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Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Background: Current evaluation of patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) is mainly based on radiographic parameters derived from X-rays. However, due to their static nature, X-rays fall short of assessing the dynamic functionalities including balance, gait, and the risk of falling. This study aimed to determine the functionalities of ASD patients by measuring functional mobility tests (FMTs) and compared the relationships between patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with FMTs and radiographic parameters to determine whether FMTs are useful evaluation tools for the evaluation of patients with ASD., Methods: This age- and sex-matched case-control study included 66 patients with ASD and 66 patients with LSS, all of whom were scheduled to undergo spinal surgery. All patients were evaluated with four FMTs including alternate step test (AST), six-meter walk test (SMT), sit-to-stand test (STS), and timed up and go test (TUGT). Correlations of the PROs with FMTs and static radiographic parameters were analyzed., Results: The baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. However, compared with patients with LSS, those with ASD showed significantly poorer performance on all four FMTs, spending significantly more time performing the SMT, STS, and TUGT (P = 0.046, 0.045, and 0.015, respectively). The results of the four FMTs were significantly correlated with the ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) scores only in the ASD group and not in the LSS group., Conclusions: FMTs were appropriate tools for assessing the dynamic functionalities of patients with ASD. FMTs might play a bridging role between static radiographic parameters and subjective PROs when treating patients with ASD., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidence and to identify risk factors of subsequent vertebral fractures after hip fractures, and to determine whether the subsequent vertebral fracture increases the mortality rate of elderly hip fracture patients., Materials and Methods: From January 2009 to July 2016, 1,554 patients were diagnosed as having a hip fracture and were treated surgically at our institution. Among them, 1121 patients age > 50 years at the time of injury and were followed up for 1 year or longer after the hip fracture surgery. In these patients, radiographs of the hip and spine were taken at each follow-up. We reviewed medical records and radiographs of these patients. Among the 1121 patients, 107 patients (9.5%) had subsequent vertebral fractures after the hip fracture during entire follow-up periods., Results: In multivariable analysis, previous history of vertebral fracture [odds ratio (OR), 2.62; p < 0.001], medication possession rate (MPR) of osteoporosis treatment < 80% (OR, 1.92; p = 0.014), and a lower lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) (OR, 2.58; p = 0.001) appeared as risk factors for subsequent vertebral fractures., Conclusion: However, the subsequent vertebral fractures did not affect the mortality after the hip fractures. Age ≥ 70 years [hazard ration (HR) 2.70; p = .039], body mass index < 18.5 kg/m 2 (HR, 2.57; p =0 .048), and Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2 (HR, 2.04; p =0.036) were risk factors of the death. Timely management is warranted to prevent subsequent vertebral fractures in hip fracture patients with risk factors.

Introduction: In blunt traumatic superficial femoral arterial (SFA) injuries, hemorrhage from the branches without injury to the main artery is rare, but can lead to serious complications, such as compartment syndrome affecting the clinical outcomes. Although open surgical repair has been the standard approach to peripheral vascular injuries, endovascular treatment has become more refined and is now an alternative to open surgery, which potentially involves lower morbidity and mortality rates. However, management of arterial injuries, especially when they involve simple bleeding from small branches of the main artery, can be challenging, and the best treatment options for such injuries remains controversial., Patient Concerns: Three cases suffered blunt trauma that resulted in hemorrhage from branches of the SFA., Diagnosis: All patients underwent selective angiography, which demonstrated active extravasation from branches of the SFA., Interventions: All patients were treated using embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA)., Outcomes: A post-embolization angiography demonstrated successful hemostasis, with no complications., Conclusion: Superselective catheterization using a coaxial technique with a 5-F curved catheter and the smallest caliber microcatheter, and using a permanent liquid embolic agent, such as NBCA, increases the success rate of embolization for cases of hemorrhage from SFA branches.

The pneumatic colorectal injury caused by high pressure compressed air are rare and can be fatal. Herein, we present a case of 45-year-old male who developed sudden onset of severe abdominal pain after cleaning the dust on his pants with high pressure compressed air gun dust cleaner. Emergent exploratory laparotomy was done which findings are a huge rectal perforation with multiple serosal and subserosal tear in sigmoid to splenic flexure of colon. Anterior resection with left hemicolectomy, and temporary transverse colostomy was performed. Postoperative course was uneventful. Recently, prognosis is generally favorable because of prompt diagnosis and emergent surgical management.

Background Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is widely performed since the early 2000s, but there are few long-term results. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of EVLA employed for treating varicose veins of the lower limbs by duplex ultrasonographic study. Methods A total of 24 limbs of 17 patients who underwent EVLA between 2004 and 2007 were examined with duplex ultrasonographic scans. The mean follow-up period was 66.1 months. Results There were five recurrences of saphenofemoral junction reflux. The occlusion rate was 79.2% at a mean follow-up of 66.1 months. There were 14 recanalizations and 5 recurrences of the great saphenous vein. Five partial and nine total recanalizations were observed. Conclusions EVLA is an effective and minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins. Our long-term result was acceptable, but the result was not outstanding.

Background: Many cancer patients experience poor pain control due to various factors, including misconceptions regarding the use of opioid analgesics. For management of cancer pain, interventions involving education of both patients and physicians have been attempted., Objectives: This review aimed to assess the current evidence of the benefits of education for the management of cancer pain., Methods: We searched the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and major Korean databases to identify relevant studies. We included most study designs, but excluded case series. The primary outcomes were pain intensity and quality of life (QoL). Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane's tool for RCT and Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) for non-randomized studies, independently., Results: After extensive searches, 3,324 publications were screened, and 32 studies were selected. The education interventions used in the included studies included a wide variety of education methods, but the most common method was a booklet produced for patients. Regardless of the education method used, the results of the meta-analysis were as follows. The SMDs of the most severe, average, and current pain in the RCTs were significant. The SMD of worst, average, and current pain were -0.34 (-0.55, -0.13), -0.40 (-0.64, -0.15), and -0.79 (-1.35, -0.23). In the non-randomized studies, the effects on average pain were significant, but those on worst and current pain were not., Conclusions: Education intervention reduced the pain of cancer patients. Therefore, patient education could be considered to be an effective method of cancer pain management. However, our data should be interpreted with caution, and studies using standardized protocols are needed to confirm these observations.

