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Protective equipment for detecting bacterial contamination has been in high demand with increasing interest in public health and hygiene. Herein, a fiber-based visually indicating bacteria sensor (VIBS) embedded with iodonitrotetrazolium chloride is developed for the general purpose of detecting live bacteria, and its chromogenic effectiveness is investigated for Gram-negative

BACKGROUND Prior suicide attempts are a strong risk factor for future attempts. There is growing interest in using longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data to derive risk prediction models for suicidal behavior. However, model performance may be inflated by an unrecognized form of “data leakage” during model training: codes for suicide attempt outcomes may refer to prior attempts also included as predictors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop an automated rule for determining when documented suicide attempt codes identify distinct events. METHODS From a large healthcare system’s EHR, patients with at least two suicide attempt codes were randomly sampled (N = 369). Chart reviewers assigned clinical setting, attempt method, and inter-code interval to each pair of suicide attempt codes. The probability that the second code in a pair referred to a distinct attempt from its preceding code was calculated by setting, method, and inter-code interval. RESULTS Of the 1,253 code pairs reviewed, 78% were non-independent (i.e., two codes referred to the same event). When the second code in a pair was assigned in a setting other than the emergency department (ED), it represented a distinct event less than 15% of the time. Code pairs in which the second code was assigned in the ED at least 5 days after its preceding code had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.90. CONCLUSIONS Suicide attempt codes documented in an ED setting at least 5 days after a preceding code can be confidently treated as new events in EHR-based suicide risk prediction models. CLINICALTRIAL NA

COVID-19 is causing huge economic and social damage worldwide. This study identifies factors that affect Korean consumers’ intent to participate in a specific consumer movement aimed at mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic. An online survey was conducted with 620 adult consumers in Korea over eight days from May 18-25, 2020. The data were analyzed via structural equation modeling using the following factors: social support, social trust, optimism about overcoming the crisis, buycott participation motivation, and buycott participation intent. The results show that social support and social trust have a positive effect on the participation intent for buycotting through optimism about overcoming the crisis. Additionally, reciprocity and self-esteem motives increase buycott participation motivation. People who have been financially impacted by COVID-19 should be supported, and we remain optimistic about overcoming the crisis. We also need to encourage reciprocity and self-esteem motives though public advertising.

Humankind is entering an era in which daily life itself is a disaster due to severe climate change, an economic crisis that has permeated since 2008, and new infectious diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore the human nature and behaviors in disasters in the context of universal human behavior with habitual and institutionalized styles. This study sought to find an answer to question ‘What do humans do in the face of infectious diseases and fears caused by the emergence of new viruses in modern society?’ This exploratory study on the altruistic nature of humans in disaster adopted text mining through social networks and analyzed a total of 44,411 media articles about altruism and three infectious diseases. An extensive search of words related to the diseases was conducted, including “sharing,” “comforting,” “rescuing,” “devoting,” “helping,” “caring,” “transferring,” and “cooperating.” The results showed that during disasters, humans are very cooperative and help restore and rebuild society and their community through various altruistic behaviors.

Permethrin is one of the most widely used active ingredients in spray-type home insecticides. However, indoor permethrin exposure resulting from the use of home insecticides is not well-characterized, as measured permethrin concentrations in indoor environmental and biological media with a known application rate are scarce. We conducted an intervention study with four participants for seven days. We conducted personal air monitoring and collected 24-h urine samples in which we quantified time-weighted average (TWA) permethrin concentrations in indoor air (C

Environmental degradation is a global problem. In South Korea, despite an increase in environment-friendly attitudes, such behaviors and actions have been declining. This study examines the impact of social support on environment-friendly behaviors and explores potential measures to improve social support. An online questionnaire was conducted with 1,000 participants. The group with high social support showed a higher level of performance in terms of environment-friendly behaviors compared with the group with low social support. In the group with lower social support, higher emotional support and material support were associated with an increase in environment-friendly behaviors. In the group with high social support, all social support variables were significantly high, especially the effect of material support. Based on these results, we conclude that inducing emotional encouragement and support could enhance environment-friendly behaviors among the group with low social support. The group with high social support must be strengthened by providing material support to enhance environment-friendly behaviors.

