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We estimate the price elasticity of residential district heating demand in Denmark using the Blundell–Bond two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and a sample of 152,913 observations covering the period of 2015 to 2019. Moreover, we analyze the heterogeneity in the response to district heating price increases among various household groups and investigate the distributional consequences of policies that increase the price of district heating. To this end, we measure the effects of a price increase on district heating bills, consumption, and emissions. We find a short-run price elasticity of −0.530 and a long-run price elasticity of −0.638. Higher consumption levels are associated with dwelling age, dwelling size, homeownership, income, number of household members, and whether households receive heating allowances. We find significant evidence that price elasticity varies across household groups: Low-income households, intensive consumers, single households, and households in older and smaller dwellings are more responsive to price changes than their respective counterparts. We also demonstrate that a 10% increase in the price of district heating would increase expenditures in high-income and low-income households by 7.18% and 1.16% (ceteris paribus), respectively. Our findings therefore have important implications for the evaluation of price policies aimed at reducing emissions and the distributional impacts of such measures.

With the envisioned growth in the residential electricity demand and increased share of intermittent renewables in the supply mix, consumers will need to be better informed about their electricity consumption and to play an active role in managing their electricity use. However, consumer inattention and lack of information are ubiquitous, especially in household energy‐related settings. Thus, by using a novel survey and actual monthly electricity consumption data, this study set out to measure the level of awareness about electricity bills, prices, and costs among some Finnish households – as captured by the answers to six questions – and to investigate whether higher levels of ‘electricity awareness’ are associated with electricity savings. In addition, this study analyzes the willingness to receive extra information about energy consumption and savings and how it differs between ‘electricity aware’ and ‘electricity unaware’ respondents. The results indicate low levels of ‘electricity awareness’ among the respondents of the survey. Compared to the respondents with little knowledge about electricity bills, prices, and costs, the respondents with higher levels of ‘electricity awareness’ tend to consume less electricity. Higher levels of awareness about electricity use and consumption might “materialize” inconspicuous consumption patterns, as opposed to more general facts about the largely invisible environmental consequences of everyday practices. More than two‐thirds of the total number of respondents would like to receive additional information about energy consumption and how to save energy. However, there exists a significant portion of ‘electricity unaware’ respondents who are not only unwilling to receive such information but are also unaware of their own knowledge deficits. To maximize the impact of any information strategy, decision‐makers should attempt to engage with this type of consumer; by becoming more aware of their knowledge deficits, people might become more receptive to information that can benefit them.

The objectives of this study are to provide new insights on (i) the drivers of changes in final energy consumption in Italy over the period from 1995 to 2015 by employing a multi-sectoral decomposition analysis approach – Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I (LMDI-I); and (ii) the progress of Italy toward the indicative energy efficiency and mandatory energy-saving targets set for 2020. The decomposition results show that from 1995 to 2015, an increase in final energy consumption caused by activity effects has been almost totally offset by structural changes. Energy intensity improvements occurred during the period from 2006 to 2015 when most of the energy efficiency policies in Italy were implemented. However, unlike the ex ante estimates of energy savings reported by the Italian government, the LMDI-I analysis shows that Italy is not on track to achieve the 2020 energy efficiency and energy-saving targets. Challenges and opportunities in policymaking are discussed. The objectives of this study are to provide new insights on (i) the drivers of changes in final energy consumption in Italy over the period from 1995 to 2015 by employing a multi-sectoral decomposition analysis approach – Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I (LMDI-I); and (ii) the progress of Italy toward the indicative energy efficiency and mandatory energy-saving targets set for 2020. The decomposition results show that from 1995 to 2015, an increase in final energy consumption caused by activity effects has been almost totally offset by structural changes. Energy intensity improvements occurred during the period from 2006 to 2015 when most of the energy efficiency policies in Italy were implemented. However, unlike the ex ante estimates of energy savings reported by the Italian government, the LMDI-I analysis shows that Italy is not on track to achieve the 2020 energy efficiency and energy-saving targets. Challenges and opportunities in policymaking are discussed.

The detection of CTCs in a blood sample is a challenging task due to their rarity and variety. We develop a new label-free and all-optical approach at the lab-on-chip scale for the detection of CTCs based on morphological biomarkers. In particular, we design a microfluidic device to be combined with a phase-contrast tomography system to carry out quantitative measurements of the three-dimensional structure of each single cell in a blood sample. In such device, two aspects are conjugated: on the one hand, the cells need to perform at least one complete rotation within the field of view of the imaging apparatus; on the other hand, the highest possible throughput has to be achieved, yet without deforming the cells significantly, which would impede their tomographic reconstruction. In this contribution, the finite-element-simulation-based preliminary design of a microfluidic device that would allow the achievement of the aforementioned objectives for cells with different shape and deformability is presented.

