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Black Fungus Gnats (Sciaridae) are a megadiverse, cosmopoliltan family of bibionomorph Diptera. Even in Europe, the continent with the longest tradition in sciarid taxonomy, numerous taxonomic issues remain unresolved and countless species await discovery and description. The fauna of Norway is in these respects no exception. Recognising considerable knowledge gaps, the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre provided substantial funding for a detailed inventory of the Sciaridae species occurring in Norway, which was realised in 2014–2018. The results of this project will be published in a series of papers, of which the first is presented here, summarising available data on the taxonomy, faunistics, and autecology of Norwegian Sciaridae beginning with Zetterstedt’s pioneering work in 1838 and ending with 31 December 2019 as the cut-off date. All published records from that period were analysed. The result is a list of 143 species and four unplaced names. Following a consistent scheme, verified locality details are provide including alternative spellings, habitats, and flight times of adults in Norway, literature citations for the faunistic records, and general taxonomic references for classification or identification. A checklist of the sciarid fauna of Norway and a complete list of the relevant literature are also presented.

The Phytosciara genus group (Diptera, Sciaridae: Phytosciara Frey, Dolichosciara Tuomikoski, and Prosciara Frey) are studied in the Korean peninsula. Dolichosciara koreaensis Shin & Menzel sp. n. is described and illustrated as new to science. Additionally, four species are reported as new to Korea: Dolichosciara orcina ( Tuomikoski, 1960 ), Dolichosciara semiferruginea (Menzel, 1995), Prosciara producta ( Tuomikoski, 1960 ), and Prosciara ussuriensis ( Antonova, 1977 ). Identification keys are given for the genera of the Phytosciara genus group and for the Korean species of the genera Dolichosciara Tuomikoski and Prosciara Frey. The COI barcode for the new species is studied.

The following species of the genus Lycoriella Frey sensu Vilkamaa Menzel from the Holarctic region are newly described and illustrated: Lycoriella ampla sp. n. (Canada: Ontario), L. barkalovi sp. n. (Russia: Krasnoyarsk region), L. canningsi sp. n. (Canada: British Columbia), L. eurystylata sp. n. (Canada: Quebec), L. excavata sp. n. (USA: Colorado), L. jakovlevi sp. n. (Russia: Karelia), L. kinbasketi sp. n. (Canada: British Columbia), L. longa sp. n. (USA: Colorado), L. nivicola sp. n. (Canada: Nunavut, NWT; Greenland), L. pearyi sp. n. (Greenland), L. taimyrensis sp. n. (Russia: Krasnoyarsk region) and L. tundrae sp. n. (Russia: Krasnoyarsk region). Lycoriella parva (Holmgren, 1869) is redescribed and illustrated and new faunistic records are given for some previously described species of Lycoriella. The newly described species raise the number of known species of Lycoriella from 38 to 50.

(1) We document the invertebrate fauna collected from 24 oak canopies in east and west Norway as a contribution to the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre’s ‘The Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative’. (2) A snap-shot inventory of the canopies was recorded by means of emitting a mist of natural pyrethrum into the canopies at night using a petrol-driven fogger and collecting the specimens in butterfly nets spread on the ground under the canopy. (3) Almost the entire catch of more than 6800 specimens was identified to 722 species. Out of 92 species new to the Norwegian fauna, 21 were new to science and, additionally, 15 were new to the Nordic fauna. Diptera alone constituted nearly half of the species represented, with 61 new records (18 new species). Additionally, 24 Hymenoptera (one new species), six oribatid mites (two new species) and one Thysanoptera were new to the Norwegian fauna. (4) Our study emphasizes the importance of the oak tree as a habitat both for a specific fauna and occasional visitors, and it demonstrates that the canopy fogging technique is an efficient way to find the ‘hidden fauna’ of Norwegian forests. The low number of red listed species found reflects how poor the Norwegian insect fauna is still studied. Moreover, the implication of the IUCN red list criteria for newly described or newly observed species is discussed. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by/4.0/).

Elaborated kettle trap flowers to temporarily detain pollinators evolved independently in several angiosperm lineages. Intensive research on species of Aristolochia and Ceropegia recently illuminated how these specialized trap flowers attract particular pollinators through chemical deception. Morphologically similar trap flowers evolved in Riocreuxia, however, no data about floral rewards, pollinators, and chemical ecology were available for this plant group. Here we provide data on pollination ecology and floral chemistry of R. torulosa. Specifically, we determined flower visitors and pollinators, assessed pollen transfer efficiency, and analysed floral scent chemistry. R. torulosa flowers are myiophilous and predominantly pollinated by Nematocera. Pollinating Diptera included, in order of decreasing abundance, male and female Sciaridae, Ceratopogonidae, Scatopsidae, Chloropidae, and Phoridae. Approximately 16% of pollen removed from flowers was successfully exported to conspecific stigmas. The flowers emitted mainly ubiquitous terpenoids, most abundantly linalool, furanoid (Z)-linalool oxide, and (E)-β-ocimene—compounds typical of rewarding flowers and fruits. R. torulosa can be considered to use generalized food (and possibly also brood-site) deception to lure small nematocerous Diptera into their flowers. These results suggest that R. torulosa has a less specific pollination system than previously reported for other kettle trap flowers but is nevertheless specialized at the level of Diptera suborder Nematocera.

An inventory of Sciaridae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) from a eutrophic fen and a spring brook in Viidumäe Nature Reserve (Estonia, Saaremaa Island) recorded a total of 60 species, of which 57 are new records for Estonia, including two that are new to science and described herein as Cratyna (Diversicratyna) palustricola sp. nov. (Estonia) and Sciara bryophila sp. nov. (Estonia, Finland). This has raised the number of Sciaridae known from Estonia from 6 to 63.