Neural circuits must both execute the behavioral repertoire of individuals and account for behavioral variation across species. Understanding how this variation emerges over evolutionary time requires large-scale phylogenetic comparisons of behavioral repertoires. Here, we describe the evolution of walking in fruit flies by capturing high-resolution, unconstrained movement from 13 species and 15 strains of drosophilids. We find that walking can be captured in a universal behavior space, the structure of which is evolutionarily conserved. However, the occurrence of and transitions between specific movements have evolved rapidly, resulting in repeated convergent evolution in the temporal structure of locomotion. Moreover, a meta-analysis demonstrates that many behaviors evolve more rapidly than other traits. Thus, the architecture and physiology of locomotor circuits can execute precise individual movements in one species and simultaneously support rapid evolutionary changes in the temporal ordering of these modular elements across clades.

In the outbreak of COVID-19, the extended wear of single-use, disposable respirators was inevitable due to limited supplies. As a respirator is front-line protection against particulate matter, including bioaerosol and droplets, a comprehensive understanding for the reuse strategy is needed. In this study, eight different disinfection methods commonly applied for the reuse of respirators were compared for their influence on the filtration and bactericidal/bacteria removal performance, with in-depth discussion on the cause of effects. Treatments including oven-dry, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), microwaving, laundering with and without detergent, and immersion in hypochlorite, isopropanol, and ethanol were performed to respirators. Immersion in ethanol or isopropanol was effective for inactivation and removal of bacteria, yet such a treatment significantly deteriorated the filtration efficiency in about 20&ndash, 28%, dissipating the surface charges. Laundering, while effective in removing the attached bacteria, triggered physical damage, leading to a possible reduction of filtration performance. A short-term oven-dry, UV irradiation, and microwaving mostly preserved the filtration performance, yet the drawback lied in the incomplete bactericidal efficiency. This study would contribute to the public health and safety by providing scientific background on the effect of disinfection treatment methods for respirators.

With an increasing use of indoor disinfectants such as chlorine (Cl2 ) and hypochlorous acid, a convenient sampler for estimating exposure to oxidants, such as effective chlorine, is necessary. Here, we developed a personal passive air sampler (PPAS) composed of a redox dye, o-dianisidine, in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet. o-Dianisidine readily reacts with gaseous oxidants generated by bleach usage, and its color changes as the reaction progresses; hence, personal exposure to effective chlorine could be easily detected by the naked eye, while cumulative exposure could be determined by measuring concentrations of o-dianisidine reacting with it. The PPAS was calibrated, and a sampling rate of 0.00253 m3 /h was obtained using a small test chamber. The PPAS was tested with the help of ten volunteers whose personal exposure to Cl2 -equivalent gas was estimated after bathrooms were cleaned using spray and liquid-type household disinfection products, and the accumulated exposure-gas concentrations ranged from 69 to 408 ppbv and 148 to 435 ppbv, respectively. These PPAS-derived exposure concentrations were approximately two orders lower than those estimated using ConsExpo, suggesting a significant overestimation by prevailing screening models, possibly due to the ignorance of transformation reactions.

Public health has been under continuous threat worldwide in recent years. This study examined the impact of social support and social trust on the activities and efficacy of the public&rsquo, s risk response in the case of COVID-19. We conducted an online survey over eight days with 620 Korean adult participants. Data were analyzed using structural equation modelling and K-means cluster analysis. Our results showed that public support had a positive impact on response efficacy, while response efficacy had a positive impact on sanitation, distancing, and purchasing activities. In addition, social support positively moderated the impact of public and individual support on response efficacy, while response efficacy negatively moderated the impact on sanitation activities. These results suggest that, first, amid viral risk, governments should proactively supply tools and information for infection-prevention, and deliver messages that encourage and support infection-prevention activities among the public. Second, when viral risk occurs, governments, along with all other members of society, must engage in aggressive risk response measures. Third, there is a need for risk communication that further emphasizes the importance of personal sanitation activities in the face of viral risk.

