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En observant les activités et relations des participants aux activités de « numérique responsable » proposées par la Chambre de Métiers et de l’Artisanat Centre-Val de Loire entre 2022 et 2023, cet article propose une analyse en Sémiotique des Transactions Coopératives des confrontations culturelles autour de cette nouvelle thématique pour les artisans. Notre approche mobilise la méthode des « territoires-projets » (Camp et al., 2023) pour identifier les leviers de rupture de deux communautés et comprendre leur impact dans la confrontation d’une culture de l’engagement et d’une culture de l’évaluation. Nous expliquons ainsi d’une part comment cette confrontation aboutit à un statu quo sociotechnique autour du « numérique responsable » et de l’artisanat (Hoang et al.,2022) et d’autre part comment l’émergence d’une coopération informelle contribuerait à dépasser ce statu quo.

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En France, en moyenne 40 % des personnes condamnées sont en état de récidive ou de réitération. Afin d'éviter les ruptures de soins susceptibles de conduire à la commission d'une nouvelle infraction, le service médicopsychologique régional de la maison d'arrêt a d'abord développé, en 2021, l'accompagnement post-carcéral de courte durée (six mois). L'équipe pluridisciplinaire ambitionne désormais de favoriser l'entrée dans un processus de désistance des hommes suivis en prison, et accompagnés à la sortie. La stratégie arrêtée pour tenter de répondre à cette nouvelle mission comprend trois volets : formation, organisation, et développement de l'offre de soin. L'équipe a commencé à se former à trois outils : HCR20 V3, SAPROF et CAPP. Le premier intéresse l'évaluation et la gestion du risque de récidive violente interpersonnelle, le second le repérage des facteurs de protection liés à la violence, et le dernier concerne le trouble de personnalité psychopathique, facteur prépondérant de risque de violence. Sur le plan de l'organisation, les soins au SMPR ont été repensés pour intégrer l'évaluation du niveau de risque de récidive en détention, et sa réévaluation en cours d'APC. Le but est maintenant d'agir stratégiquement sur d'éventuels facteurs de risque dynamiques repérés, en tenant compte des facteurs de protection. Le développement de l'offre de soin, entrepris en 2022, a abouti en octobre 2023 à l'ouverture d'une unité de colocation thérapeutique et d'insertion (UCTI), dispositif « passerelle » pouvant accueillir cinq hommes sortants, accompagnés en post-carcéral par le SMPR, pour six mois également. L'objectif principal de cette étude observationnelle, prospective et monocentrique, est de mesurer l'efficacité du suivi intra-carcéral et de l'accompagnement post-carcéral – restructurés autour d'outils d'évaluation et de gestion du risque de récidive – des personnes sortantes de MA d'Amiens, sur la désistance à l'issue de l'APC et à cinq ans. Cette efficacité pourrait se traduire, pour les personnes accompagnées en post-carcéral, par une diminution de l'expression des traits psychopathiques et du niveau de risque de récidive entre le moment de l'incarcération et la fin de la prise en soin. Les professionnels souhaitent également documenter la mise en place des trois outils dans leur service, et en étudier la validité prédictive sur leur échantillon. L'étude sert aussi à évaluer l'efficacité du dispositif expérimental UCTI. Le repérage précoce des facteurs de risque devrait permettre d'améliorer la spécificité et la priorisation des actions de prévention du risque entrant dans le cadre des soins courants. Démonstration faite de l'efficacité de ces soins, enrichis par l'emploi d'outils adaptés à la problématique de la population carcérale sortante, il serait envisageable de répliquer cette stratégie de spécialisation psychiatrique pénitentiaire dans les équipes psychiatriques exerçant dans d'autres établissements pénitentiaires. Le projet s'inscrit dans une volonté de décloisonnement des différents secteurs concernés par la prise en charge des personnes sortantes. Le travail collaboratif en équipe pluridisciplinaire, au sein du service mais aussi avec les dispositifs de droit commun, est au cœur des retombées de cette recherche. Serait-il possible de revitaliser l'engagement individuel et collectif de ceux qui agissent auprès de patients qui peuvent présenter un risque de violence ? In France, an average of 40% of convicted prisoners are repeat offenders. To prevent disruptions in care that may lead to new offenses, the regional medico-psychological department (SMPR) of the Amiens prison first introduced short-term post-incarceration support (6 months) in 2021. The multidisciplinary team now intends to facilitate the transition to a desistance process for incarcerated men who are undergoing treatment in prison and to, provide support when they are released. The strategy consists of three main components: training, organization, and expanding the range of care. The team has already started