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Current crop management worldwide is shifting toward the use of environmentally friendly products. With this objective, we developed a new phytosanitary product with biostimulant properties based on the encapsulation of garlic extract at a lower dose (<0.1%) in chitosan nanoparticles as a seed nano-priming agent. In the present study, the morphology of the nanoparticles, their stability under prolonged storage conditions, and their efficacy as a biostimulant are evaluated on cereals in rainfed crops, and the activities were correlated with a transcriptomic analysis. The nanoparticles showed a spherical shape and had a maximum size close to 200 nm with satisfactory stability at 4 °C, reducing the probability of aggregation processes in the nanoparticles. The biostimulant properties of the nano-priming agent were evaluated in a field experiment with wheat, barley, and oat seeds at 30 and 90 days, showing that plants treated with nanoparticles showed significant differences with higher values in root development, leaf length, and total plant weight. Finally, through a RNA-SEQ analysis of the treated wheat seeds, we have confirmed that the nano-treatment showed a higher increases in regard to development, metabolism, and plant response genes compared with untreated seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is widely studied as a promising technique for soil stabilization and cementation. The solidification inhomogeneity resulted from higher urease activities always hampers the wide application of EICP. To date, several methods have been developed to effectively improve the solidification homogeneity at temperatures below 60 °C; however, several practical application fields have a higher environmental temperature over 60, even reaching 75 °C. The higher urease activity and quick decay at these temperatures easily result in solidification inhomogeneity and eventually lower strengths. In this study, the combined addition of garlic extract (GE) and dithiothreitol (DTT) was proposed to solve the problem. The influence of the proposed method on urease activities and production rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was investigated and the sand solidification test was conducted to further study the influence of the method on treatment effects. Results showed that the urease activity significantly decreased with the GE addition, while the urease activity increased after the DTT addition, regardless of temperatures. With a higher content of DTT, both the increasing ranges of urease activities and production rates for CaCO3 were larger. In the sand solidification test, the GE addition decreased the precipitation rate of CaCO3 at high temperatures, which was beneficial to obtain smaller differences in sonic time values and CaCO3 contents at different parts of sand columns. Subsequently, the DTT would recover urease activity to ensure a sufficient produced amount of CaCO3 and to achieve higher strength. The optimum contents of GE and DTT were different for the samples solidified at different temperatures. The proposed method had significant application potential in the fields of geotechnical and materials engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate botanical insecticides as a technological device for synthetic input substitution in peri-urban horticultural system transitions. For that purpose, a Participatory Action Research (PAR) framework was proposed, and garlic extracts (GE) performance was evaluated for pest and natural enemy regulation in lettuce crops in conventional and agroecological contexts. Through three PAR cycles under actual production conditions, we observed GE effectiveness on aphids, thrips, and natural enemies. Additionally, context-specific adaptations were noticed: for conventional systems; the extract is useful near harvest and serves as a trust-building tool while reducing synthetic insecticide dependence. Instead, for agroecological systems, garlic extract highlighted biodiversity's relevance for system redesign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of drug‐resistant strains in tuberculosis treatment underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the anti‐tuberculosis activity of green‐synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using garlic and astragalus extracts. The physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles confirms successful synthesis, followed by assessment of their antibacterial properties and safety profile. Rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are treated with nanocomposites derived from garlic extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight. Evaluation includes the analysis of Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT‐6) expression and confirmation of antibodies through molecular assays. Administration of garlic and nanocomposites demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on tuberculosis progression in rats, validated by safety assessments and antibacterial efficacy. Notably, the 100 mg/kg dosage exhibits pronounced mitigation of tuberculosis‐induced oxidative stress and lung damage. In conclusion, the combined administration of garlic extracts and green‐synthesized nanocomposites shows promising efficacy in reducing tuberculosis infection, highlighting a potential avenue for anti‐tuberculosis interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), varying in size, against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans, as well as the antimicrobial effects of aqueous extracts and lyophilized powders of Allium (garlic) species. CNPs were synthesized through ionotropic gelation and characterized by Z potential, hydrodynamic diameter (dynamic light scattering, DLS), and SEM. Aqueous garlic extracts were prepared via decoction. We assessed antimicrobial activity using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods; in addition, a modified agar proportion method in blood agar was used for antimicrobial activity against MTB. CNPs inhibited MTB growth at 300 μg for 116.6 nm particles and 400 μg for 364.4 nm particles. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against E. faecalis with nanoparticles between 200 and 280 nm. Allium sativum extract produced inhibition for C. albicans at 100 μg. The results indicate that CNPs possess significant antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, including MTB, at high concentrations. On the other hand, aqueous Allium sativum extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity. Nonetheless, due to their instability in solution, the use of lyophilized Allium sativum powder is preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The research provides valuable insights for designing garlic-based products with enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness for both food preservation and health applications. The health properties of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are attributed to thiosulfinates, flavonoids, phenols, and bioactive polysaccharides. These compounds, however, can degrade during processing methods. As hot air-drying is a commonly used preservation method due to its relatively simple operation, this study investigated the effects of garlic slices dried at various temperatures (50, 70, and 90 °C) on the growth kinetic parameters of model strain Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, the total thiosulfinate content (TTC), and the total phenolic content (TPC). Observations showed that the concentration of garlic extracts was a significant factor influencing the kinetics of bacterial growth, while the garlic drying temperature appeared to have no effect on E. coli activity. Analysis of TTS in fresh and dried garlic did not reveal statistically significant differences in their levels. However, hot air drying at 50 °C significantly reduced the TPC by nearly 25%, whereas drying garlic at higher temperatures (70 °C and 90 °C) did not lead to a significant loss in TPC compared to the raw samples. The determined growth kinetic parameters of the tested E. coli strain could serve as a basis for selecting optimal drying process conditions and extract concentrations when designing garlic products with enhanced antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly copper nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from the interaction of a cheap and accessible precursor, blue alum with biomolecules (polyphenols, flavonoids, proteins, terpenoids and organic sulfur compounds) in the garlic extract as the reducing of copper(II) ions, and its protector and stabilizer. As-synthesized Cu NPs were characterized by conventional methods such as XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, TGA and EDX. Observing the absorption maximum at the wavelength of 580 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum of the suspension solution indicated the formation of copper nanoparticles due to its surface plasma resonance. The results of the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the average size of copper crystallite was 65 nm. The morphology of the synthesized sample by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that copper NPs were irregular spherical. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) estimated the average size of copper particles to be 70 nm. The as-synthesized copper NPs were used as a nano-catalyst in the reduction process of methylene blue (MB) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The results showed that by increasing the amount of copper NPs, the rate of methylene blue reduction reaction increased. By adding 0.0010 g of as-synthesized copper NPs to a solution containing 25 mL of methylene blue 20 ppm and 25 mL of sodium borohydride 200 ppm, it reduced time of the reaction from 4 hours to 2 minutes and its efficiency was 77%. The complete reaction time of 25 mL of methylene blue solution with concentrations of 30, 40 and 50 ppm by 25 mL of sodium borohydride 200 ppm in the presence of 0.0010 g of copper NPs took 15, 25 and 28 minutes, respectively. The effect of solution pH showed that in a certain amount of nanoparticles, the reduction rate of methylene blue was higher in an alkaline environment.

