Search

Resumen en español

When RTL designers define the hierarchy of a system, they exploit their knowledge about the conceptual abstractions devised during the design and the functional interactions between the logical components. This valuable information is often lost during physical synthesis. This paper proposes HiDaP, a novel multi-level algorithm that uses RTL information and analytical methods for the macro placement problem of modern designs dominated by multi-cycle connection pipelines. By taking advantage of the hierarchy tree, the netlist is divided into blocks containing macros and standard cells, and their dataflow affinity is inferred considering the register latency and flow width of their interaction. The layout is represented using slicing structures and generated with a top-down algorithm capable of handling blocks with both hard and soft components. An adaptive multi-objective cost function is used to simultaneously minimize wirelength, timing, overlap and distance to preferred locations, which can be user-defined or generated by analytic methods (spectral and force-directed). These techniques have been applied to a set of large industrial circuits and compared against state-of-theart commercial and academic placers, and also to handcrafted floorplans generated by expert back-end engineers. The proposed approach outperforms previous algorithmic methods and can produce solutions with better wirelength and timing than the best handcrafted floorplans. Post-routing layouts are almost brought to timing closure and DRC cleanness with minimal engineer modification, showing that the generated floorplans provide an excellent starting point for the physical design flow and contribute to reduce turn-around time significantly. This work has been partially supported by a grant from Inphi Corporation and funds from the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union (FEDER funds) under grant TIN2017-86727-C2-1-R, and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR 786).

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. When RTL designers define the hierarchy of a system, they exploit their knowledge about the conceptual abstractions devised during the design and the functional interactions between the logical components. This valuable information is often lost during physical synthesis. This paper proposes a novel multi-level approach for the macro placement problem of complex designs dominated by macro blocks, typically memories. By taking advantage of the hierarchy tree, the netlist is divided into blocks containing macros and standard cells, and their dataflow affinity is inferred considering the latency and flow width of their interaction. The layout is represented using slicing structures and generated with a top-down algorithm capable of handling blocks with both hard and soft components, aimed at wirelength minimization. These techniques have been applied to a set of large industrial circuits and compared against both a commercial floorplanner and handcrafted floorplans by expert back-end engineers. The proposed approach outperforms the commercial tool and produces solutions with similar quality to the best handcrafted floorplans. Therefore, the generated floorplans provide an excellent starting point for the physical design iterations and contribute to reduce turn-around time significantly.

The transformation and retransformation paths realized at constant stress in wires of NiTi SMAs show a horizontal or “flat” behavior in the hysteretic cycle. After sinusoidal cycling at 0.01 Hz (i.e., training) with a maximal strain of 8 %, the thicker wires of NiTi SMAs, with a diameter of 2.46 mm, have the stress–strain cycles with one S-shaped behavior. A “similar” change appears by varying the grain sizes in the samples, i.e., from 80 to 20 nm. Furthermore, the local measurements of temperature suggest that cycling induces changes in the transformation mechanisms associated with the evolution from horizontal to S shape. For instance, the associated energy evolves from localized transformation to homogeneous heat production in S-shaped cycles. Thermodynamic analysis establishes a link between heat capacity and the slopes of the coexistence curve in f–x or in σ–ε via the (∂ε/∂σ)coex. The flat cycles were coherent with the classical latent heat, i.e., dissipation at constant stress. In the S-shaped cycles, the heat during the phase change seems redistributed as heat capacity against progressive stress. Preliminary direct measurements are coherent with the evolution of the (∂ε/∂σ)coex against strain. Fil: Torra, Vicenç. Personal Research Group; España Fil: Martorell, F.. Personal Research Group; España Fil: Sun, Q. P.. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; República de China Fil: Ahadi, A.. Tsukuba University. National Institute For Materials Science; Japón. Wuhan University; China Fil: Lovey, Francisco Carlos. Comision Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área Investigaciones y Aplicaciones no Nucleares. Gerencia de Física (Centro Atómico Bariloche). División Física de Metales; Argentina Fil: Sade Lichtmann, Marcos Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comision Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área Investigaciones y Aplicaciones no Nucleares. Gerencia de Física (Centro Atómico Bariloche). División Física de Metales; Argentina

