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ÖZET Bu çalışma, Mayıs 2000-Mart 2002 tarihleri arasında Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Küçük Hayvan Kliniği'ne getirilen ve tibia kırığı tespit edilen değişik ırk, yaş ve cinsiyetteki köpeklerden oluşan toplam 15 olgu üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada; beşeri Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji'de kırık sağaltımı için kullanılan Ortofîks tipi dinamik aksiyal eksternal fiksatör'ü köpeklerde de kırık sağaltımında kullanarak, açık redaksiyon sırasında oluşturulan yeni doku travmalarını azaltma, operasyon süresini kısaltma, uzun ve zahmetli uğraşılan hafifletme ve daha kısa sürede kırığın klinik olarak iyileşmesini sağlamada önemli etkisinin olup olmadığının araştırılması ve fîksatörün klinik kullanıma sunulması amaçlanmıştır. ; Olguların operasyon öncesi alınan radyografileri değerlendirilerek uygun Ortofîks tipi dinamik aksiyal eksternal fiksatör ve Schanz vidalan belirlenerek gerekli operasyon hazırlığı yapılmıştır. Fiksatör, kısa süreli genel anestezi altında uygulanmıştır. Redüksiyon yapıldıktan sonra, öncelikle, kemik kalınlığına göre preoperatif dönemde belirlenen çaptaki Schanz vidalarının (0 3, 4, 5 mm) ilki belirlenen fragment üzerine antero- medialden yerleştirildikten sonra fiksatör bu vidaya tespit edilmiştir. İkinci vida karşı fragmente vida yuvası rehberliğinde yerleştirilmiştir. Takiben diğer vidalar yerleştirilmiştir. Uygulama sonrası kontrol radyografileri alınmış ve pansuman yapılmıştır. Postoperatif 2., 4. ve 7. günlerde pansuman değişimleri yapışmıştır. Bir hafta aralar ile radyografik kontrolleri yapılmıştır. Eksternal fîksatörün uzaklaştırılmasına kadar klinik ve radyografik takiplerine devam edilmiştir. Eksternal fîksatörün uzaklaştırılması planlanan üç şekilde (L grupta 45. günde, II. grupta 60. günde, m. grupta 75. günde) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, klinik ve radyolojik olarak, modifiye Hannover Veteriner Yüksek Okulu Küçük Hayvan Kliniği Değerlendirme Skalası'na göre yapılan değerlendirmede; 8 olguda (%53.3) çok iyi, 4 olguda (%26.7) iyi, 1 olguda (%6.7) tatminkar ve 2 olguda (%13.3) kötü sonuç alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak; beklentimizden daha pahalı bir yöntem olması ve özenli pin dibi bakımının gerekliliği gibi faktörler veteriner hekimin cesaretini azaltacak, pratiğe sunulmasını geciktirecek nve ekonomik avantaj sağlamayacak gibi görülse de, diğer avantajları dikkate alındığında, kas dokusundan zayıf olan ve kapalı redaksiyonun kolay yapılabildiği tibia kırıklarında özenli bîr pin dibi bakımının yapılması ve hayvan sahibine sadece vidaların temin ettirilmesiyle en azından bir plaka osteosentezi kadar ekonomik, klinik kullanıma sunulabilir iyi bir yöntem olduğunu vurgulayabiliriz ve ekstremitelerin diğer uzun kemiklerinde bu yöntemin uygulanılmasına ilişkin çalışmaların yapılmasını önerebiliriz. Anahtar kelimeler: Köpek, Ortofiks tipi dinamik aksiyal ekstemal fiksatör, tibia kırığı. m SUMMARY The management of tibial fractures with Orthofix type dynamic axial external fixator in dogs This study is performed on IS cases, consisted of dogs from different breeds, ages and gender which were brought to Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, Uludağ University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine between May 2000-March 2002. The aims of this study were to research the possibility of using the Orthofix type dynamic axial external fixator in dogs as in humans so as to decrease the trauma of new tissues during the open reduction, to shorten the operation period, to simplify the complex surgical techniques, to achieve earlier healing of the fractures and to present this fixator for the clinical use. The essential preparation for the operation was performed with the roentgenograms taken preoperatively to prepare the suitable external fixator and Schanz screw for each case. For the operation, general anesthesia, effective for a short period, was performed. After reduction, the first one of the Schanz screws, which have the appropriate diameter for the bone (0 3, 4 and 5 mm), were placed anteromedially on the fragment that was determined before. Then fixator was fixed on the first screw. Second screw was applied to the opposite fragment by screw socket guiding. Then the other screws applied. Control roentgenograms were taken after the operation and the extremity was binded with dressing. Dressings were removed postoperatively on the 2nd, 4* and 7th days and then binded again. Radiographical examinations were performed once a week in the following period. Clinical and radiographical examinations continued tül external fixators were removed. Removing of external fixators were performed as planned in three way; on the 45th days in first group, on the 60* days in second group, on the 75* day in third group. In the evaluation performed according to the scala of Clinic of Small Animal Surgery Hannover Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, the results were perfect in 8 cases (53.3%), good in 4 cases (26.7%), fair in 1 case (6.7%) and bad in 2 cases (13.3%). rV. ? r.- ii ^«^l, «amiAs a result, altough this method can diminish the courage of the veterinarians that, it requires very careful pin tract management and is more expensive than our expectations and then makes this method difficult to present to practice; we determined that in the fractures of tibia even in the radio-ulnar fractures which are poor from muscles and on which the closed reduction is performed easily, this method is as economic as plate osteosynthesis if the screws atone are ensured by the owners in addition to the other advantages. Also this is a good technique that only requires careful pin tract management and can be offered. Key words: Dog, Orthofix type dynamic axial external fixator, tibia fracture. 599

OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we aimed to deterimine the dose-related effects of ticagrelor, the first reversible inhibitor of the P2Y(12) receptor, found in smooth muscle cells as well as platelets, during neointimal hyperplasia in a rabbit carotid anastomosis model. METHODS: This study was an experimental, prospective, randomized controlled study including 20 New Zealand white female rabbits (6-months old; weighing 2300 +/- 300 g). Under general anaesthesia, the rabbits underwent transection of the right carotid artery and subsequent anastomosis of both ends. The study animals were divided into the following 4 groups: T1 (ticagrelor 5 mg/kg, orally, daily), T2 (ticagrelor 10 mg/kg, orally, daily), T3 (ticagrelor 20 mg/kg, orally, daily) and control (no ticagrelor treatment). The single oral doses were administered in phosphate-buffered saline. The control group received sterile phosphate-buffered saline (2 ml/kg/day, orally) for 3 weeks postoperatively. At the end of the study, the animals were killed, and the anastomosed segment of the right carotid artery and part of the left carotid artery were excised from each animal. Antibodies against transforming growth factor-beta were used in staining of arterial sections, which was followed by histomorphological and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: The median intimal thickness (2.0 +/- 0.14 m left vs 73.4 +/- 35.8 m anastomosed right arteries; P

Extrinsic contamination of propofol is thought to be a source of postoperative sepsis. Researchers studied growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in propofol, thiopental and in a 1:1 propofol-thiopental mixture. All microorganisms were taken from standard stock cultures. Half of the samples were incubated at 20 degrees C and the rest were stored at 4 degrees C for 120 h. Growth of microorganisms in each solution was compared by counting the number of the Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) at 0, 3, 6, 24, 72 and 120 h. Propofol supported the growth of all four microorganims at both temperatures. In contrast, thiopental and the 1:1 propofol-thiopental mixture exhibited markedly bactericidal properties on E. coli, C. albicans and P. aeruginosa and bacteriostatic effect on S. aureus.

In this study, the effects of periosteal autograft and human amniotic membrane on tendon healing were compared. Forty-two New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups. Flexor digitorum fibularis tendons were cut and repaired with a modified Kessler technique and circumferential sutures in all groups. Tendon repair alone was carried out in group 1, tendon repair and application of human amniotic membrane was done in group 2 and tendon repair and application of periosteal autograft was done in group 3. Biomechanical and histopathological examinations were done 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Biomechanical examination showed that group 3 was the strongest at weeks 2 and 6. Adhesion, inflammation and new bone formation showed no difference between groups at week 2. However, adhesion formation was found to be less in groups 2 and 3 than group 1 at week 6. The application of periosteal autograft might be useful in repair of tendon injuries.

This study investigated the effects of topically applied oily homogenized and powder forms of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) (MC) and ointment formulation of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) (CA) extract and compared the results with untreated control and pure olive oil groups on wound healing in rabbits. A total of 30 New Zealand rabbits were divided into five equal groups (oily homogenized form of MC, powder form of MC, ointment of CA, control, pure olive oil). Full-thickness 5x5 cm skin wounds were created on the right mid-dorsum area and experimental groups were treated daily with the above mentioned extracts. Wounds were observed daily. Planimetry was performed for the unhealed wound area and the percentage of total wound healing on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Median time for the first observable granulation tissue was shorter in all experimental groups than in the control group (P

Hematological and serum biochemical values were measured in blood samples collected from ten adult red deer (Cervus elaphus) which were captured physically or by the use of a combination of xylazine/ketamine. The investigated hematological values were white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and platelets count. The serum values of glucose, total bilirubin, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), amylase, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Total Protein (TP), albumin and globulin were also measured. Heart and respiratory rates decreased in chemically captured animals, while rectal temperature did not fall in any group. The physically captured animals revealed significantly higher packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, glucose, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase than the chemically captured deer.