Abstract Toxic heavy metal lead enters in the environment due to industrial and anthropogenic activity threatens ecosystems and public health. Natural garlic extract (GE) exhibits antioxidant properties and various applications against several ailments. Therefore, this study scrutinized the protective effects of tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate-coated garlic selenium (TPGS-GSNP) against lead acetate (LA) toxicity in rabbits. Sixty-four mature male rabbits were involved and divided into 8 equal groups. They received distilled water (negative control; T1), 30 mg/kg bw of LA (positive control; T2), 800 mg/kg bw of GE (T3), GE + LA (T4), 1 mg/kg bw of TPGS-Selenium (T5), TPGS-S + LA (T6), 1 mg/kg bw of TPGS-GSNP (T7), and TPGS-GSNP + LA (T8). Consequently, treatments were administered three times a week for 12 weeks. Following the treatment period, serum oxidant-antioxidant, protein, and lipid profiles, liver and kidney function, histopathological findings of the adrenal, liver, and kidneys, femur bone marrow chromosomal aberrations, and mitotic activity were collected and analysed. LA exposure showed significant reductions in antioxidant levels, organ weights, and mitotic activity while increasing oxidative stress, corticosteroid levels, and chromosomal aberrations. Importantly, TPGS-GSNP administration significantly improved these markers compared to the LA group. In addition, histological analysis revealed structural improvements of the studied organs in the TPGS-GSNP group compared to the LA group, which displayed high cellular necrotic and degenerative changes. In conclusion, synthetic TPGS-GSNP demonstrated higher protective efficacy against LA-induced toxicity compared to natural GE or selenium alone. However, more future studies could be conducted to explore the potential of TPGS-GSNP as an anticancer or immunomodulatory agent.

