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Saúde única é o nome dado à abordagem interdisciplinar e integrativa de promoção à saúde na qual há o entendimento de que a saúde humana, a saúde animal e a saúde ambiental são indissociáveis. Explorar Educação Ambiental com foco na saúde única possibilita promover a conscientização e tomada de atitudes voltadas à promoção da saúde e à qualidade de vida. Para que o educador escolar possa ser o mediador neste processo é necessário que o tenha internalizado. Assim, buscou-se analisar a percepção e abordagem sobre Educação Ambiental e Saúde Única por educadores de ensino médio. Observou-se que a maioria dos educadores aborda Educação Ambiental em suas práticas, porém não as relaciona com a Saúde Única ou aproveita a ocorrência regional de Leishmanioses como tema condutor desta discussão. É necessário fomentar o uso de estratégias e ferramentas de ensino-aprendizagem ativas e regionalmente contextualizadas.

Interactions between humans and animals can be considerably beneficial to human well-being, and the demand for domestic cats as pets has increased in recent years. Despite these benefits, however, cats may contribute to environmental dissemination of zoonotic pathogens, with potential risks to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of feline parasites of zoonotic interest in Campo Grande, the capital city of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Midwestern Brazil, where studies on feline parasitic fauna remain scarce. Fecal samples from 210 male and female cats of varying ages, sheltered at the local Center for Zoonosis Control, were examined. Spontaneous and ether centrifugal sedimentation were used to detect the parasites, found in 149 animals (71.0%), 93 (62.4%) of which were infected with a single parasitic species and 56 (37.6%) with two or more species. Ten parasitic species were detected, where Ancylostoma sp. was the most frequent (65.2%), followed by Platynosomum concinnum (21.0%), Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (1.9%), Strongyloides sp. (1.9%), Dipylidium caninum (1.4%), Giardia sp. (1.0%), Toxocara sp. (1.0%), Physaloptera praeputialis (1.0%), and Sarcocystis sp. (0.5%). The results obtained are relevant to human and veterinary public health policies and demonstrate the cats’ role in the transmission chain of parasitic zoonoses, particularly in urban areas. The findings can also serve to raise awareness among veterinarians and cat owners on the importance of preventive interventions to ensure healthier cohabitation with pets by reducing human exposure to cat borne parasites in urban areas. Keywords: Zoonoses. Felines. Helminths. Protozoa. One Health. Resumo As interações entre humanos e animais podem ser consideravelmente benéficas para o bem-estar humano, e a demanda por gatos domésticos como animais de estimação aumentou nos últimos anos. Apesar desses benefícios, no entanto, os gatos podem contribuir para a disseminação ambiental de patógenos zoonóticos, com riscos potenciais para a saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência e diversidade de parasitos de interesse zoonótico em felinos de Campo Grande, capital do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, onde estudos sobre a fauna parasitária felina permanecem escassos. Foram examinadas amostras fecais de 210 gatos machos e fêmeas de idades variadas, abrigados no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses local. Sedimentação espontânea e sedimentação por centrifugação em éter foram utilizadas para detectar os parasitos, encontrados em 149 animais (71,0%), 93 (62,4%) dos quais foram infectados com uma única espécie parasitária e 56 (37,6%) com duas ou mais espécies. Foram detectadas dez espécies parasitárias, sendo Ancylostoma sp. o mais frequente (65,2%), seguido por Platynosomum concinnum (21,0%), Cystoisospora sp. (7,1%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (1,9%), Strongyloides sp. (1,9%), Dipylidium caninum (1,4%), Giardia sp. (1,0%), Toxocara sp. (1,0%), Physaloptera praeputialis (1,0%) e Sarcocystis sp. (0,5%). Os resultados obtidos são relevantes para as políticas de saúde pública humana e veterinária e demonstram o papel dos gatos na cadeia de transmissão das zoonoses parasitárias, principalmente nas áreas urbanas. As descobertas também podem servir para conscientizar os veterinários e donos de gatos da importância de intervenções preventivas para garantir uma coabitação mais saudável com animais de estimação, reduzindo a exposição humana a parasitos transmitidos por gatos em áreas urbanas. Palavras-chave: Zoonoses. Felinos. Helmintos. Protozoários. Saúde Única.