Background. During off-pump coronary bypass grafting, local vascular control of the target vessel and a bloodless field are crucial. The aim of this study is to asses the histopathological outcomes of intracoronary shunts and bulldog clamping on the beating heart in a canine model. Methods. Twelve healthy adult mongrel dogs weighing between 15 to 25 kg were included in the study. Following left thoracotomy, proximal left anterior descending artery segment 1 cm to distal of diagonal branch was marked. Arteriotomy at this site was performed and a shunt was inserted for 10 min in the shunt group. The bulldog clamp was applied 3 cm distal to the mark for 10 min after heparinization in the bulldog group. Thirty days after the procedure, the specimens of left anterior descending artery from both regions were collected and were examined. Vascular damage, presence of intimal hyperplasia, and denudation were noted. Results. Only intimal denudation was found significantly higher in the shunt group (P < 0.05). In this group, only one case had grade 0 endothelial damage. In the bulldog group, all cases had endothelial damage of various grades. Conclusion. The proven advantages of temporary intracoronary shunts are well-known, e.g., preserving the ventricular functions. Despite these advantages, our study revealed an ultimate bad result for an off-pump coronary by pass patient: intimal denudation. We conclude that further studies with a larger number of subjects are needed to decide whether routine shunt insertion into coronary arteries during off-pump coronary bypass surgery is appropriate or not.

Thirty three dogs from different breed, age and sex with condylar and intercondylar fractures in humerus and femur were used as material. Exact results were taken as per cent when evaluated according to breed, age, sex, history and location of the fractures. In the cases of operative treatment open reduction and internal fixation methods were used. It was concluded that the most suitable operative procedures for condylar fractures in dogs was transcondylar screw and screw-intramedullary pin application which causes no tightness on soft tissues surrounding the joint.

The effects of halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia on hepatic function and hepatocellular damage were investigated in dogs, comparing the activity of hepatic enzymes and bilirubin concentration in serum. An experimental study was designed. Twenty-one clinically normal mongrel dogs were divided into three groups and accordingly anaesthetized with halothane (n = 7), isoflurane (n = 7) and sevoflurane (n = 7). The dogs were 1-4 years old, and weighed between 13.5 and 27 kg (18.4 +/- 3.9). Xylazine HCI (1-2 mg/kg) i.m. was used as pre-anaesthetic medication. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg i.v. The trachea was intubated and anaesthesia maintained with halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen at concentrations of 1.35, 2 and 3%, respectively. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (tidal volume, 15 ml/kg; respiration rate, 12-14/min) was started immediately after intubation and the anaesthesia lasted for 60 min. Venous blood samples were collected before pre-medication, 24 and 48 h, and 7 and 14 days after anaesthesia. Serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH GGT) activities and bilirubin concentration were measured. Serum AST, ALT and GGT activities increased after anaesthesia in all groups. In the halothane group, serum AST and ALT activities significantly increased all the time after anaesthesia compared with baseline activities. But in the isoflurane group AST and ALT activities increased only between 2 and 7 days, and in the sevoflurane group 7 days after anaesthesia. GGT activity was increased in the halothane group between 2 and 7 days, and in the isoflurane and sevoflurane groups 7 days after anaesthesia. All dogs recovered from anaesthesia without complications and none developed clinical signs of hepatic damage within 14 days. The results suggest that the use of halothane anaesthesia induces an elevation of serum activities of liver enzymes more frequently than isoflurane or sevoflurane from 2 to 14 days after anaesthesia in dogs. The effects of isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia on the liver in dogs is safer than halothane anaesthesia in dogs.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and histopathological effects of tripeptide copper complex (TCC) and two different doses of laser application (helium-neon laser, 1 and 3 J cm(-2)) on wound healing with untreated control wounds. Experimental wounds were created on a total of 24 New Zealand white rabbits and topical TCC or laser was applied for 28 days. The wounds were observed daily, and planimetry was performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 to measure the unhealed wound area and percentage of total wound healing. Biopsies were taken weekly to evaluate the inflammatory response and the level of neovascularization. The median time for the first observable granulation tissue was shorter (P < 0.05) in the low and high dose laser groups than in the control group (3 and 2.66 vs. 4.5 days), but was not different between the TCC and control groups (4.16 vs. 4.5 days). Filling of the open wound to skin level with granulation tissue was faster (P < 0.05) in the TCC and high dose laser groups than in the control group (14 and 16 vs. 25 days), but was not different between the low dose laser and control groups (23 vs. 25 days). The average time for healing was shorter (P < 0.05) in the TCC and high dose laser groups (29.8 and 30.2 vs. 34.6 days), but was not different between the low dose laser and control groups (33.8 vs. 34.6 days). Histopathologically, wound healing was characterized by a decrease in the neutrophil counts and an increase in neovascularization. The TCC and high dose laser groups had greater neutrophil and vessel counts than in the control group, suggesting a more beneficial effect for wound healing.