Sciaridae is a family of great species diversity, distributed worldwide, that includes important agricultural pests of cultivated mushrooms and plants produced in greenhouses. Here we sequenced five nearly complete mitochondrial genomes representing three subfamilies of Sciaridae. The lengths of these mitogenomes range from 13,849 bp to 16,923 bp with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 20–22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a control region (CR). Compared with other dipteran species, rearrangements in Sciaridae are more common. Inversion or transition is observed frequently of trnL2, and in the tRNA clusters trnI-trnQ-trnM, trnW-trnC-trnY, and trnA-trnR-trnN-trnS1-trnE-trnF. Phylogenetic relationships within the family were reconstructed based on these newly sequenced species, combined with the published mitogenomes of related families, and recovered the topology within Sciaroidea as Cecidomyiidae + (Sciaridae + Keroplatidae). Relationships recovered within Sciaridae were Sciarinae + (‘Pseudolycoriella group’ + Megalosphyinae).

On the basis of re-evaluation of morphological characters of the Lycoriella group of genera and subgenera, generic rank is given to the two species groups belonging to Lycoriella (Hemineurina) Frey, 1942 and to Lycoriella (Coelostylina) Tuomikoski, 1960. The Lycoriella (Hemineurina) inflata group, including the type species of the subgenus, Sciara conspicua Winnertz, 1867, is treated as the genus Hemineurina stat. n. and the Lycoriella (Hemineurina) vitticollis group as the genus Trichocoelina gen. n. (type species Sciara vitticollis Holmgren, 1883). Coelostylina Tuomikoski, 1960 (type species Lycoriella (Coelostylina) freyi Tuomikoski, 1960) is a junior homonym of Coelostylina Kittl, 1894, and is renamed Stenacanthella nom. et stat. n. The genera are diagnosed and their phylogeny is discussed. Eight species are excluded from the Lycoriella group. They are transferred to the genera Bradysiopsis Tuomikoski, 1960, Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994, Merizomma Sasakawa, 2003 stat. n. and Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 (five species) or are for the time being regarded as incertae sedis (two species) and as nomen nudum (one name). Numerous nomenclatural corrections are made also in the genera Hemineurina Frey, Stenacanthella Vilkamaa & Menzel and Trichocoelina Vilkamaa & Menzel. Altogether 42 new combinations, three changes in status and one new synonym are presented. A lectotype is designated for Hemineurina algida (Frey, 1948) and two Hemineurina species names are removed from synonymy and given full species status. The following species of Trichocoelina are newly described: Trichocoelina absidata sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. aemula sp. n. (Finland, Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. biplex sp. n. (Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon), T. dicksoni sp. n. (Russia: Arkhangelsk oblast, Kemerovsk oblast, Krasnodarsk region), T. dispansa sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. dividua sp. n. (Canada: Northwest Territories), T. hians sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. imitator sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. incrassata sp. n. (USA: Alaska), T. ithyspina sp. n. (Norway), T. jukkai sp. n. (Finland), T. magnifica sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. nefrens sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. obesula sp. n. (Norway), T. oricillifera sp. n. (Finland, Norway), T. planilobata sp. n. (Finland), T. quintula sp. n. (Finland), T. semisphaera sp. n. (Finland, Norway), T. semusta sp. n. (Italy, USA: Alaska), and T. tecta sp. n. (Canada: Nunavut, Yukon, Russia: Krasnodarsk region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, USA: Alaska). The Trichocoelina species are keyed, the 20 new species are described and illustrated, and the 9 previously known ones, transferred to the new genus, are briefly diagnosed and the taxonomically relevant literature regarding them is listed. Trichocoelina janetscheki (Lengersdorf, 1953) comb. n. and Trichocoelina brevicubitalis (Lengersdorf, 1926) comb. n. are redescribed. The genus Trichocoelina currently includes 29 species: 17 in the Palaearctic, 6 in the Nearctic and 6 in the Holarctic. All known species are northern or montane.

Two morphologically similar species of the fungicola species group of Bradysia Winnertz, 1867 were studied in China: Bradysia chenjinae Yang, Zhang & Yang, 1993 and Bradysia minorlobus Yang, Shi & Huang sp. n. The morphological species concepts were supported by the DNA barcodes of COI sequences. The genetic distances of 16 Bradysia fungicola group species were analyzed and a neighbor-joining tree was constructed. The morphological characters of both Chinese species were described and illustrated.

Six species of the genus Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994 and four of the genus Corynoptera Winnertz, 1867 from the Holarctic region are newly described and illustrated: Camptochaeta chilkatensis sp. n. (USA: Alaska), C. curtipilosa sp. n. (USA: Colorado), C. exquisita sp. n. (USA: Oregon), C. fitzgeraldi sp. n. (USA: Oregon), C. fulvistylata sp. n. (Canada: British Columbia), C. pertenuis sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), Corynoptera bocheri sp. n. (Greenland; Canada: Quebec), C. hyperborea sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), C. hystricina sp. n. (RUSSIA: Krasnodarsk region) and C. tenuichaeta sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region).

We investigated the usefulness of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI) DNA barcoding of the genus Bradysia for the detection of immature stages and cryptic species complex. Although the larvae of some species in this genus are agricultural pests, immature stages are rarely identified due to the lack of key morphological characteristics. We constructed partial sequences of the COI gene for 25 species of Bradysia as a first step towards a DNA barcode. Using these data, Bradysia impatiens, B. procera and B. peraffinis were identified from larval specimens collected, respectively, from paprika, ginseng and oak sawdust beds used for cultivating shiitake. Our findings reveal a complex of three species within the B. tilicola group. These species were all identified as important pest B. ocellaris based on the morphology of male genital structures; however, the interspecific genetic divergence of the COI region was significantly greater (16.1–19.4%) than the intraspecific variation in each species. Therefore, B. ocellaris may consist of at least three species. The results demonstrate that COI DNA barcodes are useful for Bradysia species identification.