training for three tools: HCR20 V3, SAPROF, and CAPP-IRS. The first pertains to the assessment and management of the risk of interpersonal violent relapse, the second focuses on identifying protective factors related to violence, and the third addresses psychopathy, a significant risk factor for violence. In terms of organization, care at the SMPR has been restructured to incorporate the assessment of the level of risk of relapse during detention and its reassessment during post-carceral follow-up. The aim now is to strategically address any identified dynamic risk factors, taking protective factors into account. The expansion of the care provided, begun in 2022, led to the opening of a therapeutic and integration cohabitation unit (TICU) in October 2023, serving as a "gateway" facility accommodating 5 men who have been released from custody supported by the SMPR in post-carceral care, also for a duration of 6 months. The primary objective of this observational, prospective, and single-center study is to measure the effectiveness of intra-carceral and post-carceral support – restructured around risk assessment and management tools – for individuals exiting the Amiens prison after achieving desistance at the end of the follow-up and for a period of 5 years. This effectiveness could be reflected in a reduction in psychopathic traits and in the level of risk of recidivism for those supported in post-carceral care, from the time of incarceration to the end of care. These mental health care professionals also wish to document the implementation of the three tools in their service and assess their predictive validity within their sample. The study also serves to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental TICU program. The early identification of risk factors should improve the specificity and prioritization of risk prevention actions as part of routine care. Demonstrating the effectiveness of this extended treatment program, tailored to the needs of the outgoing incarcerated population, could lead to the replication of this specialized psychiatric approach in other penal facilities. The project is part of a common effort to break down barriers between the various sectors involved in the care of individuals who are released from prison. Collaborative multidisciplinary teamwork, both within the department and with mainstream psychiatric care facilities, lies at the core of the results of this research. Could it be possible to revitalize the individual and collective commitment of those working with patients who may present a risk of violence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A research project aiming to measure, describe, and monitor sex offender recidivism (SOR) rates across two waves of sex offender laws is briefly described and contextualized. A methodology was designed to examine the evolution of sexual recidivism rates since the 1940s. The findings of the study showed that, in Canada, sexual recidivism rates have dropped almost 70%. This historic recidivism drop appeared to have started during the 1970s, several decades before the enactment of the national non-public sex offender registration law. While the factors responsible for the sexual recidivism drop remain unclear, it is hypothesized that improved training, evidence-based practices, and university-corrections collaborations might have played a key role. The study points toward the importance of examining period effects on risk, risk management, and sexual offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'action publique sur les questions de santé environnementale est souvent en décalage avec les connaissances scientifiques. Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'une partie de ce décalage est due à des limitations dans les lois encadrant les questions de santé liées à l'environnement, limitations portant sur le périmètre des lois comme leur logique de gestion. Nous discutons cette hypothèse en passant en revue certaines lois concernant les contaminants physico-chimiques et la protection des milieux (air, eau de boisson, alimentation). L'examen de ces textes confirme que la plupart sont soit peu explicites et peu contraignants dans leur logique de gestion (cas des lois sur la qualité de l'air, l'eau de boisson et l'alimentation), soit restreints dans leur périmètre d'application (cas extrême de la loi interdisant le bisphénol A des contenants alimentaires, ou de la directive encadrant l'usage des pesticides, qui y interdit les substances cancérigènes, reprotoxiques et les perturbateurs endocriniens, sans que ces dangers soient gérés de la même façon dans d'autres secteurs entraînant une exposition de la population générale). Très peu de lois sont à la fois intersectorielles et fortes dans leur logique de gestion. Il en résulte des décisions peu protectrices de la santé et couvrant souvent un champ très limité. Cet émiettement des lois et cette faiblesse des logiques de gestion ne semblent pas pouvoir être justifiés des points de vue constitutionnels, de