Many macroscopic behaviors of the martensitic transformations are difficult to explain in the frame of the classical first-order phase transformations, without including the role of point and crystallographic defects (dislocations, stacking faults, interfaces, precipitates). A few major examples are outlined in the present study. First, the elementary reason for thermoelasticity and pseudoelasticity in single crystals of Cu–Zn–Al (β-18R transformation) arises from the interaction of a growing martensite plate with the existing dislocations in the material. Secondly, in Cu–Al–Ni, the twinned hexagonal (γ′) martensite produces dislocations inhibiting this transformation and favoring the appearance of 18R in subsequent transformation cycles. Thirdly, single crystals of Cu–Al–Be visualize, via enhanced stress, a transformation primarily to 18R, a structural distortion of the 18R structure, and an additional transformation to another martensitic phase (i.e., 6R) with an increased strain. A dynamic behavior in Ni–Ti is also analyzed, where defects alter the pseudoelastic behavior after cycling. Fil: Torra, Vicenç. Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya; España Fil: Martorell, Ferran. Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya; España Fil: Lovey, Francisco Carlos. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina Fil: Sade Lichtmann, Marcos Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina

This study describes two investigations: first, the applicability of NiTi wires in the damping of oscillations induced by wind,rain, or traffic in cable-stayed bridges; and second, the characteristic properties of NiTi,i.e., the effects of wire diameter and particularly the effects of summer and winter temperatures and strain-aging actions on the hysteretic behavior. NiTi wires are mainly of interest because of their high number of available working cycles, reliable results, long service lifetime, and ease in obtaining sets of similar wires from the manufacturer Fil: Torra, Vicenç. Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya; España Fil: Martorell, Ferran. PRG; España Fil: Lovey, Francisco Carlos. Comision Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área Investigaciones y Aplicaciones no Nucleares. Gerencia de Física (Centro Atómico Bariloche). División Física de Metales; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina Fil: Sade Lichtmann, Marcos Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comision Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área Investigaciones y Aplicaciones no Nucleares. Gerencia de Física (Centro Atómico Bariloche). División Física de Metales; Argentina

We regret that a tribute, which was submitted with the original manuscript by the authors, in honor of Prof. Shuichi Miyazaki was unfortunately omitted during the publication process.

Process-induced and environmental fluctuations play an important role in the design process for modern high-performance integrated circuits. The conventional principle of considering the verification of worst-case requirements reduces the performance that can potentially be achieved by circuits and technology. This paper presents a new mechanism that permits the compensation of random independent delay fluctuations due to environmental factors. It shows that it is significantly possible to reduce the latency time of a circuit even for a moderate length of pipeline stages.

In the paper, an analytical model for ground bounce noise evaluation taking into account the interdependence between IDD switching current and VDD noise voltage is presented. The model shows the discrepancies from general accepted assumption of independence between the two variables. The main conclusion is that noise calculations using the independence assumption cause an overestimation of the noise levels. The results are verified through realistic simulations and for different technology nodes and accurate analysis of two canonical circuits.

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are good candidates for solid state dampers because of their large recoverable strain and hysteresis. In this work, experimental analysis and modeling of the thermomechanical behavior for two SMAs is done. The SMA models are developed and included in a finite element simulation environment (ANSYS). Using these developing tools, a complete damping solution for a family house is outlined. The paper presents the design and optimization methodology for the dampers, analyzes their performance, and quantifies the relevant physical effects from the experimental measurements. The simulation results show that the SMA dampers are capable of reducing the maximum oscillation amplitude induced by “El Centro” accelerations by a factor 2 and that they dissipate 50% of the energy transmitted to the structure. Furthermore, SMA dampers constitute a passive, unsupervised damping solution appropriate for family houses.

