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The authors examine whether the growth of the Internet has reduced the effectiveness of government regulation of advertising. They combine nonexperimental variation in local regulation of offline alcohol advertising with data from field tests that randomized exposure to online advertising for 275 different online advertising campaigns to 61,580 people. The results show that people are 8% less likely to say that they will purchase an alcoholic beverage in states that have alcohol advertising bans compared with states that do not. For consumers exposed to online advertising, this gap narrows to 3%. There are similar effects for four changes in local offline alcohol advertising restrictions when advertising effectiveness is observed both before and after the change. The effect of online advertising is disproportionately high for new products and for products with low awareness in places that have bans. This suggests that online advertising could reduce the effectiveness of attempts to regulate offline advertising channels because online advertising substitutes for (rather than complements) offline advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a focus on advertising, the most visible and publicly criticized marketing activity, issues that impel advertising regulation and self-regulation themselves often generate headlines in the popular press as well as business magazines. Beyond the basic longtime concerns of advertising veracity, or accusations of its inherent dishonesty, advertising regulation often becomes the advocated solution for problems of public health, privacy invasions, excessive consumer debt, and public aesthetics, as well as social critics' desires to diminish the modern cultural trait of secular consumerism (i.e., "excessive shopping"). The problem is that actual research on the issues requires more than responding to the headlines. The model for understanding the existing literature of advertising and public policy research presented by Rotfeld and Stafford (2007) provides pragmatic guidelines for conducting quality research that is informed by and possibly guides advertising regulation and self-regulation decisions. The resulting inherently interesting future publications would be interdisciplinary, pandisciplinary, and multidisciplinary, but also needing discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of government advertising regulation, there has been limited research exploring the common ground between government regulations in different countries. This paper begins by proposing a theoretical framework for comparing government regulations, and then uses the framework to analyze the similarities and differences between advertising regulations in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. It concludes that harmonization of regional advertising regulation in Greater China is an attainable goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child advertising is routinely accused of being inherently unfair. This is normally based on the claim that younger children do not understand advertising's selling intent, a claim that is well supported by the available evidence. But the argumentation that gets us from this claim to inherent unfairness has been largely ignored. This article addresses this gap in the literature by considering two accounts of fairness as candidates for understanding child advertising: the process-exclusive account and the inclusive account. The article argues for the rejection of the process-exclusive account (where the process is all that matters) on the basis that it ends up condemning acceptable, non-commercial persuasion. The article then examines the candidates for the negative outcome of child advertising that is required for unfairness on the inclusive account. It concludes that the evidence for each being inherent to child advertising is currently insufficient to support the conclusion that child advertising is inherently unfair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that advertising regulation and the First Amendment are not nearly so incompatible as has been popularly suggested. The reason lies in their common historical roots. Advertising regulation has its origins in the law of caveat emptor, a law of freedom of speech established from the same philosophical background as was the First Amendment. This relationship is described, and implications for present and future regulation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product safety has become a major problem for businessmen, consumers and the government. While advertising does not directly contribute to all product related accidents, it does, inadvertently, have the power to promote unsafe behavior. Used in the right manner advertising can have a positive influence on the safety behavior of consumers. This article reviews the role of advertising in product safety and presents some guidelines for product advertising policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article relates Phase II of a three phase study into the impact of television advertising on children. Part of a larger study which hopes to help shape public policy on children's television advertising, the authors surveyed a random sample of national association of elementary school guidance counselors for thir attitudes and opinions. The article summaries the findings of Phase I of the study (focus groups with counselors and educators), presents the study methodology, findings, and analysis of the guidance counselors questionnaires. The results indicate a general feeling that television advertising is potentially harmful and influential. The authors claim that public opinion of television advertising will be a large influence in policy making.