la protection des personnes et de l'intérêt de la société. Ils sont peu susceptibles de contraindre l'exécutif à des actions fortes pour protéger la santé, ou d'inciter la justice à des sanctions dissuasives à l'encontre des décideurs qui n'auraient pris de telles actions. Entre autres voies d'amélioration, une logique de gestion s'appuyant sur les classes de danger et qui serait transsectorielle autant que possible apparaîtrait plus efficace ; cette logique est proche de « l'approche générique de gestion du risque » proposée en 2020 par la Commission européenne. Public decisions regarding environmental health issues (or lack thereof) often appear out of step (in terms of timing or of the nature of the action taken) with scientific knowledge. We hypothesise that part of this discrepancy is due to limitations in the laws governing environmental health issues. These limitations may relate both to the scope of the laws and their approach to risk management. We discuss this hypothesis by reviewing some French and EU laws about physical-chemical contaminants and environmental protection (air, drinking water, food) from a public health perspective. Examination of these texts confirms that most of them are either not very explicit and strong in terms of their management approach (in the case of the laws regulating air quality, drinking water or food), or are limited in their scope of application (with the law banning bisphenol A from food containers only as an extreme example, or EU directives on pesticides, which ban carcinogenic, reprotoxic substances and endocrine disruptors without these hazards being similarly managed in other sectors entailing exposure of the general population). Very few laws are both strong in terms of risk management and cross-sectorial. This results in a fragmentation of decisions with limited efficiency with regards to health protection. This fragmentation of laws and weak risk management logics do not seem to be justified from the points of view of the constitution, the protection of individuals or the interests of society. It is unlikely to provide strong incentives for decision makers to better protect health and it impedes strong court decisions against decision-makers failing to protect human health. Among other pathways to improvement, a management approach relying on the concept of hazard classes and transectorial management decisions would appear to be more relevant. This approach is close to the «generic approach to risk management» put forward in 2020 by the European Commission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les villes marocaines ont eu durant des siècles une histoire sereine avec les cours d’eau, et pourtant les inondations durant les années 2000 ont mis en exergue une nouvelle situation conflictuelle avec le milieu naturel. Le concours de plusieurs facteurs naturels et anthropiques avait certes contribué à l’enclenchement des inondations ; cependant c’est l’urbanisation qu’elle soit réglementaire ou non qui est incriminée. Nous abordons dans cet article cette problématique au travers le cas de la ville de Kénitra, ville bâtie sur un site marécageux et demeurant toujours en contact avec l’eau. Nous essayerons de voir en quoi les documents d’urbanisme anticipent ou non la gestion des risques d’inondation au niveau de cette ville, et également de montrer comment celle-ci a pu ou non composer avec l’eau pour se prémunir de ses risques.

Our paper reports on research on risk evaluation and management conducted with three probation services in French- or Italian-speaking cantons in Switzerland. It analyzes how probation officers construct an understanding and evaluation of levels of risk of reoffending for people convicted and serving parts of their sentences in an open environment. Our analysis combines observations of and interviews with probation officers using a method called “instructions to the double”, as well as analysis of written records (personal files, evaluation grids). We show that the risk evaluation activity of the probation officers, which we view as a cognitive and social process, draws on different sources. It is characterized by the multiplicity and heterogeneity of the resources mobilized, its dynamic character over the course of the interaction, and its orientation towards risk management. In addition, its validity is also tested in formal or informal collective evaluations. We show, in conclusion, that it does not correspond to the standardized approach advocated in the criminological literature.

En quelques mois, la pandémie de coronavirus a plongé le monde dans une situation de paralysie dont la durée est difficile à appréhender. Le Japon, pris entre le report des JO et la rentrée scolaire, semble avoir contenu l’épidémie dès les premières semaines, enrayant de fait le développement exponentiel subi par de nombreux autres pays. Il reste néanmoins des difficultés principalement dues à une réduction des investissements publics dans les hôpitaux contraints de réduire leur accueil.