The behavior of shape memory alloys (SMA) allows their use as a passive smart material. In particular, the existence of a hysteretic cycle in the domain of the elementary coordinates strain-stress-temperature (σ, E, T) suggests its application for damping in mechanical and/or in civil engineering. We are working in the application of SMA as dampers for earthquakes in small houses as family homes. For dampers installed in the inner porticos of the house, the suggested SMA is the CuAlBe and, eventually, the NiTi. At room temperature the used SMA wires induces forces situated between 2-3kN/wire. The properties related with the damping applications for CuAlBe and NiTi, i.e., the SMA creep and the self-heating will be presented, together with some other minor stress and temperature effects on NiTi modifying the hysteretic behavior.

The evolution of the integrated circuit technology during the last 3 decades has been based on an increasing accuracy of the manufacturing process. With thisprinciple and by using a quality control at the end of the production line (Test Technology) the semiconductor industry has reached very high productivity levels. However, with technology reaching criticalsizes ( < 65 nm) the manufacturing controlis startingto failand new design principles have to be introduced to be able to produce functional chips from low quality components. In this article two scenarios partially addressing the problem with gradual introduction of redundancy are considered: the scenario of the era at the end of the CMOS Moore's Law and the expected next scenario of nanoelectronic technology using new emergent devices. In the paper techniques for the design of robust electronic systems in spite of the low quality of components are presented for the two scenarios.

An improved accuracy is researched in flat and silicon based nano-calorimeters related to fluid reaction via drop-to-drop 'reaction' or via a steady state in continuous injection of two reactants inside a working chamber. Two types of the experimental aspects of the sensitivity changes, related to 3-D effects, are described: drop effects and volume rate effects. To increase the accuracy, well-controlled joule measurements are dissipated in the manufacturer resistance and in several resistances in carefully controlled experiments. The shape factor (SF) values reduce the manufacturer's joule sensitivity up to fifty per cent. a working methodology is proposed: the results are compared with the standard TRIS reaction. The results suggest that the systematic error can be reduced to ±5%.

The necessary physical properties for CuAlBe and, also tentatively, for NiTi alloys are analyzed at mesoscopic scale via static and dynamic contributions. The long time scale of the civil engineering (more than 10 or 20 years) requires analysis of the diffusion effects acting on microscopic scales. Simplified models for CuAlBe and NiTi dampers are built inside the ANSYS software scheme ensuring faster simulation for a three arch (or portico) in a family house. The dynamic simulation using accelerations of actual quakes (i.e., El Centro) shows that the SMA dampers reduce the amplitude of free oscillations by, at least, a factor two.

Efficient prediction of the substrate noise generated by large digital sections is currently a major challenge in System-on-a-Chip design. A macromodel to accurately and efficiently predict the substrate noise generated by digital standard cells is presented. The macromodel is generated from identification of the physical elements relevant to noise generation. Techniques to directly or indirectly compute the values of the elements in the cell macromodel are proposed. Using this macromodel, prediction of the noise generated by large digital sections can be easily done following a methodology based on high-level logic simulation. As a first step to validation, the macromodel accuracy is demonstrated in some circuits consisting of a reduced number of gates.

The experimental analysis of conventional conduction calorimeters shows excellent reproducibility and relevant systematic errors in comparison with thermodynamic values established via adiabatic calorimeters. Two examples: a DSC and a liquid flow device are schematically analyzed. When an increased accuracy will be obtained the positional effects on the experimental set-up and on the measurement process need to be modelled. From experimental measurements realized on the Xensor liquid nano-calorimeter representative models can be built. To evaluate the reliability of measurement routines, established from experimental basis, several different dissipation structures inside the working space can be simulated. Two experimental configurations related to drop to drop reaction and to continuous mixing are modelled via RC approach. The RC formalism is extended to evaluate the carried energy effect produced by the continuous inflow/outflow of reactants in the mixing enthalpy chamber.

The miniaturized calorimetric devices furnish a reduced working flat surface and permits measurements with extremely low-mass quantities. The experimental sensitivity shows relevant position dependence with x-y surface coordinates and with z-distance. The device identification is realized via a 2-D model based in Fourier general equation. Using the Marquardt method the experimental flat surface device can be identified and the fitted parameters used to simulate the behavior of the experimental system. From the model, the effects of several dissipation configurations can be evaluated. Also, via the RC-analogy, a way to 3-D experimental devices is roughly described.

