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In the present paper, we apply a blind fitting algorithm to model two-dimensional energy-incidence angle maps of soft x-ray resonant reflectivity measured in nanoscale epitaxial multilayers of multiferroic ε-Fe2O3 grown by pulsed laser deposition. The possibility of fitting the spectral shape of the complex refraction index across the Fe L3 absorption edge without having an initial guess about the optical constants has been demonstrated. The spectral shape fitting of the real (f1) and imaginary (f2) parts of the atomic scattering factor has been carried out by using a specially designed software utilizing OpenCL fast calculations on graphical processing units. The Kramers-Kronig relations between f1 and f2 are automatically taken into account by the fitting algorithm. A reasonable agreement between blindly generated and reference scattering factor spectra derived independently from an x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiment has been demonstrated. The blind fitting has been compared with the alternative refinement routines, in which small free variations of the reference spectral shapes (or no variations at all) have been allowed. The presented approach to the resonant x-ray reflectometry modeling makes it unnecessary to acquire the optical constant spectral shapes in advance and, thus, is especially helpful when such spectra cannot be physically measured, e.g., for a buried layer of a multilayer system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous phase transition phenomena and mechanism of pellets in the hydrogen blast furnace is achieved by dissecting the 40m3 hydrogen blast furnace. The results of the dissection reveal that the lumpy zone extends to the bosh of the hydrogen blast furnace (HBF), while it ends at about 2/3 of the stack in traditional blast furnace. The iron oxide (FeO x) began to appear in the upper stack, while the iron started to appear in the lower stack. The reduction rate and metallization rate at the bosh are measured at 95.18% and 95.54%. The content of ferrous oxide (FeO) decreases significantly (measured at 1.73% at the bosh), resulting in an increase in the melting point of the primary slag and a deterioration of its fluidity. FeO x formed in the upper stack continuously diffuses and merges into the gangue, which affects the subsequent transformation of FeO x. FeO x shows a preference for interacting with SiO 2 , CaO, and MgO, directly influencing the formation of slag in the cohesive zone. These findings offer valuable insights for numerical simulation and research on hydrogen-rich operation. • A 40 m3 experimental hydrogen-rich blast furnace is dissected. • The lumpy zone of hydrogen blast furnace extends to bosh. • The reduction rate and metallization rate at the bosh are 95.18% and 95.54%. • FeO x tends to react with SiO 2 to form high melting point substance. • A mechanism of iron and gangue transformation is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) has been synthesized by the free-radical polymerization method using azobisisobutyronitrile the initiator. Then, nanoparticle-PNIPA composite is prepared with magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation. The thermal decomposition kinetics of synthesized PNIPA and nanocoated PNIPA have been investigated. It has been observed that nanocoated PNIPA has a more stable structure at high temperatures than synthesized PNIPA. In the newly improved model equations relate to thermal decomposition kinetics, a special solution has been made with the new approach. Moreover, the calculated activation energies of the samples have been evaluated with response surface methodology (RSM). The ratios required to synthesize nanocoated-PNIPA under the optimum conditions have been determined by RSM. The activation energy of the nanocomposite obtains when 0.3170 g PNIPA is coated with 0.048 g Fe3O4 nanoparticle is determined as 127.757 kJ/mol. In other words, nanocoating has been increased the thermal stability of the synthesized composite. Poly (n-isopropylacrylamide) has been synthesized by free radical polymerization The Fe-O stretching vibration proves the existence of nanoparticle in FTIR spectra The thermal decomposition kinetics of synthesized PNIPA and Fe3O4-PNIPA nanocomposite have been evaluated by RSM. Magnetic nanoparticle reinforcement enhances the thermal stability of PNIPA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a coating density meeting the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte requirements of high gas tightness and ionic conductivity, in this study, a new interface healing densification process based on a liquid-phase sintering induction mechanism was conducted on plasma-sprayed 8 mol% Y 2 O 3 -stabilized ZrO 2 (8YSZ) coatings. Using Fe 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 3 as healing additives, metallurgical healing of unbound interfaces was achieved by impregnating the additives into the gap interfaces, followed by liquid-phase sintering at 1200 and 1050 °C. After healing, the YSZ coating exhibited a dense bulk-like microstructure with a significant reduction in the gas leakage rate by two orders of magnitude, and the oxygen ion conductivity of the coating was significantly increased. The YSZ coating healed with the Fe 2 O 3 additive showed an oxygen ionic conductivity nearly one order of magnitude higher than that of the as-sprayed coating, reaching more than 80% of the value of the high-temperature-sintered YSZ bulk. • A new interface healing process based on liquid-phase sintering was conducted on APS YSZ coatings. • The interface-healed YSZ coating exhibited a dense bulk-like microstructure. • The gas leakage rate of the interface-healed YSZ coating decreased by two orders of magnitude. • Ionic conductivity of the interface-healed YSZ coating reached > 80% of the sintered bulk. • The cell assembled with interface-healed YSZ-Fe 2 O 3 electrolyte achieved MPD of 1.04 W/cm2 at 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the important impact of Fe 2 O 3 on the synthesis, structure, hardness, and radiation shielding characteristics of Apatite–Wollastonite (AW) glass ceramics for bone implantation and shielding application. The prepared studied samples were prepared and the effects of Fe 2 O 3 addition on the synthesis process, density, and different physical and structural parameters comprehensively investigated. Additionally, the radiation shielding properties were determined by using PHITS simulation code and XCOM calculations for all samples. The results reveal that there is a significant impact of Fe 2 O 3 addition on density, hardness, and radiation shielding of AW glass ceramics. The Vickers hardness values were calculated as 547, 598, and 621 Hv in measurements under 0.1 kg load., the density values are found to be as 2.87, 3.07 and 3.28 g/cm3 for AW, Aw -1Fe, and Aw -2Fe, respectively. The highest linear attenuation coefficient in the AW- 2Fe is 0.096 cm−1, Aw -1Fe showed 0.084 cm−1 and AW gave 0.072 cm−1 at 6 MeV. This study underscores the pivotal role of Fe 2 O 3 as a multifaceted modifier in tailoring the properties of AW glass ceramics for bone implantation and other diverse applications extending from medical imaging to radiation and charged ions shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of using ferric oxide nanoparticles (FO) and C2–C4 alcohols with diesel/biodiesel blend in a diesel engine. Optimum operating conditions were explored, and an engine speed of 1750 rpm was optimal. The concentration of FO was estimated to be 760 ppm, considering the best conditions for carbon nanotube (CNT) production. Ethanol was immiscible in diesel fuel; however, any biodiesel percentage in the blend made it miscible. The used engine was too small to run with a blend containing more than 3 % ethanol. Propanol and butanol were blended at the same ethanol concentration for comparative purposes. A blend with 30 % biodiesel (B30) was found to be the best diesel/biodiesel blend. This was detected by the best coefficient of variation (COV) with reasonable performance and emissions. Ferric oxide nanoparticles reduced COV and improved engine performance. The COV increased for tested alcohols. However, blending B30 with alcohols, especially butanol, improved thermal efficiency. FO and alcohol increased NOx emissions and decreased both CO and smoke opacity. They increased the peak pressure and the heat release rate while reducing the combustion duration. Nonetheless, no CNT traces were detected in the present study under any conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-temperature oxidation behavior of Cr-Mn-Si alloyed steel by Fe 2 O 3 contained mold flux in high temperatures, and its effect on microstructure evolution were investigated in detail by TEM, EBSD, CLSM, SEM, and XPS. A novel oxidation mechanism was firstly revealed that the Fe 2 O 3 in mold flux melts during high temperatures plays a role of oxidizing alloyed steels by the released free oxygen ions (O2−) from the transformation of Fe 2 O 3 (Fe3+) to FeO (Fe2+). The formed oxidized dots within the oxide layer changed from SiO 2 and MnSiO 3 to MnCr 2 O 4 spinel phases by increasing the content of Fe 2 O 3 in the mold flux. Notably, the amorphous SiO 