This article examines the jurisdictional activities of the Federal Trade Commission. The author traces the business and public interest interpretations of the Commission in the development of regulatory standards. The question is raised whether the current powers of the FTC are ultimately in the best interests of either advertisers or the public they are designed to protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many advertising practitioners and academicians do not know or understand the basic decision steps involved in an FTC deceptive advertising matter. The steps are 1) is the ad in fact deceptive, 2) is an injunction appropriate, 3) are corrective efforts appropriate, 4) should a cease and desist order be issued and 5) what industry-wide action should be taken. A knowledge and appreciation of the considerations at each step in the process helps the practitioner prepare a defense strategy rebutting a complaint and provides the advertising professor with an orderly framework for teaching about government regulation of false and deceptive advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising managers, educators and regulators alike have observed the growth of federal programs mandating the form or content of consumer information disclosures. Although this activity often has been warranted, at times these programs may have had unintended "deceptive" effects. Examples might include the USDA's food grading systems, some of the FTC's corrective advertising activities and certain programs of affirmative disclosure of product information (e.g., gasoline octane ratings and the cigarette health warning). To avoid these problems one must give attention to principles learned from communication and attitude research. Further, such programs will benefit greatly from before-after impact evaluation studies to insure that results correspond with objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written by several executives of the International Advertising Association, "The Global Challenge to Advertising" was first made public at the 23rd IAA World Congress in Dublin in early June of 1973. The study, with detailed examples from many areas, brings into focus the two main currents of world-wide opposition to advertising: mounting consumer dissatisfaction with product quality and claims, and increasing government regulation and control of advertising. It is reprinted here by permission of the International Advertising Association, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on legal developments relating to the regulation unfair competition in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author includes information about a legal proceeding involving Warner-Lambert Company, during which the U.S. Federal Trade Commission announced that it had the power to issue and enforce corrective advertising orders. The American Pharmaceutical Association is discussed in relation to an antitrust lawsuit. Busch Jewelry Company, Incorporated is mentioned in regards questionable nonadvertising promotional methods. The company is accused of refusing to cater to the needs of Spanish speaking clientele.

The article reports on legal developments pertaining to the regulation of unfair competition in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author includes information about a U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruling regarding the promotion of psychic surgery by travel agencies. The agency Travel King, Incorporated and others were found to have been misrepresenting psychic surgery in order to promote tours to the Philippines. A trade regulation proposed by the FTC regarding automobile fuel economy claims is discussed. In terms of nonadvertising promotional methods, the FTC has ordered the funeral service provider Service Corporation, International to pay restitution to customers it overcharged.

The article reports on legal developments relating to the regulation of channels of distribution in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author includes information about the court cases Schott Enterprises, Incorporated et al. v. PepsiCo, Incorporated, et al. and Borman's, Incorporated v. Great Scott Super Markets, Incorporated in relation to operating features of marketing institutions. Tyson's Corner Regional Shopping Center is discussed in relation to the Federal Trade Commission Act. News pertaining to exclusive dealing arrangements is also provided.

This article reports on consumer awareness with regards to legal issues relating to the marketing industry in the U.S. The author focuses on legal developments associated with U.S. Federal Trade Commission rulings that relate to deceptive advertising practices and credit reporting. A research study focusing on consumers and attorneys illustrates that neither group has an appropriate knowledge of basic consumer rights. The author suggests information resources that can be utilized to make consumers aware of their rights.

The article reports on legal developments relating to the regulation of monopolistic methods in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author includes information about actions made by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission in regards to questionable marketing practices. The Supreme Court cases Connell Construction Company, Incorporated v. Plumbers and Steamfitters Local Union No. 100, 95 S and Fredrickson v. Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith are discussed in relation to collusive practices. The court case Tower Tire and Auto Center v. Atlantic Richfield Company is mentioned in connection to anticompetitive exclusion tactics.

The article reports on information about the nature of consumer problems. The authors focus on data retrieved during a study of calls received by a hot line for consumers that functioned during a five-week span in 1971.The data is used identify problem areas in specific business enterprises. The data is also used for consumer profiling purposes. Many of the calls received by the hot line were pertaining to product performance, product maintenance, product warranty, product delivery, and product transaction issues. Consumers with lower incomes tended to complain about product damage. Government regulations associated with deceptive advertising practices are also discussed.