The continuous shrinking of process geometries increases variability and demands for conservative margins that have a negative impact on performance. With conventional clocks, the cycle period has to be defined to accommodate the worst-case variations during the lifetime of the circuit. Elastic Clocks arise as a new paradigm to reduce the margins without sacrificing robustness. Their cycle-by-cycle adaptation to static and dynamic variability enables the use of reduced margins that only need to cover the differential variability of the circuit delays with regard to the elastic period. Given the substantial spatio-temporal correlation within every die, a significant reduction in the margins required to cover process variability, voltage and temperature fluctuations and aging can be achieved.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) show particular properties associated to their martensitic transformation between metastable phases. Their use in dampers requires a deep knowledge of the SMA behavior and its coherence with the application requirements. In earthquakes engineering standard conditions require that, after several years or decades at rest, an excellent performance is necessary for one or two minutes, i.e., nearly 200 working oscillations. When the target is the damping of stayed cables in bridges under the wind or rain actions, a larger number of oscillations is expected per each working day. This contribution analyzes the fatigue behavior of a CuAlBe alloy (appropriate for earthquakes) and discusses the results of some available experiments on a NiTi alloy for their eventual application to stayed cables..

The particular properties of Shape Memory Alloys associated to their thermoelastic martensitic transformation with hysteresis permits applications of SMA as a damper via the conversion of the work absorbed in each cycle in heat. The guaranteed behavior requires the appropriateness of SMA for the complete requirements of the application. This work shows two complementary aspects of the SMA application in Civil Engineering, the first of them, the SMA dampers in earthquake damping of a family house. The second aspect relates an elementary approach to the damping of stayed cables in bridges, using some data from the Iroise Bridge. The application in the first case needs long time constancy of properties and then around 200 cycles during an earthquake. In the second case, the fatigue life of SMA imposes that only small strains in the alloy can be accepted. Finally, it is emphasized the importance of working conditions, including temperature and time.

Predicted device reliability for nanoelectronics indicates that redundant design will be necessary to build reliable nanosystems. The study of such systems requires the evaluation of the error probabilities associated to the fabrication process complexity. In this paper we compare two layouts for a basic NAND gate used to implement NAND Multiplexing (NM) redundant gates. To analyse the effects of the layouts, we derive models to calculate the error probability of each gate part according to the resolution errors of the manufacturing process. Our results indicate that gates built with diode-logic topologies are more reliable than gates built with CMOS like topologies and that the resolution errors limit the redundancy of practical NM gates.

Voltage fluctuations caused by parasitic impedances in the power supply rails of modern ICs are a major concern in nowadays ICs. The voltage fluctuations are spread out to the diverse nodes of the internal sections causing two effects: a degradation of performances mainly impacting gate delays and a noisy contamination of the quiescent levels of the logic that drives the node. Both effects are presented together, in this paper, showing than both are a cause of errors in modern and future digital circuits. The paper groups both error mechanisms and shows how the global error rate is related with the voltage deviation and the period of the clock of the digital system.

We investigate the possibility of building linear amplifiers capable of enhancing the Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) of sinusoidal input signals using simple non-linear elements. Other works have proven that it is possible to enhance the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by using limiters. In this work we study a soft limiter non-linear element with and without hysteresis. We show that the SNDR of sinusoidal signals can be enhanced by 0.94 dB using a wideband soft limiter and up to 9.68 dB using a wideband soft limiter with hysteresis. These results indicate that linear amplifiers could be constructed using non-linear circuits with hysteresis. This paper presents mathematical descriptions for the non-linear elements using statistical parameters. Using these models, the input-output SNDR enhancement is obtained by optimizing the non-linear transfer function parameters to maximize the output SNDR.

