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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is planning a revision of the permissible exposure limits (PEL) standard. However, the dialogue on the issue between the industry, labor and OSHA is proceeding very slowly. There are indications that, despite the slow pace, the PEL standard will eventually be revised. The industry, labor and OSHA will have to contend with several controversial issues regarding the PEL standard.

BASF Ecology and Safety Supervisor Sal Caccavale, Sheboygan Paint Health and Safety Dir. Keith Steiger and Tribune Safety, Health and Environmental Manager Bill Gallagher have successfully hurdled the environmental challenges that their companies are facing. Caccavale's main goal is to reduce air pollution. Steiger believes that vigilance is important in addressing environmental concerns. Gallagher adheres to simple common sense.

Volvo AB, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. and IBM Asia/Pacific are strongly committed to employee health and safety. Volvo evaluates employee ergonomic issues at the drawing-board stage for all of the firm's new equipment and processes while Taiwan Semiconductor educates nonsafety personnel on major health and safety issues. Finally, IBM adapts to its host country's social and legal environment.

Safety, health and environmental professionals can learn much by hooking up to the Internet. Aside from the vast amount of information available on the network, professionals can also contribute their own ideas on how to further improve the field and create their own network of contacts using the Internet's various tools. However, they should first know the rudiments behind the Internet to fully realize its potentials.

The EPA has succeeded in its goal of safeguarding the environment amidst conflicting feedbacks from business and environmental sectors. This is by means of the revolutionary pollution prevention 33/50 Program which was introduced in 1991 hand-in-hand with the industry. 33/50 is a voluntary emissions reduction program for 17 commonly applied chemicals. It specifically targets a 33% decrease in 1992 and a 50% in 1995 by posting a decrease of not less than 750 million pounds from the 1.5 billion pounds of such chemicals disposed to the environment in 1988.

The behavior-based safety management approach emphasizes the role of employees in safety management. It encourages cooperation between the management and the workers in the promulgation of safety standards. Some companies who have tried using the approach find that it helped decrease the incidence of accidents in their workplace. However, the approach can only yield positive results if the employees have a long-term perspective of safety management. The cooperative efforts between the administration and the employees also account for the success of the program.

A brief introductory lesson to the safety profession lists the basic steps that a safety manager must take. The first step requires managers to assess the hazards. When these have been defined, a safety program has to be drawn up, complete with technical support and program direction. The program has to be evaluated, and the management must be informed of any progress.

Planning and wise decision-making are the key to avoid car breakdowns that may turn into a major problem, especially in inclement weather. Experts agree that those who keep their cars well-maintained are less likely to experience breakdowns. To prevent such unfortunate incidents, drivers must be familiar with the three types of car breakdowns, each of which requires different solutions.

Commercial fishing, logging and airplane flying were identified as the three most hazardous occupations by the US Bureau of labor Statistics in 1993 because of their high number of fatalities. One major factor that made these occupations highly dangerous is their dependence on weather conditions. Safety officials say that improved safety regulations and increased attention to safety measures will reduce the fatality rates of these occupations.

Performance testing can be an extremely effective tool for evaluating an employee's fitness for duty. Performance testing is basically a set of computer-based exercises which are designed to measure categories such as visual acuity, psychomotor skills and reasoning ability. In the past, performance testing was viewed as too expensive but the advent of new technologies has now put it within the reach of even the smallest firms.

Safety and health professionals aiming for success are encouraged to seek Certified Safety Professional status. Individuals who pass the professional examinations and meet the criteria for education and experience are awarded the certification from the Board of Certified Safety Professionals, which was created by the American Society of Safety Engineers in 1969. Various career moves and possibilities in the safety and health profession are discussed.

The US Dept. of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration's new alcohol-testing rule cover over 7.4 million transportation and related employees who are subject to alcohol breath tests under five conditions. The new rule under the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991 was prompted by an investigation of a 1991 subway crash, which found the operator to have had a 0.21 blood alcohol concentration during the crash.

Alaska, California, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Washington have been chosen as the 10 states which have the most effective health and safety programs. The selection was based on the number of workplace illness and worker-related injury cases. The different programs focused on varying aspects of health and safety procedures. The implementation of the programs eliminated cumbersome regulations and reduced the states' workers compensation claims.