Considering the stricter European regulations for chemical pesticides (e.g. abolishment of the use of chemical soil fumigation products, such as methyl bromide), the need for more sustainable plant protection products is strongly increasing. In this research, Product X, an innovative mixture of bio-nematicidal compounds was developed and evaluated for efficacy. Product X showed a direct nematicidal effect against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In pot trials with tomato plants infected with M. incognita, Product X treatment lead to a significant reduction in nematode-induced gall formation. mRNA-sequencing indicated alterations in phytohormone levels and ROSmetabolism in tomato roots upon treatment with Product X, which was subsequently biochemically validated. Increased levels of abscisic acid and peroxidase activity seem to be the main factors in the response of tomato plants to Product X. Long-term administration of Product X did not yield negative effects on tomato growth or yield. In conclusion, Product X provides a new interesting mix of bio-active compounds in the combat against rootknot nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nano-nickel oxide particles have been prepared by the biosynthesis method from a reaction of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O with the help of Phytoconstituents present in the garlic extract solution as both capping and stabilizing agents, and heating sediment at 400 °C for five hours. The surface of nano-NiO particles was rectified by palmitic and stearic acids. The change of property of hydrophobic of coated nano-NiO particles was proved via lipophilic degree (LD) tests. These results proved that the LD of the coated nano-NiO particles increased with increasing the rectifier values to up to 5.0 wt%. Optimal surface coating of nano-NiO particles was also achieved at 35 °C during a reaction time of 150 min. The coated nano- NiO particles were identified by XRD pattern, EDX and FT-IR spectra, TGA analysis, and SEM images. The results showed that the chains of palmitic and stearic acids have been effectively connected onto the surface of nano-NiO particles and that percentage of grafting can reach 2.1 and 2.7 wt% respectively. The SEM images show a good dispersity after the coating of nano-NiO particles by fatty acids. This betterment in the dispersal of nano-NiO particles indicated that grafted chains of fatty acids on nano- NiO particles could markedly prevent aggregation of nano-NiO particles in acetone and liquid paraffin. The photocatalytic behavior of improved nano-NiO particles was also investigated for the destruction of methyl orange (MO). The results proved that catalytic destruction of nano-NiO particles decreases when anchored by palmitic and stearic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN EGYPT, the aim is to increase onion productivity through the application of natural and organic stimulants, harnessing sustainable agricultural practices to meet the growing demand for this essential crop. By adopting these methods, farmers strive to enhance yields while minimizing environmental impact, thus contributing to the nation's food security and economic stability. Therefore, a field experiment was executed under drip irrigation system over two consecutive seasons (2022/23 and 2023/24) to assess the efficacy of applying potassium humate and potassium fulvate at a rate of 5.0 kg per feddan. These compounds, derived from organic matter, served as the main factor alongside the control group. Additionally, natural stimulants, such as onion extract (250.0 ml L-1), garlic extract (250.0 ml L-1), ginger extract (2%) and moringa extract (2%), applied via spraying, were examined as the sub main factor alongside the control group. Various traits were assessed and quantified, including leaves chemical constituents (N,P,K,%) and chlorophyll content at 85 days after transplanting. Additionally, physical and quality characteristics of bulbs, such as bulb weight and diameter, neck diameter, total bulb yield, and marketable bulb yield, were measured. Furthermore, the bulbs' content of vitamin C, total dissolved solids, total sugar, dry matter, fiber, anthocyanin, pyruvic acid, carbohydrates and protein were determined. Concerning humic substances, the highest values for all examined traits were observed when potassium fulvate was applied, followed by potassium humate and then the control group. As for the natural stimulants, the most effective treatment was moringa extract, followed by ginger extract, garlic extract, and finally onion extract, with all natural stimulants showing better performance compared to the control group. Generally, treating onion plants with potassium fulvate in conjunction with spraying moringa extract yielded the most favourable results. By adopting sustainable agricultural practices and incorporating these effective treatments, farmers can optimize yields while minimizing environmental impact, thereby contributing to national food security and economic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and impaired islet secretion that places a heavy burden on the global health care system due to its high incidence rate, long disease course and many complications. Fortunately, garlic (Allium sativum L.), a well-known medicinal plant and functional food without the toxicity and side effects of conventional drugs, has shown positive effects in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. With interdisciplinary development and in-depth exploration, we offer a clear and comprehensive summary of the research from the past ten years, focusing on the mechanisms and development processes of garlic in the treatment of diabetes and its complications, aiming to provide a new perspective for the treatment of diabetes and promote the efficient development of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly copper nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from the interaction of a cheap and accessible precursor, blue alum with biomolecules (polyphenols, flavonoids, proteins, terpenoids and organic sulfur compounds) in the garlic extract as the reducing of copper(II) ions, and its protector and stabilizer. As-synthesized Cu NPs were characterized by conventional methods such as XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, TGA and EDX. Observing the absorption maximum at the wavelength of 580 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum of the suspension solution indicated the formation of copper nanoparticles due to its surface plasma resonance. The results of the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the average size of copper crystallite was 65 nm. The morphology of the synthesized sample by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that copper NPs were irregular spherical. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) estimated the average size of copper particles to be 70 nm. The as-synthesized copper NPs were used as a nano-catalyst in the reduction process of methylene blue (MB) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The results showed that by increasing the amount of copper NPs, the rate of methylene blue reduction reaction increased. By adding 0.0010 g of as-synthesized copper NPs to a solution containing 25 mL of methylene blue 20 ppm and 25 mL of sodium borohydride 200 ppm, it reduced time of the reaction from 4 hours to 2 minutes and its efficiency was 77%. The complete reaction time of 25 mL of methylene blue solution with concentrations of 30, 40 and 50 ppm by 25 mL of sodium borohydride 200 ppm in the presence of 0.0010 g of copper NPs took 15, 25 and 28 minutes, respectively. The effect of solution pH showed that in a certain amount of nanoparticles, the reduction rate of methylene blue was higher in an alkaline environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Physical activity and using herbal supplements are essential for improving health, prevention and reduction of the complications of diseases caused by obesity. A recent study examined the effects of combining garlic and stevia extract with aerobic training on the structural changes of adipose tissue in obese rats. Materials and Methods: The study involved 35 obese male Wistar rats divided into seven groups of five: healthy control, obese control, obese + garlic, obese + stevia, obese + aerobic training, obese + garlic + aerobic training, and obese + stevia + aerobic training. Obesity was induced over 12 weeks, followed by aerobic training on a treadmill and consumption of garlic and stevia extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg dissolved in drinking water for eight weeks. Qualitative examination of structural changes in adipose tissue was conducted using light microscopy, and body weight was analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Obesity leads to pathological alterations in white adipose tissue, such as cell enlargement, membrane disintegration, and the presence of small and indistinct nuclei, as well as mild pathological changes in brown adipose tissue, including the formation of numerous fat droplets. In the obese group, the consumption of garlic led to a reduction of changes in white adipose tissue to a minimum and zero changes in brown adipose tissue, although some inflammation and hyperemia were observed in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, consuming stevia resulted in minimum changes in white adipose cells, with no observed change in brown adipose tissue. When aerobic training was performed, as well as aerobic training in combination with garlic extract, all changes induced by obesity vanished. Conversely, aerobic training in combination with stevia led to minor alterations in white adipose tissue. Conclusion: Engaging in aerobic exercise, either on its own or in conjunction with garlic extract, has been shown to enhance the structural changes of adipose tissue in obese rats, regardless of weight reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer includes tumor subgroups with morphological, molecular, and clinical differences. Intrinsic heterogeneity especially characterizes breast tumors with a triple negative phenotype, often leading to the failure of even the most advanced therapeutic strategies. To improve breast cancer treatment, the use of natural agents to integrate conventional therapies is the subject of ever-increasing attention. In this context, garlic (Allium sativum) shows anti-cancerous potential, interfering with the proliferation, motility, and malignant progression of both non-invasive and invasive breast tumor cells. As heterogeneity could be at the basis of variable effects, the main objective of our study was to evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of a garlic extract in breast cancer cells with a triple negative phenotype. Established triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were used, revealing subtype-dependent effects on morphology, cell cycle, and invasive potential, correlated with the peculiar down-modulation of Akt signaling, a crucial regulator in solid tumors. Our results first demonstrate that the effects of garlic on TNBC breast cancer are not unique and suggest that only more precise knowledge of the mechanisms activated by this natural compound in each tumor will allow for the inclusion of garlic in personalized therapeutic approaches to breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic heavy metal lead enters in the environment due to industrial and anthropogenic activity threatens ecosystems and public health. Natural garlic extract (GE) exhibits antioxidant properties and various applications against several ailments. Therefore, this study scrutinized the protective effects of tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate-coated garlic selenium (TPGS-GSNP) against lead acetate (LA) toxicity in rabbits. Sixty-four mature male rabbits were involved and divided into 8 equal groups. They received distilled water (negative control; T1), 30 mg/kg bw of LA (positive control; T2), 800 mg/kg bw of GE (T3), GE + LA (T4), 1 mg/kg bw of TPGS-Selenium (T5), TPGS-S + LA (T6), 1 mg/kg bw of TPGS-GSNP (T7), and TPGS-GSNP + LA (T8). Consequently, treatments were administered three times a week for 12 weeks. Following the treatment period, serum oxidant-antioxidant, protein, and lipid profiles, liver and kidney function, histopathological findings of the adrenal, liver, and kidneys, femur bone marrow chromosomal aberrations, and mitotic activity were collected and analysed. LA exposure showed significant reductions in antioxidant levels, organ weights, and mitotic activity while increasing oxidative stress, corticosteroid levels, and chromosomal aberrations. Importantly, TPGS-GSNP administration significantly improved these markers compared to the LA group. In addition, histological analysis revealed structural improvements of the studied organs in the TPGS-GSNP group compared to the LA group, which displayed high cellular necrotic and degenerative changes. In conclusion, synthetic TPGS-GSNP demonstrated higher protective efficacy against LA-induced toxicity compared to natural GE or selenium alone. However, more future studies could be conducted to explore the potential of TPGS-GSNP as an anticancer or immunomodulatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of the plant seed yield and quality represents the basis of the successful productivity of the deriving crop. The effect of single and combined foliar treatments of lettuce plants with sodium selenate and garlic bulb extract on seed yield and quality and on mature plant biochemical characteristics was investigated using four lettuce cultivars (Bouquet, Picnic, Moskovsky parnikovy and Cavalier). The seed production of plants treated with Se increased by 20–41%, compared to the untreated control plants, while the augmentation was as much as 10–23% and 17–27% under garlic extract and the joint application of Se and garlic, respectively. Garlic extract stimulated the accumulation of Se in lettuce seeds, which rose by 1.21–1.29 times compared to the Se-treated plants. The proline levels in lettuce seeds exceeded the corresponding values recorded in the control ones by 1.32–1.64 times in the case of the Se supply, 1.10–1.47 times upon garlic extract application and 1.09–1.31 times under the combined Se/garlic treatment. All the treatments given to lettuce plants increased the leaf weight by 1.10–1.30 times, compared to the untreated control. The seed Se levels positively correlated with the leaf weight (r = 0.621; p < 0.005), chlorophyll (r = 0.672, p < 0.002) and total antioxidant activity (AOA; r = 0.730, p < 0.001) of plants grown from these seeds. Positive correlations were also recorded between the seed proline content and lettuce plant leaf weight, chlorophyll and AOA (r = 0.868, 0.811 and 0.815, respectively, at p < 0.001). Lettuce yield was positively correlated with the leaf AOA, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content (r = 0.942, 0.921 and 0.665, respectively, at p < 0.001). The results indicate high prospects of Na2SeO4 and garlic extract application to seed-addressed lettuce plants, to improve seed productivity and quality, as well as lettuce yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the stricter European regulations for chemical pesticides (e.g. abolishment of the use of chemical soil fumigation products, such as methyl bromide), the need for more sustainable plant protection products is strongly increasing. In this research, Product X, an innovative mixture of bio-nematicidal compounds was developed and evaluated for efficacy. Product X showed a direct nematicidal effect against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In pot trials with tomato plants infected with M. incognita, Product X treatment lead to a significant reduction in nematode-induced gall formation. mRNA-sequencing indicated alterations in phytohormone levels and ROS-metabolism in tomato roots upon treatment with Product X, which was subsequently biochemically validated. Increased levels of abscisic acid and peroxidase activity seem to be the main factors in the response of tomato plants to Product X. Long-term administration of Product X did not yield negative effects on tomato growth or yield. In conclusion, Product X provides a new interesting mix of bio-active compounds in the combat against root-knot nematodes.