The taxonomy of Zygoneura Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Sciaridae) is studied. A total of three species of Zygoneura is found in Korea: Zygoneura (Zygoneura) sciarina Meigen, 1830, Zygoneura (Pharetratula) bidens (Mamaev, 1968), and Zygoneura (Pharetratula) flavicornis (Mamaev, 1968). Z. bidens is recorded from Korea for the first time. All three species are redescribed and illustrated, and a key to the Korean species is given. Furthermore, an updated world checklist of all species of Zygoneura is presented.

Ziel der Studie: Begleitende Hilfen am Arbeitsplatz sind ein wichtiger Faktor fur die Teilhabe von Menschen mit einer Horschadigung am Arbeitsleben. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse aus der GINKO-Studie (Gesetzeswirkungen bei der beruflichen Integration schwerhoriger, ertaubter und gehorloser Menschen durch Kommunikation und Organisation; Projektforderung: BMAS) vor dem Hintergrund eines Gutachtens der Universitat zu Koln (Auftraggeber: MAIS) reflektiert, um so einen umfassenden Blick auf die berufliche Lage von Menschen mit einer Horschadigung in NRW zu erhalten. Im Mittelpunkt steht bei der Zusammenfuhrung der beiden Studien die Frage, wie die Ergebnisse der GINKO-Studie fur NRW durch das Gutachten der Universitat zu Koln erklart werden konnen. Methodik: In der in Kooperation mit dem Deutschen Schwerhorigenbund e.V. und dem Deutschen Gehorlosen Bund e.V. durchgefuhrten GINKO-Studie wurden erwerbstatige Betroffene mit einem standardisierten Fragebogen, der auch online mit Gebardensprachfilmen zur Verfugung stand, schriftlich zu ihrer Situation am Arbeitsplatz befragt. In der NRW-Studie wurde partizipativ die Versorgungslage schwerhoriger, gehorloser und taubblinder Menschen uber Interviews bewertet und die Versorgungssituation uber amtliche Statistiken analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der bundesweiten GINKO-Studie zeigen, dass die befragten horgeschadigten Menschen in NRW tendenziell die gesetzlich vorgesehenen begleitenden Hilfen im Arbeitsleben haufiger in Anspruch nehmen als horgeschadigte Menschen im restlichen Deutschland. Statistisch lassen sich Unterschiede fur die Bereiche „Erhaltung und Erweiterung der beruflichen Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten“ und „Psychosoziale Hilfen bei behinderungsbedingt auftretenden Konflikten“ nachweisen. Schlussfolgerung: Eine Ursache fur die tendenziell positivere Bewertung der Befragten in NRW konnte durch die besondere Angebotsstruktur begrundet sein. Diese Ergebnisse in NRW durfen aber nicht daruber hinwegtauschen, dass auch in vielen Bereichen in NRW die horgeschadigtengerechte Gestaltung des Arbeitsplatzes fur einen Grosteil der Befragten (noch) nicht realisiert ist und auch begleitende Hilfen offensichtlich noch nicht alle Betroffenen erreicht haben.

Many synthetic crystals used for chemical and industrial applications have special internal structures, e.g. nano-pores, which allow separating different gases and fluids. Ion beam analytical methods can be used to study the gas diffusion and absorption in these materials in situ and to visualize their inner surfaces which affect these processes. For this purpose, a small target chamber was constructed in PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) using proton beam writing (PBW). This micro-fluidic structure enables the establishment of a defined atmosphere around a crystal and allows the simultaneous ion beam analysis. In order to confine the gas from the high vacuum in the measurement chamber Si3N4-windows of 200 nm thickness were thermally bonded to the structured PMMA block yielding a closed target chamber with the possibility to accomplish PIXE and RBS measurements. In addition, two capillaries were connected to the chamber for gas inlet and evacuation. First tests showed that the construction is leak-proof and allows to establish a defined atmosphere. After that, the Argon gas diffusion into Zn(tbip)-crystals was studied. These measurements have shown unexpectedly high nickel concentrations in the host crystal which reduces the Argon density in these areas after absorption, because the Ni atoms decrease the pore size by replacing Zn-atoms in the Zn(tbip)-lattice. It could be demonstrated that gas diffusion and absorption in organic crystals can be studied in situ with high lateral resolution using ion beam analysis in a dedicated target chamber machined by PBW.

The black fungus gnats Bradysia similigibbosa sp. n. and B. irwini sp. n. are described and new records of species of Bradysia Winnertz, Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, Epidapus Haliday, Pseudolycoriella MenzelMohrig, and Scatopsciara Edwards are presented for New Caledonia. A checklist of the sciarids of New Caledonia is given.

Im Wettlauf um das motorische Brennverfahren der Zukunft stehen homogene Otto- und Dieselverfahren, geschichtete Ottobrennverfahren und unterschiedliche Technologien im Fokus der Motorentwickler. Die IAV treibt die Optimierung der Entwicklungsprozesse stetig voran, um in Kundenprojekten optimal auf die jeweiligen Anforderungen vorbereitet zu sein. Ein Beispiel ist der Einzylindermotor der IAV als Entwicklungswerkzeug fur neue Brennverfahren. Die Ubertragbarkeit der Resultate auf den Mehrzylindermotor sowie die Adaption von Universalsteuergerat und spezieller Messtechnik machen den Einzylindermotor zum wertvollen Bestandteil einer effizienten Prozesskette.