The licensing, registration or regulation of safety and health professionals is the subject of current debate within various states and sectors of the safety industry. Though a handful of states have approved the regulation of these professionals' practice, none has actually enacted any legislation that requires licensing for industrial hygienists. Licensing, registration or some form of regulation is deemed important owing to the growing number of these safety professionals, the need for the profession to avoid practice-limiting regulations and to ensure safe communities and workplaces.

Organizations can never prevent work-related accidents from occurring even when there are safety programs in place. These accidents should be viewed by safety managers as opportunities to improve the safety record of their respective companies and to make appropriate modifications in their programs to prevent a repeat of the same injuries and further reduce losses. In doing so, however, they should always get their field people involved and always reward them for performing their duties effectively.

The EPA implemented on Apr. 15, 1994, major provisions of its revised Worker Protection Standard (WPS). The WPS stipulates regulations for the protection of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides in forests, farms, plant nurseries and greenhouses. Some of the important provisions of the revised WPS include the prevention of pesticide exposure, the provision of necessary equipment and supplies to workers exposed to pesticides and the implementation of safety training programs for workers and users of pesticides.

Safety managers have addressed the hazards of heat stress through a combination of internal cooling devices such as cooling vests and full-body protective suits and personnel-management strategies, including regular work breaks and flexible scheduling. Developments in heat-stress technology include monitors, which measure the worker's heart rate and body temperature, and chemical-resistant suits, which allow greater movement and ventilation.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) released a new standard for the preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) designed for a wider audience on Jun 3, 1993. The ANSI standard, Z400.1, provides guidelines for better organization and presentation of data, which is classified into 16 sections under four general categories. The categories are in question format and cover emergency information, hazard response and management, hazards prevention and additional useful information such as toxicological, ecological, disposal and transport information.

Many US companies are now using drug tests as part of their pre-employment screening procedures for job applicants. Washington, DC-based Institute for a Drug-Free Workplace reports that more than 90% of 2,000 US companies administer drug tests to their employees, despite not being required by law to do so. Results of recent Gallup surveys further indicate that majority of employees support drug testing.

The OSHA insists that most companies with more than 11 employees keep records of accidents and injuries that mean absence or medical treatment. A report of all the entries must be submitted to OSHA in Jan annually. Reforms are proposed but are unlikely to take effect before 1996. The fines that can be levied for poor or incomplete records can reach $1 million in some cases. There is concern that many common types of illness and injury are not required to be entered on the company log.

The Specialty Sessions at the National Safety Council's 1993 Congress & Exposition will discuss a number of topics relating to 150 specific safety management issues. Subjects to be discussed will include reduction of worker compensation premiums, effective alcohol testing programs in the workplace, procedures for establishing an accident review committee and the reuse and recycling of waste materials. The meeting takes place between October 3-8, 1993, at McCormick Place Convention Center, Chicago.

The advantages, as well as disadvantages, of the concept of pay-for-performance safety programs are discussed. The experiences of three organizations which have effectively applied the concept are described. These are J.B. Hunt Transport Services of Lowell, AR, the Chemical Manufacturing Division of Parke-Davis in Holland, MI and Turner Bros. Trucking Co of OklahomaCity, OK.

The US Air Force Safety Agency (AFSA) is devoted to minimize accidents on the ground and in the air to preserve valuable personnel and equipment. Flight safety, ground safety, weapons and space safety and nuclear surety are among the responsibilities of the AFSA. These are accomplished through safety education and training courses, systems and engineering testing and use of computer systems.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act mandates that employers provide a safe and healthful working environment for workers but details on personal protective equipment (PPE) are left to the discretion of the management. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has specific manufacturers' standards on warehouse PPE which includes protective footwear, safety helmets, goggles or glasses with side shields, ear plugs and gloves. However, management and employees must cooperate on what PPE are needed for specific areas and on the development of emergency response procedures as the OSHA formulates the specific guidelines in these aspects.

Most experts agree that smokers who have tried quitting before have increased chances of success. Their past efforts, successes and failures may be seen as learning experiences. People who would like to stop the habit may do it alone, with a buddy or by joining smoking cessation programs. Some effective methods include nicotine replacement programs and assistive programs that provide support groups. No matter what method or program is employed, the important thing is the person's determination and confidence.