This study was designed to estimate the effect of garlic extract on H. pylori isolated from poultry meat at Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. In the laboratory, the isolation of H. pylori was done under aseptic conditions using modified Campy-blood agar and Belohorizonte agar. Purification isolates were done on the same agar media-biochemical examinations employed for the identification comprised essential biochemical tests. In vitro studies, show that H.pylori was survived at 2% of garlic extract, whereas at 4% and 6%, it was observed that the inhibition zone 10mm and 20mm respectively. In an experimental study, the count number of H. pylori was reduced with 2% and 4% of garlic extract, while at 6% no growth occurred. We concluded that treating chicken meat with garlic extract reduces the number of H.pylori cells, and garlic extract plays an important role in food preservation. Due to the significance of this study, we recommend further research and studies on H. pylori in different governorates of Yemen, particularly on the prevalence of H. pylori in various types of food, mainly food of animal origin, and study the impact of some medicinal plants such as garlic.

Exploring the advantages of medicinal plants encourages research on the effectiveness of medicinal plants as a substitute for antibiotics to stimulate metabolism and immunity and improve the performance and productivity of tropical chickens. This research was conducted to determine the feed efficiency and immunity of tropical chickens fed a basal diet substituted with varying amounts of garlic extract (GE). This study utilized 150 chickens that were grouped into five treatments. Each treatment had three replicates, and each replicate consisted of 10 chickens. The treatment was GE0 = control diet, GE2 = basal diet + GE 2%, GE4 = basal diet + GE 4%, GE6 = basal diet + GE 6%, and GE8 = basal diet + GE 8%. The results showed that adding garlic extract positively affected this research, indicating that garlic extract might improve the feed efficiency and immunity of tropical chickens.

This study evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), varying in size, against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans, as well as the antimicrobial effects of aqueous extracts and lyophilized powders of Allium (garlic) species. CNPs were synthesized through ionotropic gelation and characterized by Z potential, hydrodynamic diameter (dynamic light scattering, DLS), and SEM. Aqueous garlic extracts were prepared via decoction. We assessed antimicrobial activity using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods; in addition, a modified agar proportion method in blood agar was used for antimicrobial activity against MTB. CNPs inhibited MTB growth at 300 μg for 116.6 nm particles and 400 μg for 364.4 nm particles. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against E. faecalis with nanoparticles between 200 and 280 nm. Allium sativum extract produced inhibition for C. albicans at 100 μg. The results indicate that CNPs possess significant antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, including MTB, at high concentrations. On the other hand, aqueous Allium sativum extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity. Nonetheless, due to their instability in solution, the use of lyophilized Allium sativum powder is preferable.

The health properties of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are attributed to thiosulfinates, flavonoids, phenols, and bioactive polysaccharides. These compounds, however, can degrade during processing methods. As hot air-drying is a commonly used preservation method due to its relatively simple operation, this study investigated the effects of garlic slices dried at various temperatures (50, 70, and 90 °C) on the growth kinetic parameters of model strain Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, the total thiosulfinate content (TTC), and the total phenolic content (TPC). Observations showed that the concentration of garlic extracts was a significant factor influencing the kinetics of bacterial growth, while the garlic drying temperature appeared to have no effect on E. coli activity. Analysis of TTS in fresh and dried garlic did not reveal statistically significant differences in their levels. However, hot air drying at 50 °C significantly reduced the TPC by nearly 25%, whereas drying garlic at higher temperatures (70 °C and 90 °C) did not lead to a significant loss in TPC compared to the raw samples. The determined growth kinetic parameters of the tested E. coli strain could serve as a basis for selecting optimal drying process conditions and extract concentrations when designing garlic products with enhanced antimicrobial properties.

Background: Hypertension is a condition that is often found in primary health care. Basic Health Research data for 2018 show that the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia is 34.1%. Efforts that have been made to reduce the impact of hypertension include pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. Herbal therapy is included in complementary therapy, one of the herbal therapies to reduce blood pressure is the consumption of garlic. Garlic contains allicin and hydrogen sulfide which dilate and make blood vessels less rigid so blood pressure will decrease. Purpose: To determine the effect of garlic extract on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Methods: This is a pretest-posttest pre-experimental study for the causal relationship of garlic extract with a decrease in blood pressure. The samples of this study were hypertensive patients. The statistical tests used were the friedman test to compare pre, post-1, and post-2 and the Wilcoxon test to compare two repeated observations which were analyzed using Software Program Statistics System. Results: For systolic blood pressure, the statistical test results obtain a p-value of (0.000)

This study involved the incorporation of an antibacterial garlic extract into titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs) formed via the anodization of Ti6Al4V implants. The garlic extract, obtained through low-temperature extraction aided by ultrasound waves, was loaded into the nanotubes. The presence of the nanotubes was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to investigate the presence of bioactive compounds, particularly sulfur compounds responsible for garlic's antibacterial effects. The impact of loading two concentrations (0.1 and 0.2 g per milliliter) of garlic extract on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria was examined. Results indicated a decrease in the growth range of S. aureus from 109 to 106 (CFU/ml) and E. coli from 1011 to 109 (CFU/ml) upon treatment. Additionally, cell adhesion and viability tests conducted on MG63 cells revealed an 8% increase in cell viability with the 0.1 g per milliliter concentration and a 35% decrease with the 0.2 g per milliliter concentration of garlic extract after 72 h of incubation (They have been evaluated by Microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay). GC-MS analysis identified the presence of diethyl phthalate compounds in the garlic extract, suggesting a potential correlation with cellular toxicity observed in the sample with the higher concentration (0.2 g per milliliter) of garlic extract. Overall, the TNTs loaded with 0.1 g per milliliter of garlic extract simultaneously demonstrated antibacterial activity, cell viability, adhesion, and growth enhancement.