This study set out to investigate the effects of consumers’ emotions about food safety and their trust in food labeling as one of the government policies affecting safety behavior. It is found that consumers’ trust in label information and their negative emotions turned out to be important factors influencing their food safety behaviors. In addition, their food safety attitudes and negative emotions turned out to have huge impacts on their food safety behavior. Substantial levels of negative emotions and label checking behaviors were also reported. The findings raised a need for the government to manage and monitor food label information in a regular and efficient manner, develop an effective labeling system, and identify factors to control consumers’ negative emotions.

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the government has provided infection-control guidelines to prevent the spread of the virus. The authors of this study examined the structure (causal relationship) of factors that influence public behavior toward COVID-19 and verified the effect of public empathy with infection-control guidelines in each structure. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire survey from 211 Korean adults. The results showed that (1) the perceived susceptibility and severity of economic damage had a positive effect on infection-prevention attitudes and infection-prevention attitudes had a positive effect on infection-prevention behaviors; (2) the perceived severity of economic damage had a positive effect on infection-prevention attitudes; and (3) public empathy with infection-control guidelines positively moderated the effect of the perceived severity of economic damage on infection-prevention behaviors and that of perceived susceptibility on infection-prevention attitudes. Accordingly, the authors of this study present the following three suggestions to prevent the spread of an infectious disease: engage in risk communication focused on a potential virus infection and cooperation, make multifaceted efforts to increase public empathy with infection-control guidelines, and implement measures to alleviate or reduce economic damage to the public in a viral pandemic.

2013년 7월 9일 이후 생활화학가정용품 8개 품목이 ｢품질경영 및 공산품 안전관리법｣에 따라 지정⋅ 관리되고 있으나, 이외 품목들은 관리 대상으로 지정되어 있지 않아 별도의 안전 확인 절차나 사용 상 주의사항 표시 없이 유통되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 생활화학가정용품의 정보를 전달하는 정보제 공원에 대한 소비자의 신뢰와 불안이 소비자 스스로 안전을 확보할 수 있는 역량에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정보제공원별 생활화학가정용품의 위험전 달에 대한 소비자신뢰를 살펴본 결과, 전문가집단은 평균 3.20, 인터넷카페⋅블로그는 평균 3.12, 신문⋅방송(언론)은 평균 2.92, 정부기관은 평균 2.80 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정보제공원별 구분된 네 가지 소비자신뢰-불안-역량 모델에 대한 경로계수와 선행변수가 후행변수에 갖는 효과의 차이를 비교하면 신문⋅방송(언론)에 대한 소비자신뢰-불안-역량 모델에서만 유일하게 소비자불안에 유의 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 신문⋅방송(언론)에 대한 소비자신뢰를 높여 소비자불안을 낮추고 소비자태도 및 소비자기능을 강화할 방안이 필요함을 시사한다.

After the 2011 &ldquo, Oxy accident&rdquo, involving deaths from humidifier disinfectants, Korean consumers&rsquo, anxiety about chemical products has risen. To provide timely, appropriate information to consumers, we must understand their risk recognition and explore methods of safety information provision. We investigated Korean consumers&rsquo, level of risk perception for chemical products depending on the provision of safety information and other factors. We conducted an online survey for 10 days with 600 adult Korean consumer participants and analyzed seven factors: catastrophic potential, controllability, familiarity, fear, scientific knowledge, and risk for future generations. Our results showed that married women over 30 perceived chemical products as higher risk, but when information was provided on how to use products safely, catastrophic potential, controllability, fear, scientific knowledge, as well as risk perception, increased significantly. When only risk diagnosis information was provided, catastrophic potential, fear, and risk for future generations remained static, but familiarity had a negative effect (R^2 = 0.586). Age and scientific knowledge affected the recognition of risk when safe risk management methods were provided (R^2 = 0.587). Risk controllability did not have any effect on risk perception. These results suggest that providing information about avoiding or dealing with risks has a positive effect on consumers&rsquo, risk perception.

