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The central dogma of molecular biology dictates the general flow of molecular information from DNA that leads to a functional cellular outcome. In skeletal muscle fibers, the extent to which global myonuclear transcriptional alterations, accounting for epigenetic and post-transcriptional influences, contribute to an adaptive stress response is not clearly defined. In this investigation, we leveraged an integrated analysis of the myonucleus-specific DNA methylome and transcriptome, as well as myonuclear small RNA profiling to molecularly define the early phase of skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy. The analysis of myonucleus-specific mature microRNA and other small RNA species provides new directions for exploring muscle adaptation and complemented the methylation and transcriptional information. Our integrated multi-omics interrogation revealed a coordinated myonuclear molecular landscape during muscle loading that coincides with an acute and rapid reduction of oxidative metabolism. This response may favor a biosynthesis-oriented metabolic program that supports rapid hypertrophic growth. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Translational capacity (i.e. ribosomal mass) is a key determinant of protein synthesis and has been associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The role of translational capacity in muscle atrophy and regrowth from disuse is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of muscle disuse and reloading on translational capacity in middle‐aged men (Study 1) and in rats (Study 2). Methods: In Study 1, 28 male participants (age 50.03 ± 3.54 years) underwent 2 weeks of knee immobilization followed by 2 weeks of ambulatory recovery and a further 2 weeks of resistance training. Muscle biopsies were obtained for measurement of total RNA and pre‐ribosomal (r)RNA expression, and vastus lateralis cross‐sectional area (CSA) was determined via peripheral quantitative computed tomography. In Study 2, male rats underwent hindlimb suspension (HS) for either 24 h (HS 24 h, n = 4) or 7 days (HS 7d, n = 5), HS for 7 days followed by 7 days of reloading (Rel, n = 5) or remained as ambulatory weight bearing (WB, n = 5) controls. Rats received deuterium oxide throughout the study to determine RNA synthesis and degradation, and mTORC1 signalling pathway was assessed. Results: Two weeks of immobilization reduced total RNA concentration (20%) and CSA (4%) in men (both P ≤ 0.05). Ambulatory recovery restored total RNA concentration to baseline levels and partially restored muscle CSA. Total RNA concentration and 47S pre‐rRNA expression increased above basal levels after resistance training (P ≤ 0.05). In rats, RNA synthesis was 30% lower while degradation was ~400% higher in HS 7d in soleus and plantaris muscles compared with WB (P ≤ 0.05). mTORC1 signalling was lower in HS compared with WB as was 47S pre‐rRNA (P ≤ 0.05). With reloading, the aforementioned parameters were restored to WB levels while RNA degradation was suppressed (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Changes in RNA concentration following muscle disuse and reloading were associated with changes in ribosome biogenesis and degradation, indicating that both processes are important determinants of translational capacity. The pre‐clinical data help explain the reduced translational capacity after muscle immobilization in humans and demonstrate that ribosome biogenesis and degradation might be valuable therapeutic targets to maintain muscle mass during disuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cell biology, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 2' O -methyl (2'- O -Me) is the most prevalent posttranscriptional chemical modification contributing to ribosome heterogeneity. The modification involves a family of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is specified by box C/D snoRNAs (SNORDs). Given the importance of ribosome biogenesis for skeletal muscle growth, we asked if rRNA 2'- O -Me in nascent ribosomes synthesized in response to a growth stimulus is an unrecognized mode of ribosome heterogeneity in muscle. To determine the pattern and dynamics of 2'- O -Me rRNA, we used a sequencing-based profiling method called RiboMeth-seq (RMS). We applied this method to tissue-derived rRNA of skeletal muscle and rRNA specifically from the muscle fiber using an inducible myofiber-specific RiboTag mouse in sedentary and mechanically overloaded conditions. These analyses were complemented by myonuclear-specific small RNA sequencing to profile SNORDs and link the rRNA epitranscriptome to known regulatory elements generated within the muscle fiber. We demonstrate for the first time that mechanical overload of skeletal muscle 1 ) induces decreased 2'- O -Me at a subset of skeletal muscle rRNA and 2 ) alters the SNORD profile in isolated myonuclei. These findings point to a transient diversification of the ribosome pool via 2'- O -Me during growth and adaptation in skeletal muscle. These findings suggest changes in ribosome heterogeneity at the 2'- O -Me level during muscle hypertrophy and lay the foundation for studies investigating the functional implications of these newly identified "growth-induced" ribosomes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are posttranscriptionally modified by 2' O -methyl (2'- O -Me). This study applied RiboMeth-seq (RMS) to detect changes in 2'- O -Me levels during skeletal muscle hypertrophy, uncovering transient diversification of the ribosome pool in skeletal muscle fibers. This work implies a role for ribosome heterogeneity in skeletal muscle growth and adaptation.