Garlic (scientifically known as Allium Sativum) is a plant belongs to the Lilyaceae family, which is native to Central Asia. This plant has been used for centuries as a spice and food seasoning and as a medicine in herbal medicine in the treatment of various diseases. The antimicrobial property of garlic extract was evaluated by antibiogram test. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were studied by disk diffusion and tube dilution method. Afterward, chitosan-based hydrogel and carboxy methyl cellulose-based hydrogel were synthesized. The structure of hydrogels was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) devices. The swelling rate of the hydrogel and the release of the extract from the hydrogel were measured. Then, the antimicrobial property of hydrogels containing garlic extract was investigated. The MIC of garlic extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 0.024 and 0.049 g / ml, respectively. The MBC of the extract for S. aureus, E. coli was 0.049 and 0.098 g / ml, respectively. Thus, it was found that the antimicrobial activity of garlic on gram-positive bacteria S. aureus was higher than gram-negative bacteria E. coli. The extract loaded on both hydrogels was controlled release. Hydrogels containing the extract also showed growth inhibition and death in S. aureus and E. coli, but had no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was performed in the open field of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department Nursery, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons to improve the quality of Gladiolus grandiflorus ‘Peters Pears’ growth and flowering. To achieve this goal different planting dates (July, October and February) and various soil drench additions (yeast and garlic extracts) were employed, while different parameters i.e. plant height (cm), leaf number/plant, spike stem length (cm), spike fresh and dry weights (g), corms fresh and dry weights (g), and pigments content of the fresh leaves (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids; mg/g f.w.) were measured. The obtained results showed that planting on 15th October in addition to soil drenching with yeast extract produced the highest values in most studied characters except for corms' fresh and dry weights (g) which were increased by planting on 15th February in addition to soil drenching with yeast extract. So, to obtain the best results it is recommended to plant Gladiolus grandiflorus ‘Peters Pears’ corms on 15th October in addition to soil drenching with yeast extract (2 g/l three times at 15-day intervals)

Breast cancer includes tumor subgroups with morphological, molecular, and clinical differences. Intrinsic heterogeneity especially characterizes breast tumors with a triple negative phenotype, often leading to the failure of even the most advanced therapeutic strategies. To improve breast cancer treatment, the use of natural agents to integrate conventional therapies is the subject of ever-increasing attention. In this context, garlic (Allium sativum) shows anti-cancerous potential, interfering with the proliferation, motility, and malignant progression of both non-invasive and invasive breast tumor cells. As heterogeneity could be at the basis of variable effects, the main objective of our study was to evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of a garlic extract in breast cancer cells with a triple negative phenotype. Established triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were used, revealing subtype-dependent effects on morphology, cell cycle, and invasive potential, correlated with the peculiar down-modulation of Akt signaling, a crucial regulator in solid tumors. Our results first demonstrate that the effects of garlic on TNBC breast cancer are not unique and suggest that only more precise knowledge of the mechanisms activated by this natural compound in each tumor will allow for the inclusion of garlic in personalized therapeutic approaches to breast cancer.

MgO nanoparticles are gaining popularity because of their potential applications in several different industries, such as bioengineering, medicine, and environmental protection. The fabrication of MgO nanoparticles with enhanced biological properties remains difficult, despite the growing interest in this area. In this paper, we describe a method that minimizes environmental impact when manufacturing MgO nanoparticles using garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract. For ages, one of the most vital functions in human nutrition and medicine has been played by garlic. Garlic also contains phytochemicals that are effective against cancer and microbes. Our goal was to increase the medicinal relevance of MgO nanoparticles while decreasing our reliance on harmful chemicals. Various characterization techniques were employed to confirm the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles, including SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD. The study findings indicate that the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles yielded a polycrystalline cubic configuration with a crystal size of 55–60 nm. The results of the EDX analysis suggest that only Mg and O elements are present, without any detectable impurities. The efficacy of MgO nanoparticles against gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and a fungal pathogen (Candida albicans) was investigated. The results indicated that MgO nanoparticles exhibited high effectiveness against all three microorganisms. The study revealed that MgO nanoparticles exhibit potent anticancer properties against human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species production in cancer cells by MgO nanoparticles suggests oxidative stress pathway-mediated anticancer action. The present research highlights the significance of utilizing medicinal plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer and microcidal properties.