2 was discovered in the core region of MnSiO 3 phase due to its selective oxidative behavior in high temperatures. This research provides conclusive evidence that the small size MnSiO 3 oxides can be acted as a nucleation core for the refinement of austenite grains through in-situ observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By incorporating the dual ceramic elements TiB 2 /B 4 C, we investigated their impact on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, and friction performance of copper-based powder metallurgy materials, and elucidated the friction wear mechanism. Additionally, machine learning algorithms were employed to predict the friction coefficient and stability coefficient. The conclusions are as follows:With the increase in the TiB 2 /B 4 C ratio, the trend of mechanical properties initially increases and then decreases, with the optimum ratio being 5:3 for TiB 2 and B 4 C, exhibiting superior mechanical properties. Moreover, B 4 C enhances the thermal conductivity of copper-based friction materials more effectively than TiB 2. In terms of overall friction performance, the ratio of TiB 2 to B 4 C at 5:3 yields better frictional properties. The primary components of the friction surface friction film are CuO, Cu 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 , and B 2 O 3 , transitioning from a ceramic film to a metallic film as the TiB 2 /B 4 C ratio increases. The friction wear mechanism shifts from abrasive wear to severe fatigue wear as the TiB 2 /B 4 C ratio increases, accompanied by oxidative wear. Furthermore, an AdaBoost algorithm model was developed to effectively predict the friction coefficient and stability coefficient, with accuracies of 0.9993 and 0.8739, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we demonstrate systematic studies on the influence of Fe 2 O 3 on the structural and optical properties of transparent B 2 O 3 –TeO 2 –Na 2 O glasses containing the different concentrations of Fe 2 O 3. The glasses were prepared via the standard melt quenching method, and the prepared glasses were characterized using, XRD, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), FTIR, and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, we evaluated several physical properties of the glasses, including densities, molar volume, boron-boron separation, and oxygen packing density, with respect to the concentration of Fe 2 O 3 in the host glass matrix. It is observed that the density of the glasses and the average boron-boron distance found increase with Fe 2 O 3 concentration due to the modification in the glass network induced by the dopant ions. EPR spectra reveals the presence resonance signals at g ∼2.04 and g ∼4.26, hence it proves the existence of Fe3+ in distorted octahedral coordination and supported by UV–Vis absorption bands. The FTIR spectra revealed an increase in spectral intensity with the concentration of Fe 2 O 3. This was attributed to the formation of non-bridging oxygens through converting BO 4 units into BO 3 units, which Fe 2 O 3 mediated. The UV–visible spectral analysis showed a decreased energy band gap from 2.26 to 1.51 eV with increased Fe 2 O 3 concentration. Additionally, we determined the Urbach energy, refractive index, optical basicity, and electronegativity, which are presented in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of the adsorption capacity of amine‐functionalized silica coated iron oxide magnetic particles (Fe3O4/SiO2‐NH2) as a highly recyclable adsorbent for Congo Red (CR) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) azo‐dyes from water is reported. The Fe3O4/SiO2‐NH2 were prepared by a simple co‐precipitation method of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles followed by silica coating on oleic acid coated Fe3O4. A series of investigation was performed to assess the various experimental parameters like contact time (0–360 min), pH (3–10), stirring speed (0–500 rpm), adsorbent dosages (0.02–0.12 g) and initial concentrations (0.02–0.15 mg mL−1) of dyes. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacities of CR and EBT on Fe3O4/SiO2‐NH2 particles were found to be 211.86 mg g−1 and 81.98 mg g−1, respectively. In comparison, the pseudo‐second order model provided adsorption capacities of 200.40 mg g−1 for CR and 80.91 mg g−1 for EBT. Additionally, the maximum adsorption amounts of CR and EBT on Fe3O4/SiO2‐NH2 particles were 179.37 mg g−1 and 75.43 mg g−1, achieved within 300 min and 180 min at pH 3, respectively. The dye‐loaded particles were recoverable for CR and EBT removal by simple regeneration with 0.1 molL−1 NaOH solution to use the particles until more than five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nanomaterials for dye degradation has garnered significant interest due to their efficiency, environmental benefits, and cost‐effectiveness. In this study, a nanocomposite adsorbent composed of α‐Fe2O3 coupled with carbon derived from eco‐friendly corn husk has been developed. This material effectively captured cationic dyes, Methylene Blue (MB) and Malachite Green (MG), from aqueous solutions, including industrial dye effluent from local industry. The synthesized nanocomposite demonstrated rapid removal of MB and MG from the solution without the need for additional oxidizing or reducing agents. The adsorption conditions by varying parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature have been optimized. Adsorption isothermal studies indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model best explained the adsorption process. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process follows a pseudo‐first‐order model for MB, while the intraparticle diffusion model is more appropriate for MG. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent reusability and regenerability for dye adsorption. Our study showcases the effectiveness of the synthesized nanocomposite adsorbent, comprising α‐Fe2O3 integrated with carbon derived from eco‐friendly corn husk using a simple and sustainable methodology, in efficiently removing cationic dyes from textile wastewater. This approach offers a promising solution for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work includes the use of leaves of Mitragyna parvifolia for green synthesis of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles ( Fe 2 O 3 NPs), which offers a sustainable eco-friendly approach. Characterization of synthesized Fe 2 O 3 NPs was done by UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and FESEM studies. FTIR exhibited the existence of Fe-O, O–H and COO–Fe stretching owing to the occurrence of the carboxylic group. FESEM analysis revealed that the average size of Fe 2 O 3 NPs was 92 nm, which varies in their shape. The study also includes the determination of antibacterial, in vitro antioxidant and immunomodulatory efficacy of synthesized Fe 2 O 3 NPs. Results suggested that Fe 2 O 3 NPs exhibit potent antibacterial efficacy against B. subtilis and S. aureus, gram-positive as well as E. coli and P. aureginosa, gram-negative bacterial strains used in this study. The study exhibited significant (p < 0.01) in vitro antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of synthesized Fe 2 O 3 NPs against concanavalin-A activated Wistar albino rat's splenocytes. The green synthesized Fe 2 O 3 NPs using M. parvifolia leaves may offer a novel approach in the medicinal and immunological field to overcome oxidative stress as well as enhance immune responses for potential health benefits of human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient graphene coated iron oxide (GCIO) nanoadsorbent was prepared for removal of various ions, viz., Cr(VI), Pb(II), and As(III), by coating graphene onto the iron oxide surfaces taken as a base material. The as-prepared nanoadsorbent was further characterized by several analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Zeta-potential measurements, respectively. These techniques provided valuable information about the nanoadsorbent and confirmed the interactions between Cr6+, Pb2+, and As3+ ions and the nanoadsorbent. The effect of concentration of adsorbate solution, contact time between adsorbate–adsorbent, and flow rate of adsorbate were studied using a sensitive, simple, and selective spectrophotometric method that enabled quantification of Cr6+, Pb+2, and As3+ ions, respectively. Various modeling of breakthrough curves was applied for monitoring progress of the adsorption process and the results showed that the three metal ions followed second order kinetic model thus confirming that GCIO is an excellent, effective, and economic adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the liberation distribution of minerals in comminuted ore particles is one of the fundamental problems in mineral processing. However, there is still no widely accepted liberation model due to the complexity of the mineral fracture mechanism. In this study, the shape constants of the cumulative beta distribution were further optimized based on the investigation of the liberation distribution and fracture mechanism of iron oxide minerals in three types of iron ores with different grain sizes by locked-cycle grinding and batch grinding to model the liberation distribution of iron oxide minerals with different grinding methods. The results showed that the liberation distribution of iron oxide minerals in the three types of iron ores with locked-cycle grinding and batch grinding was related to intergranular fracture proportion and the closeness of ore particle size and mineral grain size. By relating the shape constants of cumulative beta distribution to ore particle size, mineral grain size, and the proportion of intergranular fracture, the developed liberation model well predicted the liberation distribution of iron oxide minerals with different grinding methods and its coefficient of determination (R2) was between 0.85–0.93. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue, green, and khaki spinels were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) using Co 3 O 4 –ZnO–Mg(NO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O–Al(OH) 3 –Al, Ni 2 O 3 –ZnO–Cr 2 O 3 –Al(OH) 3 –Al, and Co 2 O 3 –Fe 2 O 3 –Al(OH) 3 –Al mixtures. The composition of the synthesis products was characterized by X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. The oxides Co 3 O 4 , Co 2 O 3 , ZnO, Ni 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3 were used for the synthesis. Fuel was provided by aluminum powder (ASD-4). The spinel-type ceramic pigments were synthesized using layer-by-layer combustion, which involves two parallel exothermic reactions: aluminum oxidation and aluminothermic reactions. The fast self-propagating reactions and high synthesis temperatures rapidly destroy the structure of Al(OH) 3 hydroxide in the starting mixture, producing gaseous reaction products that prevent the sintering of the spinels. The surface morphology of pigment powders and their composition was studied using a Quanta 3D 200i, FEI Co. scanning electron microscope and a Philips SEM 515 scanning electron microscope equipped with a local energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The particle size of the synthesized spinels was approximately 1–5 μm. Colored spinels powders obtained by the SHS process can be used as ceramic pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread industrial use of styrene highlights the urgent need for detecting and monitoring its harmful gases. The innovation of this study lies in synthesizing uniform Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles using Ginkgo biloba and calcining them with CuOHF to prepare nanostructured materials, enhancing the performance of gas sensors. The effects of varying α-Fe 2 O 3 additions and calcination temperatures on the structure and gas-sensitive properties of the composites were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the optimal operating temperatures of the CuO–10%Fe 2 O 3 -400 sensor were reduced by 80 and 50 °C, and its response to 100 ppm styrene at 200 °C was significantly enhanced by 3.2-fold and 4.2-fold, respectively, compared to the single Fe 2 O 3 and CuOHF sensors. It is particularly noteworthy that the sensor exhibits excellent detection performance at a 50 ppb styrene concentration, with a response value of 1.2. The lamellar structure of CuOHF serves as a precursor for CuO, thereby increasing the surface area of the sensor in contact with the gas. During the calcination process, the released gases contribute to the formation of a porous structure, which together improves the adsorption capacity and stability of the sensor. Additionally, the heterojunction formed by the calcination of CuO (p-type) and Fe 2 O 3 (n-type) enhances charge transfer and increases gas adsorption capacity, highlighting its potential as a gas sensor. This composite material exhibits good sensitivity and reliability in monitoring hazardous gases like styrene, underscoring the significant value of this study in environmental monitoring and safety control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permeability of the Fe Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) materials need further improve to broaden their application prospect. This research work presents a novel high permeability SMC material which has a low core loss (P cv). The Fe particles formed an elongated strip shape structure through the ball milling process, and the high permeability Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite phase was formed around the elongated strip shape Fe particles via a high temperature in-situ reaction process (ZnO + MnO + Fe 2 O 3 –Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4). While the added high resistive SiO 2 phase aggregated at the long strip shape Fe particle outer surface and effectively increased the resistivity of the SMCs. As the percentage of the Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite coating increase, the permeability of the double layer coated SMCs gradually increased from 38 for the 1 wt% Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 coated SMCs to 170 for the 18 wt% Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 coated SMCs. The 3 wt% Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 coated SMCs has the lowest core loss (P cv) of 86.9 W/kg at 10 mT, 500 kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing transition metal XPS peaks is widely used to determine surface composition and chemistry. However, these peaks have a complex structure, which is still the subject of investigation. Fe 2p analysis is a case in point where the multiplet structure and many-electron-effects lead to peak shapes that cannot be analyzed using standard approaches. Examination of the literature reveals that one of the most widely used approaches to data reduction when processing Fe 2p3/2 spectra involves using symmetric two- or three-component peak fitting with each peak effectively acting to capture a single chemical species (chemistry fit) in the complex spectra. Herein, this approach is compared to an envelope fit approach using Biesinger multiplet components of known iron oxides to determine how effective these methods are in reproducing iron oxide composition. Mixed oxide and metal XPS Fe 2p spectra were synthesized using reference spectra collected experimentally. For the first time, the accuracy and differences between the two approaches are reported. It is demonstrated that no meaningful conclusions can be drawn using single symmetric peaks to analyze complex Fe 2p3/2 spectra, implying that a large portion of the literature is flawed. The envelope fit approach, however, is shown to provide useful information regarding oxide ratios in mixed iron oxide materials, though limitations do exist. A methodology for evaluating the quality of XPS analysis of Fe 2p3/2 spectra is proposed for benchmarking new submissions so that reviewers, authors, and editors can assess these submissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the elaboration of magnetic nanocomposites by the in situ incorporation of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) with spherical and nanoflower-like morphologies in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) sheets using two different synthetic routes. Nanomaterials are characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, zetametry, vibrating sample magnetometry, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The decoration of the carbon nitride matrix with the magnetic NPs enhanced optical and textural properties. The influence of the morphology of the magnetic NPs on the adsorptive and photocatalytic properties of the nanocomposites under different pH conditions (4.5, 6.9, and 10.6) was assessed from batch tests to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. In extreme pH conditions, the nanocomposites exhibited lower or equivalent MB removal capacity compared to the pure g-C3N4. However, at neutral medium, the nanocomposite with incorporated Fe3O4 nanoflowers showed a significantly higher removal efficiency (80.7%) due to the combination of a high adsorption capacity and a good photocatalytic activity in this pH region. The proposed nanocomposite is a promising alternative to remove cationic dyes from water by magnetic assistance, since no pH adjustment of the polluted effluent is required, reducing costs and environmental impact in the dyeing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study successfully synthesized Fe2O3@rGO nanocrystals using a straightforward sol-gel method in a pigskin-gel (gelatin type A) environment. The fabricated nanocomposites include Fe2O3-linked nanosheets in a reduced graphene oxide-like double tetrahedral pyramid (DTP) structure and Fe2O3 nanocrystals resembling Cheetos puffs (CPs). The Fe2O3@rGO material was characterized through a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, nitrogen physisorption, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic efficiency of Fe2O3 and Fe2O3@rGO samples in demineralizing rhodamine B in an aqueous solution was thoroughly evaluated. Remarkably, the Fe2O3@rGO composites exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity and degradation efficiency compared to pure Fe2O3 nanocrystals. The improved performance can be attributed to effective electron transport between the reduced graphene oxide and the semiconductors, effectively reducing electron-hole recombination. Additionally, the Fe2O3@rGO nanocrystals demonstrated excellent magnetic