The results of a revision of the Sciaridae (Diptera: Nematocera) from the British Isles are presented, carried out as a preliminary to the preparation of a new Handbook for the identification of the British and Irish fauna of this family. A total fauna of 263 species is confirmed, including many species new to the British Isles: 111 new to Great Britain and 32 new to Ireland. Epidapus (Pseudoaptanogyna) echinatumMohrig & Kozanek, 1992, hitherto known only from North Korea, is newly recorded from Europe. Six species are described as new to science: Bradysia austera Menzel & Heller sp. nov., Bradysia ismayi Menzel sp. nov., Bradysia nigrispina Menzel sp. nov., Corynoptera flavosignata Menzel & Heller sp. nov., Corynoptera uncata Menzel & Smith sp. nov. and Epidapus subgracilis Menzel & Mohrig sp. nov. The following new synonymies are proposed: Leptosciarella nigrosetosa (Freeman, 1990) = Leptosciarella truncatulaMohrig & Menzel, 1997; Sciara nursei Freeman, 1983 = Sciara ulrichi Menzel & Mohrig, 1998. Many misidentifications in the previous literature are corrected. Details of the collection data and location of specimens examined are provided under each species. The localities from which Sciaridae were collected in the British Isles are documented by modern county and grid references and the habitat indicated where known, to assist in assessing the ecological requirements of each species. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 146, 1–147.

Der Diskussionsbeitrag analysiert die offentlichen Datenquellen zum Ubergang Schule-Ausbildung-Beruf von Menschen mit Behinderung vor dem Hintergrund der in Artikel 31 der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention genannten Anforderungen an solche Datenquellen. Dabei werden die unterschiedlichen Fokusse der offentlichen Datenquellen zu den jeweiligen Systemen herausgestellt und entsprechende Herausforderungen in der Datenanalyse abgeleitet. Diese manifestieren sich als systemubergreifende Schnittstellenproblematik, wenn es um die Identifikation und den Verbleib von jungen Menschen mit Behinderung am Ubergang Schule-Ausbildung-Beruf geht. Mit diesen Herausforderungen stehen die offentlichen Datenquellen zum Ubergang Schule-Ausbildung-Beruf insbesondere dann auf dem Prufstand, wenn es um die Ausarbeitung und Umsetzung politischer Konzepte zur Durchfuhrung der Behindertenrechtskonvention sowie die Bereitstellung von Planungsdaten gehen soll 1 .

A simple kinetic model describing the molecular gas phase reactions during the formation of fumed silica (AEROSIL  ) was developed. The focus was on the formation of molecular SiO2, starting from SiCl4, hydrogen and oxygen. Wherever available, ki- netic and thermodynamic parameters were taken from the litera- ture. All other parameters are based on quantum chemical calcu- lations. From these data, an adiabatic model for the combustion reaction has been developed. It was found that a significant amount of molecular SiO2 forms after about 0.1 and 0.6 ms at

The first records for Brazil of two sciarid species, Bradysia difformis Frey, 1948 [= paupera (Tuomikoski, 1960)] and Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock, 1882) [= tritici (Coquillett, 1895)] (Diptera, Sciaridae) are presented. These are the first records of these species for the Neotropical region. Males and females of both species are fully described and illustrated. Information is given about synonymy and the location of the type material. Bradysia agrestis Sasakawa, 1978 is a new synonym of Bradysia difformis. Information about the zoogeographic distribution and habitats, of Bradysia difformis and Bradysia ocellaris is provided.

Aims Intracardiac electrograms (IEGMs) are essential for the assessment of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) function. The Biotronik Home Monitoring systems transmit an ‘IEGM Online’ that is shorter than the full-length programmer IEGM due to technical constrains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the physician's classification of the underlying rhythm based on the second-generation IEGM Online. Methods and results In total, 1533 patients treated with single- and dual-chamber ICDs and cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators were enrolled at 67 investigational sites and followed for 15 months. The investigators classified the rhythm shown in IEGM Online as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, other supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, oversensing due to lead failure, T-wave oversensing, or other rhythm. At the next in-office follow-up, the investigators classified independently the rhythm seen in the corresponding programmer IEGM. The two rhythm classifications were compared thereafter. Both IEGM Online and programmer IEGM were available in 2099 arrhythmic or oversensing events, of which 146 (7.0%) were classified as other rhythm or artefacts and were excluded as inconclusive or atypical. The remaining 1953 events, affecting 352 patients (23.0%), were classified correctly in 1803 cases (92.3%). The accuracy of rough rhythm classification as ventricular, supraventricular, or oversensing was 97.2%. Conclusion The Lumax and IEGM Online HD Evaluation study demonstrates that remote IEGM analysis is reasonably accurate in a remote monitoring system that transmits shorter IEGM than the full-length programmer IEGM for the sake of frequent, fully automatic data transmission.

The genus Cratyna Winnertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae) is studied in the Korean peninsula. Cratyna (s. str.) suwonensis Shin, MenzelLee sp. nov. is described as new to science. Additionally, three species are redescribed and illustrated as new to Korea: C. (s. str.) ambigua (Lengersdorf, 1934), C. (s. str.) nigerrima (MohrigKrivosheina, 1979), and C. (Peyerimhoffia) vagabunda (Winnertz, 1867). A key to the Korean species is given.

The preparation of long-chain symmetric di-n-alkyl disulfides based on the reaction of BUNTE SALTS (RS2O3Na) with iodine is reported. 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and FT-RAMAN spectra of the solid and liquid/molten aliphatic title disulfides were recorded. An assignment of the vibrational frequencies is proposed especially in regard to the S-S and C-S vibrations. Distinct spectral differences are determined between the solid and liquid state, as well as between disulfides with even and those with odd numbered alkyl substituents, respectively. The observed phenomena are ascribed to different species in the solids and liquids/melts and their respective VAN DER WAALS interactions. In addition, mass spectra, GC-MS studies, as well as the thermal behaviour of the disulfides, based on investigations by DSC and TGA, are reported.