Despite the broad research available in the literature dealing with garlic health benefits, little information is found regarding the functional properties of garlic components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emulsification properties of garlic water-soluble compounds (GWSC), encompassing proteins, saponins, and carbohydrates, after heat treatment (10 min at 95 °C) or pH adjustments (2.5, 3.5, and 7.8). After the various treatments, the extracts were used as such or filtrated (0.45 µm), and 10% soybean oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using low (0.48%) or high (6.55% wt/wt) extract concentrations. Results showed that whereas at low GWSC concentrations, both heating and acidifying resulted in the formation of bigger oil droplet sizes (i.e., from d32 = 0.36 µm using unmodified extract to d32 = 7–22 µm at pH 2.5 with or without extract filtration), the effects were opposite at the highest GWSC concentration. In the latter, heat treatment clearly reduced the droplet size as observed from the micrographs as well as the degree of creaming, though the occurrence of depletion and/or bridging flocculation was still strong. The acidification of the extract at this high GWSC concentration significantly reduced the droplet size, as observed from the micrographs; however, a strong flocculation was observed. Removal of protein aggregates, and possibly also saponin micelles, from the extract resulted in an obvious increase in emulsion droplet size. This research brings valuable insights on this study and utilisation of novel natural food emulsifiers from plant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the quality of poultry meat and increase the health-promoting properties, poultry nutrition used additives such as phytobiotic substances and amino acids. The aim of this study was to analyze the possibility of improving production rates and meat quality by simultaneously supplementing broiler diets with garlic extract and β-alanine. A total of 1050 ROSS 308 broiler chickens were part of the experiment. The chickens were divided into several groups: the control group without additives (Control), groups with 0.5% garlic extract (G05) or 2% garlic extract (G2), groups with 0.5% added β-alanine (B0.5) or 2% added β-alanine (B2), and groups with both 0.5% added garlic extract and 0.5% added β-alanine (BG0.5) or 2% garlic extract and 2% added β-alanine (BG2). Each group was further divided into six replicates, with each replicate consisting of 25 birds. After 35 days of rearing, the chickens were slaughtered, and analyses were conducted on breast and leg muscle chemistry, bioactive peptide content, and the oxidative status indicator dimalondialdehyde in muscles stored under refrigeration until day 10.The results showed significant improvements in certain aspects. The BG05 group exhibited an increase in final body weight (P<0.001) and improved feed utilization (P<0.001). The β-alanine-supplemented groups showed higher levels of protein (P<0.001), carnosine (P<0.001), and anserine (P<0.001) in both breast and leg muscles. Additionally, leg muscles showed increased levels of protein (P<0.001), carnosine (P<0.001),and anserine (P<0.001).Notably, the BG05 group contained lower levels of MDA in both breast and leg muscles (P<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine the effects of garlic extract as feed supplement on the growth performance, body content, blood indicators and culture water quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under stress ammonia. A total number of 156 fish (Average weight 18.37±1.43g and total length 12.27±0.52cm) were reared in twelve 50-L tanks for 60 days (First period: 50 days of feeding with different levels of garlic extract) and (Second period: 10 days under ammonia stress of 0.024 mg /L). Experimental included adding different levels of extract to base food, 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% (control, A1, A2 and A3, respectively). The growth performance was significantly higher in fish fed garlic extract supplementation than control. There was a significant difference in feed conversion ratio between different treatments, so that was obtained the lowest in A2 and the highest in control. Protein, immunoglobulin and cortisol concentrations were significantly affected by different levels of garlic. The end of the experiment period, the fish were kept in a close recirculation system for 24 hours. Water sampling was carried out every 4 hours. Water ammonia increased from 16 to 24 hours of the test. At the end of the experiment (time 24), the highest ammonia was obtained in treatment A3 (0.43). In general, the results showed that the addition of 1 to 1.5% garlic extract improved the growth performance and immune response in rainbow trout, while in the recirculation system, the water quality of the rearing environment was better in the control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a sudden high demand of the population for herbal products in the current scenario. Plant-derived various natural products have been utilized in the treatment of various diseases since ancient times. The constituents of these products are mostly herbal extracts, such as polyphenols, garlic, turmeric, aloe vera, green tea, neem, fenugreek, and basil leaves. The most active and beneficial component of garlic is considered allicin. It has the following properties such as antibiotic effect, antioxidant effect, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition, antineoplastic activity, and anti-inflammatory effect. A wide range of beneficial effects of garlic extracts has been seen to have on oral health. Garlic extracts have proven to be a potential agent for reducing gingival and periodontal diseases in many studies. In an in vitro study, aged garlic extract (AGE) showed gingival wound healing. AGE has proved to be effective against chlorhexidine gluconate in inhibiting plaque bacteria in vitro as well as in vivo. Garlic extracts have antimycotic activity toward a group of fungal agents which also includes its role in denture stomatitis. Due to its role in inhibiting carcinogenesis, AGE is shown to improve the signs and symptoms of stage II oral submucous fibrosis patients. Despite all the beneficial effects, it has a potential risk factor for postsurgical bleeding, chemical burn in oral mucosa, malodor, and mucosal irritation. With all the health benefits, AGE can be used as an alternate to other antibiotics and a potential agent for many oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of two plant extracts, garlic and thyme, on the theront and tomont stages of the parasitic protozoa Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was evaluated. For this purpose, first, hydroalcoholic extracts of these plants were prepared. In the next step, both stages of the parasite were exposed. The parasite survival rate at each concentration, every 3 hours and for 12 hours were recorded and LD50 of each extract in this time period was calculated using Probite method. Malachite green was used as a positive control. The results showed that the LD50 of garlic and thyme on tomont were 1 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. While this amount was 0.24 mg/L for malachite green. LD50 of garlic and thyme extracts on theront were 1.66 and 0.57 mg/L, respectively, and in the case of malachite green was 0.121 mg/L. According to the results, the antiparasitic effect of garlic and thyme extracts is insignificant compared to the effects of malachite green and it is not possible to replace malachite green with these extracts. Although these extracts can be used as adjunctive therapy along with chemical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study in a private orchard at Zardak village in the Altun Kupri district, Kirkuk Governorate,Iraq on 27 of the "Khalobaziani" local fig trees was conducted in 2021. The trees were sprayedwith Moringa leaves extract (MLE) at (0, 2, and 4 ml.L-1) and Garlic cloves extract (GCE) at (0,10 and 20 ml.L-1) until complete wetness. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) wasutilized within the factorial experiments with two factors with three replicates. Results showed thattrees sprayed with all concentrations of both extracts caused an increase in the diameter of the fruitmore than in the control fruits. Significant differences in all properties studied were observed inthe fruits sprayed with 2 and 4 ml.L-1 of MLE and 10 and 20 ml.L-1 of GCE they significantlydistinguished over the control treatment in the fruit moisture content, TSS, TSS/TA ratio, glucose,fructose, vitamin C and pH. while the control treatment recorded the lowest fruit moisture content,TSS, TSS/TA ratio, glucose and fructose content, vitamin C, and pH. Moreover, a significantdecrease in fruits TA content was found due to spraying with MLE or GCE compared to the controltreatment

Introduction. Study reported that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as an in vivo marker of oxidative stress were increased in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Antioxidants allicin compounds contained in garlic (Allium sativum) are known to have antioxidant activity by inducing antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and inhibiting prooxidant enzymes (nitric oxide synthase, xanthine, NADPH oxidase, and cyclooxygenase). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Allium sativum to reduce level of MDA serum and improve quality of life in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Methods. This study was a crossover randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The subjects were 40 chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 patients with chronic hemodialysis (HD). Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the group that received 1,000 mg of garlic extract per day (2 x 500 mg) for 6 weeks and the group that received a placebo, which was then carried out during a washing period for 2 weeks and then the two groups were crossover. Each group measured the levels of serum MDA before and after treatment, also fill in kidney disease quality of life (KDQOL) SF-36 questionnaire. Results. Out of 40 subjects, most of them were male (57.5%) with median of age of 48.6 (range 26-59) years. It was found that serum MDA levels before and after garlic extract administration were 2.423 (SD 0.236) nmol/l and 1.649 (SD 0.26) nmol/l (p

This work was performed in the two experimental seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Egypt to study the effect of compost (0.0, 500, 1000 and 1500 g/container) and some stimulating substances (control, vitamin E at 100 ppm, bread yeast at 10 g/l and garlic extract at 10%) on leaves and some chemical composition of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis, Link) plants. Data showed that all used levels of compost pronounced increased leaves traits (number, leaf area, leaves weights (fresh or dry) in addition to chemical composition (pigments content, NPK percentages and protein) compared with the control. The 1500 g compost/container was more active than other treatments. Also, sprayed plants with vitamin E, active yeast and garlic extract significantly improved all previous parameters compared with the control. In general, the treatment of active yeast was superior, followed by garlic extract than vitamin E treatment. Therefore, the best interaction treatment was recorded with the high level of compost (1500 g/container) plus bread active yeast (10 g/l) or garlic extract (10 %).