properties, enabling easy separation and recovery after five cycles of reusability testing. These findings highlight the promising potential of this magnetic nano photocatalyst for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment applications, particularly in the degradation of rhodamine B. Highlights: In the presence of pigskin gel, the synthesis of Fe2O3 nanocrystals (NCs) resembling Cheetos puffs (CPs) were carried out. In the presence of pigskin gel as a reducing agent, Fe2O3 nanocrystals with double tetrahedral pyramidal geometry (DTP) attached to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets were obtained. Fe2O3@rGO:DTP Showed improved responsiveness compared to the pure Fe2O3:CPs for the degradation of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a global issue and hence various efforts are being made. Iron oxide is considered a significant biochemical agent in the biomedical arena for cancer treatment. Marine macroalgae-mediated iron oxides especially, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) are a prospective alternative to diagnose and treat cancer owing to their fluorescent and magnetic properties. We intend to appraise the usability of the aqueous extract of Rosenvingea intricata (R. intricata) in Fe3O4 NPs synthesis and to study their cytotoxic effects against human hepatocarcinoma (Hep3B) and pancreatic (PANC1) cancer cells. In the present study, R. intricata were collected from the coastal region of South Andaman, India. Aqueous extracts of R. intricata were utilized to synthesize Fe3O4 NPs via the co-precipitation method. Phycosynthesized Fe3O4 NPs exhibited wide peak at 400–600 nm from ultraviolet–visible diffused reflectance spectroscopic analysis which validated the formation of NPs. Band edge emission peak at 660 nm in fluorescent spectra confirmed the quantum confinement in Fe3O4 NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the role of R. intricata as a capping and reducing agent with functional groups such as O–H, C–H, C=O, N=O, C=C, C–O, C–N, and C–S arising from amino acids, polysaccharides, aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, amides, lignins, alkanes, aliphatic amines, and sulfates. Physicochemical properties such as crystallite size (14.36 nm), hydrodynamic size (84.6 nm), irregular morphology, elemental composition, particle size (125 nm), crystallinity, and saturation magnetization (0.90007 emu/g) were obtained from x-ray diffractometer, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques, respectively. The cell viability showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects and enhanced the apoptosis against Hep3B and PANC1 cancer cells. R. intricata extract capped Fe3O4 NPs could be the most appropriate and effective nanomaterial for cancer treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite oxides play a crucial role as catalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) owing to their distinctive structure and diverse physical and chemical characteristics. Currently, enhancing the electronic structure and specific surface area of the perovskite surface through strategic regulation poses a significant challenge in the advancement of perovskite catalyst development. Here, we propose a novel method for enhancing the OER activity of LaCoO 3 (LCO) perovskite through atomic doping and interface engineering. The La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3 –FeOOH (Fe-LSCO) composite exhibits a notable enhancement in electrocatalytic performance, manifesting a low overpotential of 296.3 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, while maintaining a high level of activity for a duration of 120 h. The enhanced activity of Fe-LSCO can be attributed to oxygen vacancy defects and the increase of the active site caused by A-site-doping and amorphous nanosheets of FeOOH, which synergistic effect reduces the energy barrier for water dissociation. The highly disordered surface and high surface energy of amorphous FeOOH render it highly active. This study presents a viable interface engineering approach for manipulating the reconstruction of the active phase in high-performance perovskite-based electrocatalytic materials. [Display omitted] • Sol-gel and solution soaking treatment were used to fabricate Fe-LSCO. • The doping of Sr changes the spin state of Co ion. • The amorphous hydroxyl iron oxide can improve hydrophilicity and BET. • Fe-LSCO electrode demonstrates outstanding durability and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron silver oxide (AgxFe2−xO3; 0xFe2−xO3 shown in the figure can be indexed to the hexagonal structure of silver oxide and the rhombohedral structure of hematite and new X-ray Diffraction (XRD) peaks of AgxFe2−xO3 structure. The annealing and doping process seems to cause a serious change in the crystal structure of the thin film, it showed a serious change in its electrical properties. The electrical parameters of resistance for thin films were measured using the Hall measurement method at room temperature. With Hall measurements, the n-type carrier concentration of the Fe2O3 structure was calculated, and it was observed that its resistance was 1MΩ. Likewise, it was observed that AgxFe2−xO3 exhibited an n-type carrier concentration, and its resistance was calculated to be 0.5MΩ. The conductivity change is based on silver doping. The doping process seems to cause a change in the bandgap of the thin film, it showed a change in its optical properties. The film’s optical absorption was measured by UV–Vis photo spectroscopy. Subsequently, the structural and topographic properties of AgxFe2−xO3 structures were investigated by high-precision characterization devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on developing machine learning models to detect subtle alterations in hepatocyte chromatin organization due to Iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticle exposure, hypothesizing that exposure will significantly alter chromatin texture. A total of 2000 hepatocyte nuclear regions of interest (ROIs) from mouse liver tissue were analyzed, and for each ROI, 5 different parameters were calculated: Long Run Emphasis, Short Run Emphasis, Run Length Nonuniformity, and 2 wavelet coefficient energies obtained after the discrete wavelet transform. These parameters served as input for supervised machine learning models, specifically random forest and gradient boosting classifiers. The models demonstrated relatively robust performance in distinguishing hepatocyte chromatin structures belonging to the group exposed to IONPs from the controls. The study's findings suggest that iron oxide nanoparticles induce substantial changes in hepatocyte chromatin distribution and underscore the potential of AI techniques in advancing hepatocyte evaluation in physiological and pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe major aim of this research hyperthermia and magnetic resonance-high intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) focused on investigating the potential of aloe vera leaf extract-mediated gold-coated iron oxide nanohybrids (Au-IONPs) as a modern theragnostic material for the treatment of uterine myoma. To assess the cytotoxicity of Au-IONPs, induce hyperthermia, and apply radiotherapy to determine the level of apoptosis in the human ht-UtLM cells. Subsequently, it evaluated the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles on human ht-UtLM cells by exposing the cells to various concentrations of Au-IONPs for a 4-hour incubation period. Based on the results, concentrations of 10 and 15 µg/mL were selected for further investigation. The MTT assay and flow cytometry results demonstrated that Au-IONPs significantly induce cell apoptosis. It allows the Au-IONPs to turn as an effective development mediator in the ablation of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment. Finally, it could be suggested to developed material have excellent systemic toxicity, which promises well for treatment of uterine fibroids.HIGHLIGHTSBiosynthesis of gold – iron oxide nanohybrids (Au-IONPs) through a green approach.Physio-chemical properties of Au-IONPs have been characterized through various techniques.Investigating the anti-tumor effects of Au-IONPs in combination with thermo-radiotherapy for uterine myoma.Determine the level of apoptosis in the human myoma cells by inducing hyperthermia and radiotherapy.Observed the correlation behavior between the dose of the cell viability and Au-IONP nanoparticles.Au-IONPs had a significant impact on enhancing the effects of both hyperthermia and radiation therapies.Biosynthesis of gold – iron oxide nanohybrids (Au-IONPs) through a green approach.Physio-chemical properties of Au-IONPs have been characterized through various techniques.Investigating the anti-tumor effects of Au-IONPs in combination with thermo-radiotherapy for uterine myoma.Determine the level of apoptosis in the human myoma cells by inducing hyperthermia and radiotherapy.Observed the correlation behavior between the dose of the cell viability and Au-IONP nanoparticles.Au-IONPs had a significant impact on enhancing the effects of both hyperthermia and radiation therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) has been considered as an integral part of energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources. Porous aquifers can serve as typical sites for this purpose due to their worldwide distribution and huge storage capacity. However, the diverse microbial species that inhabit the aquifers are known to be able to catalyze in-situ biochemical reactions within the hosting rock. These reactions can normally lead to microbial consumption of hydrogen, microbial clogging of pore space and thus affect hydrogen injection and withdrawal rates as reported in the literature. So far, these phenomena have been widely reported but rarely quantified. In this study, we build a coupled hydrological-mechanical-chemical-biological (HMCB) multiphysics model to simulate these microbe-related processes during UHS in aquifers. The model consists of a complete set of partial differential equations to describe: (1) rock deformation; (2) water-hydrogen two-phase flow; (3) microbes and dissolved hydrogen transport; (4) mineral dissolution/precipitation; and (5) microbial activities involving adsorption/desorption and growth/decay. All these processes are linked together through the porosity/permeability models which consider the joint impacts of microbial clogging, mineral dissolution/precipitation and effective stress. This multiphysics model is verified against laboratory biochemical reaction data and microbial transport data. Then, the verified model is used to investigate the impacts of iron-reduction bacteria (IRB) activities on UHS in aquifers. Based on the simulation results, it can be concluded that (1) hydrogen saturation at the top surface of the aquifer is the greatest while microbial activities surrounding the injection well is stimulated the most; (2) microbial activities influence the initial few cycles of hydrogen injection and withdrawal but the impacts gradually diminish with the dissolution of Fe 2 O 3 ; (3) hydrogen recovery efficiency is degraded due to the combined effects of hydrogen consumption, water production and microbial clogging with the microbial clogging impact being the most significant; and (4) effective stress impacts aquifer permeability throughout UHS operations while microbial clogging influences it in the initial few cycles. For mineral dissolution/precipitation, the impact can be neglected. • Coupled multiphysics model has been developed to quantify the impact of IRB activities on UHS in aquifers. • Interactions among hydraulic-mechanical-chemical-biological processes are captured. • The model has been verified against laboratory microbial transport data and chemical reaction data. • Dependence of hydrogen recovery performance on various microbe-related parameters are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Fe 2 O 3 has been regarded as an ideal n-type photoanode material due to its exceptional stability, environmental friendliness, optimal band structure (1.9∼2.2 eV), and valence band position (approximately 2.3 V). However, α-Fe 2 O 3 still faces challenges such as low absorption coefficient, poor conductivity, short carrier lifetime, low carrier mobility, facile recombination of photogenerated charges, and sluggish kinetics of water oxidation. To address these issues comprehensively and effectively, this study initially synthesized Ti-doped Fe 2 O 3 nanorods through doping and hydrothermal methods. Subsequently, a PdCoP amorphous layer was deliberately fabricated on the Ti:Fe 2 O 3 nanorods (TF) photoelectrode through facile solution impregnation and phosphorization treatment. The experimental results demonstrate that Ti doping effectively enhances carrier separation, leading to a photocurrent of 0.52 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V RHE , which is 2.08 times higher than the undoped counterpart. Moreover, upon further modification with the PdCoP amorphous layer, the photocurrent density of PdCoP/TF photoanode significantly increases under illumination, reaching 2.82 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V RHE , which is 11.28 times higher than pure Fe 2 O 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed at the interface between the amorphous layer and substrate indicate that surface modification of PdCoP on TF alters its surface electronic structure while reducing the energy barrier for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), thereby enhancing its performance in photoelectrochemical water splitting. [Display omitted] • The electronic structure of α-Fe 2 O 3 is optimized through Ti doping and modification of the amorphous layer. • The PdCoP/TF photoanode exhibits high efficiency in converting solar energy. • Revealing the active sites and mechanisms for water splitting through DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although spinel ferrite nanostructures with adjustable magnetic properties have long been considered for different applications such as microwave, biomedical and magnetic memory devices, detailed magnetic behavior and structural properties of manganese-cobalt ferrites are yet to be investigated and understood. Here, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) substituted with manganese (Co1–x Mnx Fe2O4); 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) are synthesized using a co-precipitation method followed by annealing at 800 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of cubic spinel structure, which is accompanied with α-‌ Fe 2 O 3 secondary phase when increasing the manganese content of NPs, as also observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Hysteresis loop measurements demonstrate an increasing trend of magnetic properties with increasing x, leading to maximum values of saturation magnetization (Ms= 65 emu/g) and coercivity (Hc= 1815 Oe) for Co 0.8 Mn 0.2 Fe 2 O 4 NPs. Meanwhile, first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis manifests distinct soft and hard magnetic phases induced by the slight enhancement in the manganese content. The magnetic hardening of single domain manganese-cobalt ferrite NPs at room temperature is revealed by an increase in FORC coercivity up to 2480 Oe, being about 90% higher than that for pure cobalt ferrite NPs. Further increasing x weakens magnetic properties, minimizing M s and H c to 10 emu/g and 35 Oe when Mn completely substitutes Co in the spinel ferrite structure. In this case, FORC analysis shows suppressed inter-particle magnetostatic interactions and predominant superparamagnetic contribution for MnFe 2 O 4 NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on developing self-cleaning matte ceramics based on polycrystalline hexaferrite for oil removal. The ceramics were glazed using glaze materials BaO, Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, and TiO 2 with varying ZnO:TiO 2 ratios. The aim of this research was to determine the glaze composition that was able to provide the best self-cleaning/PA removal characteristics. After calcination at 1200°C, a polycrystalline hexaferrite compound formed, BaFe 12 ZnTiO 19. All ceramic samples demonstrated palmitic acid (PA) photodegradation, with CM3 (ZnO:TiO 2 ; 1:1) showing the highest efficiency. This efficiency correlated with CM3's lowest bandgap of 1.43 eV. The photodegradation of PA by CM3 follows first-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.0482 min−1 under UV irradiation and 0.0179 min−1 under visible irradiation. CM3 displayed exceptional durability, maintaining PA removal even after prolonged use, making it optimal for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic recycling of waste nitrate (NO3RR) is a promising decentralized route for green ammonia synthesis. Nonetheless, it suffers from the competing hydrogen evolution reaction and the insufficient proton supply in high pH conditions. Herein, iron oxide nanoparticles anchored on ZnO is introduced as a strategy to enhance the water dissociation ability and proton transfer rate, advancing NH4+ production from alkaline NO3RR. Supported by a set of ex situ and in situ characterization, the findings reveal the reduction of iron oxides, along with improvements in charge transfer properties and proton generation from H2O. Theoretical calculations show that iron oxides reduce the kinetic barrier of the rate‐limiting step (*NO2‐to‐*NO2H) and result in a thermodynamically favorable process to hydrogenation steps, which in turn reduce the overall energy barrier of alkaline NO3RR. Optimal catalytic activity is realized with a Fe loading of 0.5 wt.