A light-yellow-coloured bacterium, designated strain 4T-6(T), was isolated from cotton waste compost in Korea. Cells of the strain were strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, motile (by means of single polar flagella) and rod-shaped. Optimal growth occurred at 30 degrees C and at pH 7.0-8.0. The major fatty acids were 11-methyl C(18 : 1)omega7c (23.8 %), C(18 : 1)omega7c (23.2 %), C(16 : 0) (19.8 %) and C(17 : 0) (14.8 %). The DNA G+C content was 67.5 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 4T-6(T) was a member of the genus Phenylobacterium, showing the highest sequence similarities with those of 'Phenylobacterium zucineum' HLK1 (98.8 %) and Phenylobacterium lituiforme DSM 14363(T) (98.4 %). However, the values for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 4T-6(T) and 'P. zucineum' HLK1 and P. lituiforme DSM 14363(T) were 45 and 43 %, respectively. Phylogenetic characteristics, physiological properties and DNA-DNA hybridization data indicate that strain 4T-6(T) represents a novel species of the genus Phenylobacterium, for which the name Phenylobacterium composti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4T-6(T) (=KACC 12597(T)=DSM 19425(T)).

A bacterial strain, 5YN9-8(T), was isolated from a peat layer in Yongneup, Republic of Korea. It was strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, short rod- or coccus-shaped and produced ivory-pigmented colonies. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated a close relationship between this isolate and Kaistia granuli Ko04(T) (97.2 % similarity) and Kaistia adipata Chj404(T) (96.2 % similarity), members of the order Rhizobiales within the Alphaproteobacteria. Predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 5YN9-8(T) were C(18 : 1)omega7c, C(18 : 0), C(19 : 0)omega8c cyclo and C(16 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 67.0 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data accumulated in this study revealed that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Kaistia, for which the name Kaistia soli sp. nov. is proposed; strain 5YN9-8(T) (=KACC 12605(T) =DSM 19436(T)) is the type strain.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated JS12-13(T), was isolated from soil from Halla Mountain on Jeju Island, Korea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JS12-13(T) revealed that it was a member of the genus Polaromonas, sharing 96.9-98.4 % sequence similarity with type strains of the genus Polaromonas and being most closely related to Polaromonas aquatica CIP 108776(T). The major fatty acids of strain JS12-13(T) were summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH; 38.3 %), C(16 : 0) (28.4 %), C(17 : 0) cyclo (15.9 %) and C(18 : 1)omega7c (9.1 %). The major quinone found was ubiquinone-8. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain JS12-13(T) was 63.7 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain JS12-13(T) represents a novel species of the genus Polaromonas, for which the name Polaromonas jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JS12-13(T) (=KACC 12508(T) =DSM 19351(T)).

A novel aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium, designated strain 5516S-11(T), was isolated from air samples collected in the Suwon region of the Republic of Korea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism belongs to the genus Massilia; the highest sequence similarity (97.2 %) was found with respect to Massilia aurea DSM 18055(T). Cells of strain 5516S-11(T) contained ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and possessed summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c/iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH; 35.2 %), C(16 : 0) (30.6 %) and C(18 : 1)omega7c (11.7 %) as the major fatty acids. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed 32 % relatedness between strain 5516S-11(T) and M. aurea DSM 18055(T). The G+C content of the DNA of strain 5516S-11(T) was 68.9 mol%. It is clear from the genotypic and phenotypic data presented that strain 5516S-11(T) represents a novel species of the genus Massilia, for which the name Massilia aerilata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5516S-11(T) (=KACC 12505(T) =DSM 19289(T)).

A polyphasic study was carried out to clarify the taxonomic position of a pink-coloured, Gram-negative bacterium isolated from air in the Suwon region of Korea. The novel strain, 5420S-30(T), grew in the temperature range of 5-35 degrees C (optimum 30 degrees C) and pH range of 5-9 (optimum pH 6-7). Growth did not occur in the presence of as little as 1 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids were C(18 : 1)omega7c, summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c/iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH) and C(16 : 0) (together representing 77.7 % of the total). The DNA G+C content was 72.1 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain 5420S-30(T) and members of the genus Roseomonas were in the range 91.6-95.1 %, with the highest sequence similarities (95.1 and 94.5 %, respectively) to Roseomonas aquatica TR53(T) and Roseomonas gilardii ATCC 49956(T). On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 5420S-30(T) represents a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas aerilata sp. nov. is proposed, with 5420S-30(T) (=KACC 12521(T) =DSM 19363(T)) as the type strain.

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain GR15-1(T), was isolated from a field cultivated with Korean ginseng. Cells were strictly aerobic, motile with multipolar flagella and rod-shaped. The strain grew optimally at 25-28 degrees C and pH 6.0-7.0. The predominant fatty acids of strain GR15-1(T) were C(18 : 1)omega7c, C(16 : 0) and summed feature 2 (C(14 : 0) 3-OH and/or iso-C(16 : 1) I). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain GR15-1(T) formed a phyletic cluster with Nevskia ramosa Soe1(T), with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.8 %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, strain GR15-1(T) represents a novel species within the genus Nevskia, for which the name Nevskia soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GR15-1(T) (=KACC 11703(T) =DSM 19509(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, H1-M8(T), was isolated from seashore sand in Korea and then characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were short rods (0.7-1.0 x 1.5-2.0 microm) and were motile (each cell having at least one flagellum). Colonies were light-brown, non-pigmented, circular and convex with clear margins. Growth of the strain was observed at 5-35 degrees C, pH 6.0-9.0 and NaCl concentrations up to 8.4 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation between the novel strain and members of the genus Jannaschia. The sequence similarities between H1-M8(T) and type strains of the genus Jannaschia ranged from 97.0 to 97.8 %. However, DNA-DNA hybridizations between the isolate and type strains of other related species produced low values (21-38 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were 18 : 1omega7c (68.2 %) and 18 : 0 (10.5 %). The G+C content of the DNA was 63.6 mol%. On the basis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic traits and data from the comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strain H1-M8(T) represents a novel species of the genus Jannaschia, for which the name Jannaschia pohangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H1-M8(T) (=KACC 11609(T) =DSM 19073(T)).