Our paper reports on research on risk evaluation and management conducted with three probation services in French- or Italian-speaking cantons in Switzerland. It analyzes how probation officers construct an understanding and evaluation of levels of risk of reoffending for people convicted and serving parts of their sentences in an open environment. Our analysis combines observations of and interviews with probation officers using a method called "instructions to the double", as well as analysis of written records (personal files, evaluation grids). We show that the risk evaluation activity of the probation officers, which we view as a cognitive and social process, draws on different sources. It is characterized by the multiplicity and heterogeneity of the resources mobilized, its dynamic character over the course of the interaction, and its orientation towards risk management. In addition, its validity is also tested in formal or informal collective evaluations. We show, in conclusion, that it does not correspond to the standardized approach advocated in the criminological literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ameliorate pre-trial risk and provide some insurance to the court, a surety – someone who agrees to supervise an accused while on bail and promises a sum of money if the accused fails to appear in court, commits an offence, or breaches a condition of their release – is required. Despite a legal framework that stipulates a presumption of release on unconditional bail, sureties are presumed to be required for most releases in Ontario. As an organizational risk management tool, sureties are responsibilized to take on a third-party policing function, offering the state access to private spaces for enhanced governance and surveillance. In assigning policing powers and responsibilities to private citizens, the state is extending its policing capacities, sharing its authority while simultaneously expanding its regulatory power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swallowing disorders often lead caregivers to crush tablets and open capsules, which may be a risky practice. The aim of our work was to assess caregiver's knowledge and practices about crushing drugs, and to develop teaching tools to improve medication safety in our hospital. This study was conducted within two geriatric units and was divided into 3 phases: knowledge and practices assessment, corrective measures implementation and evaluation. Based on these findings, we developed corrective measures: a training video was developed and a checkbox about the patient's swallowing capacities was configured in the computerized patient record (DxCare®, Medasys). Caregivers' satisfaction was measured and a checkbox spontaneous filing ratio was measured on one given day. A total of 7 nurses and 7 physicians were interviewed during the audit. Only one of them declared he recorded dysphagia in patients' records. Among nurses, 3/7 claimed to inquire about crushing possibility before administration. Regarding the correctives measures, 5 out of the 25 caregivers who have seen the video didn't know any of the risks mentioned, and knowledge of these risks was variable between different caregivers' profiles. A given day, 69.4% of patients' admission records contained a completed checkbox, allowing pharmacist to suggest alternatives. Through this work, we identified and prevented non-optimal practices, mostly caused by a lack of knowledge of the risks related to drug crushing. Training tools have been developed in our center to improve medication use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are ‘fire creatures’ that have used fire for millennia to shape local environments to diverse purposes. Our capacity for combustion has also forced global climatic changes and rendered the planet increasingly flammable, creating the conditions for progressively higher impact bushfires now and into the future. Meanwhile, governments in fire-prone countries such as Australia have continued to allow settlements to be established (and re-established) in wildland-urban interfaces. Like other ‘natural hazards’, bushfire is thereby a social phenomenon bound up with human values, practices and decisions. But, while studies of the social dimensions of ‘natural hazards’ are steadily rising, this scholarship has rarely addressed natural hazard management practitioners directly, precisely those authorised and entrusted to intervene in the distribution of hazard probabilities and consequences. This paper seeks to help remediate this research gap, illustrating how cultural, ecological, economic and political factors thoroughly condition hazard management and modes of intervention. Drawing on a case study in the Northern Territory’s Greater Darwin region, this paper suggests not only that examining such sociocultural realities provides new insights into hazards and their distribution, but also that attention to such issues is crucial to understanding our flammable future in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing forest resources occurs under various sources of uncertainty. Depending on the management problem, this uncertainty may have a substantial impact on the quality of the solution. As our knowledge on the sources and magnitude of uncertainty improves, integrating this knowledge into the development of management plans becomes increasingly useful, as additional information can improve the decision-making process. This