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Enzymatic biocatalysis typically generates less waste, uses less water, and minimizes energy consumption compared to traditional chemical methods. Efficient, cell-free biosynthesis relies on the reuse of its valuable biocatalysts. Immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, such as enzyme carrier resins (ECRs), offers a reliable and widely deployed approach to maximize enzyme turnover in cell-free biosynthesis. We focus on two major bottlenecks associated with optimizing cell-free biocatalysis. First, we apply our lab's 3D-printed labware to screen ECRs in 96-well mini-reactors to optimize enzyme immobilization conditions. Second, we introduce inline infrared spectroscopy to monitor bioreactor output and maximize enzyme productivity. Urease provides a model system for examining immobilization conditions and continuous assessment of biocatalyst performance. As required for the high substrate concentrations to improve process efficiency and minimize waste, urease was studied in unusually high concentrations of its substrate – molar concentrations of urea. The optimized reactor processed 3.24 L of 4.00 M urea at an average volumetric productivity of 13 g ⋅ L−1 ⋅ h−1 over 18 h and achieved an estimated productivity number of >17.4 kg urea processed per g of immobilized urease Type-IX. This workflow can be generalized to most biocatalytic processes and could accelerate adoption of cell-free biosynthesis for greater chemical sustainability.

The pure nanostructured anatase titanium dioxide (TiO 2) and subsequent nitrogen–doped derivatives (TiO 2–x N x; where, x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.05) were synthesized by sol–gel auto–combustion technique. XRD analysis confirms the formation of pure anatase phase of TiO 2 up to doping of 1 mol% (x = 0.01) of nitrogen having tetragonal structure with space group of I 4 1 / amd whereas an additional monoclinic phase of TiO 2 –B was observed at 5 mol% of nitrogen doping in TiO 2. This sample has smallest crystallite size of ∼4.7 ± 0.2 nm corresponding to TiO 2 –B phase and ∼12.0 ± 0.1 nm corresponding to anatase phase. XRD also reveals that the crystallite size of all other samples having pure anatase phase ranges between ∼8.7 ± 0.1 nm & 13.9 ± 0.1 nm. The crystalline phase revealed from XRD of all samples was further supported by the Raman analysis. The direct optical band gap of pure TiO 2 (∼3.4 eV) was reduced non–monotonically after nitrogen doping in the ranges from ∼2.8 eV (TiO 1.95 N 0.05) to ∼2.0 eV (TiO 1.99 N 0.01). FTIR spectra confirm the metal oxide bond formation, surface adsorption of water molecules and presence of residual hydroxyl group in all crystalline samples. HRTEM analysis validates the coexistence of secondary phase of TiO 2 –B along with anatase phase of TiO 2 in studied highest doped sample (TiO 1.95 N 0.05) including its broader particle size distribution as compared to pure TiO 2. The electrical studies reveal that the highest values of dielectric constant and ac conductivity can be realized for pure TiO 2 and at 1 mol% (x = 0.01) of nitrogen doping, among all the studied nitrogen doped samples. • Influence of nitrogen doping on the physical properties of anatase TiO 2. • Highest nitrogen doping level in N:TiO 2 possesses structurally dual phase nature. • TEM images also validate the presence of dual phases within the N:TiO 2 lattice. • Nonmonotonic control of optical band gap can be realized via doping of N in TiO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic mixing of P 2 O 5 and B 2 O 3 glass formers at a constant concentration of BaO as a glass modifier plays a vital role in generating a single-phase phosphor doped with Eu 2 O 3 for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). Herein, a glass system of nominal composition x P 2 O 5 ∙(50- x)B 2 O 3 ∙49.5BaO∙0.5Eu 2 O 3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol%) was prepared using a melt-quenching technique under normal atmospheric conditions. While the XRD patterns demonstrated the amorphous nature, the SEM micrographs proved the formation of cluster structures. Structural characterization using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of main vibrational structural units associated with borate and phosphate glass formers, including BO 3 , BO 4 −, P=O, PO 2 −, and PO 3 2−. The IR spectra at x = 0 and 50 mol% exhibit characteristic metaborate and metaphosphate absorption peaks, respectively. In contrast, the mixing of both B 2 O 3 and P 2 O 5 at equal concentrations (x = 25 mol%) has resulted in the absence of absorption peaks assigned to the BO 3 and P=O units, thus indicating the mixed structural effect. This is assigned to the formation of B-O-P bonds, with the BO 4 −, PO 2 −, and PO 3 2− as the main structural units. These structural changes affect the reduction process of Eu3+ to Eu2+, as demonstrated by the corresponding photoluminescence spectra and observed by the cathodoluminescence micrographs. Photoluminescence studies showed tunable emission from red (Eu3+) to white light (Eu2+ and Eu3+) under UV excitation, with the P 2 O 5 content rising from 0 to 50 mol% due to the growing Eu2+ population formed by the reduction of Eu3+. The optical basicity was observed to decrease with the P 2 O 5 content, favouring the reduction process. The demonstrated tunable single-host white phosphor makes this an attractive system for energy-efficient WLED applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we elaborate a borate glass system with x La 2 O 3 – (79-x) B 2 O 3 – 20.6 Na 2 O – 0.4 CoO; (x = 0, 3, 6 and 9 mol%) glass composition utilizing the melt-quenching method, and studied through density, basic physical parameters, Fourier transforms-infrared (FTIR) and optical absorption spectroscopy. Further addition of La 2 O 3 , up to 9 mol%, affords an enhancement (25 %) in the glass density, besides other structural parameters revealing the role of lanthanum ions on the glass matrix. FTIR findings revealed the essential structural groups of borate glass like trigonal BO 3 units, tetrahedra BO 4 units, and non-bridging oxygen atoms. Here too, a propensity towards the transformation from BO 3 units to BO 4 units was obtained. The optical absorption spectra revealed the existence of Co2+ in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination and the presence of Co3+ in octahedral coordination. The blue color of the present glass was attributed to the absorption band at 571.6–580.9 nm of Co2+ cation within the tetrahedral complexes. Further analysis of the ligand field parameters revealed increased values of the splitting energy parameter of Co2+ in a tetrahedral field with higher La 2 O 3 doping indicating a higher interplay between Co cations and their surrounding ligands. Additionally, the other ligand field parameters described the environments around the cobalt ions such as bonding nature. Finally, the glass refractive index increased with the further addition of lanthanum oxide, enhancing the glass quality for the optical realm. These reported findings show excellent properties of glass host as a promising contender in optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, a group of different concentrations of molybdenum trioxide-doped borate-germanate-telluride glasses have been synthesized. Four glasses with a composition formula of (35-x) B 2 O 3 -20TeO 2 -10GeO 2 -35MgO-xMoO 3 where x values vary between 5 and 20 mol % have been achieved using the melt-annealing process. X-ray diffraction for the current M1 sample was utilized to prove the glassy nature. FTIR has been measured to understand the glass structure. Many functional group and vibrational bonds were observed. The optical parameters for B 2 O 3 -TeO 2 -GeO 2 -MgO-MoO 3 glass samples were calculated based on absorption spectra recorded in the 200–1100 nm wavelength range. The optical electronegativity (χ) and optical basicity (Λ) were calculated as critical parameters that can be used to evaluate the glass structure. Physical parameters like density, molar volume (V m), packing density (V t), oxygen packing density (OPD), and oxygen molar volume (OMV) were measured and calculated. Hardness (H), Poisson ratio (σ), Fractal bond conductivity (d), and elastic moduli of M1, M2, M3, and M4 glass samples were calculated. Mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) for four synthesized glass samples were reported along with linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) as a function of photon energy. Based on the transmission factor TF %, it shows extremely low percentages at the lowest energy region, dropping to less than 1 % at 0.015 MeV up to 0.08 MeV in all samples. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was examined to measure the samples' capacity to attenuate ionizing radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fireproof sealant is a common sealing material and has a wide range of applications, which has the dual performance of sealing and fireproof. To figure out its thermal degradation behavior, the thermogravimetric experiments combined with Fourier transform infrared technology were conducted at multiple heating rates. The results showed that the pyrolysis process could be separated into three stages and the explicit reaction equations were revealed corresponding to each stage: First, ammonium polyphosphate decomposed to produce a large amount of inorganic acid, along with a small amount of ammonia and water. Then, a large amount of ammonia gas was produced from melamine decomposition, and the substrate including acrylic resin began to react. Furthermore, the remaining base materials and intermediate carbonized materials continued to be decomposed to produce large amounts of carbon dioxide, water and residue. The experimental results indicated that the various components of fireproof sealant could cooperate closely and played a synergistic role in flame retardant, which could be an important reference value for guiding the improvement of fire sealing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave absorption materials have attracted attention due to their extensive applications in different fields. Herein, ytterbium-doped BaCo 2 W-type hexaferrite nanocrystallites with a nominal composition of BaCo 2 Yb x Fe 16−x O 27 (x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, and 0.12) were synthesized via the sol–gel method, and their physicochemical and dielectric characteristics were estimated. XRD plots revealed the pure phase structure of each prepared hexaferrite sample. The lattice constant and unit cell volume were affected by changes in the Yb concentration. The crystallite size was measured by the Debye–Scherrer formula, revealing intense crystals typically in the 18–33 nm range. FTIR spectroscopy showed multiple absorption bands from 430 to 3000 cm−1, and Raman spectroscopy revealed multiple peaks between 200 and 1000 cm−1, displaying the allocated polyhedra and symmetry. XPS spectroscopy confirmed the existence of all metal ions in the required valence state. The dielectric measurements were evaluated at frequencies from 1 to 6 GHz for all the synthesized compositions, and the material behavior was explained using the Maxwell–Wagner and Koop theories. The conduction mechanism in the hexagonal ferrites was assessed using Cole–Cole analysis. Reflection loss measurements were also conducted: the samples at x = 0.03 and x = 0.12 yielded minimal reflection losses of −60.06 and −51.69 dB at 5.5 GHz, respectively. The results demonstrate the suitability of the samples for use in microwave and high-frequency absorption applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan, a derivative of chitin derived from the gladius of the marine cephalopod Doryteuthis sibogae , has drawn interest in biomedical research because of its possible antibacterial effects on human infections and inhibition of blood clotting. Chitosan was extracted from chitin isolated from the gladius of D. sibogae via demineralization and deproteination. Chitosan was structurally characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and FESEM. Additionally, the disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan against three human pathogens. Effective antibacterial activity was demonstrated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Chitosan is a potent anticoagulant in anticoagulant assays employing activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT). [Display omitted] • Chitosan, deacetylated derivative of chitin was isolated from marine cephalopod. • Chitosan was structurally characterized through FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analysis. • Antibacterial efficacy of chitosan was analyzed. • Anticoagulant property of chitosan was evaluated by calculating APTT and PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on enzymes, non-starch polysaccharides, and bread-making potential of oat and barley flour. Enzyme activity, microstructure, β-glucan extractability, molecular weight (Mw) and structure of non-starch polysaccharides, dough rheology, and flat bread properties were determined. An exponential decay model explained better the residual activity of oat β-glucanase across electric field intensity than barley β-glucanase. PEF treatment of flour at 12 kV/cm for 162 ms significantly reduced β-glucanase activity (40.2–76.5%) while increasing the concentration of total β-glucans (33.5%) and water-extractable arabinoxylans (36–41%). Mw of linear β-d-glucans decreased (9%) while Mw of branched arabinoxylans increased (6–33%). Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in microstructure of barley proteins. Blending wheat flour (70%) with oat or barley flour (30% weight) after PEF treatment enhanced gluten aggregation energy (29–19%) and breakdown viscosity (18–43%) of dough, as well as increased β-glucan content (21–32%) but reduced specific volume (11–24%). The findings of this study provide a comprehensive insight into the PEF's potential for retarding enzymatic reactions and preserving integrity of cereal non-starch polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective discusses three alternative techniques which complement conventional infrared spectroscopy for obtaining vibrational information about zeolite catalysts and adsorbed molecules: inelastic neutron scattering, infrared micro-spectroscopy, and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. The techniques are illustrated briefly and future prospects for their use discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are used widely in almost every field of life, but their synthetic and persistent nature makes them harmful for the environment. The aim of this research was to evaluate the degradation abilities of Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Acremonium sclerotigenum on microplastics (MPs). MP pieces of 4 ± 1 mm, including polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene, were incubated with fungal inoculums for 30 days. The degradation of treated MPs was determined by biofilm formation, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform analyses. The results indicated that the polyethylene MPs treated with Aspergillus niger exhibited the highest level of biofilm formation (optical density 1.595) and percentage weight loss (16%). In the case of polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene MPs, Acremonium sclerotigenum and co‐culture showed weight loss of 6% and 10%, respectively. Candida albicans was observed to be the least effective in biodegradation analyses. SEM observation revealed the surface modifications as holes, pits, cracks, and increased roughness in treated MPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the chemical structure of each polymer exhibited some variations. The study concluded that the fungal strains play an important role in the biodegradation of plastics and can be utilized to mitigate environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of infrared difference spectroscopy provides unprecedented insights on structures of complex molecules like metalloproteins. However, the relevant information can be hard to find among the many bands of the vibrational spectra. The ab initio modeling is very helpful to assign the frequencies to vibrational modes but it is a challenge to process the huge quantity of data into descriptors useful for experimentalists. To this end, we developed a new tool called VIBMOL allowing to analyze vibrational modes of molecules from hessian matrices calculated with common quantum chemistry codes. VIBMOL program runs on Unix machines. Through a new graphical interface, the users can calculate the normal modes of molecules, visualize them, simulate infrared spectra, and explore the Potential Energy Distribution of normal modes among any set of vibration coordinates. It is combined with an interface program (gosdmu) formatting relevant data from the GAUSSIAN program. VIBMOL code is available upon request to the authors. A discussion is provided to help the readers to choose between a large choice of different software and it shows how VIBMOL can make the IR assignment easier in the context of collaborations with experimentalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of alkaline treatment on the pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) cellulose extraction and the properties of cellulose hydrogel. PALF was treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (2 to 10 wt %) and at room temperature (RT) and 80 °C. Then, extracted cellulose was then dissolved in N,N'‐dimethyl acetamide (DMAc)/lithium chloride (LiCl) solvent system and formed into hydrogel by phase inversion method. The Fourier transform infrared spectra shows the peak disappearance at 1606 cm−1 proves that lignin was removed starting from 6 and 4 wt % NaOH at RT and 80 °C, respectively. Higher NaOH concentrations treatment increased thermal stability and the crystallinity (71 to 79 %) of the fibers. Higher NaOH concentration and treatment temperature enhanced cellulose extraction from PALF, leading to more physical crosslinking during hydrogel formation. High amount of cellulose extracted decreased the hydrogel's swelling equilibrium and increased the gel fraction. The highest transmittance (87.8 %) and the lowest intensity of absorbance (at 280 nm corresponding to lignin) were obtained by the hydrogel prepared with PALF treated with 8 wt % NaOH at 80 °C. Clearly, this research findings provide new insights into optimizing cellulose extraction using alkaline treatment specifically for cellulose hydrogel formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1-x)PVDF/(x)LFO-BTO composite films with weight percentages (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) were prepared by solution casting method. Phase identification was carried out using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique revealing different phases (α, β & γ) of PVDF. FTIR results confirmed the presence of different vibrational modes and phases including PVDF phases. AFM and SEM were used to investigate the surface & morphological analysis, the results showed that the surface roughness increased with the concentration of LFO-BTO into PVDF films. From optical absorption spectra, the direct band gap and indirect band gap energies of the PVDF/LFO-BTO were evaluated by incorporating Tauc's relation. The composites experienced a reduction in band gap upon the addition of 0 - 15 wt% of LFO-BTO with an increasing trend in Urbach's energy. The dielectric investigations revealed elevated dielectric constant values across all composites at lower frequency ranges, attributed to interfacial polarization. Specifically, the dielectric constant of 15 % wt of LFO-BTO was found to be much higher (6 times more than the pristine PVDF). Additionally, the dielectric loss was suppressed with increasing filler concentration within the frequency range of 1 KHz to 1 MHz. Impedance spectroscopy analysis depicted a distinctive semi-circular pattern that was linked to the underlying conduction mechanism. The behaviour of ac-conductivity revealed the conduction process following the Nyquist plot. DTA-TGA analysis showed a notable improvement in thermal stability with increasing concentration in the PVDF matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of different glass materials in the area of radiation shielding and charge particle attenuation has necessitated a comprehensive study of glass materials doped with special elements to examine the impact of the special element on the microstructure and shielding capabilities of resultant glass materials. In this study, the optical absorption spectra of Mo3+ doped cadmium zinc lithium borate glasses (BCZLMx) was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopic methods to ascertain the suitability of BCZLMx glass microstructure to neutron and charge particle attenuation. Results show that the absorption cross-section is the dominant contributor to the total cross section for all samples, ranging from 110.9 cm−1 to 111.7 cm−1. BCZLM1 glass sample appears to be slightly more effective at removing fast neutrons from the beam while BCZLM5 glasses are effective at stopping electrons, protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions when compared to the other BCZLMx glasses samples. This implies that doping cadmium zinc lithium borate glasses with Mo3+ reduces fast and thermal neutrons shielding potential and increased charge particles interaction of the BCZLMx glass system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of the study was to measure the degree of conversion (DC) of direct-printed aligners (DPA) that were post-cured under ambient and nitrogen atmosphere at specific time intervals and investigate the kinetics of polymerization reaction of this material. Methods: A total of 48 aligners were produced in 4 printing series by a 3D printer with TC-85DAC resin (Graphy Inc). From each series of printing, 12 aligners were included. The aligners were divided into two groups according to their post-curing conditions. One group was post-cured under ambient air with the presence of oxygen and the other under a nitrogen atmosphere, both using the same UV post-curing unit recommended by the company. The aligners were post-cured at six different time intervals: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 min. Each time interval included 8 aligners, with 2 aligners from each series. The DC of the cured aligners was measured by means of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) through acquisition of the respective spectra for each UV-curing condition. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the results and differences within each atmosphere post-curing protocol, as well as between the different selected atmosphere conditions. Statistical significance level was set at p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: Pairwise analysis between post-curing protocols showed statistically significant differences only at the first minute of polymerization. Post-curing with nitrogen did not yield statistically significant results across different time intervals. Post-curing in ambient air showed some significant differences on the 1st and 2nd minute of the post-curing process. Conclusions: Almost complete double bond conversion was observed. Significant differences were observed only during the first minute of polymerization under the nitrogen atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an experimental investigation of the mechanical behaviour of recycled rubber pads coated with graphene nanoplatelets. The investigation is part of an effort to develop a novel rubber-based composite that aims to reroute rubber from end-of-life tyres from illegal landfills and incineration back into the market in the form of a novel composite for vibration isolation. Graphene nanoplatelets were deposited on rubber pads via ultrasonic spray coating. The pads were made of a combination of recycled rubber (from tyres) and virgin rubber. A comprehensive analysis of the structural and chemical properties of the graphene coating, ensuring its integrity on the rubber substrate, was performed by combining surface topography, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Stacked coated pads were cured and tested dynamically in compression and shear under cyclic loading. Results showed promising improvements in the mechanical properties, in particular, in compressive stiffness and damping of the coated specimens with respect to their uncoated counterparts, laying the foundation for using graphene-enhanced recycled rubber as a novel composite. This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the degradation of six different types of absorbable surgical threads commonly used in clinical practice, focusing on their response to exposure to physiological fluids. The threads were subjected to hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation in physiological saline, bile, and pancreatic juice. Our findings demonstrate that bile and pancreatic juice, particularly when contaminated with bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterococcus faecalis, significantly accelerate the degradation process. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile strength testing, we observed distinct differences in the chemical structure and mechanical integrity of the sutures. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR spectra revealed that PDS threads exhibited the highest resistance to degradation, maintaining their mechanical properties for a longer duration compared with Monocryl and Vicryl. These results highlight the critical role of thread selection in gastrointestinal surgeries, where prolonged exposure to bile and pancreatic juice can compromise the suture integrity and lead to postoperative complications. The insights gained from this study will contribute to improving the selection and application of absorbable threads in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consortium culture can be a relatively cheap and environment-friendly technology for producing secondary metabolites like pesticides (herbicides). This study produced some metabolites from a consortium culture of fungal isolates obtained from the rhizospheres of Panicum maximum, Ipomoea involucrata and Amaranthus viridis. The isolates from rhizospheres of the above-named plants were co-cultured using Czapek broth and were incubated in an incubator shaker for 28 days. The co-culture combinations were: Aspergillus welwitschiae and Trichoderma hamatum (consortium 1), Aspergillus welwitschiae and Aspergillus aculeatus (consortium 2), and Aspergillus aculeatus and Trichoderma hamatum (consortium 3). Crude extracts from each consortium were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR results showed that consortium 1 had peak spectra range from 418.57 cm−1 (S–S stretch of aryl disulfides) to 3462.34 cm−1 (alcohol, aliphatic primary amine), consortium 2 had peak spectra range from 420.5 cm−1 (halo compound) to 3456.65 cm−1 (alcohol, aliphatic primary amine) and consortium 3 had peak spectra from 457.14 cm−1 (halo compound) to 3448.84 cm−1 (alcohol, aliphatic primary amine). Some of the compounds produced by the consortia were pesticidal in nature and are hence, considered a potential technology in developing organic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, crude laccase was utilized to decolorize the leather azo dyes (AB 113 and AB 52). The crude laccase was extracted from Penicillium chrysogenum strain TSV1 pH 5.5, temp. at 32°C for 7 days in a liquid culture medium, and shows maximum enzyme activity of 7.92 U/mL. The crude laccase has been applied and achieved maximum decolorization efficiency up to 83% and 69% respectively for AB 113 and AB 52 within 48-h duration. Furthermore, the addition of 1 mM HOBT mediator has enhanced the dye decolorization rate up to 98% and 85% within 24-h duration respectively for both dyes. Furthermore, the decolorization was confirmed by UV-Vis spectra analysis and has showed peaks at 570 nm and 580 nm which corresponded to chromophores respectively for both dyes and disappeared after decolorization. The bands were observed at the bending region from 1561 to 1494 cm−1 and from 1344 to 1031 cm−1 by FTIR analysis corresponding to an aromatic ring of AB 113. Similarly, the peaks observed at 1589cm−1 and 1451cm−1 corresponded to the aromatic region of AB 52 and indicated the presence of -N=N-. These bands disappeared and new bands appeared after decolorization. The UPLC analysis has shown different peaks at various retention times for both dyes and these peaks disappeared after decolorization. Furthermore, the COD (86.5 ± 5% and 83.52 ± 3%) and TOC (87.86% and 83.82%) have been reduced for both dyes. The toxicity of the dyes also has been reduced after decolorization. The laccase was a more potential enzyme for the decolorization of azo dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites has become increasingly popular in recent years. This research focuses on investigating the potential of Derris scandens (Roxb.) benth root fiber (DSBFs) as a reinforcing material in thermosetting polymer composites. The study begins by analyzing the properties and composition of DSBFs, using standardized testing methods. The single fiber tensile strength of DSBFs is determined to be 423 Pa at a strain rate of 4.01%, and they exhibit a Young's modulus of 79.45 GPa. Chemical analysis reveals that DSBFs are composed of helically coiled cellulose microfibrils, constituting 72.59 wt.%, held together by an amorphous lignin matrix and contain 9.69 wt.% hemicellulose and a low wax content of 0.3 wt.%. Thermal stability (TGA) analysis demonstrates that the fibers exhibit stability up to 340 °C, with a mass loss of 43.78%. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the crystalline index of 18.16 nm and a crystalline size of 49.28%. 13C (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy yields the evidence for the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in DSBFs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identify functional groups and elemental composition of DSBFs. Surface morphology is analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy. These findings suggest that DSBFs can find applications beyond their traditional use in Thai medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work attempts to discover the alternative for the synthetic fibers due to increased demand of environment-friendly materials. In order to accomplish this, a detailed characterization of novel fibers extracted from the Jatropha integerrima plant stems was conducted. In order to check the fiber reinforcement potentials, various properties such as chemical composition, tensile testing, water absorption, thermal stability, fiber roughness, and morphology were evaluated. The characterization results revealed important properties of Jatropha integerrima fiber (JIF). The fiber composition analysis indicated a cellulose content of 75.3 ± 2.4%, hemicellulose content of 7.84 ± 0.4%, and lignin content of 7.63 ± 0.2%. This composition provides insights into the fiber's chemical makeup and its potential for various applications. The crystallinity index (CI) of JIF was determined to be 57.14%, indicating a well-defined crystalline structure. This crystallinity is important for understanding the fiber's properties and its behavior in composite materials. The fiber also demonstrated excellent thermal stability, as evidenced by its ability to endure temperatures up to 395 °C based on thermogravimetric experiments. This high-temperature resistance makes JIF suitable for applications where heat resistance is crucial. The functional groups present in the fiber were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), providing further information about its chemical characteristics. The tensile strength of JIF was found to be 326.7 ± 6.9 MPa, with a strain rate of 2.6 ± 0.2%, highlighting its mechanical properties and potential as a reinforcement material. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed significant surface roughness, which can have implications for fiber-matrix interactions and the bonding in composite materials. Overall, these characterization results provide a comprehensive understanding of JIF's composition, crystallinity, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and surface morphology. The practical applications of JIF extend to a wide range of industries, including construction, automotive, aerospace, and packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of automatic solvent extraction (ASE) for obtaining grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peel extract was conducted by Box-Behnken design under statistical experimental design approach (response surface method-RSM). The optimization is based on the D-limonene concentration since it is the major volatile compound of the grapefruit essential oil. The optimum conditions were attained with almost 7.5 g fresh grapefruit peel, and ~11 min immersion time and ~10 min washing time by application of ASE. The maximum yield was 4.91 mg D-limonene per gram fresh grapefruit peel. The reliability of the study was satisfactory (the difference between the experimental and calculated values<2%). Depending on ANOVA findings of RSM, the second power effect of mass was the most significant, followed by the second power effects of immersion time and washing time, and the linear effect of immersion time (p<0.0001). On the other hand, ~96% of the total volatile composition belong to the D-limonene depending on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements. Additionally, myrcene, decanal, and β-ocimene were also determined as the main flavor components in grapefruit peel extract. Moreover, the related componenens were also characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H- and 13C-NMR) techniques as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) wire experiences overload failure, the internal structure of the insulation changes to become overloaded insulation and the fire hazard changes. In this study, the thermo‐oxidative degradation behavior of new and overloaded PVC insulation materials was analyzed using coupled thermogravimetric‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG‐FTIR). The thermo‐oxidative degradation results show that the first two stages of thermo‐oxidative degradation of PVC insulation are important stages for measuring fire hazard. In addition, the onset temperature of thermo‐oxidative degradation of overloaded PVC insulation was increased. The activation energies of the first two stages of the overloaded PVC insulation increased by 7.7% and 27.0%, respectively, compared to the new PVC insulation. And the reaction mechanism is changed. The FTIR results indicate that the increased amount of volatile organic compounds and CO2 generated during the pyrolysis of the overloaded PVC insulation may result in the generation of more heat and smoke during combustion, thus increasing the fire hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of 5‐FU, and its derivate Carmofur (Car) on MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells, were examined using FTIR. Both drugs showed a similar response in the protein and nucleic acid region of MCF‐7 but opposite results in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Under the influence of the drugs, the absorption intensity of the proteins decreased in MCF‐7, while it increased in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The rate of change was higher in Car. In the fingerprint region, both cells showed the opposite effect. Although the intensity of absorbance in MCF‐7 increased with 5‐FU and Car, a decrease was measured in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. An exception in the nucleic acid region was the peak assigned to the asymmetric PO2 