We provide new insights into (i) the level of energy-related financial literacy in Finnish households, (ii) the sociodemographic characteristics that affect energy-related financial literacy, and (iii) whether energy-related financial literacy influences household electricity consumption. We use a data set consisting of energy-related financial literacy questions combined with monthly electricity consumption data. We draw from the recent literature on energy-related financial literacy and suggest two new variables based on subjective perceptions on energy-related financial literacy. Gender has a strong association with energy-related financial literacy. Our results also indicate that households of respondents with higher levels of energy-related financial literacy tend to consume less electricity when we control for other factors such as dwelling and household characteristics. This implies that measures to promote energy-related financial literacy might guide consumers' decisions toward energy efficiency and conservation.

Improving residential energy efficiency is widely recognised as one of the best strategies for reducing energy demand, combating climate change, and increasing security of energy supply. However, progress has been slow to date due to a number of market and behavioural barriers that have not been adequately addressed by energy efficiency policies and programmes. This study is based on updated findings of the European Futures for Energy Efficiency Project that responds to the EU Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014–2015 theme ‘Secure, clean and efficient energy’. This article draws on five case studies from selected European countries—Finland, Italy, Hungary, Spain, and the UK—and evaluates recent energy efficiency developments in terms of indicators, private initiatives, and policy measures in the residential sector. Our analysis shows that the UK government has implemented a better range of policies, coupled with initiatives from the private sector, aimed at improving energy efficiency. However, its existing conditions appear to be more problematic than the other countries. On the other hand, the lack of effective and targeted policies in Finland resulted in increased energy consumption, while in Hungary, Spain and Italy some interesting initiatives, especially in terms of financial and fiscal incentives, have been found.

The objective of this paper is to identify the socio-demographic, dwelling, and environmental factors that have the strongest influence on the daily energy-saving behaviours, the adoption of energy efficient appliances and the energy efficient retrofit investments made by British households. This study uses British household data from the “Survey of Public Attitudes and Behaviours towards the Environment” collected in 2009, and employs nonlinear principal components analysis (NLPCA), ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and probit models. The results show different household profiles with specific features driving daily energy-saving behaviours and energy efficiency investments. Environmental variables are a good predictor of both energy-saving behaviours and investment in energy efficient appliances but not of energy efficient retrofit measures. Results of income and dwelling type variables with regard to energy-saving behaviours and energy efficient retrofit investments significantly diverge; in addition, interesting patterns emerge with respect to the respondents’ age, sex, and marital status. By evaluating and understanding the household and dwelling characteristics that affect energy-saving behaviours and energy efficiency investments, it is possible to obtain a clearer idea of where and how energy and emissions savings can be made, and to propose effective and targeted policies that promote energy-responsible lifestyles.

Meeting the UK's long-term carbon emissions target implies significant energy performance improvements of the existing residential building stock that is amongst the oldest and least energy efficient in Europe. A better understanding of the key determinants of energy efficient retrofit investments in the residential sector is therefore crucial for the design of effective policies aimed at reducing energy demand and CO2 emissions. This article uses combined data from “English Housing” surveys and employs a probit model in order to investigate the dwelling-related and households characteristics influencing energy efficient retrofit investments in the English residential sector. The results show that couples with independent child(ren) living in detached or semi-detached houses built before 1990 and with a length of residence higher than 1 year are more likely to invest in retrofits measures; compared to households living in the North East region, households living in London are less likely to invest. While there is empirical evidence supporting the landlord-tenant problem, households that have taken out a mortgage are more likely to invest in energy efficient retrofit measures than outright owners. To maximise their impact and effectiveness, future energy efficiency policies should target specific household groups with the lowest rate of retrofit uptake.

