Mearin ML, Agardh D, Antunes H, Al-Toma A, Auricchio R, Castillejo G, Catassi C, Ciacci C, Discepolo V, Dolinsek J, Donat E, Gillett P, Guandalini S, Husby Md DMSc S, Koletzko Md S, Koltai T, Korponay-Szabó IR, Kurppa K, Lionetti E, Mårild K, Martinez Ojinaga E, Meijer C, Monachesi C, Polanco I, Popp A, Roca M, Rodriguez-Herrera A, Shamir R, Stordal K, Troncone R, Valitutti F, Vreugdenhil A, Wessels M, and Whiting P
Objectives: To gather the current evidence and to offer recommendations for follow-up and management., Methods: The Special Interest Group on Celiac Diseases of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition formulated ten questions considered to be essential for follow-up care. A literature search (January 2010-March 2020) was performed in PubMed or Medline. Relevant publications were identified and potentially eligible studies were assessed. Statements and recommendations were developed and discussed by all coauthors. Recommendations were voted upon: joint agreement was set as at least 85%., Results: Publications (n = 2775) were identified and 164 were included. Using evidence or expert opinion, 37 recommendations were formulated on: The need to perform follow-up, its frequency and what should be assessed, how to assess adherence to the gluten-free diet, when to expect catch-up growth, how to treat anemia, how to approach persistent high serum levels of antibodies against tissue-transglutaminase, the indication to perform biopsies, assessment of quality of life, management of children with unclear diagnosis for which a gluten-challenge is indicated, children with associated type 1 diabetes or IgA deficiency, cases of potential celiac disease, which professionals should perform follow-up, how to improve the communication to patients and their parents/caregivers and transition from pediatric to adult health care., Conclusions: We offer recommendations to improve follow-up of children and adolescents with celiac disease and highlight gaps that should be investigated to further improve management., Competing Interests: Mearin received receipt of grants/research supports from Research Grant Eurospital, ThermoFisher and BioHit and served as member of advisory board and consultancy and speaker from ThermoFisher. Agardh received receipt of grants/research supports from Novo Nordisk Foundation and served as member of advisory board from Takeda and ThermoFischer. Antunes received receipt of payment/honorarium for lectures from Danone, Catassi received receipt of payment/honorarium for consultation from Dr Schar Food. Dolinsek received receipt of payment/honorarium for lectures from Medis, Abbot, Merit. Guandalini served as member of advisory board from ExeGIPharma, Imaware. Koletzko received receipt of grants/research supports from Mead-Johnson, Biogaia; served as member of advisory board from Abbvie, Danone, Jannsen, Sanofi, Takeda; receipt of payment/honorarium for lectures from Danone, Mead-Johnson, Nestlé Nutrition, Pfizer, Takeda; receipt of payment/honorarium for consultation from Danone. Korponay-Szabó other support from patent on celiac disease rapid test licensed to Labsystems Oy, Vantaa, Finland. Kurppa received receipt of grants/research supports from Finnish Pediatric Foundation, Päivikki, and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; served as member of advisory board from Finnish Coeliac Society; receipt of payment/honorarium for lectures from Thermo Fisher; and receipt of payment/honorarium for consultation from Takeda. Rodriguez-Herrera received other support from Patent and detecting gluten peptides in human fluids, March 29, 2019—Universidad de Sevilla. Shamir received receipt of grants/research supports from Helmsley Foundation; served as member of advisory board: Nestle Nutrition Institute, Teva; receipt of payment/honorarium for lectures from Abbott, Nutricia, Nestle Nutrition Institute; receipt of payment/honorarium for consultation from Abbott, Else, Nutricia, Nestle Nutrition Institute and Stock shareholder from NGS. Ciacci received receipt of honoraria or consultation fees from Takeda, GSK, Mediserve, Biogen Celltrion. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by European Society for European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)