peaks in RNAs. Although a specific marker for apoptotic cells, ester‐carbonyl binding, appeared in MCF‐7 cells with 5‐FU and Car at 1745 cm−1, this binding was not seen in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The amide I region of the cells was analyzed using the second derivative spectrum. This study aimed to use FTIR spectroscopy to evaluate the response of two different tumor cells to chemotherapy and to provide a clinical prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLaurus nobilis L. is a polypragmatic plant with high added value. Leaves collected from different regions in the natural state without breeding have different economic values. In this study, the Geographic Origin and Altitude Effects of Laurus nobilis L. leave samples collected from provinces close to each other were investigated. For this purpose, SEM–EDS was used for morphological characterization of leaves, XRD was used for the characterization of inorganic components and FTIR-ATR was used for the identification of functional groups. By SEM analysis in the samples from Zonguldak region, significant differences were observed in the density of trichomes and glandular plumes more dense and also morphological cell sizes were found to be more large then Kastamonu region. In XRD plot, besides the amorphous state, it has seen that the crystal structure is also present in the structure. The effect of different altitudes on the FTIR spectra of the samples collected according to the provinces was also examined, and no significant difference was observed in the peak positions and intensities in the spectra according to the altitudes. Score plot on ranges of 2800–3000 cm-1 and 750–1800 cm−1 allowed origin of the Laurus nobilis L. discrimination. In order to analysis and classify them according to their geographical origin, FTIR data were combined with chemometric methods using PCA and discriminant analysis. PCA analysis explained 88.7% of the variance in the model. When the results of the discriminant analysis were evaluated, 56 of the 72 samples were classified correctly and 77.8% success was achieved. Both analysis showed that there are differences in the response of the same plant species to their presence in different origins. As a result, FTIR analysis allowed possibility the discrimination of Laurus nobilis L. leaves and in this way it is thought to discriminate of examples for other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Boron (B) is critical for plant growth, yet its movement in soil is often hindered by leaching and adsorption, leading to deficiencies. Tackling these issues is essential for boosting agricultural productivity, especially in plants like Eucalyptus with high B needs. This paper aims to address these challenges by evaluating B-doped biochar composites (biochar-B) that enhance B distribution and stability in the soil, focusing on Eucalyptus grandis cultivation in two distinct oxisol types. Materials and methods: Biochar-B composites were created using shrimp carcass (FSC), chicken manure (FCM) and sewage sludge (FSS), combined with boric acid (BA) and borax (BX), and pyrolyzed at 300 °C and 550 °C. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Results: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed successful B integration and interaction with organic matrices, highlighting functional groups responsible for composite properties. This facilitated the development of highly predictive partial least squares (PLS) regression models (R2pred ~ 0.8). The FSC-BA composite at 300 °C showed notable thermal stability, B retention and availability, enhancing B release kinetics. Discussion: These findings emphasize the importance of considering the soluble B rate in composite applications for Eucalyptus cultivation. The use of these composites provides a sustainable method for gradual B release, potentially outperforming conventional fertilization techniques. This approach may lead to improved plant growth and productivity. Further field investigations are recommended in order to validate these findings and refine sustainable fertilization strategies; thus, benefiting a range of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the biosynthesis of Nickel ferrite using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (OSLE@NiFe2O4). The single-phase cubic spinel structure of the synthesized nickel ferrite was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Structural characteristics were further examined using FTIR analysis. Optical and morphological properties were investigated through UV–DRS and FESEM studies. The magnetic hysteresis loop (M-H loop) confirmed the superparamagnetic nature of OSLE@NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red (CR) dye by the synthesized OSLE@NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was explored, revealing a pseudo-first-order kinetic behavior with a degradation efficiency of 99.9% and a rate constant of 0.06min−1. These findings demonstrate the superior photocatalytic activity of the biosynthesized nickel ferrite nanoparticles, highlighting their significant potential for efficient dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Hellenistic period, preparatory drawings known as sinopiae were employed as guidelines for mosaicists in creating mosaics. The sinopiae served as the basis for style and content, facilitating the placement of colored tesserae in the supporting mortar. The technology of the mosaic and pigments used reflect the capacity of the mosaic workshop and its master. This work explores a polychrome sinopia that was found under a Byzantine mosaic of an Armenian Chapel in Jerusalem, by a multi-analytical characterization of mineralogical and chemical properties. The composition of the pigments in the black and red areas of the sinopia include carbon black and red ochre, respectively, utilized in the fresco technique. Since colored tesserae are placed in wet mortar, it can be deduced that mosaicists worked together with painters during the executionary steps. This has corresponding implications for historical and artistic specializations at mosaic workshops, with deeper understanding of mosaic production processes. This research also highlights the importance of studying sinopiae under floor mosaics, which is a source of information on the pigments, paintings techniques, and the people who executed the work, all embedded in mortar which is well protected below the stone tesserae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Increasing drugs' stability and adequately protecting them against degradation will ensure a decrease in their price and broader availability of pharmaceutical substances. This is of great importance, especially for drugs used to treat the most common diseases in the population, such as hypertension. The study examined two newly synthesized substances from the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) group as potential drugs. ACEIs are among the leading drugs used in the treatment of hypertension in the world. The chemical modifications of the tested substances applied concerned the places most susceptible to degradation. The presented work analyzed the compatibility of new derivatives with selected excipients used in pharmacy. Methods: Thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analyses (c-DTA) were used as the main methods. In addition, non-thermal methods such as colorimetry analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV spectroscopy were used. Results: Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that the incompatibility of IND-1 with glucose anhydrous and lactose monohydrate occurs only when the mixture is stored at higher temperatures. For the remaining IND-1 and IND-2 mixtures with excipients, compatibility was demonstrated. Conclusions: The obtained results confirmed the usefulness of the applied thermal analyses (TGA and c-DTA) for assessing the compatibility of the tested potential drugs with excipients. However, in the case of incompatibility reactions of substances occurring under the influence of elevated temperatures, such as the Maillard reaction, it is necessary to use non-thermal methods to obtain the right result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has a significant impact on different fields such as medicine, information technology, energy, advanced materials, textiles, and many other new areas. In this study, the characterization of the green synthesized and chemically synthesized nanoparticle from Tribulis terrestris was studied. Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate was employed as a precursor material for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Characterization study was performed by using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FE-SEM. For green synthesis, the peak was observed at 311 nm while for chemically synthesized nanoparticles the maximum peak absorption was seen at 239 nm. The FTIR analysis for green synthesized nanoparticles reveals the presence of three prominent peaks due to C–O stretching vibration, C–O bending vibration and Y–O vibration. Chemically synthesized nanoparticles show the presence of C–O stretching vibration, C–O bending vibration and OH-stretching. The results of SEM studies indicated the particle shape and size of chemically synthesized nanoparticles and green synthesized nanoparticles. Green synthesized Y2O3 NPs are an appropriate option for use in medicinal applications. Furthermore, detailed in vivo studies are needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of these green synthesized Y2O3 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop rotation could effectively alleviate continuous cropping problems, but how it affects soil organic carbon (SOC) components and chemical structures in case of different duration of continuous cropping (CC) remains unclear. In this study, we selected cotton fields that had been continuously planted for 5, 10, 15, and 20 years for separate soybean rotations (SR). The mechanism of SR to improve soil quality in different duration of CC was determined by SOC components and their chemical structure. The results showed that the content of soil available nutrients, SOC, microbial biomass carbon and soluble organic carbon in the SR treatments significantly increased compared with those in the CC treatment (p < 0.05), but particulate organic carbon content decreased by 24.89–81.10%. Compared with CC in different years, SR treatments significantly reduced soil humus content. SR in 5, 10 and 15 years of CC cotton fields significantly increased the content of sucrase and decreased that of polyphenol oxidase. Compared with CC fields in different years (5-y, 10-y, 15-y, 20-y), SR increased the relative peak intensity of polysaccharides and decreased the relative peak intensity of alcohols and phenols. Among them, the relative peak intensity of R5-y, R10-y and R20-y aliphatic compounds increased, while that of R5-y, R15-y and R20-y aromatic compounds decreased, and R10-y recalcitrant components (Aliphatic + Aromatic) increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-ferrites of Cu1–xNixFe2O4 (x = 0 to 1 with step 0.2) system was synthesized utilizing the flash auto combustion process annealed at 600oC for 3 h. The structural characterization for synthesized samples was carried out using x-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transition infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness of the prepared material was measured using micro-indentation creep technology. XRD pattern verified the creation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The undesired CuO phase forms around for pure Copper ferrite and decreases with increasing Ni content. The average crystalline size decreases from 27.92 nm to 13.28 nm by doping process from x = 0.2 to x = 1 which retards the growth of crystalline size. FTIR spectra are distinguished by the presence of two prominent absorption bands, ν2 for the octahedral site and ν1 for the tetrahedral site, in the range of approximately 593 and 471 cm− 1, respectively. FTIR analysis verified the formation of the ferrite system's spinel structure. The TEM images show a nanocrystalline nature with some agglomeration and the crystallites are spherical in shape which their sizes are agrees well with that obtained from XRD measurements. The hardness decreases as the dwell time increases. The hardness and yield strength (Y) values were significantly improved due to the decrease in the crystallite size after Ni doping. The stress exponent (n) value increases by increasing Ni content which means that the mechanical properties improved due to increment of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) has been synthesized by modified new Hummer's method with the help of Graphite flakes with sodium nitrite due to its various applications in physical, chemical, and medical sciences. The structure and morphology of GO are characterized using XRD, FTIR, RAMAN spectroscopy, and SEM. The results confirm that the synthesized material is graphene oxide (GO). The synthesized graphene oxide is used in perovskite solar cell as ETL layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major global health threats in the present era is antibiotic resistance. Biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) can combat microbial infections and can be synthesized without harmful chemicals. In the present investigation, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to discover Streptomyces sp. SMGL39, an actinomycete isolate utilized to reduce ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) to biosynthesize FeNPs, which were then characterized using UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, and TEM analyses. Furthermore, in our current study, the biosynthesized FeNPs were tested for antimicrobial and antibiofilm characteristics against different Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal strains. Additionally, our work examines the biosynthesized FeNPs' molecular docking and binding affinity to key enzymes, which contributed to bacterial infection cooperation via quorum sensing (QS) processes. A bright yellow to dark brown color shift indicated the production of FeNPs, which have polydispersed forms with particle sizes ranging from 80 to 180 nm and UV absorbance ranging from 220 to 280 nm. Biosynthesized FeNPs from actinobacteria significantly reduced the microbial growth of Fusarium oxysporum and L. monocytogenes, while they showed weak antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and no activity against E. coli, MRSA, or Aspergillus niger. On the other hand, biosynthesized FeNPs showed strong antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa while showing mild and weak activity against B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. The collaboration of biosynthesized FeNPs and key enzymes for bacterial infection exhibits hydrophobic and/or hydrogen bonding, according to this research. These results show that actinobacteria-biosynthesized FeNPs prevent biofilm development in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to single-phase multiferroic materials, multiferroic (MF)-magnetoelectric (ME) composites, which combine magnetic and ferroelectric materials, show improved (many orders of magnitude) ME coupling and a higher operating temperature (beyond room temperature). In the present study, lead-free multiferroic Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/BaTiO3 (NCFO/BTO) composites with different weight percentages were prepared through the solid-state reaction approach. The phase purity and structural confirmation were carried out using X-ray diffractograms. The XRD peak shifting in the composites has been observed, and it is attributed to the formation of residual stresses/strains during the sample's grinding, heating, and freezing processes. Fourier-transformative infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal-oxygen bonds in spinel NCFO and Ti-O and Ba-O bonds in perovskite BaTiO3. UV-vis spectra disclose the energy gap values of the magnetoelectric composites. It has been found that the energy gap values for pure ferrite are 1.53 eV, the pure ferroelectric phase is 2.99 eV, and the composites possess the Eg values of 1.78 eV, 2.33 eV, 2.77 eV with decreasing ferrite concentration. The M-H hysteresis loops reveal the ferromagnetic nature of pure ferrite as well as the presence of ferromagnetism in composites. The magnetic moment of the NCFO has been found as 2.26 µB and it further decreased to 0.59 µB for the 0.25NCFO-0.75BTO compound. The magneto crystalline anisotropy has been calculated using the law of approach (LA) method and the details are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of the title compound, [Zn(C4H6N2)6](NO3)2, is described. This complex consists of a central zinc metal ion surrounded by six 1-methylimidazole ligands, charge balanced by two nitrate anions. The complex crystallizes in the space group P3. In the crystal, the nitrate ions are situated within the cavities created by the [Zn(N-Melm)6] 2+ cations, serving as counter-ions. The three oxygen atoms of the nitrate ion engage in weak C—H...O interactions. In addition to single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the complex was characterized using elemental analysis, ¹ H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient panel paintings on wood are, with the exception of the mesmerising mummy portraits, extremely rare. However, a small corpus of other types of Romano-Egyptian panel paintings is preserved in collections worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore the technical histories of these rare and intriguing artefacts. We present a comprehensive investigation of three Romano-Egyptian panel paintings from the collections of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Denmark, including their construction, materials, pigments, binding media, and dating. The panels are examined