Two yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, JS6-6(T) and JS17-8(T), isolated from soil samples from Jeju, Republic of Korea, were studied to determine their taxonomic positions. The cells of the two bacteria were aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, straight rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that both isolates should be placed in the genus Chryseobacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Their 16S rRNA gene sequences showed similarities of 93.7-97.5 % to those of type strains of the genus Chryseobacterium. The values for DNA-DNA relatedness between both strains and type strains of closely related Chryseobacterium species were below 34 %. The fatty acids of the novel strains were similar to those of species of the genus Chryseobacterium. Both strains had MK-6 as the predominant respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C contents of strains JS6-6(T) and JS17-8(T) were 39.9 and 41.4 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic evidence, together with the DNA-DNA relatedness values and phenotypic characteristics, indicated that strains JS6-6(T) and JS17-8(T) represent two novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the names Chryseobacterium soli sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium jejuense sp. nov., respectively, are proposed. The type strains of Chryseobacterium soli sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium jejuense sp. nov. are JS6-6(T) (=KACC 12502(T)=DSM 19298(T)) and JS17-8(T) (=KACC 12501(T)=DSM 19299(T)), respectively.

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, aerobic bacterial strain, designated 5YN10-9(T), was isolated from a wetland, Yongneup, of the Inje region, Korea. Cells were motile by means of one polar flagellum. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, strain 5YN10-9(T) was shown to be related to the genera Azoarcus, Azovibrio, Thauera and Zoogloea, showing moderate sequence similarities of 90.2-93.3, 92.7, 90.9-93.3 and 92.4-92.6% to members of these genera, respectively. Its distinct phylogenetic position and the low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values toward the closest related genera support the inclusion of this novel isolate in a new genus. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The predominant cellular fatty acids were C(16:0) and summed feature 3 (comprising C(16:1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH). The DNA G+C content was 59.3 mol%. The results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that strain 5YN10-9(T) represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Rhodocyclaceae, class Betaproteobacteria, for which the name Uliginosibacterium gangwonense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5YN10-9(T) (=KACC 11603(T)=DSM 18521(T)).

Two bacterial strains isolated from air samples, 5317S-33(T) and 5413S-11(T), were characterized by determining their phenotypic characteristics, cellular fatty acid profiles and phylogenetic positions based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that these isolates belonged to the genus Methylobacterium. Strain 5317S-33(T) was most closely related to Methylobacterium adhaesivum AR27(T) (97.9% sequence similarity). Strain 5413S-11(T) was most closely related to Methylobacterium fujisawaense DSM 5686(T) (97.3% sequence similarity), Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20(T) (97.1% similarity) and Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831(T) (97.0% similarity). Cells of both strains were strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped. The major fatty acid was C(18:1)omega7c. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA were 68.0 mol% for strain 5317S-33(T) and 73.2 mol% for strain 5413S-11(T). According to DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain 5317S-33(T) showed a level of DNA-DNA relatedness of 33 % with M. adhaesivum DSM 17169(T), and strain 5413S-11(T) showed low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness (<35%) with M. fujisawaense DSM 5686(T), M. oryzae CBMB20(T) and M. radiotolerans DSM 1819(T). On the basis of this polyphasic analysis, it was concluded that strains 5317S-33(T) and 5413S-11(T) represent two novel species within the genus Methylobacterium, for which the names Methylobacterium iners sp. nov. (type strain 5317S-33(T) =KACC 11765(T) =DSM 19015(T)) and Methylobacterium aerolatum sp. nov. (type strain 5413S-11(T) =KACC 11766(T) =DSM 19013(T)) are proposed.

Two bacterial isolates from ginseng fields in Korea, strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T), were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a clear affiliation with the Gammaproteobacteria, and showed that the closest phylogenetic relationships were with members of the genus Rhodanobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) was 97.2 %. Both strains showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.2-96.9 % to type strains of recognized Rhodanobacter species. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) were 61.0 and 62.5 mol%, respectively. According to the DNA-DNA hydridization tests, the hybridization value between strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) was 34 %. Strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) showed less than 32 % DNA-DNA relatedness with Rhodanobacter fulvus KCTC 12098(T) and Rhodanobacter spathiphylli LMG 23181(T). Strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) were aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Major fatty acids of both strains were iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c and iso-C(16 : 0). Based on the data presented, two novel Rhodanobacter species are proposed, with the names Rhodanobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. (type strain GR17-7(T)=KACC 11762(T)=DSM 18993(T)) and Rhodanobacter terrae sp. nov. (type strain GP18-1(T)=KACC 11761(T)=DSM 19241(T)).