This paper presents a probabilistic approach to model the problem of power supply voltage fluctuations. Error probability calculations are shown for some 90-nm technology digital circuits. The analysis here considered gives the timing violation error probability as a new design quality factor in front of conventional techniques that assume the full perfection of the circuit. The evaluation of the error bound can be useful for new design paradigms where retry and self-recovering techniques are being applied to the design of high performance processors. The method here described allows to evaluate the performance of these techniques by means of calculating the expected error probability in terms of power supply distribution quality.

Conventional superelastic orthodontic wires are arch-shaped, have the same mechanical properties all along their length and are used to correct the position of teeth. The disadvantage of these archwires is that there are different types of teeth in the mouth and different forces are therefore needed to rectify their position. The aim of this work was to laser weld several types of NiTi orthodontic wires that had different chemical compositions and superelastic properties, in order to adjust their properties to different parts of the mouth. Microstructural changes, transformation stresses and temperatures, variations in corrosion behaviour and ion release were studied in the welded wires.

Several nanoelectronic devices have been already proved. However, no architecture which makes use of them provides a feasible opportunity to build a medium/large system. Nanoarchitecture proposals only solve a small part or the problems needed to achieve a real design. In this paper we review the two main approaches to nanoarchitectures showing some of their shortcomings. Taking into account these limitations, we propose and analyze a cell architecture that overcomes most of them. This architecture combines nanodevices with MOS technology to define a new architecture able to take advantage of both of them in a structure feasible for practical implementation. Using the cell structure we build 2 and 3-input NAND gates showing their error probabilities. Finally, we outline a method to further improve the structure's tolerance by taking advantage of interferences among nanodevices

This work presents an experimental investigation about the relation between specific characteristics of a digital circuit (clock frequency and architecture) and the substrate noise spectrum that it generates. Both the discrete impulse train term and the continuous term of the substrate noise spectrum are investigated. The results indicate that the continuous term sets an upper bound to the substrate noise reduction that may be obtained by changing the digital frequency or by staggering the simultaneous activity of the circuit, two techniques that have been proposed in the literature to reduce substrate noise.

Technology advances tend to reduce minimum dimensions and source voltages to maintain scaling rules. Both scaling trends make noise more critical, reduce yield and increase device parameter fluctuations. This paper presents a statistical model that permits the study of noise and parameter deviations on gates. Using this model stochastic resonance (SR) is studied both in single devices and arrays for subthreshold and suprathreshold input signals. The SR is measured by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the time domain and a modified SNR is proposed to take into account all the effects induced by noise in gates. With this measure subthreshold and suprathreshold SR is reviewed. Finally, a discussion of the possibility of considering noise a part of the electronic circuits is presented, suggesting that it could be a solution to some of the emerging problems in future nanotechnologies.

Noise is a key factor in information processing systems. This fact will be even more critical in new technologies, as dimensions continue to scale down. New design methodologies tolerant to or even taking advantage of noise need to be considered. In this work the possibility of using stochastic resonance (SR) in electronic circuits is studied. We demonstrate the validity of nearly any kind of perturbing signal in producing a noise resonance, thus extending the stochastic resonance concept. In this paper we have explored stochastic, chaotic, deterministic and coupled noise perturbations. The relationship between input signal and input noise amplitude on the noise resonance regime is analyzed, providing a rule for operation under this situation. Finally, we present a simulation study demonstrating that noise resonance is robust to non-ideal behaviors of non-linear devices. All three facts allow direct use of generalized noise resonance (GNR) in electronic circuits.

The application of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) in mechanical engineering (ME) or in civil engineering (CE) requires the tuning of the physical properties with each particular need. When the target involves dampers for quakes in CE the number of full working cycles is relatively small (i.e. 200) but the application requires guaranteed behavior after several years of inactivity. On the contrary some devices in ME may need relatively high frequencies operating for a long period of time. In this work the mesoscopic effects in the SMA are quantified to ensure guaranteed behavior in the frame of dampers for CE applications. For instance, the actions of accumulated deformation in cycling and the changes induced by external temperature (i.e., summer-winter) are evaluated. Also, the perturbations induced by diffusive (induced by phase metastability, i.e. produced by microscopic interactions) are considered. In particular, the phase coexistence effects are visualized in Cu-based and partially in NiTi alloys. The practical creep induced by cycling and the coexistence actions are decisive in damping applications.