The article reports on legal developments related to the regulation of monopolistic methods in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author provides information about the U.S Supreme Court case of the United States v. ITT-Continental Baking Company in relation to the topic of market control. The court case of Bray v. Safeway Stores, Incorporated, et al. is discussed in connection with a conspiracy relating to collusive practices. The court case Telex v. IBM is mentioned as an example of market exclusion tactics.

The article reports on legal developments related to the regulation of product characteristics in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author provides information about an investigation initiated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regarding the warranty practices of the used car industry. The FTC is investigating advertisements associated with a wrinkle treatment known as The New You. An FTC investigation into packaging and labeling used in advertisements for the house plant industry is discussed in relation to a violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act.

The article reports on a method used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to define and assess deceptive advertising. The author focuses on misleading advertising associated with the pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. A definition of misleading advertising is provided. It is suggested that consumers are the primary line of defense against deceptive advertising. Ambiguous terminology associated with the verbal content and context of misleading advertisements is identified and examined.

The article reports on one component of the legal process associated with consumer protection in the U.S. The author focuses on identifying the appropriate level of punishment for convicted perpetrators of deceptive acts related to the marketing of consumer goods. It is suggested that codes of conduct implemented by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission are no longer entirely effective as preventative measures. The inefficiency of corrective advertising regulations is examined. Class action lawsuits are also discussed.

Recent increases in FTC activity have created a new environment for the advertising strategist. Unfortunately, unclear guidelines and case-by-case decisions have provided him with little direction in adapting to this environment. This article reviews recent commission rulings and presents recommendations on how the firm might market its products fairly so as to lessen the prospect of FTC action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the most populous and the fastest growing major economy in the world. Although still a centralized economy, free enterprise and foreign investment is now encouraged. Many regulations have recently been introduced to control the new trade based economy. These are policed by the State Administration Bureau for Industry and Commerce, a huge bureaucracy with thousands of local offices. This paper reviews how it manages trade and particularly the marketing mix in China. The power of the local offices is discussed and a distinction drawn between "the rule of men" and "the rule of law". It provides recommendations for trading in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past 15 years, the U.S. Supreme Court has used Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission (1980) to expand significantly the power of the government at all levels to regulate advertising and other promotional activities. As a result, first amendment protection for commercial speech has steadily diminished. In this article, Supreme Court decisions subsequent to Central Hudson are reviewed to provide an update of Cohen's (1978) work. In addition, the current standard for identifying commercial speech is analyzed, and managerial recommendations are made to guide managers who are responsible for making promotional decisions in this increasingly restricted area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While marketing theorists emphasize the importance of negotiating favorable exchange agreements with powerful external stakeholders, such as regulatory agencies or trade associations, little attention has been given to the nature of these exchange processes or to the role that the marketing function assumes in this process. Extending the political economy framework, the concept of the parallel political marketplace is offered for exploring the exchange relationships that span both economic and political market domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in marketing appears to be increasing in all East bloc countries, and Romania is no exception. The context within which marketing activities currently take place there is presented, and a socialist Romanian version of the marketing concept is proposed. Examples of the application of the concept, both in Romania and in two other socialist countries with less