular vein detected the current derived from O(2)(-) generation (abbreviated as "O(2)(-) current"), which was integrated as the partial value of quantified electricity during ischemia (Q(I)) and after reperfusion (Q(R)). The plasma O(2)(-) current showed a gradual increase during forebrain ischemia in the HS/R and the FBI/R groups. The current showed a marked increase immediately after reperfusion and continued for more than 60 min in the FBI/R group. In the HS/R group, the current was gradually attenuated to the baseline level. Brain and plasma HMGB1 increased significantly in the FBI/R group compared with those in the Sham and the HS/R groups, and both brain and plasma HMGB1 correlated significantly with the sum of Q(I) and Q(R) (total Q). Brain and plasma MDA and plasma soluble ICAM-1 also correlated significantly with total Q. Here, we report the correlation between O(2)(-) and HMGB1, MDA, and sICAM-1 in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, using a novel electrochemical sensor. These data indicated that excessive production of O(2)(-) after ischemia-reperfusion was associated with early inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial activation in the brain and plasma, which might enhance the ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Iron porphyrin complexes were applied for the electrochemical detection of superoxide anion radical (O2−•). An electropolymerizable axial ligand, 1-(4-(3-thienyl)benzyl)imidazole was designed and synthesized for the application to a sensor for O2−•. The axial ligand was electropolymerized onto a grassy carbon (GC) electrode. This electrode was immersed into the solution of iron porphyrin complexes. UV-visible absorption spectrum showed that iron porphyrin complexes were successfully bound to the axial ligand, and differential pulse voltammograms showed redox responses near 0 to −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl due to Fe2+/3+. These electrodes were applied to detect O2−• produced by the xanthine oxidase (XOD)-catalyzed xanthine oxidation. These electrodes showed a linear relationship between the current and the O2−• concentration.

超臨界二酸化炭素(scCO2)を溶媒として用いた化学酸化重合法によりピロール(Py)を重合し，導電性高分子であるポリピロール(PPy)を得た．反応開始剤として，scCO2 に可溶なビストリフルオロアセトキシヨードベンゼン(BTI)を用いることで，助溶媒等の有機溶媒を必要としない溶媒フリーな導電性高分子の重合プロセスとした．得られた PPy の形状を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)および動的光散乱(DLS)により評価した．得られた形状と実験条件の関係から粒子径分布幅の狭いナノ粒子となる条件を決定し，PPy ナノ粒子の合成を検討した．この結果，Py 0.1 M，BTI 0.005 M，圧力 20 MPa，温度 40℃，反応時間 1 h を最適条件とした．この反応条件において，50～90 nm 程度の粒子径分布幅の狭いナノ粒子が得られることが明らかとなった．さらに，ピロール誘導体の一つである 3-ヘプチルピロール(HPy)についてもナノ粒子の合成に成功した．

汎用エンジニアリングプラスチックであるポリ(2,6-ジメチル-1,4-フェニレンオキサイド) (PPO) は，有機溶媒中で 2,6-ジメチルフェノール (2,6-DMP)を酸化重合することで生産されている．超臨界二酸化炭素(scCO2)を溶媒とすることで，無毒・不燃性・臨界条件が穏和といった優れた特性により，プロセスの安全性の向上が期待できる．筆者らは scCO2 を溶媒とし，分子量分布の狭い高分子量 PPO を合成する重合プロセスの開発を試みてきた．scCO2 を溶媒とした重合では，反応系が不均一相となることが，分子量分布が広くなる原因の一つと考えられる．また，平均分子量が小さくなる原因としては，重合の進行とともに生成する水による触媒失活の影響が考えられる．本報ではこれらの点を考慮して，二段階の重合(二段重合)を試みた．二段重合の一段階目では，反応系を均一相にすることで，分子量分布の狭いプレポリマーを合成する．二段階目では一段階目のポリマーを精製し，水を反応系から除去後，再び重合することで高分子量化する．このような考えに基づいた二段重合の実施により，PPO の分子量分布の制御と高分子量化が示された．また，温度・圧力・触媒濃度の最適化によって，高分子量の PPO を得ることが可能となった．