This work was done during the two experimental seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Egypt to study the reaction of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis, Link) plants to compost (0.0, 500, 1000 and 1500 g/container) and some stimulating substances (control, vitamin E at 100 ppm, active yeast at 10 g/l and garlic extract at 10%) treatments. Data revealed that increasing the level of compost led to a significantly increased in plant height, main stem thickness, number of branches/plant and aerial parts and root weights (fresh or dry) compared with control. While sprayed plants with all stimulating substances significantly enhanced all previous characters compared with the control. It can be concluded that the high level of compost (1500 g/container) plus yeast at 10 g/l or garlic extract at 10% led to the greatest growth parameters of jojoba plant

The present study is an attempt to assess the protective and immunity effects of Allium sativum in Oncorhynchus mykiss to acute exposure to copper .55 rainbow trout fish with an average weight of 51.20 ± 3.73 g were subjected to various densities of copper (0.02, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/l). Under stable conditions, the lethal concentration of copper was detected to be 0.40 mg/l. The treatments included a control with no Cu or garlic treatment (T1), feeding with garlic additive and Cu exposure (T2), and exposure to a lethal dose of Cu with no garlic additive (T3). The blood sample was used to designate hematological indices such as white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HB) mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils percent and Immunological indices (glucose, total protein, lysozyme, IgM). The results indicated significant differences among the treatments when the concentration of copper was increased (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained, there were noteworthy differences in MCV, MCHC, and HCT amongst the treatments (p < 0.05). The histopathological results indicated that the main lesions were hyperplasia and necrosis of epithelial cells (in gill), enlargement of Bowman's capsule and tubular degeneration (in kidney), hepatocytes necrosis (in liver) in all the fish. Pathologic severity signs in sampled tissues were increased by increasing in concentration and exposure times of copper sulphate However, the results revealed that the use of garlic in dietary can be beneficial to increasing fish resistance to copper.