Vibrational spectra are presented for Tl 2 P 2 S 6− x Se x and Ag 2 P 2 S 6− x Se x ( x =0–6) reaction mixtures. Reaction charges with high selenium contents gave glassy products in which the main building units appear to be the hexaselenidometadiphosphate anion, P 2 Se 6 2− . For intermediate x values mixed thio–seleno–metadiphosphates are formed. Geometry and equilibrium energy are calculated and the vibrational spectrum of the P 2 Se 6 2− anion is well modelled by ab initio quantum chemical calculations. For the probably microcrystalline Tl 2 P 2 S 6− x Se x series, Se seems to first enter the terminal positions of the anions. According to the calculations, bridged selenium and terminal sulfur are favored in mixed P 2 S 6− x Se x 2− anions, and the spectra seem to verify this for the Ag 2 P 2 S 6− x Se x series. No evidence for monomeric PSe 3 − was found.

Einkristalle der triklinen Verbindung NO2(NO)3[Zr(NO3)5]4 (a = 1376,3(6), b = 1376,9(11), c = 1632,0(7) pm, α = 114,63°(5), β = 114,90°(4), γ = 90,34°(5); P1, Z = 2) wurden rontgenographisch und schwingungsspektroskopisch untersucht. Die Verbindung konnte durch Umsetzung von N2O5 mit ZrCl4, anschliesender Sublimation und Umkristallisation in Nitroethan erhalten werden. Crystal Structure and Raman Spectrum of Nitroniumtrinitrosylpentanitratozirconate, NO2(NO)3[Zr(NO3)5]4 Single crystals of the triclinic compound NO2(NO)3[Zr(NO3)5]4 (a = 1376.3(6), b = 1376.9(11), c = 1632.0(7) pm, α = 114.63°(5), β = 114.90°(4), γ = 90.34°(5); P1, Z = 2) have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The crystals were prepared by reaction of N2O5 with ZrCl4. The product was sublimed and crystallised in nitroethane.

High-resolution FT-Raman spectra including solution spectra with polarization measurements, as well as IR spectra of highly purified and analyzed C 60 and C 70 samples were recorded. Semi-empirical Parametric Method 3 (PM3) calculations of all C 60 and C 70 vibrational frequencies were performed. Based on all experimental spectroscopic results, selection rules, PM3 results and computer visualized normal modes of vibration, a correlation, in the sense of a genetic relationship, between C 60 and C 70 vibrations is developed. For the intrinsic C 60 vibrations only one H g mode remains to be assigned tentatively. A complete assignment for all intrinsic C 70 frequencies is proposed. With quite a few exceptions, caused by peculiarities of vibrations of the C 60 and C 70 cluster molecules, observed and calculated vibrational frequencies correlate very well. It is concluded that all cluster vibrations cannot be modeled uniformly.

C{sub 60}/C{sub 70} containing soot was produced by arc vaporization of graphite. The chromatographic separation of soot yielded fairly pure C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} samples. High-resolution FT-Raman spectra of C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} specimen as well as C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} solutions including polarization measurements are recorded. Compared to the spectrum of solid C{sub 60}, some Raman bands of the C{sub 60} solution change their position and shape. Even the purest commercial C{sub 60} samples contain solvent inclusions (impurities) in the order of some percentage. The chromatographic separation combined with Raman polarization measurements of solutions allows an evaluation of the fundamental vibrations of the C{sub 60} molecule. Its assignment, in accordance with the group theoretical expectation, is proposed. The existence of small amounts of C{sub 60} isomers (symmetry e.g., C{sub 2v}, D{sub 2h}, D{sub 2d}) in icosahedral C{sub 60} (I{sub h}) is affirmed based on the polarization measurements. For C{sub 70} the most extended set of Raman frequencies is presented. 40 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

TlEu[PS4] was synthesized from the elements in a sealed quartz ampoule at 1 150 K. The compound forms transparent orange needles, stable in air and moisture. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pnma (No. 62), with cell dimensions a = 12.157(2), b = 6.581(1), c = 8.802(2) A, Z = 4. The crystal structure consists of discrete [PS4]3− anions interconnected by Tl+ and Eu2+. The tetrahedral [PS4]3− groups are slightly distorted with PS bond lengths in the range 2.028 to 2.043 A. These tetrahedral anions are arranged in such a way that the sulfur atoms form columns of distorted trigonal S6 prisms along [0 0 1]. The columns are condensed via common edges to puckered layers parallel to (1 0 0). The interlayer region consists of empty distorted half-cubes and tetrahedral holes, half of them filled by P atoms. The trigonal prisms in the columns are centered alternately by Tl+ and Eu2+. In this way, the structure can be regarded as an ordered superstructure of the InNi2 type, where half of the tetrahedral holes are filled by phosphorus atoms: InInNi4□ ≙ TlEuS4P□. TlEu[PS4] is a centrosymmetric variant of the TlSn[PS4] structure type (space group Pna21). The vibrational spectrum is in accordance with the X-ray crystal structure, the Raman and infrared vibrations are assigned on the basis of [PS4]3− units with C2v symmetry. Kristallstruktur und Schwingungsspektrum von Thallium(I)-Europium(II)-tetrathiophosphat(V), TlEu[PS4] TlEu[PS4] wurde aus den Elementen bei 1 150 K in einer evakuierten Quarzampulle dargestellt. Die Verbindung bildet transparente, orangefarbene, luft- und feuchtigkeitsbestandige Nadeln, die orthorhombisch, Pnma (Nr. 62) mit a = 12,157(2), b = 6,581(1), c = 8,802(2) A, Z = 4 kristallisieren. Charakteristisch sind diskrete [PS4]3−-Anionen, die durch Tl+ und Eu2+ verbunden sind. Sie sind verzerrt tetraedrisch mit PS-Abstanden zwischen 2,028 und 2,043 A und so angeordnet, das Liganden benachbarter Gruppen trigonale S6-Prismen bilden, entlang [0 0 1] zu Saulen verknupft, die parallel (1 0 0) uber gemeinsame Kanten zu gewellten Schichten kondensiert sind. Dazwischen sind leere, verzerrte Halbwurfel und zur Halfte mit P-Atomen besetzte Tetraederlucken Durch die alternierende Besetzung mit Tl+ und Eu2+ sind diese Prismen leicht verzerrt. Man kann daher diese Struktur als eine geordnete, teilweise aufgefullte Uberstruktur des InNi2-Typs auffassen (InInNi4□ ≙ TlEuS4P□), aber auch als zentrosymmetrische Variante der TlSn[PS4]-Struktur (Raumgruppe Pna21). Das Schwingungsspektrum entspricht der Strukturbestimmung, die beobachteten Raman- und Infrarotbanden lassen sich zwanglos auf der Basis von [PS4]3− -Einheiten mit C2v-Symmetrie zuordnen.