With the increased share of renewables in power generation, end users play a key role in keeping the demand at levels that better match variable supply, maintaining lower overall system costs, and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. To increase the potential for demand-side flexibility, a deeper understanding of domestic electricity load profiles is needed. Informed by customer grouping based on similar consumption patterns and drivers, targeted interventions can be better designed to time-shift peak loads and reduce overall demand. Thus, the objectives of this study are (i) to segment households in relation to their electricity load patterns using K-means clustering and (ii) to investigate household characteristics that have an influence on electricity load patterns by employing multinomial probit regression. This study uses hourly electricity consumption for 2017, combined with population-based register data for a large sample of Danish households. The results indicate that four distinct Danish household groups are characterized by different timing and magnitudes of electricity consumption, which are influenced by specific sociodemographics and dwelling characteristics. Similarities between the groups emerge with respect to the evening peak consumption, seasonal variation in electricity demand, and weekend morning demand ramp-up. Challenges and opportunities for domestic load profiling in the power industry and policymaking are discussed. With the increased share of renewables in power generation, end users play a key role in keeping the demand at levels that better match variable supply, maintaining lower overall system costs, and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. To increase the potential for demand-side flexibility, a deeper understanding of domestic electricity load profiles is needed. Informed by customer grouping based on similar consumption patterns and drivers, targeted interventions can be better designed to time-shift peak loads and reduce overall demand. Thus, the objectives of this study are (i) to segment households in relation to their electricity load patterns using K-means clustering and (ii) to investigate household characteristics that have an influence on electricity load patterns by employing multinomial probit regression. This study uses hourly electricity consumption for 2017, combined with population-based register data for a large sample of Danish households. The results indicate that four distinct Danish household groups are characterized by different timing and magnitudes of electricity consumption, which are influenced by specific sociodemographics and dwelling characteristics. Similarities between the groups emerge with respect to the evening peak consumption, seasonal variation in electricity demand, and weekend morning demand ramp-up. Challenges and opportunities for domestic load profiling in the power industry and policymaking are discussed.

The achievement of the 32.5% energy efficiency target set for 2030 in the Energy Efficiency Directive 2018/2002 could determine the success of the EU Member States’ actions and policy measures to improve energy efficiency. However, the way the target was set presents several limitations, and the target is based on a hypothetical percentage of future primary energy use rather than absolute energy savings. Thus, the objectives of this study are to provide new insight into (i) the levels of energy efficiency improvements achieved by the EU over the period 1995–2015 by employing a decomposition analysis approach—Logarithm Mean Divisia Index—and using disaggregated final energy consumption data, (ii) the progress of the EU towards the energy efficiency target set for 2030, and (iii) the energy security and climate benefits associated with energy efficiency improvements. The results show that from 1995 to 2015, efficiency allowed the EU to save approximately 235 Mtoe of final energy. Additionally, energy efficiency improvements reduced the EU’s dependence on energy imports at the average rate of 1% per year, saved 811 MtCO2, and contributed to achieving 52.5% of the energy efficiency target set for 2030.

Lab-on-chips (LoCs) are microsystems capable of manipulating small amounts of fluids in microfluidic channels. They have a huge application potential, from basic science to chemical synthesis and point-of-care medical analysis. Polymers are rapidly emerging as the substrate of choice for LoC production, thanks to a low material cost and ease of processing. Two breakthroughs that could promote LoC diffusion are a microfabrication technology with cost-effective and rapid prototyping capabilities and also an integrated on-chip optical detection system. This chapter proposes the use of femtosecond laser micromachining combined with microinjection moulding as a novel highly-flexible microfabrication platform for polymeric LoCs with integrated optical detection, for the realization of low-cost and truly portable biophotonic microsystems. We demonstrate a LoC for the relevant application of non-invasive and contactless mechanical phenotyping of single cancer cells.

Micro Injection molding combined with the use of removable inserts is one of the most promising manufacturing process for microfluidic devices, such as Lab-on-a-chip, that have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare and diagnosis system. In this work we have designed, fabricated and tested a compact and disposable plastic optical stretcher. To produce the mould inserts, two micro manufacturing technologies have been used. Micro Electro Discharge machining was used to reproduce the inverse of the capillary tube connection characterized by high aspect ratio. Thanks to the high accuracy of femtosecond laser machining, instead, we manufactured insert with perfectly aligned microfluidic channels and fiber slots, facilitating the final composition of the optical manipulation device. The optical stretcher operation is tested using microbeads and red blood cells solutions. The prototype presented in this work demonstrates the feasibility of this approach that should guarantee a real mass production of ready-to-use- Lab-on-a-chip.

In this work we present a micro manufacturing platform for the production of polymeric microfluidic devices on a mass scale, based on the integration of microinjection moulding and femtosecond laser (fs-laser) micromachining technologies. A mould prototype was designed for the fabrication of polymeric thin plates characterized by simplified microfeatures representative of typical Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices. The injection moulding master tool includes replaceable metallic inserts, which were fabricated by exploiting the extreme flexibility and accuracy of fs-laser milling. Here, the laser process parameters have been studied and properly adjusted to meet the target geometry and surface quality of the mould inserts, which were subsequently characterized by confocal and SEM microscopy. The micro injection moulding (μIM) process parameters for the device production have been defined by complete three-dimensional filling and packing process simulations. Finally, the micro-injection mould with reconfigurable inserts was employed for the production of thin plates with simplified microfeatures using PMMA. The ability to reproduce these microfeatures via μIM is an essential step to approach to the mass-production of a polymeric LoC and the use of replaceable micro-inserts fabricated by direct fs-laser ablation promises high flexibility in the design and manufacturing of such devices.