The present work studies the influence of pH on the stability of thiosulfinates, compounds responsible for the bacteriostatic properties shown by ethanolic and acetonic garlic extracts (EGE and AGE) against the in vitro growth of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a bacterium which is implicated in the etiology of diverse gastrointestinal diseases. The influence of pH and time on the stability of thiosulfinates and the microbiological activities of EGE and AGE has been evaluated at human body temperature (37 °C) and in a pH range of 0.9–4.7. A marked decrease in thiosulfinate concentration was observed in a relatively short time at pH values below 2.0. However, at pH values over 2.0, the samples maintained 70% of thiosulfinate concentration for 12 h. The inhibition halo diameters showed a maximum value at pH 2.50, with an inhibition halo of 28.94 ± 0.61 mm. The reduction in the activity at pH values below 2.0 was particularly remarkable. These results suggest that, for medical application, the pH of the selected extracts must only be maintained above 2 to maintain a high level of antibacterial activity. This fact would overcome the need for proton pump inhibitors and/or antibiotics during the treatment of Hp infections in human patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, garlic extract (GE)‐loaded water‐in‐oil nanoemulsion was used as a novel preservative and antioxidant in mayonnaise. GE (5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%) as a dispersed phase, olive oil as a continuous phase, and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as a low HLB surfactant, with a constant surfactant/garlic extract ratio (1:1), were used in the formulations of water‐in‐oil nanoemulsions. The properties of the active nanoemulsion, including droplet size, free radical scavenging capacity, antimicrobial activity against gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus [25923 ATCC]), and gram‐negative (Escherichia coli H7 O157 [700728 ATCC]) were evaluated. The results showed that the mean droplet size of nanoemulsion increased from 62 to 302 nm and antioxidant capacity was also improved from 95.43% to 98.25% by increasing GE level from 5% to 25%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) showed that antimicrobial activity against S. aureus could be observed only in high levels of GE (25%) in the formulation of nanoemulsion. The results of the total count analysis showed that the GE‐loaded nanoemulsion (NEGE) was effective against the microorganisms, particularly after 4 months of storage. The incorporation of GE and NEGE did not affect significantly the acidity of different mayonnaise samples; however, they affected the concentration of the primary product of lipid oxidation. Adding GE and NGE did not significantly affect the rheological properties of mayonnaise and all samples showed shear‐thinning behavior. Sensory evaluation showed that the samples with NEGE had higher scores in texture, spreadability, and mouthfeel, while the control samples had better scores in appearance, color, taste, and total acceptance. In general, the samples containing free GE (not encapsulated) had the lowest scores in all organoleptic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Garlic is one of the most popular traditional medicinal herbs which has a number of desirable health benefits. The study was designed to depict the improvement of serum biochemical parameters as well as the histomorphological recovery potential of garlic aqueous extract in hypercholesterolemic mice. Material and methods. A total of thirty Swiss albino mice weighing 24±5g and aged 5 weeks were randomly divided into three groups. Group A: supplied standard mice pellet and water; Group B: standard mice pellet + hypercholesterolemic diet (cow brain: 2 g/kg b.w.t.); and Group C: standard mice pellet + hypercholesterolemic diet (cow brain: 2 g/kg b.w.t.) + garlic extract (25 ml/kg b.w.t.). After four weeks of experimental tenure, samples (blood, liver, and kidney) were collected from each group of mice for serum biochemical analysis and histomorphological study. Results. Compared with hypercholesterolemic mice, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) concentration, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels significantly decreased respectively by 7%, 20% and 48% along with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels significantly increased by 47% in garlic extract supplemented group. Based on the histological evaluation in the liver sample of group C, both portal and central veins were normal, and fat droplets were not found in the hepatocytes which were found in the liver of group B. On the other hand, unchanged renal cortex, glomerulus, Bowman's space, and kidney tubules were seen in group C. Conclusion. Therefore, the above findings of the present research would assist to provide affirmation about the cholesterol-decreasing and cellular restoration potentiality of garlic aqueous extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several preclinical studies have focused on the beneficial effects of garlic on cardiovascular diseases, but the results were inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effect of garlic powder tablets and aged garlic extract (AGE) in CAD patients, mainly focusing on blood pressure, coronary artery calcification, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar to identify randomized controlled trials which examined garlic's effect on CAD patients. The standardized mean difference with 95% CI was calculated using fixed‐effect or random‐effect models. Garlic has shown statistically significant changes of HDL (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI = −0.00 to 0.37; p =.05); LDL (SMD = −0.27; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.08; p =.004), apolipoprotein‐A (SMD = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.24 1.13; p =.002), C‐RP (SMD = −0.59; 95% CI = −0.92 to −0.25; p =.0007), IL‐6 (SMD = −1.08; 95% CI = −2.17 to 0.01; p =.05), homocysteine (SMD = −0.66; 95% CI = −1.04 to −0.28; p =.0007) and CAC score (SMD = −1.61; 95% CI = −2.66 to −0.57; p =.003). In the case of subgroup analysis, the overall effect was significantly effective in reducing TC, LDL levels and improving HDL levels in CV risk patients. Our study findings provide consistent evidence that intake of garlic reduces CVD risk factors. However, garlic could be considered a safe natural medicine to debilitate inflammation in CAD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was accompanied to determine the use of yeast and garlic extract mixture in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient absorption, excreta microbiota, blood profiles, and meat quality. A total of 792 male Ross 308 broilers (1-day-old, body weight 41 ± 0.5 g, and 5 weeks trial) were randomly allocated. Birds were arbitrarily assigned to one of four nutritive treatments (11 replicates; 18 birds/replicate). A basal diet (CON) was supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% yeast-garlic mixture (YGM). Body weight gain linearly increased during the overall period and tended to increase from day 21 to day 35, while feed intake showed a tendency to increase during the overall period by YGM inclusion. However, Salmonella counts linearly decreased, but Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli counts remained unaffected. Excreta CO2 emissions were linearly reduced; nevertheless, other noxious gas emissions were not affected. Furthermore, YGM supplementation elicited a tendency for improved lymphocytes and linearly increased IgG. However, feed conversion ratio, mortality, nutrient utilization, andmeat quality were not influenced. YGM addition (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) linearly improved broiler growth performance by decreasing microbiota and gas emission and increasing blood parameters. So, the proper dose of YGM was 0.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of subclinical mastitis treatment in dairy cattle on biomarkers registered with in-line sensors such as milk yield (MY), electric milk conductivity (EC), rumination time (RT), and somatic cell count (SCC). At the start of the experiment, all cows according to SCC level were divided into two groups: healthy cows (n = 30, with SCCs less than 200,000 per mL and without the growth of bacteria in the milk samples) and cows with subclinical mastitis (n = 32), with SCC levels greater than 200,000 per mL and with growth of bacteria. Streptococcus spp. was found in 15 samples, and Strep. uberis was found in 17 samples. Streptococcus spp. and Strep. uberis were sensitive to amoxicillin and calvulanic acid. According to these results, 32 cows with subclinical mastitis were treated with two treatment protocols: one 1 (n = 16) and two (n = 16). In the first protocol, we used SCC boluses and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SCCB and NSAID). The second protocol consists of intramammary antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications (Synulox LC and NSAIDs). All parameters (MY, EC, RT, and SCC) were recorded with Lely Astronaut® A3 milking robots on the day of mastitis diagnosis (0 day) and 14 days after treatment began. All animal experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee; the approval number is PK01696. On the basis of our findings, we may infer that SCC boluses and NSAIDs are effective in treating subclinical mastitis. After 14 days of treatment, the electrical conductivity of milk in cows treated with AB and NSAID was also higher in all quarters of the udder compared to cows treated with SCCB + NSAID. The RT of cows on disease diagnosis day of cows treated with AB and NSAID was 11.41% lower compared to cows treated with SCCB and NSAID, while the RT of cows after 14 days treated with AB and NSAID was 7.01% lower compared to cows treated with SCCB and NSAID. On the practical side, for treatment of subclinical mastitis, we recommend using a feed supplement SCC bolus (one per os) with a composition containing Meloxicam 20 mg with a single subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 2.5 mL per 100 kg body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of the plant seed yield and quality represents the basis of the successful productivity of the deriving crop. The effect of single and combined foliar treatments of lettuce plants with sodium selenate and garlic bulb extract on seed yield and quality and on mature plant biochemical characteristics was investigated using four lettuce cultivars (Bouquet, Picnic, Moskovsky parnikovy and Cavalier). The seed production of plants treated with Se increased by 20–41%, compared to the untreated control plants, while the augmentation was as much as 10–23% and 17–27% under garlic extract and the joint application of Se and garlic, respectively. Garlic extract stimulated the accumulation of Se in lettuce seeds, which rose by 1.21–1.29 times compared to the Se-treated plants. The proline levels in lettuce seeds exceeded the corresponding values recorded in the control ones by 1.32–1.64 times in the case of the Se supply, 1.10–1.47 times upon garlic extract application and 1.09–1.31 times under the combined Se/garlic treatment. All the treatments given to lettuce plants increased the leaf weight by 1.10–1.30 times, compared to the untreated control. The seed Se levels positively correlated with the leaf weight (r = 0.621; p < 0.005), chlorophyll (r = 0.672, p < 0.002) and total antioxidant activity (AOA; r = 0.730, p < 0.001) of plants grown from these seeds. Positive correlations were also recorded between the seed proline content and lettuce plant leaf weight, chlorophyll and AOA (r = 0.868, 0.811 and 0.815, respectively, at p < 0.001). Lettuce yield was positively correlated with the leaf AOA, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content (r = 0.942, 0.921 and 0.665, respectively, at p < 0.001). The results indicate high prospects of Na2SeO4 and garlic extract application to seed-addressed lettuce plants, to improve seed productivity and quality, as well as lettuce yield and quality.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the pathogenic bacteria in humans that causes a wide range of diseases. Biofilm formation protects S. aureus against adverse environmental conditions and the host immune system. The genes that encode the most important biofilm constituents belong to the ica operon, one of the most important of which is the icaA gene. Rifampin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and garlic has beneficial antimicrobial effects due to its active ingredient allicin. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract at the phenotypic and molecular level and its effect on icaA biofilm gene expression and its comparison with rifampin were investigated. Materials and Methods: A standard and two pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Antibiogram tests, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration were performed with rifampin antibiotic and garlic extract. A biofilm phenotypic test was performed with a 96-well microplate. After RNA extraction from the samples treated with rifampin and garlic extract, cDNA synthesis and then Real-time PCR were performed and the expression of icaA gene was measured. Results: The antibiogram test showed the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract on at least the standard strain and one of the pathogenic strains as compared to rifampin. The results of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined for all three strains for rifampin and the combined combination of rifampin and garcin were 375 and 750 μg / ml, respectively. Real-time PCR results showed that in all studied strains, garlic extract and rifampin were able to reduce the expression of icaA gene and the combined use of these two substances led to a significant reduction in the expression of this gene. For the standard strain, rifampin and garlic extract reduced icaA expression to 88% and 60% in the control sample, respectively, and the combination of these two substances resulted in a reduction of icaA biofilm gene expression by about 50%. Discussion and Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that rifampin antibiotic can be effective in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Garlic extract can also be used as an anti-bacterial drug at both phenotypic and molecular levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic (Allium sativum) has historically been associated with antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and microbiocidal properties, mainly due to its richness in thiosulfates and sulfur-containing phytoconstituents. Sepsis patients could benefit from these properties because it involves both inflammatory and refractory processes. We evaluated the effects of thiosulfinate-enriched Allium sativum extract (TASE) on the immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by monocytes from healthy volunteers (HVs) and patients with sepsis. We also explored the TASE effects in HIF-1α, described as the key transcription factor leading to endotoxin tolerance in sepsis monocytes through IRAK-M expression. Our results showed TASE reduced the LPS-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in monocytes from both patients with sepsis and HVs. Moreover, this extract significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 production in LPS-stimulated monocytes from HVs. However, TASE enhanced the inflammatory response in monocytes from patients with sepsis along with increased expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR. Curiously, these dual effects of TASE on immune response were also found when the HV cohort was divided into low- and high-LPS responders. Although TASE enhanced TNFα production in the LPS-low responders, it decreased the inflammatory response in the LPS-high responders. Furthermore, TASE decreased the HIF-1α pathway-associated genes IRAK-M, VEGFA and PD-L1 in sepsis cells, suggesting HIF-1α inhibition by TASE leads to higher cytokine production in these cells as a consequence of IRAK-M downregulation. The suppression of this pathway by TASE was confirmed in vitro with the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine. Our data revealed TASE's dual effect on monocyte response according to status/phenotype and suggested the HIF-1α suppression as the possible underlying mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]