The phylogeny of the family Sciaridae is reconstructed, based on maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian analyses of 4809bp from two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and two nuclear (18S and 28S) genes for 100 taxa including the outgroup taxa. According to the present phylogenetic analyses, Sciaridae comprise three subfamilies and two genus groups: Sciarinae, Chaetosciara group, Cratyninae, and Pseudolycoriella group+Megalosphyinae. Our molecular results are largely congruent with one of the former hypotheses based on morphological data with respect to the monophyly of genera and subfamilies (Sciarinae, Megalosphyinae, and part of postulated "new subfamily"); however, the subfamily Cratyninae is shown to be polyphyletic, and the genera Bradysia, Corynoptera, Leptosciarella, Lycoriella, and Phytosciara are also recognized as non-monophyletic groups. While the ancestral larval habitat state of the family Sciaridae, based on Bayesian inference, is dead plant material (plant litter+rotten wood), the common ancestors of Phytosciara and Bradysia are inferred to living plants habitat. Therefore, shifts in larval habitats from dead plant material to living plants may have occurred within the Sciaridae at least once. Based on the results, we discuss phylogenetic relationships within the family, and present an evolutionary scenario of development of larval habitats.

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a catecholamine transporter blocker, with dopamine agonistic effects in the basal ganglia. Response inhibition, error detection, and its mediating frontostriatal brain activation are improved by MPH in patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. However, little is known about the effects of MPH on response inhibition and error processing or its underlying brain function in healthy individuals. Therefore, this study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and 2 response inhibition tasks in 52 healthy males. Subjects underwent fMRI during a go/no-go task and a tracking stop-signal task after administration of 40 mg MPH and placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures design. Results revealed task- and conditionspecific neural effects of MPH: it increased activation in the putamen only during inhibition errors but not during successful inhibition and only in the go/no-go task. We speculate that task specificity of the effect might be due to differences in the degree of error saliency in the 2 task designs, whereas errors were few in the go/ no-go task and thus had high saliency and the stop-signal task was designed to elicit 50% of errors in all subjects, diminishing the error saliency effect. The findings suggest that neural MPH effects interact with the saliency of the behavior under investigation.

K2Mn[P2S6] was synthesized from the elements in sealed quartz ampoules at 1 173 K. The compound forms transparent light brown crystals, stable against air and moisture. The crystal structure (monoclinic; space group P21/n, No. 14; a = 6.1966(9), b = 12.133(2), c = 7.424(1) A, β = 101.52(1)°, Z = 2; Pearson code mP22) consists of columns of face-sharing S6 polyhedra (distorted octahedra and trigonal antiprisms) parallel to the a axis, interconnected by inserted K+ (CN 10; d(KS) = 3.23–3.92 A). The S6 polyhedra of the columns are centered alternately by Mn (in octahedra with d(MnS) = 2.647 A) and P2 pairs (in trigonal antiprisms) which are inclined to the a axis by 73.1°. The bond lengths in the resulting hexathiodiphosphate(IV) anions, [P2S6]4−, with approximate 3 2/m–D3d symmetry, are d(PP) = 2.211 A and d(PS) = 2.018 A. K2Mn[P2S6] is isotypic to K2Fe[P2S6], being the second member of this structure type. The internal modes of the observed Raman and FIR/IR spectra of K2Mn[P2S6] are in accord with the factor group analysis, and the fundamentals are assigned on the basis of [P2S6]4− units, taking into account the deviation of the D3d symmetry. Kristallstruktur und Schwingungsspektrum von Dikaliummangan(II)-hexathiodiphosphat(IV), K2Mn[P2S6] K2Mn[P2S6] wurde aus den Elementen bei 1 173 K in evakuierten Quarzampullen dargestellt. Die Verbindung bildet transparente, hellbraune, luft- und feuchtigkeits-bestandige Kristalle. Die Kristallstruktur von K2Mn[P2S6] (monoklin; Raumgruppe P21/n, No. 14; a = 6,1966(9), b = 12,133(2), c = 7,424(1) A, β = 101,52(1)°; Z = 2; Pearson-Code mP22) enthalt Saulen flachenverknupfter S6-Polyeder (verzerrte Oktaeder und trigonale Antiprismen), die parallel zur a-Achse verlaufen und durch K+ (KZ 10; d(KS) = 3,23–3,92 A) miteinander verbunden sind. Die S6-Polyeder der Saulen werden alternierend durch Mn (in Oktaedern mit d(MnS) = 2,647 A) bzw. P2-Paare (in trigonalen Antiprismen) zentriert, die zur a-Achse um 73,1° geneigt sind. Die Bindungslangen in den Hexathiodiphosphat(IV)-Anionen [P2S6]4− mit angenaherter 3 2/m–D3d-Symmetrie betragen d(PP) = 2,211 und d(PS) = 2,018 A. K2Mn[P2S6] ist isotyp zu K2Fe[P2S6] und der zweite Vertreter dieses Strukturtyps. Die beobachteten Fundamentalschwingungen von K2Mn[P2S6] stehen im Einklang mit der Faktorgruppenanalyse und werden auf der Basis von [P2S6]4−-Einheiten unter Berucksichtigung der Abweichung von der D3d-Symmetrie zugeordnet.