A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, motile, rod- or coccoid-shaped bacterium, strain 5516J-36(T), was isolated from an air sample from Jeju region, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The organism grew optimally at 30 degrees C and pH 7.0-8.0. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that this strain was highly related phylogenetically to Terrabacter terrae PPLB(T) and Terrabacter tumescens DSM 20308(T), showing 98.9 % sequence similarity to both strains. However, the DNA-DNA reassociation values between 5516J-36(T) and the type strains of Terrabacter terrae and Terrabacter tumescens were low (51 and 48 %, respectively). The peptidoglycan type was A3gamma, the predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H(4)), the polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and the whole-cell sugars were glucose, ribose, rhamnose, xylose and galactose. Mycolic acids were absent. The major fatty acids (>5 % of total fatty acids) were iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(14 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 71.7 mol%. On the basis of the above data, it is proposed that strain 5516J-36(T) represents a novel species, Terrabacter aerolatus sp. nov. The type strain of Terrabacter aerolatus is 5516J-36(T) (=KACC 20556(T) =DSM 18562(T)).

A pink-coloured bacterial strain, 5516J-15(T), was isolated from an air sample from Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The organism was found to have resistance to UV radiation typical of members of the genus Deinococcus, and it was placed within the radiation of the Deinococcus on a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain 5516J-15(T) shared low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (84.5-87.8 %) with Deinococcus species, showing highest sequence similarity to Deinococcus deserti VCD115(T) (87.8 %) and Deinococcus indicus Wt/1a(T) (87.8 %). Strain 5516J-15(T) had type A3 beta peptidoglycan with l-ornithine, menaquinone 8 (MK-8) as the major quinone and iso-C(12 : 0), anteiso-C(13 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and C(16 : 0) as the major fatty acids. Its polar lipid profile contained three unknown aminophospholipids, two unknown polar lipids, one unknown phospholipid and one unknown glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain 5516J-15(T) was 61.3 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented, it is proposed that the unknown strain should be classified within a novel species in the genus Deinococcus with the name Deinococcus cellulosilyticus sp. nov. The type strain is 5516J-15(T) (=KACC 11606(T) =DSM 18568(T)).

A group of five bacilli, designated strains 4T12, 4T19(T), 5M45, 5M53 and 5T52, isolated from cotton-waste composts for mushroom cultivation, were examined. These strains were Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, spore-forming rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed that the isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus, showing the highest levels of similarity (approx. 96.6-96.9 %) with respect to Bacillus herbersteinensis DSM 16534(T). The values for DNA-DNA hybridization (approx. 85-96 %) among these five strains revealed that they belong to the same species. The major menaquinone present was MK-7 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0) (approx. 24.5-33.9 %) and C(16 : 0) (approx. 15.1-34.1 %). The DNA G+C contents were 37.7-40.9 mol%. On the basis of physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and comparative genomic analyses, the five isolates represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus niabensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4T19(T) (=KACC 11279(T) =DSM 17723(T)).

Two bacterial strains, R2A1-13(T) and R2A45-3(T), were isolated from greenhouse soils in Korea. The cells of both strains were Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the isolates in the genus Flavobacterium within the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain R2A1-13(T) was found to be related to Flavobacterium columnare IAM 14301(T), Flavobacterium saliperosum CGMCC1.3801(T) and Flavobacterium croceum EMB47(T), with sequence similarities of 96.8, 95.0 and 94.6 %, respectively. Strain R2A45-3(T) was found to be related to F. croceum EMB47(T) and Flavobacterium aquatile ATCC 11947(T), with sequence similarities of 94.7 and 94.6 %, respectively. Both strains contained iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0) as the main fatty acids and contained a menaquinone with six isoprene units (MK-6) as the major isoprenoid quinone. The G+C contents of the DNA from strains R2A1-13(T) and R2A45-3(T) were 34 and 38 mol%, respectively. A polyphasic taxonomic study revealed that these strains belong to two novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium terrae sp. nov. and Flavobacterium cucumis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of F. terrae sp. nov. and F. cucumis sp. nov. are R2A1-13(T) (=KACC 11731(T)=DSM 18829(T)) and R2A45-3(T) (=KACC 11732(T)=DSM 18830(T)), respectively.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, short rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain designated 4M24(T) was isolated from cotton-waste compost. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 4M24(T) revealed that it is a member of the genus Sphingobacterium, sharing 88.5-94.5 % sequence similarity with type strains of the genus Sphingobacterium and being most closely related to Sphingobacterium daejeonense TR6-04(T) (94.5 % sequence similarity) and Sphingobacterium mizutaii ATCC 33299(T) (92.2 % similarity). The major fatty acids of strain 4M24(T) grown on trypticase soy agar medium were summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c; 37.5 %), iso-C(15 : 0) (29.5 %) and iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH (19.7 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 4M24(T) represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium composti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4M24(T) (=KACC 11313(T)=DSM 18850(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain HO3-R19(T), which was isolated from seashore sand in Pohang city, Korea, was characterized on the basis of a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HO3-R19(T) represents a new lineage within the Gammaproteobacteria; sequence similarities between strain HO3-R19(T) and members of other related genera were less than 93.5 %. Strain HO3-R19(T) was also distinguished from related genera based on differences in several phenotypic characteristics. Cells were straight or slightly curved rods and formed white colonies on R2A agar. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8), and predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c. The DNA G+C content of strain HO3-R19(T) was 65.0 mol%. Based on physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic traits together with results of comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strain HO3-R19(T) is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Arenimonas donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Arenimonas donghaensis is HO3-R19(T) (=KACC 11381(T)=DSM 18148(T)).

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium, motile by means of single polar flagellum and rod-shaped, designated strain GR12-1(T), was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Yeongju region, Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that this strain is related to members of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, showing sequence similarity values ranged from 92.3 to 96.2 %. This organism grew at 5-33 degrees C, with optimum growth at 28 degrees C. Strain GR12-1(T) grew optimally in the presence of 0-2 % NaCl. The whole-cell fatty acid profile included iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c, iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH and iso-C(17 : 0) as major components. The only isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content was 63.4 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic data, strain GR12-1(T) should be classified as a member of a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas yeongjuensis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain GR12-1(T) (=KACC 11580(T)=DSM 18204(T)) as the type strain.