adjustment requires a fundamental shift in how planning problems are viewed: instead of interpreting risk management as a technique needed only for addressing problems with natural hazards, risk management should be an integral part of most planning problems. Managing risks can be linked to a variety of adaptive planning methods: to help mitigate risk, either plans should be revised as new information becomes available or the possibility of adaptation should be accounted for in preparing the plans. We conduct a brief examination of the key topics in risk management and highlight how risk management implies trade-offs. Several decision problems that incorporate risk management are analyzed, and alternative perspectives for the problem are suggested to better address risk management issues. We then provide a decision framework for considering how to integrate risk management practices into the forest planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Afin de soutenir leurs membres qui sont aux prises fréquemment avec des problèmes de nature éthique, plusieurs associations professionnelles en relations publiques se sont dotées de modèles de prise de décision éthique qu’elles mettent à la disposition de leurs membres à des fins de référence et de formation continue. Cependant, comme nous le démontrons dans cet article, les modèles proposés sont nettement insuffisants lorsqu’il s’agit d’aborder des questions éthiques plus complexes. Ainsi, l’objectif de cet article est de fournir aux théoriciens et aux praticiens des outils conceptuels permettant de mieux penser cette complexité dans la prise de décision éthique. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous présenterons, dans un premier temps, un cadre conceptuel qui comprend le champ d’application du modèle, ses bases théoriques, de même que des techniques avancées de pondération, de mise en équilibre des intérêts et de gestion de la réputation. Parallèlement à cet effort de théorisation, nous allons voir quelques applications de ce cadre conceptuel à travers l’analyse de cas pratiques. En guise de conclusion, nous allons faire une synthèse des points saillants et évoquer d’autres avenues pour la recherche sur ces questions. Mots-clés: éthique, prise de décision, relations publiques, réputation, gestion du risque. To support their members who frequently face ethical issues, several professional associations in public relations have developed models of ethical decision-making that they make available to their members for reference and training. However, as we demonstrate in this paper, these models are clearly insufficient to address more complex ethical issues. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide theoreticians and practitioners with conceptual tools to better reflect this complexity in ethical decision-making. To meet this objective, we will first present a conceptual framework that includes the scope of the model, its theoretical foundations, as well as advanced techniques for weighting interests and reputation management. In addition to this theoretical effort, we will see some applications of this conceptual framework through case analysis. In conclusion, we will summarize the highlights and discuss other avenues for research on these issues. Keywords: ethics, decision-making, public relations, reputation, risk management.

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents a new method for considering the risk of wind damage in forest planning and for predicting the amount of damage and its effects on timber production, economic profitability and carbon balance of forestry. The effects of wind damage on the optimal management of boreal forests under current and changing climatic conditions were analyzed by comparing four forest management plans. A reference plan maximized net present value (NPV) with even-flow harvesting constraints. The second plan minimized height differences between adjacent stands, the third minimized height differences while simultaneously maximizing NPV, and the fourth maximized height differences between adjacent stands. To obtain damage-adjusted results, schedules that belonged to the optimal management plans were simulated with wind damage, taking into account the shelter provided by adjacent stands. Maximizing NPV and simultaneously minimizing height differences resulted in the highest damage-adjusted NPV. Increasing wind damage increased carbon balance of forest soil but decreased the total carbon balance of forestry as it decreased the carbon balances of living forest biomass and wood-based products. Climate change slightly improved the total carbon balance of forestry. If wind damage was ignored in calculations, NPV, total carbon balance of forestry, and timber production were overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La notion de risque est omniprésente dans notre quotidien. Cette notion polysémique renvoie à des phénomènes perçus comme étant de plus en plus présents dans notre société malgré toutes les précautions que nous prenons pour les « éviter ».Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons aux comportements de sécurité gage d’un changement de statut d’individu à acteur de la maîtrise des risques. Nous prendrons également en compte le fait que le contexte a un poids très important dans la mise en place de comportements de sécurité. Pour cela, nous décrirons une autre voie de modification des comportements à savoir la théorie de l’engagement.