Energy efficiency is widely considered a cost-effective strategy for reducing energy demand, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on foreign energy sources. At the national level in EU Member States, improvements in energy efficiency are measured against model-based scenarios and ex ante engineering estimates, which might provide inaccurate indications of the actual energy savings delivered by energy efficiency. Thus, the objectives of this study are to provide new insights on (i) the contribution of energy efficiency improvements to reducing energy consumption in Finland over the 2005–2015 period by employing an ex post multi-sectoral decomposition analysis approach—Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I—and (ii) the energy security and climate benefits associated with energy efficiency improvements. The results indicate that from 2005 to 2015, efficiency saved 0.58 Mtoe of final energy; without the energy efficiency improvements that occurred between 2005 and 2015 (ceteris paribus), the final energy consumption in 2015 would have been 2.4% higher. Compared to the energy savings reported by the Finnish government to the European Commission, the savings calculated with the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I are significantly lower. Energy efficiency improvements between 2005 and 2015 reduced Finland's carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on energy imports by 3.5% and 5% in 2015, respectively. Future energy efficiency policies should be targeted at residential space heating demand; chemical, mining, food, and construction industries; and heavy-duty vehicles as energy efficiency was not effective in reducing energy consumption. Energy efficiency is widely considered a cost-effective strategy for reducing energy demand, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on foreign energy sources. At the national level in EU Member States, improvements in energy efficiency are measured against model-based scenarios and ex ante engineering estimates, which might provide inaccurate indications of the actual energy savings delivered by energy efficiency. Thus, the objectives of this study are to provide new insights on (i) the contribution of energy efficiency improvements to reducing energy consumption in Finland over the 2005–2015 period by employing an ex post multi-sectoral decomposition analysis approach—Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I—and (ii) the energy security and climate benefits associated with energy efficiency improvements. The results indicate that from 2005 to 2015, efficiency saved 0.58 Mtoe of final energy; without the energy efficiency improvements that occurred between 2005 and 2015 (ceteris paribus), the final energy consumption in 2015 would have been 2.4% higher. Compared to the energy savings reported by the Finnish government to the European Commission, the savings calculated with the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I are significantly lower. Energy efficiency improvements between 2005 and 2015 reduced Finland's carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on energy imports by 3.5% and 5% in 2015, respectively. Future energy efficiency policies should be targeted at residential space heating demand; chemical, mining, food, and construction industries; and heavy-duty vehicles as energy efficiency was not effective in reducing energy consumption.Energy efficiency is widely considered a cost-effective strategy for reducing energy demand, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on foreign energy sources. At the national level in EU Member States, improvements in energy efficiency are measured against model-based scenarios and ex ante engineering estimates, which might provide inaccurate indications of the actual energy savings delivered by energy efficiency. Thus, the objectives of this study are to provide new insights on (i) the contribution of energy efficiency improvements to reducing energy consumption in Finland over the 2005–2015 period by employing an ex post multi-sectoral decomposition analysis approach—Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I—and (ii) the energy security and climate benefits associated with energy efficiency improvements. The results indicate that from 2005 to 2015, efficiency saved 0.58 Mtoe of final energy; without the energy efficiency improvements that occurred between 2005 and 2015 (ceteris paribus), the final energy consumption in 2015 would have been 2.4% higher. Compared to the energy savings reported by the Finnish government to the European Commission, the savings calculated with the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I are significantly lower. Energy efficiency improvements between 2005 and 2015 reduced Finland's carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on energy imports by 3.5% and 5% in 2015, respectively. Future energy efficiency policies should be targeted at residential space heating demand; chemical, mining, food, and construction industries; and heavy-duty vehicles as energy efficiency was not effective in reducing energy consumption.

The femtosecond laser technology is emerging as a powerful and flexible tool for the fabrication of miniaturized polymeric devices, thanks to the micrometric precision and the minimum thermal damage on the workpiece obtainable through ultrafast laser ablation. However, parametrization of femtosecond laser processes is often based on a trial and error approach, which requires a lot of expensive experimental efforts. The design of experiment (DoE) approach can offer a methodical way to quickly determine the laser process settings limiting the use of resources. In this work, we define an accurate DoE procedure to estimate the influence of the laser repetition rate, pulse energy, scanning speed, and hatch distance on the fs-laser micromilling process of PMMA specimens in terms of depth of removed material (Dh). We show that the laser pulse energy is the parameter that mainly affects the milling depth. A predictive model describing the relationship between the response variable depth and the main laser parameters is defined and then validated.