현대사회의 위험은 다분히 전문적이기 때문에 소비자들은 매스미디어에서 제공되는 위험커뮤니케 이션에 의존할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 매스미디어가 전달하는 위험커뮤니케이션은 과학기술이 발전할 수록 더더욱 중요해 진다. 이에 본 연구는 위험커뮤니케이션 유형을 구분하고, 이러한 위험커뮤니케 이션 유형에 따른 소비자의 반응을 측정하는 척도를 개발하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 척도의 요인은 위험인식, 사회적 신뢰, 정보수용도, 불안감, 안전태도, 안전행동의 6개 요인으로 구성 되었다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 척도는 향후에 위험사고가 발생 시에 위험커뮤니케이션에 따른 소비 자의 반응을 지속적으로 측정하여 데이터를 축적하고 분석함으로써 소비자들에게 올바른 방법으로 위험정보를 제공하는 전략을 모색하여 소비자는 올바른 정보를 효과적으로 습득하고, 정보원은 소 비자들의 신뢰를 회복하며, 시장의 불안요소를 제거하는 등 안정된 사회를 구현하는 데 전략적으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 ‘낙관적 편향’이 소비자들의 불안감에 미치는 효과를 분석하기 위하여 성인소비자 848명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 표본은 성별, 연령, 지역을 고려하여 인구비례 할당 표집하였으며, 조사는 2015년 6월 29일부터 7월 3일까지 전문 조사업체 (주)마크로밀엠브레인 을 통하여 수행되었다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리나라 식품소비자를 유형분류 한 결과 ‘낙관적 편향’ 집단이 ‘편향 부재’ 집단이나 ‘비관적 편향’ 집단보다 많은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, ‘낙관적 편향’은 여성집단에 많았고, ‘편향 부재’는 남성이 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 낙관적 편향에 따른 위험성향의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 효능감은 ‘낙관적 편향’집단이 ‘편향 부재’집단 보다 높게 나타났으나, 불안감과 공포통제행동은 ‘편향 부재’집단이 ‘낙관적 편향’집단보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 낙관적 편향이 불안감에 미치는 조절효과를 살펴본 결과 ‘낙관적 편향’이 소비자의 불안감에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 모든 상호작용변수가 통계적으로 유의 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

This study examined differences in consumers’ images of short-term income forest products, preference, willingness to pay prices and purchase behavior according to dietary lifestyle as well as investigated what factors influence the degree of satisfaction when purchasing short-term income forest products and willingness to repurchase. According to dietary lifestyle, the results classified consumers as ‘frugal housewife type,’ ‘convenience-seeking type,’ and ‘food high-involvement type.’ A ‘food high-involvement group’ is defined as a group that wants high quality products regardless of price. In the ‘frugal housewife type,’ country of origin and hygiene/safety (considered when purchasing food) had positive influences on the degree of satisfaction. In the ‘convenience-seeking type,’ country of origin (considered when purchasing food) had a positive influence on the degree of satisfaction while country of origin (checked when purchasing food) had a negative influence on degree of satisfaction. Consumers had a lack of perception for short-term income forest products; subsequently, short-term income forest products had a weakness of low access to consumers. Therefore, farms for short-term income forest products need to divide products into ‘high-priced’ luxury products and ‘low-priced’ frugal products according to dietary lifestyle characteristics, improve packaging status to enable consumers to check quality certificates, and clearly indicate country of origin as well as improve distribution processes and increase consumer access to products.