The particular properties of shape memory alloys (SMAs) are related to a martensitic transformation between metastable phases. Their applicability to dampers in civil engineering requires a fully guaranteed behaviour of the SMAs both on mesoscopic and atomic levels. The first one relates the thermomechanical properties (fracture, number of working cycles, summer-winter temperature effects and, for instance, self-heating associated with latent heat and the frictional work converted on heat) and the second one, the actions on the phase transition of the thermodynamic forces (temperature and stress). The properties of the CuAlBe alloy are explained and the characteristics of the NiTi alloy are outlined. By establishing an appropriate model the SMA dampers are introduced inside a structure and, via the ANSYS software, the dynamic response of the free and of the damped structure are obtained by simulation under the action of acceleration from the earthquakes available in the literatu re. As a conclusion, the conditions for the appropriateness of the dampers are given.

Este trabajo consiste de una lista catalogada y anotada de 210 especies de insectos, representando 11 órdenes y 79 familias, que han sido informadas como existentes en Caja de Muertos, pequeña isla localizada a 8 millas del sudeste de la bahía de Ponce (en la costa sur de Puerto Rico). Contiene también un breve resumen de las diversas exploraciones científicas (mayormente entomológicas) que se han realizado en esa isla.

Forty-four species of insects, representing 8 orders, 25 families and 40 genera, were collected or reared in the course of several years and are being reported from Puerto Rico for the first time.

Resumen en español.

The first part of the work consists of an annotated list of the insects affecting the trees. The host trees are mentioned by their scientific names in alpahabetical order, and the insects are listed under each species of tree. Directly under the name of each tree, the family to which it belongs is cited, followed by notes on distribution, uses or economic importance and common names of the tree species. Then the insects are listed or recorded, following more or less this sequence: insects affecting the flowers, fruits or seeds, twigs, branches, trunk and roots. Often, species attacking the decayed wood or resting on the tree will be mentioned at the end of each 565 tree discussed. Only the insects affecting the trees are recorded, that is, such records as "on the leaves", or "collected on the fruit", "on the trunk", etc., are not taken in consideration in this work. The parasitic forms are only mentioned when the specific host is known, otherwise parasites and predators just resting on leaves or other parts of the trees are not listed. This Survey is based on the insect population studies on 245 tree species, belonging to 169 genera. In the annotated list some trees only show two or three insects records while others might show thirty, forty or more records.

Resumen en inglés.

Resumen en inglés.

Umbonia crassicornis Amyot & Serville, a continental tropical American treehopper or membracid, probably was introduced accidentally into Puerto Rico from the mainland. The manner of introduction is not known, but possibly either with infested plant material hidden in passenger baggage or as a fertile female hitchhiker in an airplane arriving at San Juan from the U.S. where it apparently found suitable breeding conditions in the vicinity of the Isla Verde International Airport. This treehopper mainly attacks leguminous trees. It was seen first in the Santurce area of San Juan, in May 1972, attacking its favorite host, Pithecellobium dulce trees. It since has spread throughout several towns in the interior of the Island, and along the north and west coast as far as Mayagüez. It has been recorded locally thus far on 11 different host trees. Umbonia is considered to be a pest of ornamental trees and thus is of economic importance. Although it has not killed trees thus far in Puerto Rico, it has affected their appearance by destroying many of their twigs and branches. When massive infestations occur, adults of both sexes and their nymphal stages are present by the thousands on the branches of the trees. The insect secretes honeydew, a sugary substance favorable to the growth of sooty-molds. These fungal growths cause blackening of foliage of plants upon which the honeydew falls. The female has a long pointed spinal process on the pronotum. This horny, splinter-like protuberance is a nuisance for barefooted people, as well as for those who catch the insect inadvertently. These treehoppers can be controlled by periodic spray applications of any one of the following insecticides: Diazinon AG-500, Spectracide, Sevin 80, Malathion 57%, Isotox Garden Spray, and Endosulfan.