Microfluidic optical stretchers are valuable optofluidic devices for studying single cell mechanical properties. These usually consist of a single microfluidic channel where cells, with dimensions ranging from 5 to 20 μm are trapped and manipulated through optical forces induced by two counter-propagating laser beams. Recently, monolithic optical stretchers have been directly fabricated in fused silica by femtosecond laser micromachining (FLM). Such a technology allows writing in a single step in the substrate volume both the microfluidic channel and the optical waveguides with a high degree of precision and flexibility. However, this method is very slow and cannot be applied to cheaper materials like polymers. Therefore, novel technological platforms are needed to boost the production of such devices on a mass scale. In this work, we propose integration of FLM with micro-injection moulding (μIM) as a novel route towards the cost-effective and flexible manufacturing of polymeric Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices. In particular, we have fabricated and assembled a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic optical stretcher by exploiting firstly FLM to manufacture a metallic mould prototype with reconfigurable inserts. Afterwards, such mould was employed for the production, through μIM, of the two PMMA thin plates composing the device. The microchannel with reservoirs and lodgings for the optical fibers delivering the laser radiation for cell trapping were reproduced on one plate, while the other included access holes to the channel. The device was assembled by direct fs-laser welding, ensuring sealing of the channel and avoiding thermal deformation and/or contamination.

Achieving high quality parts is a crucial task for the micro injection moulding process due to the sensitive nature of applications as medical and aerospace. In this work, simulation and an experimental study are performed to analyse the effect of four main parameters (injection speed, melt and mould temperature, and holding pressure) on replicating capability of a micro feature by injection moulding process that is the main focus of the present paper. This work also assesses the performance of a screwless-two plungers micro moulding machine in processing polyoximethilene (POM) and liquid crystal polymers (LCP). Results show that mould temperature and injection speed are the most effective parameters on replicating capability respectively for POM and LCP and high parameters setting improved the dimensions of the feature and thus the quality. For LCP, achieving process reproducibility is more difficult than for POM even if the obtained replication fidelity is considerably higher.

We present a cost-effective and highly-portable plastic prototype that can be interfaced with a cell phone to implement an optofluidic imaging cytometry platform. It is based on a PMMA microfluidic chip that fits inside an opto-mechanical platform fabricated by a 3D printer. The fluorescence excitation and imaging is performed using the LED and the CMOS from the cell phone increasing the compactness of the system. A custom developed application is used to analyze the images and provide a value of particle concentration.

This paper reports on design, fabrication, and characterization of a microfilter to be used in biomedical applications. The microfilter, with mesh of 80 μm, is fabricated by micro-injection molding process in polymeric material (polyoxymethylene (POM)) using a steel mold manufactured by micro-electrical discharge machining process. The characteristics of the filter are investigated by numerical simulation in order to define a suitable geometry for micro-injection molding. Then, different process configurations of parameters (melt temperature, injection velocity, mold temperature, holding pressure and time, cooling time, pressure limit) are tested in order to obtain the complete part filling via micro-injection molding process preventing any defects. Finally, the component is dimensionally characterized and the process parameters optimized to obtain the maximum filtration capacity.

The concept of replaceable micro cavities can be applied in the design of moulds for different applications and the efficiency of the product development stage is greatly improved. The inserts allow easy testing of the design prototypes especially in highly interdisciplinary fields where manufacturing challenges such as replication, structuring of moulds, polymers, sealing, integration of functional elements, and the production of (customised) disposables at competitive prices all still need to be addressed. In this direction laser micromachining technology meets the need for fabricating micro-injection mould inserts with complex shapes and a high level of accuracy.

Brief report on the project activity and main achievements The main goals of the PLUS project were the following: 1) Develop a mold tool with removable inserts 2) Use a femtosecond laser to machine the inserts 3) Implement an integrated optical microscope 4) Validate an integrated optical stretcher of cells The project was very ambitious and high risk, but all major goals have been successfully achieved. The concept of a mold tool with removable inserts has been fully demonstrated.