More and more laboratories are starting to use chemical tracking computer software. The increasing number of employees and stricter environmental and safety policies are the major factors contributing to this trend. Some of the features of these softwares include chemical inventories, hazard information, training information and toxic waste guidelines. As these chemical tracking systems become more popular, they are expected to become more sophisticated and user-friendly.

Several trucking companies have already adopted drug and alcohol programs to minimize costs arising from Driving Under the Influence (DUI) cases and in response to the growing sentiment against drunk driving and drug use. Under the Omnibus Transportation and Employee Testing Act of 1991, companies are obliged to test commercially licensed drivers for drug use prior to hiring, during employment, after accidents or in suspicious circumstances. Some companies also include employee-assistance programs for those with drug or alcohol problems to avoid tedious dismissal procedures for otherwise competent drivers.

Chemical hazards from organic solvents and heavy metals are often almost invisible, thus more knowledge and training are required for theit identification.. Companies must decide either to replace hazardous organic solvents with less hazardous materials or to do away completely with particularly dangerous materials. Efficient management leads to safer work conditions, and maintenance should lessen chemical hazards. Better engineering controls and protective equipment can also help to prevent accidents.

The cable television industry has made significant improvements in safety training techniques for its workers. Some of the dangers cable television workers encounter are climbing, driving, electrical hazards, disposal of hazardous substances and hostile animals. The three organizations which have developed safety training programs for industry workers are the Society of Cable Television Engineers, the National Cable Television Institute and the Mind Extension Institute. These organizations have developed safety manuals, safety training seminars and training modules using video systems.

Richard Koontz, the general counsel and manager of administrative services of Chicago, IL's Field Museum of Natural History, tries to address safety and health issues in the museum by knowing the risks, providing safety equipment and close monitoring. The diversely populated museum poses various risks ranging from indoor-air quality problems and recurring stress complaints, materials handling, vaccinations for traveling scientists, employee turnover which complicates risk knowledge and safety training and public-safety concerns such as finger wounds and bloodborne pathogens.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the work-related diseases that can be prevented. Its incidence in the occupational setting is increasing as a result of the proliferation of computers in the workplace. Thus, the employer must implement good ergonomics and occupational safety programs to prevent the occurrence of the disease and similar disorders. The employees must also be educated with ways of preventing work-related diseases and to adopt techniques that will lessen the possibility of undergoing surgical intervention.

About 40,000 Americans wait for life-saving organ donations each day. Seven to eight people die daily while waiting for an organ donation. Even though 94% of the public are aware of organ donation, only 33% have signed donor cards. Potential donors are urged to discuss their intentions with family and friends because all organ donations require the approval of family or next of kin. Organ donations can benefit both the recipient and the donor's family.

Traffic safety experts say that many drivers are unaware of the proper use of antilock braking systems (ABS). ABS is activated by continuously pressing on the brake pedal to increase steering ability and directional stability during emergency braking in wet and mixed-material surfaces. However, most drivers have learned to pump the brakes to avoid skidding as required by conventional braking systems. A study showed that 39% of drivers pumped ABS brakes while 59% believe that ABS shortens stopping in normal driving conditions.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched its 'Campaign Safe and Sober' traffic safety program on Oct. 1, 1994. The two-year program, which is a cooperative effort of federal, state and local agencies and community groups and organizations, aims to boost the use of seatbelts to 75% and reduce alcohol-related traffic deaths to 43%. The $220-million program is expected to save about 3,000 lives and $1 billion in medical expenses over two years.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are saddled with implementation guidelines, deadlines and detailed provisions. This and similar air pollution control regulations can help create safer highway transport through their influence on the enactment of related programs that would stress traffic-flow improvements, the designation of high-occupancy-vehicle lanes and restrictions on truck transport during certain hours.

Distractions can be the major cause of driving accidents, thus, drivers must have an effective strategy to keep distractions at bay when on the road. It is a general rule to put on seatbelts and restraints for kids to avoid unnecessary movements. Talking while driving is also hazardous because it diverts the driver's concentration from the road. Thus, if expecting a lengthy conversation, it is best to pull off the road. Drivers must also be prepared to any occurences and should be equipped with the necessary equipment, such as fixing tools, maps and first aid devices.