To date, studies that have aimed to investigate the role of satellite cells during adult skeletal muscle adaptation and hypertrophy have utilized a nontranslational stimulus and/or have been performed over a relatively short time frame. Although it has been shown that satellite cell depletion throughout adulthood does not drive skeletal muscle loss in sedentary mice, it remains unknown how satellite cells participate in skeletal muscle adaptation to long-term physical activity. The current study was designed to determine whether reduced satellite cell content throughout adulthood would influence the transcriptome-wide response to physical activity and diminish the adaptive response of skeletal muscle. We administered vehicle or tamoxifen to adult Pax7-diphtheria toxin A (DTA) mice to deplete satellite cells and assigned them to sedentary or wheel-running conditions for 13 mo. Satellite cell depletion throughout adulthood reduced balance and coordination, overall running volume, and the size of muscle proprioceptors (spindle fibers). Furthermore, satellite cell participation was necessary for optimal muscle fiber hypertrophy but not adaptations in fiber type distribution in response to lifelong physical activity. Transcriptome-wide analysis of the plantaris and soleus revealed that satellite cell function is muscle type specific; satellite cell-dependent myonuclear accretion was apparent in oxidative muscles, whereas initiation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in the glycolytic plantaris may require satellite cells to induce optimal adaptations to long-term physical activity. These findings suggest that satellite cells play a role in preserving physical function during aging and influence muscle adaptation during sustained periods of physical activity.

Considering that thiol-containing enzymes like kinases are critical for several metabolic pathways and energy homeostasis, we investigated the effects of cystine dimethyl ester and/or cysteamine administration on kinases crucial for energy metabolism in the kidney of Wistar rats. Animals were injected twice a day with 1.6 µmol/g body weight cystine dimethyl ester and/or 0.26 µmol/g body weight cysteamine from the 16th to the 20th postpartum day and euthanized after 12 hours. Pyruvate kinase, adenylate kinase, creatine kinase activities and thiol/disulfide ratio were determined. Cystine dimethyl ester administration reduced thiol/disulfide ratio and inhibited the kinases activities. Cysteamine administration increased the thiol/disulfide ratio and co-administration with cystine dimethyl ester prevented the inhibition of the enzymes. Regression between the thiol/disulfide ratio, and the kinases activities were significant. These results suggest that redox status may regulate energy metabolism in the rat kidney. If thiol-containing enzymes inhibition and oxidative stress occur in patients with cystinosis, it is possible that lysosomal cystine depletion may not be the only beneficial effect of cysteamine administration, but also its antioxidant and thiol-protector effect.

This study aimed to determine through a questionnaire applied to interviewers, the current or past use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), as well as other hormones (OH), and other medicines (OM), food supplement and illicit drugs among strength training apprentices in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. We interviewed 288 subjects draw from a sample of 13 gyms. The prevalence of current and past use of AAS was about 11.1% (32/288), OH 5.2% (16/288) and OM 4.2% (12/288). The most used AAS were nandrolone and stanozolol; the OH were gonadotropin, triiodothyronine (T3) and OM, like lipostabil, diuretics and veterinary medicines (Monovin E). The most frequent side-effects were behavioral such as humor oscillation, irritability and hostility, and endocrine disturbances such as acne and increased or decreased libido. When analyzed together with other hormones in a variable named "hormonal agents" (AH), AAS presented a statistical difference (p< 0.05) among genders considering that the most frequent use of AH occurred among men and those who consume food supplements. The comparison of these findings to other national and international results is difficult due to the epidemiological design. Even if it is considered, the observed prevalence suggests that preventive attitudes as well as special care in the orientation and education of this population must be taken.