Two bacterial strains, designated GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T), were isolated from greenhouse soil cultivated with cucumber. The bacteria were strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and oxidase- and catalase-positive. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that these strains belong to the genus Lysobacter within the Gammaproteobacteria. Strain GH34-4(T) showed highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter yangpyeongensis GH19-3(T) (97.5 %) and Lysobacter koreensis Dae16(T) (96.4 %), and strain GH41-7(T) showed highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(T) (97.5 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (97.5 %) and Lysobacter gummosus ATCC 29489(T) (97.4 %). Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness indicated that strains GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T) represented species clearly different from L. yangpyeongensis, L. antibioticus, L. enzymogenes and L. gummosus. The major cellular fatty acids of strains GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T) were iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c, and the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C contents of GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T) were 62.5 and 66.6 mol%, respectively. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic data presented, it is evident that each of these strains represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter niabensis sp. nov. (type strain GH34-4(T)=KACC 11587(T)=DSM 18244(T)) and Lysobacter niastensis sp. nov. (type strain GH41-7(T)=KACC 11588(T)=DSM 18481(T)) are proposed.

An orange-coloured bacterial strain, designated R2A15-11(T), was isolated from greenhouse soil. The strain was found to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-flagellated. The cells were short rods (0.7-0.9x1.0-1.5 mum) and produced flexirubin. Growth of the strain was observed at 10-35 degrees C, pH 5.0-8.0 and 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 1) G, iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c). The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain R2A15-11(T) revealed a clear affiliation with the phylum Bacteroidetes, and the highest levels of sequence similarity were found with respect to Terrimonas ferruginea ATCC 13524(T) (91.5 %), Terrimonas lutea DY(T) (90.2 %), Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13(T) (89.9 %) and Niastella koreensis GR20-10(T) (89.7 %). On the basis of the polyphasic evidence from this study, strain R2A15-11(T) represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Niabella aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Niabella aurantiaca is R2A15-11(T) (=KACC 11698(T)=DSM 17617(T)).

A pink-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium, strain CBMB20T, isolated from stem tissues of rice, was analysed by a polyphasic approach. Strain CBMB20T utilized 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC) as a nitrogen source and produced ACC deaminase. It was related phylogenetically to members of the genus Methylobacterium. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain CBMB20T was most closely related to Methylobacterium fujisawaense, Methylobacterium radiotolerans and Methylobacterium mesophilicum; however, DNA-DNA hybridization values were less than 70 % with the type strains of these species. The DNA G+C content of strain CBMB20T was 70.6 mol%. The study presents a detailed phenotypic characterization of strain CBMB20T that allows its differentiation from other Methylobacterium species. In addition, strain CBMB20T is the only known member of the genus Methylobacterium to be described from the phyllosphere of rice. Based on the data presented, strain CBMB20T represents a novel species in the genus Methylobacterium, for which the name Methylobacterium oryzae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain CBMB20T (=DSM 18207T=LMG 23582T=KACC 11585T) as the type strain.

A polyphasic study was carried out to clarify the taxonomic position of a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from soil cultivated with Korean ginseng in the Eumseong region of Korea. The novel strain, GP25-8(T), grew optimally at pH 6-7, 28 degrees C and 0-1 % NaCl (w/v). The major fatty acids were C(18 : 1)omega7c, summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c/C(15 : 0) iso 2-OH) and C(16 : 0) (together representing 71.2 % of the total). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain GP25-8(T) and members of the genus Burkholderia ranged from 94.7 to 97.4 %, indicating that this novel strain was phylogenetically related to members of that genus. The novel strain showed the highest sequence similarities to Burkholderia caryophylli ATCC 25418(T) (97.4 %) and Burkholderia phenazinium LMG 2247(T) (97.2 %); the levels of DNA-DNA hybridization with these strains were 28 and 12 %, respectively. These results support the conclusion that strain GP25-8(T) represents a novel species within the genus Burkholderia, for which the name Burkholderia soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GP25-8(T) (=KACC 11589(T)=DSM 18235(T)).

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain GH9-3(T), isolated from greenhouse soil, was investigated in a polyphasic study. The novel organism grew at 10-35 degrees C, 0-3 % NaCl and pH 5-9. It had ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and possessed C(16 : 0), summed feature 3, C(17 : 0) cyclo and C(18 : 1) omega7c as the major fatty acids (together representing 87.4 % of the total). The DNA G+C content was 67.1 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain GH9-3(T) showed that it grouped within the Variovorax cluster, with highest sequence similarities to Variovorax paradoxus IAM 12373(T) (98.3 %) and Variovorax dokdonensis DS-43(T) (98.0 %). DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain GH9-3(T) and V. paradoxus DSM 30034(T) and V. dokdonensis DS-43(T) were 38 and 29 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, it is proposed that strain GH9-3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Variovorax with the name Variovorax soli sp. nov. The type strain is GH9-3(T) (=KACC 11579(T)=DSM 18216(T)).

A marine, Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, straight-rod-shaped, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain DD-M3T, was isolated from sea sand in Pohang, Korea. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain fell within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Marinobacter. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel strain and the type strains of recognized Marinobacter species ranged from 94.2 to 97.6%, the highest values being with Marinobacter flavimaris SW-145T (97.6%) and Marinobacter lipolyticus SM19T (96.8%). The values for DNA-DNA relatedness between isolate DD-M3T and the type strains of the most closely related species, M. flavimaris and M. lipolyticus, were 41 and 36%, respectively. Strain DD-M3T was characterized as having Q-9 as the predominant respiratory quinone and 16:0, summed feature 3 and 18:1omega9c as the main fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 54.1 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, DD-M3T represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter koreensis sp. nov. is proposed, with DD-M3T (=KACC 11513T=DSM 17924T) as the type strain.

A Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from greenhouse soil used to cultivate lettuce. The strain, GH2-10T, was characterized on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to the genus Devosia, with highest sequence similarity (98.5%) to Devosia riboflavina IFO 13584T. Sequence similarities with other strains tested were below 97.0%. Strain GH2-10T had Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1omega7c and C16:0 as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 59.5 mol%. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments (47% relatedness between D. riboflavina DSM 7230T and strain GH2-10T) and physiological and biochemical tests suggested that strain GH2-10T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GH2-10T (=KACC 11509T=DSM 17780T).

Strain DD-R11(T), isolated from a sea-sand sample from Homi Cape, Pohang city, South Korea, was a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming, rod- to ovoid-shaped bacterium. Colonies grown on marine agar were circular, convex and colourless to creamy white. Growth occurred between 10 and 40 degrees C (optimum 25-30 degrees C) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 6.0-8.0). The strain could grow in up to 15 % NaCl (optimum 3-5 % NaCl). According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was a member of the genus Paracoccus in the Alphaproteobacteria. Sequence similarities to type strains of the genus Paracoccus were between 94.6 and 98.3 %, showing the highest sequence similarity to Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens ATCC 21588(T). The DNA-DNA relatedness value of strain DD-R11(T) and P. zeaxanthinifaciens ATCC 21588(T) was 27 %. Strain DD-R11(T) was characterized by having ubiquinone 10 as the major respiratory quinone and C(18 : 1)omega7c as the predominant fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 63.0 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is suggested that DD-R11(T) represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus homiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with DD-R11(T) (=KACC 11518(T)=DSM 17862(T)) as the type strain.

A novel bacterium, designated strain H3-R18(T), was isolated from seashore sand collected from Homi cape, Pohang city, Korea. Cells were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, cream-coloured, mesophilic and slightly halotolerant. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the organism was a member of the genus Pseudomonas, but the sequence showed < or =96.3 % sequence similarity to that of the type strains of all recognized Pseudomonas species. Highest sequence similarities were to Pseudomonas brenneri CFML 97-391(T) (96.3 %) and Pseudomonas migulae CIP 105470(T) (96.3 %). The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 and C(16 : 0), with lesser amounts of C(12 : 0), C(12 : 0) 3-OH, C(18 : 1)omega7c and C(14 : 0). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-9. The DNA G+C content was 64.0 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and genetic properties of strain H3-R18(T) suggest that it represents a novel species, for which the name Pseudomonas pohangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H3-R18(T) (=KACC 11517(T)=DSM 17875(T)).

A bacterial strain, GA2-M3(T), isolated from a sea-sand sample in Korea, was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Cells of strain GA2-M3(T) were Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and short rod- to ovoid-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies confirmed that the bacterium fell within the radiation of the genus Loktanella. Similarity levels between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain GA2-M3(T) and those of type strains of Loktanella species with validly published names were 93.5-96.1 %; highest sequence similarity was with Loktanella rosea. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain GA2-M3(T) was 60.0 mol% and the predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. Major fatty acids were 18 : 1omega7c, 18 : 0 and 18 : 1omega7c 11-methyl. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is proposed that strain GA2-M3(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Loktanella koreensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GA2-M3(T) (=KACC 11519(T)=DSM 17925(T)).

A novel strain, R2A16-10(T), was isolated from greenhouse soil in Yeoju, Korea. The taxonomy of strain R2A16-10(T) was studied by using polyphasic methods. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, strain R2A16-10(T) was found to be phylogenetically related to type strains of Dyella species (96.7-96.9 %), Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220(T) (96.5 %), Fulvimonas soli LMG 19981(T) (96.3 %) and Rhodanobacter species (94.9-95.7 %). Strain R2A16-10(T), which produced yellow-coloured colonies, was Gram-negative, rod-shaped (0.3-0.4x1.5-3.5 mum) and motile. The predominant fatty acids were 17 : 1 iso omega9c (25.5 %), 15 : 0 iso (18.7 %) and 17 : 0 iso (14.6 %), and the major hydroxy fatty acids were 11 : 0 iso 3-OH (5.0 %), 13 : 0 iso 3-OH (3.4 %) and 17 : 0 iso 3-OH (1.0 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain was 63.0 mol%. On the basis of the data from this study, strain R2A16-10(T) represents a novel species of the genus Dyella, for which the name Dyella yeojuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R2A16-10(T) (=KACC 11405(T)=DSM 17673(T)).

A halophilic, aerobic bacterium, designated PO-M2(T), was isolated from seashore sand, from Pohang, Korea and characterized on the basis of physiological and biochemical features. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a clear affiliation of the novel strain with members of the genus Idiomarina. Sequence similarities between strain PO-M2(T) and the type strains of species belonging to the genus Idiomarina ranged from 94.3 to 95.5 %. Cells of strain PO-M2(T) were straight or slightly curved rods and formed light-yellow colonies on marine agar medium. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone (Q-8) and the predominant cellular fatty acids were C(15 : 0) iso (19.3 %), C(17 : 1)omega9c iso (11.9 %), C(17 : 0) iso (10.9 %), C(18 : 1)omega7c (10.4 %), C(16 : 0) (9.0 %) and C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or C(15 : 0) iso 2-OH (7.2 %). The G+C content of the DNA was 45.1 mol%. Based on physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic traits and comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, it is demonstrated that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Idiomarina, for which the name Idiomarina homiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PO-M2(T) (=KACC 11514(T)=DSM 17923(T)).