La tecnica per ottenere un controllo del processo più efficace ed efficiente è data dalla sensorizzazione della cavità stampo. Prendendo dalla meccatronica le tecniche e gli strumenti di controllo e gestione dei segnali, si utilizzano sensori e sistemi di controllo per realizzare avanzati sistemi o impianti elettro-meccanici controllati elettronicamente. Le misure impiegate nel mondo della plastica e della sua trasformazione sono: otemperatura di contatto; opressione interna dello stampo; omisura della forza di estrazione; oforza di chiusura stampo; omonitoraggio in tempo reale del riempimento volumetrico cavità di stampaggio; odeformazione dello stampo. I sensori utilizzati sono: otrasduttori di pressione; otermocoppie; oestensimetri; osensori di posizione. Trasduttori di pressione, termocoppie di cavità a rapida lettura e sensori di posizione sono strumenti che raccolgono informazioni (segnali) e che descrivono, dettagliatamente, tutto il processo di iniezione termoplastica. In questo modo si possono conoscere le reali pressioni che subiscono i polimeri durante la fase di iniezione e di compattamento, monitorare le oscillazioni termiche presenti nella camera di plastificazione (e all'interno dello stampo) e controllare inoltre il sistema di plastificazione (per riscontrare eventuali variazioni reologiche del polimero). Conoscere il processo consente così di agire efficacemente per ottimizzarlo e poter affrontare costruttivamente i problemi che inficiano la conformità del prodotto. I segnali sono le variazioni di qualsiasi grandezza fisica in funzione del tempo e possono essere digitali o analogici. Il segnale analogico varia in maniera continua nel tempo mentre quello digitale varia in modo discreto. Per elaborare il segnale è necessario prima convertirlo in un segnale di tipo elettrico: in tal modo è possibile inviare il segnale ad una scheda di acquisizione che trasforma il segnale in una tabella di numeri binari, che poi l'utente convertirà in numeri decimali. Il trasduttore è un sensore che fornisce ai morsetti di uscita una differenza di potenziale proporzionale alla grandezza che si intende misurare. La misura della pressione della cavità stampo e i sistemi che usano la pressione di cavità per monitorare e controllare il processo di iniezione offrono importanti benefici tecnici ed economici come: oottimizzazione del tempo ciclo; oaccorciamento del tempo di set up; oriduzione del materiale plastico; oriduzione degli scarti. I processi che avvengono nello stampo durante lo stampaggio ad iniezione sono decisivi per la qualità del prodotto finito. I tentativi di descrivere questi processi mediante i parametri macchina (come la pressione idraulica) sono falliti perché gli effetti di solidificazione e l'effetto della comprimibilità del fuso non possono essere registrati da tali parametri. Solo la registrazione continua della pressione in cavità consente di raccogliere, in maniera dettagliata, tutte le informazioni del processo di iniezione, compressione e mantenimento. Da sola, la registrazione della pressione (curva di pressione) correla tutti i parametri significativi dello stampaggio, come il peso, la forma, la formazione di bave, i risucchi, le cavitazioni, il ritiro e le deformazioni. La registrazione della pressione di cavità non solo consente di verificare la qualità dello stampato ma anche di monitorare il mantenimento dei limiti di tolleranza e quindi di prevenire deviazioni del processo che possono condurre alla non conformità. Abbinando questo segnale con altri parametri di processo e della pressa, è possibile creare modelli che consentono di controllare la qualità del processo e del prodotto.

Stato dell'arte sul tema scientifico e tecnologico di sensorizzazione di micro cavità di stampi per stampaggio ad iniezione. Attraverso una ricerca bibliografica, scientifica e brevettuale sono illustrate tutte le soluzioni di sensorizzazione di stampi ad iniezione con particolare attenzione alle soluzioni per il micro stampaggio ad iniezione. Il report tecnico illustra come la tecnica di sensorizzazione si sia sempre più specializzata grazie all'evoluzione ed allo sviluppo di sensori miniaturizzati. Inoltre, la ricerca evidenza le tecniche di analisi dei dati acquisiti e la correlazione con le diverse posizioni di sensorizzazione nello stampo (gate, runners, cavità).

In this project we propose the use of femtosecond lasers and microinjection moulding as a novel highly-flexible microfabrication platform for polymeric LOCs with integrated optical detection, for the realization of low-cost and truly portable biophotonic microsystems. In this project we target the relevant application of LoCs to non-invasive contactless mechanical phenotyping of single cancer cells.

The purpose of this research activity is to evaluate the state of the art related to the design methodologies implemeneted in the field of micro injection moulding, to evaluate the methods that can be derived from conventional injection moulding and to define the strategies useful to implement new methodologies specifically developed for micro injection moulding.