by various methods of analysis to provide much deeper insights into the materials and techniques used for their production, and to answer questions of chronology and classification. In total, this work offers a more thorough understanding of their function, significance, and original appearance, as well as insights into the art of painting during the Roman period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water content and solvent structure of six poly(vinyl alcohol)-based hydrogels possessing different proportions of borax have been studied as a function of cross-linker concentration. The differing proportions of borax in the matrices cause mesoscopic structural changes in the polymer hydrogel network which lead to differences in water content. The FTIR data show non-monotonic variations in the intensities of the various bands. For the Raman data, the region sensitive to the OH vibrations has been fitted with four Gaussian peaks corresponding to the stretching modes of liquid water. The wavenumber positions of the peaks are dependent on the water content. The non-monotonic behavior of the peak parameters suggests that the structure of entrapped water molecules is dependent on the local mesoscopic structure. From the measurements, cross-linker proportions are seen to affect, both, polymer network and the solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the line of available efficient nonlinear optical (NLO) organic single crystals in the literature, it is worthwhile to bring in a novel organic single crystal of Brucinium-3,5-dihydroxybenzoate dihydrate (B35D) which was successfully grown utilizing the technique of slow evaporation of solution at ambient conditions. As the solubility of B35D was found to be the highest in water-ethanol 1:1 mixed solvent among the conventional solvents, crystallization of B35D was accomplished by making use of the solvent. The required confirmation of the crystal structure of the crystal and its lattice parameter could be achieved by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis such that B35D was found to be crystallized in the monoclinic system with the non-centrosymmetric space group C2. The recording of UV-Vis-NIR transmittance spectrum of the crystal was undertaken between the range of 300 and 900 nm whereby the lower optical cutoff wavelength was identified to be 321 nm. The spectral study of photoluminescence was carried out in the range of 300-600 nm by which the band gap energy was calculated to be about 3.8 eV (at 373 nm) indicating that B35D has a violet fluorescence spectrum. The thermal stability and melting point of the title crystal have been investigated through Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) such that the thermal stability of the crystal was found to be 95.6 °C. The Nd: YAG Q-switched laser was employed so as to obtain the laser-induced surface damage threshold of the specimen which was estimated to be 3.1 GW/cm2. The Vickers microhardness test was implemented in order to arrive at the mechanical strength of the crystal. The performed non-linear optical study could reveal that the second-order harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of B35D crystal is 2.16 times higher than KDP. So that B35D crystals are among the class of NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, tungsten oxide (WO3), silver oxide (Ag2O), and Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposites were synthesised by precipitation and sonication method, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy were used to confirm the structural, spectral, morphological, and optical properties of as-synthesised samples, respectively. The as-prepared Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposite showed improved photocatalytic degradation activity for rhodamine B and methylene blue under solar light compared to pristine WO3 and Ag2O. The percentage degradation values were 79.6%, 86.1% and 90.8% for WO3, Ag2O and Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposite for methylene blue and 70.9%, 80.7% and 87.25% for rhodamine B. One of the possible reasons behind this improved photocatalytic degradation was decreased recombination of photo-generated holes and electrons due to the formation of nanocomposite between WO3 and Ag2O. Optical band gap values for WO3, Ag2O and Ag2O/WO3 nanocomposite were 2.93 eV, 1.59 eV and 1.38 eV, respectively. The Mott-Schottky plot confirmed the formation of nanocomposite and p-type and n-type behaviour of Ag2O and WO3, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an antioxidative isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid, berberine (BR) is derived from certain types of plants, such as Berberis aristate, and despite its ability to inhibit cell proliferation, its poor aqueous solubility has limited its effectiveness in treatments. This study attempted to extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from ginger sticks to perform BR delivery and proceeded by characterizing the prepared CNCs and CNCs-BR by the results of DLS, TEM, FESEM, XRD, and FTIR. Moreover, various biophysical methods were used to investigate the interaction of BR-loaded CNCs with human serum holo-transferrin (HTF). The obtained outcomes confirmed the effectiveness of our spherical CNCs in reducing the size of the drug from 403.06 to 203.42 nm in CNCs-BR and consequently improving the solubility of BR. The XRD analysis approved the successful elimination of amorphous regions in cellulose, while the diminution of crystallinity index after the loading of BR indicated the occurrence of their interaction. The induced alterations in the functional groups and hydrophilicity enhancement of CNCs and CNCs-BR were displayed by FTIR. The fluorescence studies indicated the capability of CNCs-BR in interacting with HTF and quenching its fluorescence emission intensity through a static quenching process, which was revealed by the inverse correlation between Ksv values and temperature. In conformity to the results of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, CNCs-BR caused more changes in the vicinity of Trp residue in contrast to Tyr, while the FRET analysis determined the energy transfer between HTF and CNCs-BR to be 0.18, and their distance to be 2.41 nm. The drawn conclusion from these observations confirmed the suitability of CNCs as a carrier for BR along with their improved bioavailability caused by the effective interaction between HTF and BR-loaded CNCs. The results also showed that loading BR on CNCs not only improved its water solubility but also led to a sustained release behavior in a simulated gastrointestinal condition of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum strain NBRI-CRB 13, isolated from tannery sludge, was studied to grow up to 500 mgL−1 of Cr(VI) and showed Cr(VI) detoxification by reducing > 90% of Cr(VI) at different concentrations 25, 50 and 100 mgL−1. Kinetic studies showed that first-order models were fitted (R2 = 0.998) to the time-dependent Cr(VI) reduction with degradation rate constant (k) (1.03–0.429 h−1). Cr(VI) detoxification was primarily related to the extracellular fraction of microbial cells, which showed a maximum extracellular reductase enzyme activity led to 94.6% reduction of Cr(VI). Moreover, the strain showed maximum extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production at 100 mgL−1 Cr(VI), which is presumably the reason for Cr(VI) removal as EPS serves as the metal binding site for Cr(VI) ions. Further, an optimization study using Box-Behnken design was conducted considering parameters viz., pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Cr(VI). The maximum percent reduction of Cr(VI) was obtained at pH 6.5, temperature 30 °C with 62.5 mgL−1Cr(VI) concentration. Further, the Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption ability of strain P. saccharolyticum NBRI-CRB13 were confirmed by SEM–EDS, FTIR, and XRD analyses. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups (–OH, –COOH, –PO4) on bacterial cell walls, which were more likely to interact with positively charged chromium ions. The study elucidated the reduction of Cr(VI) by the novel bacterium within 24 h using the response surface methodology approach and advocated its application in real-time situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new organic–inorganic hybrid phosphites salts, namely, (enH2)[M(H2O)6](HPO3)2, with [M = Co (1), Ni (2) and Mg (3), and "en" refers to ethylenediamine C2N2H8] have been synthesized at room temperature by the slow evaporation method. The solid-state structures were solved from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. These compounds are isostructural, all crystallizing in the orthorhombic system, space group, Pbca (no 61). The FTIR spectroscopy shows the expected bands of ethylenediamine (en), water molecules, and hydrogen-phosphite oxoanion groups. The thermal stability until 100 °C of the three compounds was confirmed using combined analyses (TGA/DTA, powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy). Two catalytic activity performances were investigated: the catalytic efficiency on the water decontamination of the three compounds by the reduction of three nitrophenol isomers and the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) in an alkaline environment. The three hybrid compounds turned out to be very efficient new catalysts for reducing the three nitrophenol isomers. The fastest electron transport and the most favorable HER reaction kinetics are displayed by (enH2)[Ni(H2O)6](HPO3)2, while the highest current density with the lowest overpotential was obtained for (enH2)[Co(H2O)6](HPO3)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-treated waste cooking oil (WCO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were employed for the recycling of aged asphalt, which resulted in the improvement of the design of WCO asphalt rejuvenators and the enhancement of high-temperature performance of WCO-recycled asphalt. The effect of the rejuvenator and the properties of recycled asphalt were evaluated by viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests. The results indicated that aged asphalt could be obviously softened and restored to the level of original asphalt by adding 6% WCO. However, the high-temperature properties of recycled asphalt would be declined by adding too large a dose of WCO rejuvenator. The high-temperature performance of recycled asphalt was significantly improved by the WCO-OMMT complex rejuvenator, and the viscosity and rutting factor of recycled asphalt were increased. Light components of aged asphalt could be supplemented by WCO of the complex rejuvenator. The volatilization of small molecules could be slowed down by the peel structure formed by OMMT and small molecules of the asphalt, which resulted in the proportion of small molecular substances (SMS) being increased by 4% and improvement of the colloidal structure of aged asphalt. The high-temperature and low-temperature performance of recycled asphalt can be improved concurrently by the combination of 6% WCO and 1% OMMT, and this was evidenced by the fact that the high-temperature and low-temperature PG were all upgraded by one level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discrimination of five subtypes of regenerated cellulose fibers, i.e., viscose, bamboo, lyocell, modal, and cupro, from both men's and women's clothing available on the prevalent apparel market was described. The examinations were conducted using optical microscopy (in transmitted white light and polarized light), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The microscopic methods revealed characteristic features of the morphological structure of the examined fibers, enabling the identification of differences between the subtypes. As a result, the microscopic methods were found to be the most effective for identifying and distinguishing between the types of examined fibers. Although the FTIR technique did not allow for distinguishing between the fiber subcategories, it contributed to the enlargement of the IR spectra databases for regenerated cellulose fibers. Based on the findings, a general scheme of the procedure for identifying the tested fibers was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthetic dyes have gained attention nowadays because of their adverse and toxic effects on the human health and their environment. In this study, a green polymer Ca-alginate/CuO bionanocomposite was synthesized from copper oxide nanoparticles which were applied for the remediation of Reactive Yellow 145. The bionanocomposite was prepared by using a simple and eco-friendly process, following the reduction of copper ions in the presence of Ca-alginate, followed by characterization using different analytical techniques including SEM–EDX, XRD, UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Ca-alginate-based bionanocomposite was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, showing a λmax at 280 nm. Ca-alginate/CuO biopolymer was applied for the remediation of RY 145, and it was investigated using batch experiments following the optimization of experimental variables such as pH 6, 80 °C temperature, 0.04 mg/L initial dye concentration, 0.06 mg/L dose of catalyst and a 0.06 mg/L H2O2 concentration. The experimental results of COD and TOC were found to be 95.3% and 92.3% for RY 145. The bionanocomposite showed stability and high efficiency for degradation of dye up to four cycles of reusability. It was concluded that the Ca-alginate-based copper oxide bionanocomposite exhibited good photocatalytic adsorption capacity for the degradation of a toxic Reactive Yellow 145 dye, with a degradation efficiency of over 90% within 80 min under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples of Asian water meal (Wolffia globosa) grown in an outdoor earthen pond (0.06 ha) in northeastern India was subjected to three different drying methods namely oven drying (OD), sun drying (SD), and freeze drying (FD) to evaluate their influence on proximate composition, qualitative as well as quantitative compositions. We characterized phenolic compounds and evaluated proximate composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content, total tannin content, total carotenoids content (TCC), Vit C, in vitro antioxidant, and in vitro antidiabetic potentials in W. globosa. Crude protein (29.79%), crude fiber (9.8%), TPC (8.43 mg GAE g−1), TCC (766.32 µg g−1), and Vit C (560.12 mg/100 g) were significantly high (p < 0.05) in FD. Among antioxidant activities, DPPH (39.87%) and ABTS (12.86%) were significantly highest in FD wolffia while superoxide alkaline DMSO (138%) was the highest in OD samples. Drying methods as well as glucose concentrations had significant individual as well as interaction impacts on glucose uptake rates of wolffia at all concentrations of wolffia sample evaluated (1–5 mg L−1). Further, the adsorption capacity of the samples was significantly increased with increasing glucose molar concentrations. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified and characterized 33, 21 and 12 compounds in FD, SD, and OD respectively. FD wolffia also had the most greenish color (significantly higher negative a* value). We expect that our results will be of considerable value to the food, pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-ferrites of Cu1–xNixFe2O4 (x = 0 to 1 with step 0.2) system was synthesized utilizing the flash auto combustion process annealed at 600oC for 3 h. The structural characterization for synthesized samples was carried out using x-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transition infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness of the prepared material was measured using micro-indentation creep technology. XRD pattern verified the creation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The undesired CuO phase forms around for pure Copper ferrite and decreases with increasing Ni content. The average crystalline size decreases from 27.92 nm to 13.28 nm by doping process from x = 0.2 to x = 1 which retards the growth of crystalline size. FTIR spectra are distinguished by the presence of two prominent absorption bands, ν2 for the octahedral site and ν1 for the tetrahedral site, in the range of approximately 593 and 471 cm− 1, respectively. FTIR analysis verified the formation of the ferrite system's spinel structure. The TEM images show a nanocrystalline nature with some agglomeration and the crystallites are spherical in shape which their sizes are agrees well with that obtained from XRD measurements. The hardness decreases as the dwell time increases. The hardness and yield strength (Y) values were significantly improved due to the decrease in the crystallite size after Ni doping. The stress exponent (n) value increases by increasing Ni content which means that the mechanical properties improved due to increment of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon epitaxy is an essential building block in the manufacturing of complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Accurate determination of epitaxial layer thickness is indispensable for a uniform and reproducible process. In this paper, we compare thickness values of the transition zone (TZ) in silicon epitaxial wafers obtained by two of Semilab's production‐compatible electrical and optical characterization techniques: Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) reflectometry and spreading resistance profiling (SRP). We demonstrate a high correlation between TZ thicknesses obtained from the optical modeling of FTIR reflectance spectra and SRP profiles. The dependence of TZ thickness change on the high‐temperature annealing steps is also examined. FTIR reflectometry thus offers a quick, contactless alternative for obtaining structural parameters of an epitaxial layer, and these values can be well matched to those given by SRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]