Two novel strains, GR20-10(T) and GR20-13(T), were isolated from soil using R2A medium. The soil sample was collected from a field in the Yeongju region of Korea that was cultivated with Korean ginseng. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these strains formed a cluster with several uncultured bacterial clones and with Flexibacter filiformis, Flexibacter sancti, Flexibacter japonensis, Cytophaga arvensicola and Flavobacterium ferrugineum (recently reclassified as Terrimonas ferruginea) in the phylum Bacteroidetes. The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two novel strains was 98.9 %. Isolates GR20-10(T) and GR20-13(T) showed the highest sequence similarities to Flexibacter japonensis IFO 16041(T) (91.8 and 91.9 %, respectively) and T. ferruginea ATCC 13524(T) (90.4 and 90.6 %, respectively). The whole-cell fatty acid profiles of the two isolates were similar and their major fatty acids were 15 : 0 iso, 17 : 0 iso 3-OH and 15 : 1 iso G. The major isoprenoid quinone of both strains was MK-7. The G+C contents of GR20-10(T) and GR20-13(T) were 45.8 and 44.3 mol%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization (57 % DNA-DNA hybridization value) and phenotypic data indicated that strains GR20-10(T) and GR20-13(T) each belong to a separate species. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data and genomic distinctiveness, strains GR20-10(T) and GR20-13(T) represent two novel species in a novel genus in the phylum Bacteroidetes; the names Niastella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (the type species; type strain GR20-10(T)=KACC 11465(T)=DSM 17620(T)) and Niastella yeongjuensis sp. nov. (type strain GR20-13(T)=KACC 11466(T)=DSM 17621(T)) are proposed.

Strain R2A43-10(T) was isolated from a greenhouse soil in Korea. Cells were Gram-negative rods, motile by means of a single flagellum. Growth occurred at 10-40 degrees C and at pH 5-8. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the only respiratory lipoquinone. Major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH) and C(16 : 0). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain R2A43-10(T) was closely related to Chitinimonas taiwanensis cf(T) (sequence similarity of 94.8 %), but it exhibited low sequence similarities (<92 %) to other members of the Betaproteobacteria. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain R2A43-10(T) was 65.0 mol%. The novel isolate could be differentiated from C. taiwanensis cf(T) by several physiological properties. On the basis of genomic and phenotypic data, it is concluded that R2A43-10(T) (=KACC 11467(T)=DSM 17726(T)) is the type strain of a novel species of the genus Chitinimonas, for which the name Chitinimonas koreensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Two yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains, GH1-10(T) and GH29-5(T), were isolated from greenhouse soils in Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that these strains were related to members of the genus Flavobacterium. Strain GH1-10(T) was most closely related to Flavobacterium psychrolimnae and Flavobacterium denitrificans, with sequence similarities of 95.9 and 95.2 %, respectively. Strain GH29-5(T) was most closely related to "Flavobacterium saliodium", F. denitrificans and Flavobacterium frigoris, with sequence similarities of 94.3, 92.5 and 92.5 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of GH1-10(T) were iso-C(15 : 0), summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c) and iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH, and those of GH29-5(T) were iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 1) G and iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH. Both strains contained menaquinone with six isoprene units (MK-6) as the sole quinone. The DNA G+C contents of GH1-10(T) and GH29-5(T) were 35 and 39 mol%, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented, it is concluded that the two bacteria represent two separate novel species of the genus Flavobacterium. The names proposed to accommodate these organisms are Flavobacterium daejeonense sp. nov., with type strain GH1-10(T) (=KACC 11422(T)=DSM 17708(T)), and Flavobacterium suncheonense sp. nov., with type strain GH29-5(T) (=KACC 11423(T)=DSM 17707(T)).

A taxonomic study was performed on strain R2A10-2(T), isolated from greenhouse soil cultivated with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), collected in Wanju Province, Korea. The bacterial cells were Gram-negative, aerobic, short rods. The growth temperature and pH were 5-35 degrees C and 5.0-9.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that this isolate had 93.3-97.7 % similarity to Chryseobacterium species: the highest sequence similarities were to the type strains of Chryseobacterium daecheongense (97.7 %), Chryseobacterium formosense (97.1 %) and Chryseobacterium defluvii (96.9 %). Low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness were found between strain R2A10-2(T) and the type strains of these three species (<28 %). Differences in phenotypic properties were found with respect to Chryseobacterium species with validly published names. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-15 : 0 (40.0 %), iso-17 : 0 3-OH (21.9 %), iso-17 : 1omega9c (11.7 %) and summed feature 4 (iso-15 : 0 2-OH and/or 16 : 1omega7c/t, 11.0 %). Menaquinone MK-6 was detected as the sole respiratory quinone. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.8 mol%. On the basis of the genomic and phenotypic evidence, this isolate represents a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium wanjuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R2A10-2(T) (=KACC 11468(T)=DSM 17724(T)).

Two bacterial strains were isolated from greenhouse soils of Daejeon and Yangpyeong regions in Korea. The strains, designated GH1-9T and GH19-3T, were Gram-negative and aerobic, with rod-shaped cells. Their DNA G+C contents were 61.7 and 67.3 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain GH1-9T were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, iso-C17 : 1omega9c and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and the major components of strain GH19-3T were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1omega7c alcohol, iso-C17 : 1omega9c and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH. None of the species of the genus Lysobacter with validly published names showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of more than 97 % with respect to the novel isolates. The closest sequence similarity of strain GH1-9T was with Lysobacter concretion is DSM 16239T (96.4 %), whereas strain GH19-3T showed the highest sequence similarity with Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043T (96.6 %). Polyphasic taxonomic studies indicated that the two strains should be classified as representing novel members of the genus Lysobacter. The names Lysobacter daejeonensis sp. nov. and Lysobacter yangpyeongensis sp. nov. are proposed, with strains GH1-9T (=KACC 11406T=DSM 17634T) and GH19-3T (=KACC 11407T=DSM 17635T), respectively, as the type strains.

Three strains, 4M1T, 4M9 and 4M12, were isolated from cotton waste composts. These strains are Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons demonstrated that these isolates were clustered phylogenetically within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and 4M1T revealed sequence similarity levels of 96.9-99.0% to six Pseudoxanthomonas species with validly published names. According to DNA-DNA hybridization, relatedness values between 4M1T and six known Pseudoxanthomonas species were in the range of 52-63%. The DNA G + C content of the strains was 66.6-68.4 mol%. For a more detailed characterization of these strains, the physiological, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties were evaluated. From the results of this study, the name Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 4M1T (= KACC 11320T = DSM 17175T).