The importance of incorporating ergonomics in a well-planned safety program is stressed. Ergonomic modification in the workplace can cut illnesses, sick days and workers' compensation claims. For many firms, changes in materials-handling procedures can increase productivity and provide a safe work environment even without costly investments in new technology. Inputs from people who actually do the job tasks are crucial elements for the success of an ergonomic plan.

Record-keeping and disposal rules covering polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) depend on the quantity and concentration of the compounds present in a facility. Generally, PCB disposal is required by law when equipment containing them are not anymore in use. These are either usually drained, treated with solvents, incinerated or disposed of as municipal solid waste. There are exceptions, however, when PCB concentrations exceed 500 ppm. Record-keeping is required for facilities with at least one PCB transformer, 15 capacitors, or 45 kilograms of PCB onsite.

Posible injuries from nonelectrical energy sources such as steam and natural gas has compelled the Occupational Safety and Health Adminstration (OSHA) to establish lockout/tagout standards. Safety product companies have consequently come up with lockout products as cheaper alternatives to structural improvements on hazard-potential machinery. Problems arise when repair and maintenance personnel themselves resist the use of this safety mechanism, so more educational material on the hazards involved are in order. Detailed written procedures on lockout will also reduce the possibility of errors.

Improperly discarded household products such as paints, automotive products, cosmetics, hobby supplies and house cleaners can be classified as household hazardous wastes. Toxins from such products can mix with the environment creating problems that typical sewage-treatment plants are not equipped to handle. Hazardous materials can be disposed of effectively through community collection programs. Product producers have shown interest by participating in household waste programs. Consumers can do their share by being more aware of the products that they use and their proper disposal.

Many garages present numerous safety hazards which can be easily eliminated through proper equipment organization. Garage owners should install hooks in which to hang light tools, hoses, extension cords. In addition, they should properly stack lumber and paint cans in unobtrusive areas of their garages. Bicycles, power tools and lawn movers should also be properly placed to prevent slips and bumps.

Employers have the responsibility of providing safety training to their employees, even if they are hired temporarily. A 1976 case set a precedent for this when the administrative judge ruled that since the hiring company exposed the worker to the hazard and supervised the employees, it is liable for any work-related injuries that the worker may experience. Supervising employers should also document work-related injuries and illnesses of its temporary workers. A temporary-services firm can only be liable if there was a previous agreement to provide safety training on certain res/ponsibilities.

Occupational safety and health is one of the most vital issues discussed during the 1992 presidential elections. Pres George Bush has implemented a number of regulations regarding the issue. These include the Clean Air Act of 1990 and other environmental laws, drug and alcohol testing and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Candidate Bill Clinton, on the other hand, has reiterated his support for worker safety and the strengthening of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

The nature of a corporate security program depends on the type of service a company desires, the size of the organization and the amount of money it is willing to invest. When planning to implement such a program, companies should conduct a comprehensive security to assess its facilities' level of exposure and current security level. Among the factors it considers are traffic within the facility, internal loss prevention, local crime conditions, bomb-threat procedures and crisis-management plans. Companies should also carefully select dependable security consultants by looking for referrals and scrutinizing each firm's reputation and expertise.

The EPA provided for the implementation of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in Nov 1990. NPDES requires facilities which gather storm water for industrial purposes to get a discharge permit. Industries and facilities that are obligated to have permits include those in manufacturing, hazardous waste management, mining and airports. The permit can be obtained through group, individual, or general permit option applications. Requirements and deadlines for the different types of permit applications are presented.

A person normally reaches the position of corporate safety manager by climbing the ranks. In the past, an advanced degree has proven to be an advantage, as organizations concentrated on people with a more formal background. Sensing the need of government and industry, universities and colleges have introduced programs in safety. People already working in the field have the option of taking a self-directed program, avoiding the impracticality of a full time program towards a degree.

Safety precautions must be observed in handling hydraulic fluids used in construction vehicles such as front-loaders, backhoes and trenchers. Workers handling high-pressure hydraulic components should wear safety equipment to protect them from burn and puncture injuries. Before repairing hydraulic systems, workers are advised to turn the power off to reduce the risk of such injuries. The material safety data sheet provides additional information on the flammability and safety hazards of vehicular hydraulic fluids.