K2Fe[P2S6] was synthesized from the elements at 1173 K in sealed quartz tubes. The compound forms transparent orange crystals, stable against air and moisture. K2Fe[P2S6] crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n (No. 14), with cell dimensions (T = 298.5 K) a = 6.0622(4), b = 12.172(1) and c = 7.3787(8) A, β = 101.113(7)°, Z = 2. The novel structure type (mP22) is characterized by columns of alternating face-sharing S6 octahedra and trigonal antiprisms (both distorted) parallel to the a axis, which are interconnected by inserted K+ (CN 10; {2,6,2}-polyhedra; d(KS) = 3.231 − 3.845 A). The S6 polyhedra of the columns are centered alternately by Fe (d(FeS) = 2.577 A) and P2 pairs which are inclined to the a axis by 73.4°. The bond lengths in the hexathiodiphosphate(IV) anions, [P2S6]4−, with approximate 3 2/m – D3d symmetry, are d(PP) = 2.20 and d(PS) = 2.02 A. The compound is paramagnetic above TN = 28 K with μ = 4.69 B.M. and orders antiferromagnetically below TN. The internal modes of the observed Raman and FIR spectra of K2Fe[P2S6] are in accord with the factor group analysis, and the spectra are assigned on the basis of [P2S6]4− units, taking into account the deviation from D3d symmetry. Synthese, Kristallstruktur, Magnetismus und Schwingungsspektrum von Dikaliumeisen(II)hexathiodiphosphat(IV), K2Fe[P2S6] K2Fe[P2S6] wurde aus den Elementen bei 1173 K in evakuierten, abgeschmolzenen Quarzampullen dargestellt. Die Verbindung bildet transparente, orangefarbene, luft- und feuchtigkeitsbestandige Kristalle. K2Fe[P2S6] kristallisiert monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n (Nr. 14), mit den Gitterkonstanten (T = 298,5 K): a = 6,0622(4), b = 12,172(1) und c = 7,3787(8) A, β = 101,113(7)°, Z = 2. Der neuartige Strukturtyp (mP22) wird durch Saulen von alternierend flachenverknupften S6-Oktaedern und trigonalen Antiprismen (beide verzerrt) charakterisiert, die parallel zur a-Achse verlaufen und durch K+-Kationen (KZ 10; {2,6,2}-Polyeder; d(KS) = 3,231 − 3,845 A) miteinander verbunden sind. Die S6-Polyeder der Saulen werden alternierend durch Fe (d(FeS) = 2,577 A) bzw. P2-Paare zentriert, die zur a-Achse um 73,4° geneigt sind. Die Bindungslangen in den Hexathiodiphosphat(IV)-Anionen [P2S6]4− mit angenaherter 32/m—D3d-Symmetrie betragen d(PP) = 2,20 und d(PS) = 2,02 A. Die Titelverbindung ist oberhalb TN = 28 K paramagnetisch mit μ = 4,69 B.M. und ordnet unterhalb TN antiferromagnetisch. Die beobachteten inneren Moden der Raman- und Infrarotspektren von K2Fe[P2S6] stehen im Einklang mit der Faktorgruppenanalyse. Die Schwingungsbanden werden auf der Basis von [P2S6]4−-Einheiten unter Berucksichtigung der Abweichungen von der D3d-Symmetrie zugeordnet.

Water-free samples with the stoichiometries Na 3 PO 3 S, Na 3 PO 2 S 2 and Na 3 POS 3 have been prepared, and from vibrational spectra the ions PO 3 S 3− and PO 2 S 3− 2 have been found. POS 3− 3 seems to be unstable towards disproportionati under these conditions. Some distinct differences are seen between the vibrational spectra of water-free and water-containing samples. Ab initio calculations (SCF/triple split valence basis, MP2 energy) have been used to study the relative stability, geometry and vibrational spectra of the oxothiophosphate anions PO 3 S 3− , PO 2 S 3− 2 and POS 3− 3 . The significant deviations between calculated and experimental geometry, especially for PO 3 S 3− , are found to be due to the neglect of the counterions. The effect of several counterions is investigated, and based on these results a corrected resonance hydridization scheme for PO 3 S 3− is presented. By scaling the force constants in accordance with the observed inaccuracies in the calculated geometry a good fit to experimental frequencies is obtained, and the potential energy distribution (PED) is calculated. The scaling for PO 3 S 3− is supported by calculation of the influence of one Na + cation on the vibrational spectra.

Geometry, vibrational frequencies and IR intensities are calculated for α-P 4 S 4 by scaled quantum mechanical calculations at the 6-31G*/SCF and STO-3G*/SCF levels. For both basis sets the frequencies are scaled with factors close to or equal to those found for P 4 S 3 , and based on these results a revised assignment is proposed. The α-P 4 S 4 force field is transferred to the isostructural As 4 S 4 and As 4 Se 4 molecules and rescaled, and based on a good fit to experimental frequencies a new assignment is also proposed for these compounds.