The taxonomic position of two spore-forming strains 6T19T and 6T29, isolated from cotton composts for the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Cells of strains 6T19(T) and 6T29 were rod-shaped, Gram-negative and strictly aerobic. Sequencing and comparative analyses for the 16S rRNA genes of these strains clearly showed their phylogenetic affiliation to the genus Ureibacillus. Their closest relatives Ureibacillus thermosphaericus and Ureibacillus terrenus have sequence similarity of 96.9 and 97.5%, respectively. The isoprenoid quinones of isolate 6T19T were MK-9, MK-8, MK-7, MK-10 and MK-6 (45:27:18:5:4%), the peptidoglycan type was L-lys<--D-Asp and the main cellular fatty acid was i-C(16:0). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments resulted in relatedness values of 37% between 6T19T and U. thermosphaericus DSM 10633T and 41% between 6T19T and U. terrenus DSM 12654T. Based on the polyphasic data, strains 6T19T and 6T29 can be described as members of a novel species of the genus Ureibacillus, for which the name Ureibacillus suwonenesis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6T19T (= KACC 11287T = DSM 16752T).

A sensitive and specific assay was developed to detect citrus bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, in leaves and fruits of citrus. Primers XACF and XACR from hrpW homologous to pectate lyase, modifying the structure of pectin in plants, were used to amplify a 561 bp DNA fragment. PCR technique was applied to detect the pathogen in naturally or artificially infected leaves of citrus. The PCR product was only produced from X. axonopodis pv. citri among 26 isolates of Xanthomonas strains, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, and other reference microbes.

A bacterial strain, designated 4M15T, was isolated from cotton-waste composts used as mushroom cultivation in South Korea. Properties of this isolate were studied on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, fatty acid profile, isoprenoid quinone, DNA G+C content and phylogenetic position based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The strain was found to form a distinct phylogenetic lineage related to the family 'Flexibacteraceae' within the phylum 'Bacteroidetes'. No recognized species showed >85 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain 4M15T. The fatty acid profile of strain 4M15(T) included C(16 : 1)omega7c/iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH (30.5 %), iso-C(15 : 0) (24.2 %), iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH/C(16 : 1)omega7c (15.9), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH (10.5 %) and C(16 : 0) (5.6 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone MK-7. The DNA G+C content was 33.0 mol%. Cells were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and flexirubin-positive. The strain hydrolysed aesculin, gelatin, starch and tyrosine. Several phenotypic tests could be used to differentiate strain 4M15T from other members of the family 'Flexibacteraceae'. On the basis of the data presented, strain 4M15T should be assigned to the phylum 'Bacteroidetes' as a novel genus and species, for which the name Leadbetterella byssophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4M15T (=KACC 11308T=DSM 17132T).

The variability within Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius and related species was examined using macro-, micro-morphology, growth temperature regimes and extrolite patterns. In addition, DNA analyses including partial beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences were used. Detailed examination of strains, considered as A. fumigatus earlier, showed that they could be divided into four groups including A. fumigatus sensu stricto, A. lentulus and two new species. The intraspecific genetic variability within A. fumigatus sensu stricto was low, the sequence differences among 23 strains of the species was at most two bases in each partial beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene. However, intraspecific morphological diversity within the species was high and delineation of the species was equivocal. Therefore, beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences could be critical determinants for the delineation of the A. fumigatus sensu stricto species. A. lentulus including isolates from clinical origin, Korean soil and from a dolphin clustered into an isolated group based on beta-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences, differing from A. fumigatus by morphological characters, growth temperature and extrolite profile. A. lentulus produces the extrolites auranthine, cyclopiazonic acid, a dimeric indole of unknown structure, neosartorin, some pyripyropens, terrein and some tryptoquivalins and tryptoquivalons. Two pair of isolates (CBS 117194, 117186 and 117520, 117519) clustered into separate groups from A. fumigatus and the other Aspergillus section Fumigati species, including the teleomorph Neosartorya, are proposed as two new species. A. fumigatiaffinis spec. nov. produces the extrolites auranthine, cycloechinulin, helvolic acid, neosartorin, palitantin, pyripyropens, tryptoquivalins and tryptoquivalons, and A. novofumigatus spec. nov. produces the extrolites cycloechinuline, helvolic acid, neosartorin, palitantin and terrein.

In this study, a total of 300 isolates of Penicillium and related teleomorphic genera were collected from soils of 17 locations in Korea from April to May, 2004. Ninety four isolates were identified as the species of Penicillium subgenus Furcatum based on cultural and morphological characteristics and β-tubulin gene sequences. Among the species, Korean isolates of P. brasilianum Bat. and P. daleae K. M. Zalessky were phylogenetically identical to the reference species based on DNA sequence of the β-tubulin gene. Here we described and illustrated P. brasilianum and P. daleae that are new in Korea.

The nucleotide sequence was determined for the genome of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (Xoo) KACC10331, a bacterium that causes bacterial blight in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The genome is comprised of a single, 4 941 439 bp, circular chromosome that is G + C rich (63.7%). The genome includes 4637 open reading frames (ORFs) of which 3340 (72.0%) could be assigned putative function. Orthologs for 80% of the predicted Xoo genes were found in the previously reported X.axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and X.campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) genomes, but 245 genes apparently specific to Xoo were identified. Xoo genes likely to be associated with pathogenesis include eight with similarity to Xanthomonas avirulence (avr) genes, a set of hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity (hrp) genes, genes for exopolysaccharide production, and genes encoding extracellular plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. The presence of these genes provides insights into the interactions of this pathogen with its gramineous host.