central planning, are provided. Except for a portion still in the experimental stage, the Romanian model appears to fit well the marketing reality of the three socialist countries examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews current advertising case law and its implications for advocacy communication, as well as relevant image/issue advertising regulatory decisions by the FTC, FCC, and IRS. In an effort to minimize the chilling effect of this regulation, the authors offer guidelines aimed at assisting communication managers charged with designing effective campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrective advertising is one of the most controversial regulatory proposals made in recent years. This article provides an in-depth look at this FTC program, analyzes the theory behind FTC's management of this power, and reviews research findings. It then proposes a significant change in the program to make it more equitable and efficient than in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising substantiation has been a source of considerable agitation to advertisers and agencies for the past decade. This study investigated what changes occurred in print advertisements following the inception of the FTC program. The results indicate that the number of attribute claims may have decreased somewhat and the types of evidence supporting claims have changed, but that the level of informativeness in magazine ads has not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in information disclosure is increasing as the marketplace awaits the impact of prescription drugs gaining over-the-counter status, the FDA crackdown on health-related claims for food and cosmetics, and the attempt of advertisers to protect themselves against allegations of misleading advertising. This study examines the structural features of disclosures in prime time television advertising with respect to the FTC "clear and conspicuous standard° recommendations established in 1979. None of the disclosures studied was found to meet all six of the clear and conspicuous standards that were investigated. Only 12 percent of video disclosures met all video-related criteria. The findings suggest that advertisers attempt to circumvent the FTC's intentions to provide "clear and conspicuous" consumer information by limiting their efforts to protecting themselves against misleading advertising claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of Deng Xiaoping's "market socialism" and the ambitious objectives set for the development of China's economy, the business environment has changed dramatically in China. As part of this change, advertising is being more heavily relied on as a business tool. This changed environment and the recent emergence of advertising in the country represents a unique opportunity to study the advertising process. This paper discusses the nature of the changes in the economic environment in China and investigates the attitudes and beliefs held by Chinese managers regarding various economic and social aspects of the use of advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author investigates the effectiveness of selected credibility enhancement devices in increasing the intent to purchase a brand which has a unique attribute, but is advertised by a firm with no reputation in the specific product category. The credibility enhancers tested are documentation of advertising claims, advertising self-regulation, and government regulation. Findings of the study demonstrate that implementation of these credibility enhancers can be valuable in bolstering a firm's influence and overcoming a no-reputation liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze the issue of comparative price advertising from a behavioral perspective. Because public policy recognizes that comparative pricing may lead to consumer misperceptions, the authors review the regulatory setting and pose several research questions that need to be addressed. A complex experiment and replication examining some of these questions is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses why business is concerned with the manner in which the Federal Trade Commission develops and announces rules for the market place as well as with the rules themselves. Government must obtain a better understanding of the role of the advertising agency and the practical limitations on its function and authority. The agency's responsibility under the FTC Act should be determined in the light of these realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents U.S. legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of unfair competition. In reference to advertising the American Home Products Corp. v. Federal Trade Commission case is cited. In 1970 the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a report on automobile warranties. The same year the FTC issued an enforcement policy concerning the use and advertising of coupons in consumer product packages.