E' stata effettuata la misurazione della rugosità su quattro cavità quadrate di dimensioni 3x3 mm realizzate con la tecnologia milling laser con sorgente laser a femtosecondo. Le quattro prove presentano, a parità di durata della lavorazione, quattro impostazioni dei parametri tecnologici diverse che ne hanno determinato una rugosità diversa e soprattutto una profondità di lavorazione diversa.

L'obiettivo della attività di simulazione è quella di valutare le condizioni di riempimento in base, alle tabelle tecnologiche fornite al fine di provare ad individuare tramite i risultati delle simulazioni a chi imputare il difetto riscontrato durante la sperimentazione di screening che si manifestava con una deformazione completa del componente durante la fase di estrazione poiché la parte terminale del componente stesso era incastrata nello stampo.

Lab-on-chips (LoCs) are microsystems capable of manipulating small amounts of fluids in microfluidic channels. They have a huge application potential, from basic science to chemical synthesis and point-of-care medical analysis. Polymers are rapidly emerging as the material of choice for LoC production, due to the low substrate cost and ease of processing. Two breakthroughs that could promote LoC diffusion are: (i) a microfabrication technology with low-cost rapid prototyping capabilities; (ii) an integrated on-chip optical detection system. In this project we propose the use of femtosecond lasers and microinjection moulding as a novel highly-flexible microfabrication platform for polymeric LOCs with integrated optical detection, for the realization of low-cost and truly portable biophotonic microsystems. In this project we target the relevant application of LoCs to non-invasive contactless mechanical phenotyping of single cancer cells.

The increasing demand for small and even micro scale parts is boosting the development of reliable micro system technologies. Micro-fabrication process capabilities should expand to encompass a wider range of materials and geometric forms, by defining processes and related process chains that can satisfy the specific functional and technical requirements of new emerging multi-material products, and ensure the compatibility of materials and processing technologies throughout these manufacturing chains. Micro injection moulding is the process of transferring the micron or even submicron precision of microstructured metallic moulds to a polymeric products. It represents one of the key technologies for micro manufacturing because its mass production capability and relatively low production cost. Polymers have relatively low cost, and offer good mechanical and thermal strength, electrical insulation, optical transparency, chemical stability and biocompatibility. In this work the authors investigate the micro injection moulding process parameters on the overall quality of a miniaturized dog-bone shaped specimen. The aim of the experimentation is to calibrate the process and set the machine for the correct filling of the component. A set of injection parameters are selected for study by experimental plan and simulation tool and then discussed. Simulation results are used to better understand the polymer flow behaviour during the filling phase. A commercial software is used and input data, collected during the micro injection moulding process, are included using as performance indicators flow front position and moulded mass. Process simulation can provide, at the present time, mostly qualitative input to the designer and process engineer. Two different polymers materials are tested and evaluated in relation to the process replication capability: Polyoxymethylene (POM) and Liquid Cristal Polymer (LCP). Finally, the moulding factors with significant statistical effects are identified. The holding pressure and holding time for POM and the holding pressure and injection velocity for LCP show the highest influence on achieving high part mass.

In recent years, there is an increasing demand for small and even micro scale parts and this trend towards miniaturization makes the micro system technologies of growing importance. Microfabrication process capabilities should expand to encompass a wider range of materials and geometric forms, by defining processes and related process chains that can satisfy the specific functional and technical requirements of new emerging multi-material products, and ensure the compatibility of materials and processing technologies throughout these manufacturing chains. Example technologies to be investigated either individually or in combination are technologies for director rapid manufacturing, energy assisted technologies, microreplication technologies, qualification and inspection methods, functional characterisation methods and integration of "easy and fast" on-line control systems.

Due to its high efficiency for the large scale production of polymeric parts, micro injection moulding is one of the key technologies of the new millennium. Although a lot of researches have been conducted to identify the most effective processing conditions for micro injection moulding, the comprehension of the influence of all parameters on the quality, the properties and the reliability of the moulded parts is still an issue. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the micro injection moulding process conditions on the tensile properties of micro parts, investigating the influence of three main process parameters: the injection speed, the mould temperature and the melt temperature. A full factorial plan has been applied to study the contributions of these parameters and a second study has been performed to understand the synergic interaction between the two temperatures on the tensile strength. Due to its high level of potential crystallinity, a typical semi-crystalline thermoplastic resin was used in the experiments. The results of the analysis showed a great influence of the mould temperature (Tmould ) on the ultimate tensile strength and of the melt temperature (Tmelt ) on the deformation at the point of breaking; whereas the injection speed was significant on the overall mechanical performance. A new studied factor (Tmelt -Tmould ) could affect the resulting molecular structure and consequently the mechanical behaviour, but itself is not sufficient to thoroughly explain the observed behaviour. Moreover, the visual inspection of the deformation mechanism at break shows three distinctive trends demonstrating the great variability of the mechanical properties of micro-injected specimens due to process conditions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