エンジニアリングプラスチックとして知られるポリ(2,6-ジメチル-1,4-フェニレンエーテル)(PPE)は，2,6-ジメチルフェノールの酸化重合により得られる．筆者らは最近，重合機構の解析により，重合度の異なる 2 種類の PPE 類からブロック共重合体が生成することを見いだした．具体的には，PPE(Mn=2.2×104, Mw/Mn=2.5)とオリゴ(2-エトキシカルボニル-6-メチル-1,4-フェニレンエーテル)(Mn=7.5×103, Mw/Mn=1.5)を溶解し，酸化剤として酸化銀(I)を添加し反応させた．反応液を任意の時間で採取し，時間経過に伴う分子量変化を GPC により追跡した．反応開始前に見られた GPC ピークの数は反応時間の経過とともに減少し，単一のピークが融合した(Mn=1.5×104, Mw/Mn=2.2)．140 時間後に GPC ピークは単峰性を示し，再沈殿精製後の NMR, DSC を用いた解析によりブロック共重合体の生成が示された．トリフルオロ酢酸によりエステルを加水分解し，カルボン酸置換 PPE ブロック共重合体を得た．PPE とオリゴ(2,6-ジフェニル-1,4-フェニレンエーテル)(Mn=8.5×103, Mw/Mn=1.3)を反応させ，得られたブロック共重合体の一方のユニットへ選択的にスルホン酸基を導入し，スルホン酸置換 PPE ブロック共重合体を合成した．固体高分子形燃料電池電解質の膜材料としての応用を期待して，膜劣化やイオン交換容量(IEC)など膜特性を評価した．スルホン酸置換 PPE ブロック共重合体の微細相分離構造を明らかにし，高い IEC を示す膜を得た．

金ナノ粒子は, 生体に対する毒性が低く, 生体親和性を確保しやすい特徴をもっている。金ナノ粒子は単独では不安定なため, 安定性を確保するために生体親和性および癌細胞指向性の高いチオールポルフィリン化合物を設計・合成し, 金ナノ粒子の修飾を試みた。両者を結合させた化合物に電磁波を照射した場合, 発熱することが予測され, 有効な抗癌活性が期待できると考えた。ポルフィリン修飾型金ナノ粒子の粒子径制御では, 水素化ホウ素ナトリウム還元法およびクエン酸還元法を用い, 安定なポルフィリン修飾型金ナノ粒子を構築した。UV-visスペクトルおよび蛍光スペクトルを測定した結果, ポルフィリン修飾型金ナノ粒子の構築を確認した。また, 安定性の確認として, DLS測定を用いた擬似血中滞留試験を行った。誘電率測定により金ナノ粒子の発熱量を算出し, 調製したポルフィリン修飾型金ナノ粒子が温熱療法などにおいて有効な活性が期待できることが示唆された。

ヘモグロビンのアポタンパク質を薬物担体とする新規抗酸化剤として，高分子化再構成ヘモグロビン(Cross-link PEGrHb)を合成した．抗酸化作用を有するマンガン 5,10,15,20-テトラキス(N-メチルピリジニウム-2-イル)ポルフィリン(MnT2MePyP)は低分子量体であるため体外に排出されやすい．このためヘモグロビンからグロビン鎖を抽出し，MnT2MePyPを導入することで得た再構成ヘモグロビン(rHb)に，ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)の修飾および架橋により，高分子化した．GPCおよびSDS-PAGEより，分子量増加およびPEG修飾を確認した．また抗酸化剤としての性質を，ストップトフロー法および過酸化水素耐性試験により評価した．Cross-link PEGrHbはMnT2MePyP単体と同程度の抗酸化能を有しており抗酸化剤として期待できることがわかった．またマウスにおいて125Iを用いて標識したCross-link PEGrHbの体内動態分布試験を行った．抗酸化剤としての特性評価としては，パラコート障害マウスを用いた実験を行った．Cross-link PEGrHb投与群では，コントロール群に比べ生存率が向上した．合成したCross-link PEGrHbは血中内で安定に存在し，in vivoにおいて効果的にO2-・を消去する抗酸化剤としての可能性が示唆された．

アセトニトリルを助溶媒とした超臨界二酸化炭素(scCO2/AN)中において，アニリンを電解重合し，導電性高分子であるポリアニリンを得た．まず，超臨界二酸化炭素に助溶媒を加え，アニリン・支持電解質・トリフルオロ酢酸(TFA)を加え，相図を作製した．この相図より，均一相の条件において各圧力条件での電解重合を行い，得られるサイクリックボルタモグラムから電気化学反応特性を議論した．得られた重合膜の表面観察をレーザー顕微鏡および原子間力顕微鏡により測定した．得られた生成膜の特徴と実験条件の関連から，緻密な重合膜を得るための条件を決定し，緻密な平滑膜の合成を検討した．その結果，最適条件はアニリン 0.04 M, TBAPF6 0.04 M, AN 16 vol%, TFA 0.04 M，圧力 10 MPa が最適条件であった．この重合条件では，有機溶媒中で合成した膜に比べ，より平滑かつ均一な重合膜が得られることが明らかとなった．これにより，scCO2 中での電解重合法が電解合成に幅広く応用できることが示された．