Brazil is one of the largest drug consumers in the world, and studies show that a large part of the population disposes of these drugs in the common waste, negatively impacting the environment. This article aims to analyze normative aspects of the management of household drug waste in Brazil, through the analysis of federal legislation on the subject, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. It was observed that Brazil already had a legal apparatus that dealt with drug residues from health services, and more recently it took a leap in order to solve the gap that existed when starting the implementation of the reverse logistics system for home medicines, still in progress. This seems to be a promising alternative to the problem of disposal of this type of waste in Brazil. The system provides for shared responsibility among all agents responsible for the life cycle of household medicines and their packaging, in line with the National Solid Waste Policy, but leaves out cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants, and urgent action needs to be taken of education of the population so that this system can be effectively implemented. Brasil es uno de los mayores consumidores de drogas del mundo, y estudios muestran que gran parte de la población desecha estas drogas en la basura común, impactando el medio ambiente. Existe legislación vigente para la correcta disposición minimizando los impactos ambientales, sin embargo, con debilidades en su composición y aplicación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar aspectos normativos de la gestión de residuos domiciliarios de medicamentos en Brasil, a través del análisis de la legislación federal sobre el tema, señalando sus fortalezas y debilidades. Se observó que Brasil ya contaba con un aparato legal que se ocupaba de los residuos de medicamentos de los servicios de salud, y más recientemente dio un salto para solventar el vacío que existía, al iniciar la implementación del sistema de logística inversa para medicamentos domiciliarios. en progreso. El sistema prevé la responsabilidad compartida entre todos los agentes responsables del ciclo de vida de los medicamentos de uso doméstico y sus envases, en línea con la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos. Esta parece ser una alternativa promisoria para el problema de disposición de este tipo de residuos en Brasil, pero de manera incompleta, ya que excluye ciudades con menos de 100.000 habitantes, requiriendo complementación en la legislación vigente, así como acciones de educación de la población para que este sistema se puede implementar con éxito. O Brasil é um dos maiores consumidores de medicamento do mundo, e estudos apontam que a grande parte da população realiza o descarte desses medicamentos no lixo comum, impactando o meio ambiente. Há legislação vigente para o correto descarte minimizando os impactos ambientais, porém, com fragilidades em sua composição e aplicação. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar aspectos normativos do gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos domiciliares no Brasil, por meio da análise da legislação federal sobre o tema, apontando seus pontos fortes e fragilidades. Observou-se que o Brasil já dispunha de aparato legal que versava sobre os resíduos de medicamentos dos serviços de saúde, e mais recentemente deu um salto a fim de solucionar a lacuna que existia, ao iniciar a implantação do sistema de logística reversa para medicamentos domiciliares, ainda em andamento. O sistema prevê a responsabilidade compartilhada entre todos os agentes responsáveis pelo ciclo de vida dos medicamentos domiciliares e suas embalagens, em consonância com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Esta parece ser uma alternativa promissora para o problema do descarte desse tipo de resíduo no Brasil, porém de forma incompleta, pois exclui as cidades com menos de 100.000 habitantes, necessitando complementações na legislação vigente, bem como, de ações de educação da população para que esse sistema possa ser de fato efetivado com sucesso.