A series of basis sets are evaluated for AlCl 3 and AlCl − 4 , and a common scaling factor derived for these compounds was transferred to Al 2 Cl 6 . 6-31G* calculations, scaled with a common factor of 0.92, give a good fit to all vibrational frequencies for AlCl 3 , AlCl − 4 and Al 2 Cl 6 , and there is also a qualitative fit between calculated and observed IR intensities. Extending the basis set does not lead to significant improvements, either for the geometry or for the vibrational frequencies. The calculations verify earlier assignments based on general valence force fields and predict frequencies for some unobserved bands. The SQM force fields for aluminium chlorides show large similarities with the isoelectronic thiophosphates; the main deviations can be attributed to more ionic bonds in the aluminium chlorides. A significant influence on the out-of-plane vibration in AlCl 3 by the basis set on the d -orbitals may indicate that π dp bonding plays a role. A remarkable and unexpected basis set sensitivity is found for the ν 6 ( B 1 g ) ring vibration in Al 2 Cl 6 .

2,4-Bis(methylthio)-2,4-dithioxo-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane, (CH3S)2P2S4 (called Davy reagent methyl) has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The central part of the molecule is a P2S6 unit similar to that of the metathiodiphosphate anion P2S62−. The methyl groups are arranged in a “trans-closed” configuration that is quite remarkable. By energy calculations at the 6-31G*/MP2 level it is shown that the observed conformation has the lowest energy, but the discrimination is small and is counteracted by entropy effects. The Raman and IR spectra have been recorded, and the vibrational frequencies assigned to the “trans-closed” form of the molecule present in the crystal structure. Some additional bands have to be attributed to conformers. In the Raman spectrum of the title compound dissolved in trichlorbenzene, the “trans-out” conformer dominates, hence packing effects influence the conformation.

C60fullerene derivatives with H2SO4(brown), HNO3(light orange), and HClO4 (light brown) were prepared both by chemical and electrochemical oxidation of C60in 97% H2SO4, fuming H2SO4, 65% HNO3, fuming HNO3, and 70% HClO4, respectively. A yellow-orange derivative was obtained by reacting the C60 fullerene with N2O5. In the case of the H2SO4 derivatives, the soccer ball structure of the C60 molecules proved to be maintained, whereas in the products obtained with HNO3, HClO4, and N2O5, the structure is different.

The compound CuHgPS4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pna21 (No. 33), Z = 4, with lattice parameters a = 12.660(3), b = 7.3498(7), c = 6.0943(4) A, and δcalc = 4.96 g/cm3. The title compound is stable in air and moisture and behaves as a semiconductor. The crystal structure consists of discrete tetrahedral PS43- anions joined together by Cu+ and Hg2+ cations. The arrangement of the sulfur atoms is approximately hexagonal close-packed in which P, Cu, and Hg occupy tetrahedral sites. The PS4, HgS4, and CuS4 tetrahedra are slightly distorted with mean distances d(P-S) = 2.055, d(Hg-S) = 2.524, and d(CuS) = 2.320 A, and 8% of the Hg atoms were found to be disordered, occupying interstitial tetrahedral sites. The title compound is isotypic to AgZnPS4 and can be considered to be a defect structure of Enargite (Cu3AsS4), which is a substitution derivative of the Wurtzite (ZnS) structure. The CuHgPS4 vibrational spectrum has been recorded. The internal modes experimentally observed are in accord with the factor group prediction. A tentative assignment of the vibrational frequencies is proposed.

Geometry, vibrational frequencies, IR intensities and potential energy distribution are calculated for P4S3 at the SCF/6–31G* level. With one scaling factor all observed frequencies are modelled with an accuracy of ± 1%, and a revised assignment is proposed. Transfer of the P4S3 force field to P4S3, As4Se3, As4S3, and PAs3S3 and rescaling yields a good fit for all these compounds. Where more than one scaling factor is needed, the different scaling factors are explainable. Revised assignments and potential energy distribution data are given for all these compounds. STO-3G* calculations give a poorer fit for P4S3, but with separate scaling of stretching and bending force constants a good fit is obtained.

Based on studies of PS 3 - and PS 4 3- , scaled quantum mechanical vibrational analyses are performed for P 2 S 6 2- (6-31G * level) and P 2 S 7 4- (STO-5G * level). The higher the overall charge density, the higher the required scaling factor, and the larger the inaccuracies of the calculated geometry and vibrational frequencies. Both effects are probably due to neglect of the counterions in the calculations. υ6 in P 2 S 6 2- is conclusively assigned, and its frequency is very sensitive to the basis sets for the d-orbitals and to the counterions

Water-free samples with the stoichiometries Na 3 PO 3 S, Na 3 PO 2 S 2 and Na 3 POS 3 have been prepared, and from vibrational spectra the ions PO 3 S 3− and PO 2 S 3− 2 have been found. POS 3− 3 seems to be unstable towards disproportionati under these conditions. Some distinct differences are seen between the vibrational spectra of water-free and water-containing samples. Ab initio calculations (SCF/triple split valence basis, MP2 energy) have been used to study the relative stability, geometry and vibrational spectra of the oxothiophosphate anions PO 3 S 3− , PO 2 S 3− 2 and POS 3− 3 . The significant deviations between calculated and experimental geometry, especially for PO 3 S 3− , are found to be due to the neglect of the counterions. The effect of several counterions is investigated, and based on these results a corrected resonance hydridization scheme for PO 3 S 3− is presented. By scaling the force constants in accordance with the observed inaccuracies in the calculated geometry a good fit to experimental frequencies is obtained, and the potential energy distribution (PED) is calculated. The scaling for PO 3 S 3− is supported by calculation of the influence of one Na + cation on the vibrational spectra.