Reactive Oxygen Spiecies (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (.O(2)(-)) act as signals for the activation of stress-response and defense pathways. However, excess ROS generated by perturbing .O(2)(-) homeostasis stimulated many environmental stress, including intense light, drought, temperature stress, herbicides, induce high radical toxicity. Consequently, quantitative analysis of .O(2)(-) is a subject of intense research, since most of ROS are derived from .O(2)(-). Iron meso-tetrakis(3-thienyl)porphyrin complexes were electropolymerized onto a Au wire electrode. The modified Au electrode were applied to .O(2)(-) sensor to detect catalytic oxidation current of .O(2)(-) which was generated as an intermediate during the oxidation of xanthine by catalystic XOD. It was revealed that the sensor was quantitative to measure .O(2)(-). The modified Au electrode were applied to measure oxidation current of .O(2)(-) in mung beans under environmental stress condition. Plants were grown in atmosphere, 25 degrees C and in black darkness. The other plants were exposed to oxygen excess. The oxidation current of .O(2)(-) were increased plants were grown by high-oxygen environment compared to plants were grown at atmosphere. This experiment was indicated that environmental stress such as hyperoxia induced excess .O(2)(-) and Au wire sensor using iron porphyrin complexes is capable of .O(2)(-) detection in plants under environmental stresses.

An efficient design of a radiation measurement system using the SDSI-Cubic (System Design System Integration-Cubic) is demonstrated. The system itself is embedded requiring a smaller-form factor, higher cost performance amongst other things. In addition to sensor design, the implementation of various functionalities such as waveform processing and calculation is designed by proper assignment/implementation to hardware (analog circuits and FPGA) or software for the CPU. Moreover, the entire system accounting for multiple subsystem designs with conflicting requirements is optimized. By optimizing the system configuration, the first portable radiation dose and radioactivity measurement system is developed.

A high-spin polyradical, poly{[4-(dianisylaminium)phenyl]acetylene} 1+, was synthesized as a π-conjugated polymer with an excess of the one-handed helical structure bearing stable aminium cation radicals. [4-(Dianisylamino)phenyl]acetylene (3) was synthesized and polymerized using [Rh(norbornadiene)Cl]2 in (R)-1-phenylethylamine, (S)-1-phenylethylamine, or triethylamine to produce the corresponding poly{[4-(dianisylamino)phenyl]acetylene} 1 (1(R)-PEA, 1(S)-PEA, and 1TEA). The positive and negative Cotton effects were observed at 270−450 nm for the polymers 1(R)-PEA and 1(S)-PEA, indicating that an excess of the one-handed helical polyacetylene backbone was induced by the polymerization using chiral solvents despite the achiral monomer. The oxidation of 1 with NOPF6 gave the corresponding aminium polyradicals 1+, and the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum was observed even after the oxidation of the helical polyradical 1(R)-PEA+. The SQUID and NMR shift measurements indicated a high-spin state of the polyrad...

Methods for prediction of gold plating characteristics by numerical analysis were investigated. The gold plating bath for the evaluation contains 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) as the complexing agent. HAuCl4 was used as the gold source, and phosphate salt was contained as a pH buffer. Thallium ion was added to refine the deposited grains. The concentration of Au([Au]), the pH, and the temperature were manipulated to determine the composition and conditions of the plating bath. The appearance of gold films was evaluated by color measurement using the L*a*b* color system. This method of evaluation is advantageous in terms of quantification of the appearance. Values of the color measurement tended to change depending on the various compositions and conditions of the plating bath. The brightness of the color L* obtained as a result of the color measurement was analyzed numerically with a statistical technique. The following experimental formulas were established by the numerical analysis.L*(−) = K0{1−exp(−K1C)}−K2CK0(−) = 73.9−2180exp(−0.125T)K1(M−1) = 178K2(M−1) = 338−323exp[−{(pH−7.18)/1.17}2][C : [Au] (M = mol/dm3), T : temperature(oC)]