Behavioral science research has uncovered various facets of consumer behavior that have significance in setting standards for protection from advertising abuse. This article suggests that the Federal Trade Commission take note of the behavioral characteristics of the consumer and amend its regulatory framework accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the problems faced in the United States by small retailers with higher proportional spending on advertising than larger competitors caused by the Robinson-Patman Act. Typically, such companies charge higher retail prices for goods in exchange for providing higher levels of customer service and spend a greater proportion of their revenues on advertising. Although the Act was intended to protect small businesses, through 1967, the largest group of charges filed by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) been against small businesses.

This study aims at understanding how scientific evidence to substantiate nutrition and health claims in food commercial communication is regulated in Europe and the USA. A literature review was performed on the scientific evidence required by the European Food Safety Authority and the US Food and Drug Administration to substantiate food nutrition and health claims. Studies published in Scopus, Medline, Scirus, and Google Scholar from 2007 to 2012 were reviewed as well as documents released by both agencies. A total of 38 documents met our inclusion criteria out of 743 documents initially identified during our search. These agencies provide general guidelines on how to conduct food and health studies, intended to demonstrate a cause‐and‐effect relationship between a given food and a benefit to health. Despite this, they need to broaden the depth and scope of the guidelines provided to companies seeking to substantiate their claims and to provide further and more precise information concerning the evaluation of studies and application processes. No review has hitherto specifically focused on the subject of scientific evidence required by EU and US food agencies to substantiate health claims. This research thus leads to significant recommendations on how to improve current food industry guides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Very little is known about how e-cigarette marketing is being perceived by youth, and the potential effect it will have on youth vaping and smoking behaviors. This limits the ability to identify youth-focused marketing efforts and to design effective policies for the regulation of e-cigarette marketing content and placement.Methods: A sample of 417 nonsmoking youth (mean age = 15, SD = 1.3) were randomly assigned to either view four e-cigarette ads with low youth appeal, four e-cigarette ads with high youth appeal or four control ads. After exposure, participants completed covert and overt measurements of e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette attitudes and susceptibility to use.Results: Youth in an e-cigarette ad condition were more likely to select an e-cigarette item in a product choice task compared to control, and had more positive e-cigarette beliefs. Contrary to hypotheses, youth in the low youth appeal condition reported greater susceptibility to trying e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes compared to control.Conclusions: Exposure to any e-cigarette advertising may play a role in teens' decision to initiate e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette use. As the Food and Drug Administration now has regulatory authority over the marketing of e-cigarettes, regulations on e-cigarette advertising are suggested.Implications: Teens are increasingly being exposed to e-cigarette advertising, and many places are considering e-cigarette regulations, yet we know very little about how e-cigarette advertisements might influence youth tobacco use. This study utilized a novel dataset of e-cigarette ads coded for youth appeal and presented them to a sample of 417 nonsmoking teens in a randomized controlled design to test the effect of features on youth susceptibility to initiating e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette use. The findings inform evidence-based recommendations for regulating the marketing of e-cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2016 Nottingham Community Protection launched its anti-begging Campaign #givesmart. It featured a series of posters which encouraged those coming into contact with beggars to #givesmart; and 'giving smart' meant not giving to those begging on the streets of the city. The immediate general response was to conflate the issue of begging and deviancy with homelessness, and subsequent debate focused on the negative representation of those experiencing poverty, even though Nottingham City Council denied that this had been the original remit of the campaign. After receiving complaints, the Advertising Standards Authority took onboard this (mis)reading of the images, banning four out of the five posters in their original form, claiming that they did represent the homeless in a derogatory manner. This case-study explores the launch of the poster campaign, deconstructs what was arguably the most problematic of the five posters, and situates the ruling of the Advertising Standards Authority within a socio-political context in which poverty is framed and understood in contemporary Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide an overview of the development of product placements within traditional and newer electronic media, followed by a critique of current regulations where they exist and highlight the challenges this form of brand promotion presents to regulators. We note the weaknesses in current theoretical perspectives on the way product placements impact more than awareness and argue that a failure to recognise the increasingly diverse nature of product placement within entertainment media content means that awareness campaigns and warnings regarding the presence of product placements are unlikely to be effective in countering any negative effects of the practice on vulnerable groups such as children and young adults. While we focus on the impact of product placement activity on children and young adults, using primarily the examples of alcohol and tobacco products, we also raise concerns regarding a failure to act on the presence of a number of harmful products that fall beyond the current list of restricted products even in countries where some form of specific regulation exists. In order to aid those considering the necessity for, or scope of, any future restrictions on this form of marketing communication, it is important to determine not only what is known, but what also needs to be determined about the impact of product placements across the range of existing and evolving communication channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article discusses what the rules and codes of self-regulation that regulates the advertising of toys and the involvement of public and private sector to protect the child. To do this, we will identify and analyze the directives in the European Union and the rules in Spain and codes of self-regulation driven by European and Spanish industry. We will discuss the case study in which the spots broadcast at Christmas in Spain 2013 and we are analyzed if the ads conform to laws regulatory and codes of self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FTC has at its disposal a powerful, though relatively unknown remedy, injunctive relief. This paper traces the legislative and judicial history of the FTC's injunctive powers, which reached their present scope in a 1973 amendment to the FTC Act. While judicial precedent is not entirely settled, a pattern is emerging, indicating the types of cases in which the FTC Will seek injunctive relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on legal developments relating to the regulation of product characteristics in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author includes information about an investigation of the company Idea Research & Development initiated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The National Dynamics Corporation is discussed in relation to deceptive advertising practices. Guidelines issued by the FTC with regards to the packaging, labeling, and sale of consumer goods such as automobiles and jewelry are also mentioned.

The article reports on legal developments related to the regulation of unfair competition in the field of marketing in the U.S. The author provides information about questionable practices associated with Horizon Corporation and AMREP Corporation in connection with powers granted to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) by way of the Magnuson-Moss Act. Deceptive advertising practices employed by the carpet retailer the Theodore Stephen Company, Incorporated are discussed in relation to FTC regulations.