This study examined the validity of situational view on culture-specific behaviours focusing on self-evaluation. Two experiments with American students as samples were conducted to examine whether priming their self-construals would affect individuals' self-evaluation. In Experiment 1, the participants' self-evaluation was compared across different conditions of primed self-contruals. In Experiment 2, the participants were split into 2 groups based on their initial default self-consturals and, the self-evaluations were compared across the 2 groups after priming self-contruals. The results demonstrated that although the participants' self-evaluation was initially in accord with their default self-construal, it changed into accord with the primed self-construals. The findings supported the proposed cultural game player view. Implications on situational view of self-evaluation are also discussed.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components. The tight integration of a wide range of heterogeneous components enables new functionality and quality of life improvements in critical infrastructures such as smart cities, intelligent buildings, and smart energy systems. One approach to study CPS uses both simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) to test the physical dynamics of hardware in a controlled environment. However, because CPS experiment design may involve domain experts from multiple disciplines who use different simulation tool suites, it can be a challenge to integrate the heterogeneous simulation languages and hardware interfaces into a single experiment. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working on the development of a universal CPS environment for federation (UCEF) that can be used to design and run experiments that incorporate heterogeneous physical and computational resources over a wide geographic area. This development environment uses the High Level Architecture (HLA), which the Department of Defense has advocated for co-simulation in the field of distributed simulations, to enable communication between hardware and different simulation languages such as Simulink® and LabVIEW®. This paper provides an overview of UCEF and motivates how the environment could be used to develop energy experiments using an illustrative example of an emulated heat pump system.

In this study we explored the relationship between organizational change and employee organizational identification by examining the mediating effects of perception of uncertainty. Considering the importance of an individual's subjective perception, we hypothesized that perceived pace and scope of organizational change would increase an employee's feelings of uncertainty, which would, in turn, result in stronger organizational identification. We also predicted that employee perceptions of boundary permeability between organizations would moderate the proposed relationships. Employees working in Korean firms participated in a survey to report on their experience of major organizational changes, their feelings of uncertainty, and organizational identification. The results of the analyses supported the proposed hypotheses: both the mediating effect of uncertainty and the moderating effect of boundary permeability. The managerial and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

What make consumers act on impulse? Impulsive buying is a topic of interest not only to academic researchers but also to the people in the industry who can gain from bigger sales volume and to the consumer advocacy groups who regard impulse buying as an undesirable outcome from the excessive consumerism. While there are discrepancies in the definition of concept, generally speaking, impulsive buying is an unplanned and sudden purchase involving some urges, pleasures, and excitements (Rook, 1987). Previous research on this topic investigated consumers' internal and external factors influencing the cognitive and emotional aspects of impulse buying. One stream of research focused on the cognitive aspects of impulse buying and emphasized the lack of planning and consideration before the purchase. Another aspect of impulse buying is that emotional factors are involved in the process (e.g., Beatty & Ferrell, 1998; Rook, 1987; Rook & Gardner, 1993; Wood, 1998) and it has been claimed that the internal s...

Currently many research reported that more and more consumers consider ethical factors as one of the more critical cues in their decision making (Bray, Johns, and Kilburn 2011). This study is interested in one particular area of ethical consumption, purchasing fair trade products. Fair trade is an alternative business model which is characterized by “direct trade between producers and buyers, relatively higher and fair price for producers, long-term commitment between buyers and producers, reliance on credit system, higher labor standards, and upholding environmental concerns (Golding, 2010). It started as an effort to narrow the gap between the haves (mainly consumers of the northern hemisphere) and the have-nots (small scale farmers and laborers of the southern hemisphere) who have little chance of improving the quality of life in the conventional marketing system. According to Transfair USA, conventional coffee bean farmers receive only two cents from the sale of $3 latte (Fair Trade Federatio...

The coping strategies that people in a multicultural society use to deal with the conflicts and stress arising from different cultural expectations in interpersonal relationships were investigated. Based on the results of a focus group analysis with 121 college students in Hawaii, a 62-item pool of coping behaviors was generated and another 503 college students reported the extent to which they used such coping behaviors in their daily life. Results of a factor analysis revealed 5 factors of coping strategies: Respect for and understanding of cultural differences, Self-development arising from negotiating between cultures, Support seeking; Avoidance and passive acceptance, and Rejection of monocultures and generation of unique identity. Also, multiple regression analyses showed that cognitive-based coping strategies were the key predictors of satisfaction with life.