活性酸素検出用電極触媒として, 鉄 (III) メソテトラ (3-チエニル) ポルフィリンブロミド ([FeBr(ttp)]) に1-メチルイミダゾールを軸配位させた六配位錯体 ([Fe(im)2(ttp)]Br) にチオフェンを混入させ, 電解重合法により重合膜を形成した. [Fe(im)2(ttp)]Brとチオフェンのモルユニット比は1 : 0, 1 : 4, 1 : 8, 1 : 16, 1 : 32, 1 : 100, 0 : 1とした. 作製した修飾電極のin vitroにおける機能評価として, キサンチン/キサンチンオキシダーゼ (XOD) 系によりスーパーオキシドアニオンラジカル (O2-・) を発生させると, クロノアンペロメトリーにおける残余電流からの電流値の上昇が得られた. 本センサーを用いたO2-・の電気化学的応答は, センサーの作用極に一定電圧を印加することにより, O2-・の触媒酸化電流として観測された. さらにXOD活性から算出したO2-・濃度と電流増加量の間に1次の相関が確認されたことから, O2-・を定量的に検出できることが示された. 電解重合膜において, モノマーである [Fe(im)2(ttp)]Brとチオフェンの混合比を変化させた場合, 導電率はチオフェン量の増加とともに増加したが, センサーの検出感度は, モル比1 : 8が最も高いことが明らかとなった. センサーの高感度化には, O2-・に対する活性点が多く, かつ導電性の高い重合膜が必要であることが明らかとなった.

A purely organic and high-spin polyradical molecule was synthesized, along the non-Kekule and non-disjoint design of the π-conjugated poly(1,2-phenylenevinylene) backbone pendantly 4,6-substituted with the robust arylaminium radicals. 4,6-Bis(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-bromostyrene was synthesized and polymerized with a Pd–phosphine catalyst to afford the head-to-tail linked polyradical precursor. Oxidation of the polymer with SbCl 5 gave the aminium polyradical with a half-life of >10 days at room temperature. A high-spin ground state with an average S = 5/2 for this polyradical was proved by magnetic susceptibility and ESR.

Poly[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminiumacetylene]s 1+ were designed and synthesized as a π-conjugated polymer bearing multiple aminium radicals. Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminoacetylene and 1-methyl-2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminoacetylene were synthesized and polymerized with a metathesis catalyst to yield poly[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminoacetylene] 1a and poly[1-methyl-2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminoacetylene] 1b, respectively. The oxidation of 1 with SbCl5 gave the corresponding aminium polyradicals 1+. The introduction of a methyl group onto the polyacetylene backbone in 1b+ significantly enhanced the chemical stability or life-time of the poly(aminium radical). The high-spin ground state with an average S (spin quantum number) = 4/2 for 1b+ was proven by magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and ESR measurements.

Pure titanium is expected to be used in high-speed ships in light of its corrosion resistance, high specific strength, ability to reduce ship-dismantling costs, and recyclability. Titanium rudder forgings, each of which is an integrated combination of a rudder plate and a rudder stock, have been used for high-speed ships. Fatigue fractures have often been observed in the rudder stocks. In the context of these fractures, tensile and fatigue tests were performed using forgings with forging ratios of 2 and 4 and different grain sizes. Typical results obtained are summarized as follows : (1) 0.2% proof stresses in the tensile test agreed with the Hall-Petch equation; (2) their slope was approximately equal to that for low-carbon steels ; (3) S-N curves showed that forgings with a forging ratio of 4 were obviously superior in fatigue strength to those with a forging ratio of 2 ; (4) fatigue crack initiation was observed at grain boundaries between large grains, indicating that the decrease in fatigue strength is caused by an inhomogeneous microstructure; and (5) the forging ratio had an obvious effect on fatigue strength rather than on tensile properties.

Articular cartilage possesses a limited capacity for self-renewal. The regenerated tissue often resembles fibrocartilage-like tissue rather than hyaline cartilage, and degeneration of the articular surface eventually occurs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the healing of full-thickness articular cartilage defects. bFGF (0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 ng) was mixed with collagen gel and implanted into full-thickness articular cartilage defects drilled into rabbit knees. The repaired tissue was examined grossly and histologically, and was evaluated with the use of a grading scale at 4, 12, 24, and 50 weeks. At 4 weeks, treatment with 100 ng of bFGF had greatly stimulated cartilage repair both grossly and histologically in comparison with untreated defects (those filled with plain collagen gel). The average total scores on the histological grading scale were significantly better for the defects treated with bFGF than for the untreated defects. These improvements were evident as long as 50 weeks postoperatively, although slight deterioration was noted in the repaired cartilage. Immunohistochemical staining for type II collagen showed that this cartilage-specific collagen was diffusely distributed in the repaired tissue at 50 weeks. These findings suggest that bFGF may be a practical and important candidate for use in cartilage repair.