%, delivering a Faradaic efficiency of ≈83% for ammonium with a NH4+ yield rate of 31 nmol s−1 cm−2 at −0.7 V versus RHE. The results pave the way for the utilization of bi‐metal interaction to tune the reaction pathway for achieving sustainable ammonium synthesis in alkaline, contributing to ongoing efforts to achieve a sustainable nitrogen cycle via N‐based electrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, a strategy for doping MIEC perovskites ABO 3-δ with highly charged cations B5+ (Nb, Ta) and B6+ (Mo, W) was developed. The doping strategy is based on the idea that strontium ferrite/cobaltite-based perovskites are ferroelastic, whereas highly charged cations are ferroactive species. An increase in the concentration of the dopant leads to a reduction in the size of the domains of the ferroelastic phase down to the nanoscale. This resulted in the smearing of phase transitions with the formation of the highly conductive glassy state. Tantalum-doped lanthanum-strontium-ferrite perovskite (La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Fe 1-x Ta x O 3-δ , LSFTx) was prepared via solid-state reaction using chemically pure oxide powders of La 2 O 3 , SrCO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Ta 2 O 5 , followed by calcination and sintering up to 1350 °C. The structural and surface properties were examined using X-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. The original oxygen partial pressure relaxation (OPPR) method was used to study the kinetic properties of LSFTx. Continuous equilibrium phase diagram "T – pO 2 – δ" first obtained by oxygen release technique for composition LSFT3.5. Power law dependencies of the kinetic properties on the oxygen partial pressure are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-promoted iron oxides are commonly utilized in high-temperature water-gas shift (WGS) reactions. Although the promotional effect of Cu has been previously documented, the nature of the active sites for Cu/Fe 3 O 4 remains debated and the role of the crystallite size of Fe 3 O 4 has not been tackled. In this study, a wide range of Cu/Fe 3 O 4 catalysts were designed by hosting Cu species onto Fe 3 O 4 of two contrasting crystallite sizes (approximately 10 and 160 nm) and by utilizing different preparation methods (ammonia evaporation and deposition-precipitation). The evaluation of their catalytic WGS performances revealed a remarkable and previously undocumented phenomenon: the addition of Cu resulted in universal activity enhancements only for small Fe 3 O 4 crystals, while the larger analogues displayed decreased activity. This peculiar phenomenon can be explained by the creation of Cu–Fe 3 O 4 interfaces present in the iron oxides of small crystallite sizes. Thorough characterizations, such as advanced electron microscopic, in situ powder X-ray diffractions, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and computational studies, suggest strong electronic interactions between the different metal species, facilitated reductions of the individual oxides, and more favorable CO activation at the interfacial sites, all accounting for the promoted activity. [Display omitted] • Influence of Fe 3 O 4 crystallite size in water-gas shift reaction was examined. • Performance of Cu/Fe 3 O 4 in water-gas shift reaction was studied. • The formation of Cu–Fe 3 O 4 interfaces existed on small Fe 3 O 4 crystals. • Promotional effect of Cu was only found on small Fe 3 O 4 crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the cementitious material activity of industrial solid wastes is a key issue in the comprehensive utilization of its green building materials. In this study, mechanical activation was used to prepare cementitious materials from vanadium-titanium iron ore tailings (VTIOT) as the main raw materials, and the effects of grinding time, the key parameter, on the grinding characteristics of VTIOT, the mechanical properties of the VTIOT cementitious material, and the hydration mechanism were investigated by means of surface area analysis, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), alkali leaching, mechanical testing, hydration heat analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that: the grinding time and specific surface area of VTIOT exhibit a linear correlation. Prolonging the grinding time, the fractal dimension of the particles gradually increases. The activity of Si4+ and Al3+ elements increases rapidly, reaching a Si4+ and Al3+ content of 96 mg·L−1 at 90 min of grinding. With a VTIOT mixing amount of 30 %, a mortar paste ratio of 1:3, and a water cement ratio of 0.5, the 50 min ground VTIOT mortar demonstrates 7 d and 28 d compressive strengths of 29 MPa and 38.7 MPa, corresponding to the highest values of the activity index, measured at 71.4 % and 75.2 %, respectively. Under standard curing conditions, the hydration products of cementitious materials at 7 d are ettringite (AFt), calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), alumina, ferric oxide, monsulfate (AFm), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2), and calcium silica (CS). In the hydration process of 7 d, the exothermic peak and exothermic amount of the 50 min VTIOT cementitious materials are greater than those observed for other grinding times, but lower than those of pure reference cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorinated arylborane‐based Lewis acid catalysts have shown remarkable activity and serve as ideal examples of transition metal‐free catalysts for diverse organic transformations. However, their homogeneous nature poses challenges in terms of recyclability and separation from reaction mixtures. This work presents an efficient technique for the heterogenization of boron Lewis acid catalysts by anchoring Piers' borane to allyl‐functionalized iron oxide. This catalyst demonstrates excellent activity in the hydrosilylation of imines and the reductive amination of carbonyls using various silanes as reducing agents under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst exhibits broad tolerance towards a wide range of functional substrates. Furthermore, it exhibits good recyclability and can be easily separated from the products using an external magnetic field. This work represents a significant advance in the development of sustainable heterogenous metal‐free catalysts for organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is essential for wastewater cleanup and clean energy, and in this current study, we have synthesized nanomaterials (iron oxide-based) for photocatalytic pollution degradation and hydrogen production. The performance of aluminium oxide/ferric oxide (Al2O3/Fe2O3), samarium oxide/ferric oxide (Sm2O3/Fe2O3) and yttrium oxide/ferric oxide (Y2O3/Fe2O3) were compared for the production of hydrogen (H2) and degradation of dye under natural sunlight. Various characterisation equipment was used to characterize these photocatalysts’ structure, morphology, elemental content, binding energy and band gap. The hydrogen recovery efficiency of iron oxide-based photocatalysts from sulphide-containing wastewater is assessed. Y2O3/Fe2O3 has shown the highest hydrogen production of 340 mL/h. The influence of operating factors such as sulphide ion concentration, catalyst quantity, and photocatalyst photolytic solution volume on hydrogen production is studied. The optimal values were 0.25 M, 0.2 g/L, and 1L, respectively. The developed photocatalyst passed multiple cycles of stability testing. Fe2O3 has shown the highest Rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation efficiency of 94% under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High ammonia concentrations in anaerobic degradation systems cause volatile fatty acid accumulation and reduced methane yield, which often derive from restricted activity of syntrophic acid-oxidising bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Inclusion of additives that facilitate the electron transfer or increase cell proximity of syntrophic species by flocculation can be a suitable strategy to counteract these problems, but its actual impact on syntrophic interactions has yet to be determined. In this study, microbial cultivation and molecular and microscopic analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of conductive (graphene, iron oxide) and non-conductive (zeolite) additives on the degradation rate of acetate and propionate to methane by highly enriched ammonia-tolerant syntrophic cultures derived from a biogas process. All additives had a low impact on the lag phase but resulted in a higher rate of acetate (except graphene) and propionate degradation. The syntrophic bacteria 'Candidatus Syntrophopropionicum ammoniitolerans', Syntrophaceticus schinkii and a novel hydrogenotrophic methanogen were found in higher relative abundance and higher gene copy numbers in flocculating communities than in planktonic communities in the cultures, indicating benefits to syntrophs of living in close proximity to their cooperating partner. Microscopy and element analysis showed precipitation of phosphates and biofilm formation in all batches except on the graphene batches, possibly enhancing the rate of acetate and propionate degradation. Overall, the concordance of responses observed in both acetate- and propionate-fed cultures highlight the suitability of the addition of iron oxide or zeolites to enhance acid conversion to methane in high-ammonia biogas processes. Key points: • All additives promoted acetate (except graphene) and propionate degradation. • A preference for floc formation by ammonia-tolerant syntrophs was revealed. • Microbes colonised the surfaces of iron oxide and zeolite, but not graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contaminated with arsenic presents serious health risks, necessitating effective and sustainable removal methods. This article proposes a method for removing arsenic from water by impregnating biochar with iron oxide (Fe2O3) from brown seaweed (Sargassumpolycystum). After the seaweed biomass was pyrolyzed at 400 °C, iron oxide was added to the biochar to increase its adsorptive sites and surface functional groups, which allowed the binding of arsenic ions. Batch studies were conducted to maximize the effects of variables, including pH, contact time, arsenic concentration, and adsorbent dosage, on arsenic adsorption. The maximum arsenic adsorption efficiency of 96.7% was achieved under optimal conditions: pH 6, the adsorbent dosage of 100 mg, the initial arsenic concentration of 0.25 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 min. Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms favored the adsorption process, while the kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the controlling step. Column studies revealed complete saturation after 200 min, and the adsorption behavior fits both the Adams–Bohart and Thomas models, demonstrating the potential for large-scale application. The primary mechanism underlying the interaction between iron-modified biochar and arsenic ions is surface complexation, enhanced by increased surface area and porosity. This study highlights the significant contribution of iron-modified biochar derived from macroalgae as an effective and sustainable solution for arsenic removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Sn‐air batteries are attracting a great deal of interest in recent years due to the ultra‐high safety, low cost, dendrite‐free and highly reversible Sn anode. However, the slurry oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) kinetics on the air cathodes seriously affect the Sn‐air battery performances. Although various advanced catalysts have been developed, the charge overpotentials (~1000 mV) of these Sn‐air batteries are still not satisfactory. Herein, iron oxide (Fe2O3) modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods with heterogeneous structure are firstly synthesized on Ti mesh (Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti), and the obtained Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti films are further applied as catalytic electrodes for Sn‐air batteries. The core–shell heterogeneous structure of Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti can effectively facilitate the conversion of electrochemical intermediates and separation of photo‐excited electrons and holes to activate oxygen‐related reaction processes. Density functional theory (DFT) and experimental results also confirm that Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti can not only act as the electrocatalysts to improve ORR/OER properties, but also exhibit the superior photo‐catalytic activity to promote charging kinetics. Hence, the Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti‐based Sn‐air batteries show ultra‐low overpotential of ~40 mV, excellent rate capability and good cycling stability under light irradiation. This work will shed light on rational photo‐assisted catalytic cathode design for new‐type metal‐air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In biogeochemical phosphorus cycling, iron oxide minerals are acknowledged as strong adsorbents of inorganic and organic phosphorus. Dephosphorylation of organic phosphorus is attributed only to biological processes, but iron oxides could also catalyze this reaction. Evidence of this abiotic catalysis has relied on monitoring products in solution, thereby ignoring iron oxides as both catalysts and adsorbents. Here we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize dissolved and particulate phosphorus species, respectively. In soil and sediment samples reacted with ribonucleotides, we uncover the abiotic production of particulate inorganic phosphate associated specifically with iron oxides. Reactions of various organic phosphorus compounds with the different minerals identified in the environmental samples reveal up to ten-fold greater catalytic reactivities with iron oxides than with silicate and aluminosilicate minerals. Importantly, accounting for inorganic phosphate both in solution and mineral-bound, the dephosphorylation rates of iron oxides were within reported enzymatic rates in soils. Our findings thus imply a missing abiotic axiom for organic phosphorus mineralization in phosphorus cycling. Iron oxides serve as both adsorbents and catalysts to generate inorganic phosphorus from organic phosphorus in environmental matrices. This abiotic dephosphorylation, which is comparable to enzymatic rates, is a missing piece in phosphorus cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of iron oxide quantum dots (IOQDs) in this study led to the development of a straightforward, easy, and selective approach for cytosine sensing. To examine the capability of IOQDs in detecting nucleobases, attempts have been made to gain insight into the characteristics of IOQDs, including UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder‐XRD. We introduced IOQDs with a mean particle size distribution of 5.71 ± 0.08 nm for detecting cytosine by harnessing a turn‐on fluorescence phenomenon. The fostering fluorescence response of IOQDs was triggered in the presence of cytosine. In comparison, the presence of other nucleobases did not further induce the fluorescence signal of IOQDs. It was concluded that the hydrogen bonding bridging the carboxylate and hydroxyl groups on the surface of QDs with the amine groups of cytosine results in the elevation of IOQDs fluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose (Rosa chinensis) is subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, rose leaves with blight symptoms were collected and based on microscopic, morphological, and genetic analyses, the disease-causing pathogen was identified as Aspergillus niger. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight of R. chinensis in Pakistan. To control this disease, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 2 O 3 NPs) were synthesized in the seed extract of Trachyspermum ammi. Suitable formation of synthesized Fe 2 O 3 NPs was tested using reliable techniques. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum of Fe 2 O 3 NPs determined the presence of reducing agent like alcohol, alkyl halide and amine on the surface of NPs. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis depicted crystal-like nature and size (41 nm) of NPs, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicted their spherical shape. Sharp Fe and O peaks were observed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. All concentrations of Fe 2 O 3 NPs (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.5 mg/ mL) inhibited mycelial growth, in vitro and the greatest inhibition (88.9 %) was observed at 1.0 mg/ mL concentration. SEM micrographs showed severe shrinking and structural decomposition of mycelia at this concentration. In pot experiment, Fe 2 O 3 NPs adeptly controlled blight disease of rose leaves by improving various physiological and biochemical attributes and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Findings of Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) showed the higher expression of RcWRKY29 by the application of Fe 2 O 3 NPs, depicting its probable role in plant defense mechanism. These results proved that the application of Fe 2 O 3 NPs can efficiently prevent the spread of blight disease. [Display omitted] • Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles were used to control leaf blight of Rosa chinensis. • Application of NPs increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. • Interaction of NPs also up-regulated the expression of RcWRKY29. • qRT-PCR and KEGG pathway demonstrated plant-defense mechanism. • These NPs can efficiently prevent the spread of blight disease.s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the biocompatibility and bioactivity of biodegradable iron-based materials, nanostructured surfaces formed by metal oxides offer a promising strategy for surface functionalization. To explore this potential, iron oxide nanotubes were synthesized on pure iron (Fe) using an anodic oxidation process (50 V–30 min, using an ethylene glycol solution containing 0.3% NH4F and 3% H2O, at a speed of 100 rpm). A nanotube layer composed mainly of α-Fe2O3 with diameters between 60 and 70 nm was obtained. The effect of the Fe-oxide nanotube layer on cell viability and morphology was evaluated by in vitro studies using a human osteosarcoma cell line (SaOs-2 cells). The results showed that the presence of this layer did not harm the viability or morphology of the cells. Furthermore, cells cultured on anodized surfaces showed higher metabolic activity than those on non-anodized surfaces. This research suggests that growing a layer of Fe oxide nanotubes on pure Fe is a promising method for functionalizing and improving the cytocompatibility of iron substrates. This opens up new opportunities for biomedical applications, including the development of cardiovascular stents or osteosynthesis implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents about 25% of newly diagnosed breast cancers. There is debate about the benefit of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for further staging and guidance of therapy in patients with DCIS. Current guidelines recommend SLNB for patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for DCIS. Utilizing superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles as a tracer may allow for a delayed SLNB (d-SLNB), typically within a month of injection. We present our experience with a patient who due to complications from surgery could not complete her d-SLNB for 165 days. The SPIO tracer remained active in the lymph node and remained clinically useful for this five and a half month gap from time of injection. Further study is needed to determine the clinical longevity of SPIO in a lymph node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epsilon iron oxide (ϵ‐Fe2O3) and magnetoplumbite barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) are well‐known hard ferrites. For one synthesis method of ϵ‐Fe2O3, combining reverse‐micelle and sol‐gel techniques, Ba ions are used to accelerate the formation of nanorod‐shaped ϵ‐Fe2O3. On the other hand, in synthesis of BaFe12O19 both Ba and Fe ions are used to form the final product. However, the coexistence of these two ferrites has not been reported by any synthesis. Herein, we investigated the effect of Ba ions on the final product for the synthesis combining reverse‐micelle and sol‐gel techniques. At a low Ba ion ratio of [Ba]/[Fe]=0.2, ϵ‐Fe2O3 nanorods are formed, while at higher Ba ion ratios ([Ba]/[Fe]=0.4, 1, 2), BaFe12O19 appears. The phase diagram at 1000 °C shows that at a Ba ion ratio of [Ba]/[Fe]=1, the ratio of ϵ‐Fe2O3 and BaFe12O19 is almost 1 : 1. The diagram shows intermediates between these two phases do not form, indicating a phase separation of ϵ‐Fe2O3 and BaFe12O19. During the sintering process of this synthesis, initially perovskite‐type Ba2Fe2O5 and γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles form. Then, in areas where γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles are gathered around Ba2Fe2O5 and react, BaFe12O19 is formed, whereas in areas lacking Ba2Fe2O5, ϵ‐Fe2O3 nanorods are formed within Ba‐ion containing silica glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocatalytic performance of immobilized ficin onto silica-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was examined. FTIR study indicated the successful immobilization of ficin onto silica-coated MNPs. The MNPs were synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method, resulting in coarse silica-coated MNPs with an amorphous or nanocrystalline phase. Results showed that the affinity of ficin to the substrate decreased due to the immobilization. However, the immobilized ficin exhibited enhanced stability and catalytic activity, with a wider pH range and higher thermal stability compared to free ficin. The optimum pH for immobilized ficin activity was found to be shifted from 7.0 to 6.0, making it a suitable candidate for slight acidic conditions. After five days of storage, immobilized ficin retained its initial activity, while free ficin showed a 30% decrease in activity. The immobilized ficin also exhibited a substantially higher activity than its free form after multiple cycles of usage. These findings suggest that immobilized ficin onto silica-coated iron oxide MNPs is a promising candidate for biocatalysis and industrial processes in a wide range of temperature and solutions with high reusability and stability. Highlights: Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles were successfully coated with silica. The immobilized ficin exhibited enhanced stability and catalytic activity. Immobilized ficin was found to be a suitable candidate for slight acidic conditions. The immobilized ficin exhibited higher activity than its free form after multiple cycles of usage. Immobilized ficin onto silica-coated iron oxide MNPs is a promising candidate for biocatalysis and industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe need of the hour with respect to cancer treatment is a targeted approach with minimal or nil ramifications. Apropos, magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is emerging as a potential therapeutic strategy with anticipated reduced side effects for solid tumors. MFH causes cytotoxicity due to the heat generated owing to Hysteresis, Neel, and Brownian relaxation losses once magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) carrying cancer cells are placed under an alternating magnetic field. With respect to MFH, iron oxide-based MNPs have been most extensively studied to date compared to other metal oxides with magnetic properties. The effectiveness of MFH relies on the composition, coating, size, physical and biocompatible properties of the MNPs. Pure iron oxide and doped iron oxide MNPs have been utilized to study their effects on cancer cell killing through MFH. This review evaluates the biocompatibility of pure and doped iron oxide MNPs and their subsequent hyperthermic effect for effectively killing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles has been widely studied and standardized for breast and prostate cancer, but there is scarce evidence concerning its use in vulvar cancer. The objective of this study was to compare SLN detection using a SPIO tracer injected at the time of the surgery detected by a magnetometer, with the standard procedure of using a technetium 99 radioisotope (Tc99) detected by a gamma probe, in patients with vulvar cancer. The SPIO vulvar cancer study was a single-center prospective interventional non-inferiority study of SPIO compared to Tc99, conducted between 2016 and 2021 in patients who met the GROINSS-V study inclusion criteria for selective sentinel lymph node dissection in vulvar cancer. We included 18 patients and a total of 41 SLNs. The level of agreement between tracers was 92.7% (80.6%–97.4%), corresponding to 38 out of 41 SLNs, which confirms the non-inferiority of SPIO compared to Tc99. The SLN detection rate per groin was 96.3 (81.7%-99.3) using Tc99 and 100% (87.5%–100%) using SPIO. Both tracers had a detection rate of 100% for positive lymph nodes. The use of SPIO as a tracer for detecting SLNs in patients with vulvar cancer has shown to be non-inferior to that of the standard radiotracer, with the advantages of not requiring nuclear medicine and being able to inject it at the time of surgery after induction of anesthesia. • This study proposes SPIO as a reasoned alternative to Tc99 for detecting SLNs in vulvar cancer. • The use of SPIO has shown to be non-inferior to detecting SLNs in patients with vulvar cancer versus Tc99. • SPIO can be injected prior to surgery, after induction of anesthesia and without the need for the nuclear medicine service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical immunosensor was designed and fabricated for the purpose of sensing the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) biomarker. The immunosensor utilized a novel approach for surface modification with a composite comprising Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated on carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs). This distinctive surface tailoring of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), amplified signals and facilitated electron transfer. The MWCNTs with COOH groups served as an excellent substrate for electrode modification, enabling the formation of a sandwich-like structure by binding to anti-CEA antibody. Additionally, Fe3O4 nanoparticles played a crucial role in electron transfer facilitation. The presence of HRP conjugated with the anti-CEA antibody triggered the reduction of H2O2 in the electrochemical system of the sensor, resulting in an augmentated current. The concentration of CEA was directly proportional to the immunosensor analytical performance. The immunosensor demonstrated a suitable linear range from 0.005 ng mL−1 to 2.5 ng mL−1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 pg mL−1. Notably, this immunosensor demonstrated exceptional reproducibility and stability, showcasing its suitability for measuring CEA in both real serum samples. These promising outcomes establish an overview for the adoption of such sensors into diagnostic clinics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured marine clay is commonly encountered in offshore engineering projects and engineers are concerned about its impact on the engineering properties of marine clay as well as its correlation with index properties. Current research has emphasized the role of soil structure in these aspects of marine clay. In this study, we investigated the influence of depositional environment and oxidation-induced evolution of clay microstructure on the formation of clay structure in structured clay from Zhanjiang area, a coastal city located in South China. The distinct soil structure observed in marine-terrigenous clay deposited under different environments exhibited sensitivity ranging from 1.6 to 8.9 at varying moisture content levels. The wide range of sensitivity observed in structured marine-terrigenous clay was attributed to free iron oxide derived from siderite present in an acidic environment. Compared to other regions, Zhanjiang marine clay demonstrated favorable mechanical properties but poor physical properties due to its unique clay structure characteristics. Based on these findings, we proposed a modified approach for correlating index properties with engineering properties that yielded good predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]