La tecnica per ottenere un controllo del processo più efficace ed efficiente è data dalla sensorizzazione della cavità stampo. Prendendo dalla meccatronica le tecniche e gli strumenti di controllo e gestione dei segnali, si utilizzano sensori e sistemi di controllo per realizzare avanzati sistemi o impianti elettro-meccanici controllati elettronicamente. Il sistema proposto di seguito prevede l'utilizzo di due tipologie di sensori, in particolare una coppia di sensori diretti che permettono di misurare sia la pressione che la temperatura in cavità, le cui specifiche tecniche sono di seguito riportate, ed una coppia di sensori indiretti che permettono di ottenere una misura della pressione in cavità tramite la misura della spinta che l'estrattore riceve dal polimero durante l'intero ciclo e che scarica sul sensore/cella di carico, le cui specifiche tecniche sono di seguito riportate.

L'osservazione delle pareti del kerf ha evidenziato la possibilità di analizzare diverse variabili di risposta. In particolare l'osservazione è stata realizzata utilizzando come strumenti uno stereo microscopio e un rugosimetro.

This document describes the cutting tests performed with the Platino machine equipped with YLR 2000 fiber laser and different collimators. Several optical configurations have been tested in order to find the best cutting performances: high quality for thick materials and high speed for thin materials.

Within the frame of the present project laser beam cutting of stainless steel and mild steel sheets with fibre laser has been investigated. Representative results obtained for different thickness, cutting rates, and measured roughness for cutting stainless steel and mild steel sheets as required by the customer are shown in Table 1. The study was performed on octagonal and circular contours.

Dynamic electricity pricing, in which tariffs vary during the day, has gained more attention over recent decades. In Denmark, the expansion of renewable and fluctuating energy production, primarily in the form of wind power, has increased the need for energy demand flexibility, and with a full rollout of smart meters, dynamic electricity pricing appears as an apparent solution. However, a successful (further) implementation of time-varying electricity rates in Denmark depends on households adopting, accepting and acting on dynamic price signals. The concept of energy flexibility plays an essential role here, but different actors emphasize different aspects of flexibility. For grid companies, who distribute electricity, flexibility is a way to limit or postpone investments. For retailers, who sell electricity, flexibility helps promote products and introduces cost-reflecting prices. Finally, for households, who demand energy, flexibility needs to reflect everyday rhythms and practices. In this paper, we review the initial implementation of dynamic electricity pricing in Denmark. First, focusing on demanding energy flexibility, we describe the modest effect of dynamic pricing and the (modest) adoption of such products based on previous studies. Then, taking social and material contexts into account, we suggest that flexible practices better encapsulate energy demand flexibility rather than flexible consumers, and that price signals work through changing the meaning of household practices. Second, focusing on distributing and selling energy flexibility, we outline the role of grid companies and retailers, and include general descriptions of products on the market today. Finally, we comment on the preliminary and future promotion of time-varying products as well as suggest recommendations for future energy policy and research on dynamic electricity pricing. Dynamic electricity pricing, in which tariffs vary during the day, has gained more attention over recent decades. In Denmark, the expansion of renewable and fluctuating energy production, primarily in the form of wind power, has increased the need for energy demand flexibility, and with a full rollout of smart meters, dynamic electricity pricing appears as an apparent solution. However, a successful (further) implementation of time varying electricity rates in Denmark depends on households adopting, accepting and acting on dynamic price signals. The concept of energy flexibility plays an essential role here, but different actors emphasize different aspects of flexibility. For grid companies, who distribute electricity, flexibility is a way to limit or postpone investments. For retailers, who sell electricity, flexibility helps promote products and introduces cost-reflecting prices. Finally, for households, who demand energy, flexibility needs to reflect everyday rhythms and practices. In this paper, we review the initial implementation of dynamic electricity pricing in Denmark. First, focusing on demanding energy flexibility, we describe the modest effect of dynamic pricing and the (modest) adoption of such products based on previous studies. Then, taking social and material contexts into account, we suggest that flexible practices better encapsulate energy demand flexibility rather than flexible consumers, and that price signals work through changing the meaning of household practices. Second, focusing on distributing and selling energy flexibility, we outline the role of grid companies and retailers, and include general descriptions of products on the market today. Finally, we comment on the preliminary and future promotion of time-varying products as well as suggest recommendations for future energy policy and research on dynamic electricity pricing.