Os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem realizam, em seu cotidiano de trabalho, muitas atividades laborais que conduzem a riscos ocupacionais relacionados aos resíduos biológicos, entre outros, e que precisam ser levados em consideração para que o ambiente de trabalho seja vivenciado com segurança. Destarte, objetivou-se demonstrar a percepção da equipe de enfermagem frente ao ambiente e segurança no trabalho. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa de caráter descritivo exploratório, transversal, realizada no Hospital Universitário em São Luís do Maranhão, em que a equipe de enfermagem é composta por enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem. Este estudo foi realizado por meio da aplicação de questionários a 98 profissionais de enfermagem, que compõem a unidade de saúde da criança do Hospital Universitário em São Luís do Maranhão, de acordo com o critério de inclusão adotado. Sobre as atividades que as equipes de enfermagem consideram mais perigosas para a sua saúde e para o ambiente hospitalar, o maior percentual está para o descarte de resíduo hospitalar (33,7%), seguido da manipulação dos resíduos dos pacientes (18,4%) e aspiração traqueal (18,4%). A prevenção e habilidades em educação e saúde devem ser assimiladas entre profissionais de enfermagem, sobre o manejo adequado de resíduos e incentivar a implementação de precauções para minimizar a ocorrência de agravos, que comprometem a saúde e atividades laborais desenvolvidas no seu ambiente, bem como orientações sobre as consequências dos acidentes de trabalho. Palavras-chave: Enfermagem. Resíduos Biológicos. Ambiente Hospitalar. Abstract The nursing team professionals carry out many work activities in their daily work that lead to occupational risks related to biological waste, among others, and that need to be taken into account so that the work environment is experienced safely. Thus, the objective was to demonstrate the nursing team perception regarding the environment and safety at work. It is an applied nature research with a quantitative and qualitative approach of an exploratory, transversal descriptive character, carried out at University Hospital in São Luís do Maranhão, where the nursing team is composed of nurses, technicians and nursing assistants This study was carried out by applying questionnaires to 98 nursing professionals who make up the child health unit at university hospital in São Luís do Maranhão, according to the inclusion criterion adopted. Regarding the activities that the nursing teams consider as the most dangerous for their health and for the hospital environment, the highest percentage is for the disposal of hospital waste (33.7%), followed by the handling of patient waste (18.4%) and tracheal aspiration (18.4%). Prevention and skills in education and health must be assimilated among nursing professionals, on the proper waste management and encourage the implementation of precautions to minimize the injuries occurrence that affect the health and work activities carried out in their environment, as well as guidance on the consequences of accidents at work. Keywords: Nursing. Biological Waste. Hospital Environment.

Os resíduos de medicamentos vêm se tornando uma problemática ambiental, com produção, consumo indiscriminado e descarte inadequados de medicamentos domiciliares, aumentando o crescimento do mercado farmacêutico com a “farmácia caseira”, promovido pela compra de medicamentos as vezes sem prescrição médica, armazenamento para utilização futura, automedicação por conta própria ou por indicação de pessoas não habilitadas. O objetivo é identificar o armazenamento, a automedicação e o descarte dos medicamentos utilizados pelos acadêmicos em seus domicílios. A metodologia consiste na aplicação de um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas (múltiplas escolhas) preenchido pelo próprio entrevistado, sendo dirigida a 552 acadêmicos do campus agrárias da Universidade Uniderp. Os resultados indicaram que (68,6%) dos participantes descartam inadequadamente por falta de conhecimento sobre o assunto. Questionados a respeito de como deveriam ser feitas as orientações relacionadas ao descarte mais adequado de medicamentos, os profissionais de saúde foram os mais citados como possíveis agentes executores dessa atividade. Quanto aos instrumentos para a sensibilização sobre o descarte mais adequado, os mais citados são televisão, rádio, revistas, Internet tendo como uma ferramenta importante no processo de orientação (32.8%); panfletos, folders (9.9%); Campanhas nas instituições de ensino e unidades de saúde (7.6%) ; palestras e pontos de recolhimento (6.3%); orientação dos funcionários que fornecem os medicamentos (2.9%); conscientização do descarte correto e recolhimento específico (2.7%); campanha educativa para população e mais locais de descarte (2.3%); campanhas através dos agentes comunitários de saúde (2%); e entre outros meios de divulgação citados no estudo.

As atividades de trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem estão sujeitas a riscos e situações geradoras de desgaste do profissional, contribuindo para ocorrência de doenças e contaminação do ambiente. Objetivou-se analisar os riscos ocupacionais relacionados aos resíduos biológicos hospitalares presentes no cotidiano das equipes de enfermagem dos diferentes setores hospitalares do cuidado à criança, associado ao tempo de serviço. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada com abordagem quantitativa de caráter descritivo exploratório, transversal, realizada no Hospital Universitário em São Luís do Maranhão, onde a equipe de enfermagem é composta por enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem. Foi aplicado questionários a 98 profissionais de enfermagem que compõem a unidade de saúde da criança do hospital universitário em São Luís do Maranhão, no ano de 2018. Em relação aos acidentes de trabalho sofridos pelos profissionais que possuem menos de cinco anos de serviço, a categoria enfermeiro apresentou maior percentual (31,6%), seguido pelo técnico de enfermagem (21,6%). A maioria dos trabalhadores (75,6%) que relataram ter recebido treinamento em serviço não se acidentaram. Medidas preventivas e estratégias de educação em saúde devem ser assimiladas entre profissionais de enfermagem, sobre o manejo adequado de resíduos e incentivar a implementação de precauções para minimizar a ocorrência de agravos que comprometem a saúde e atividades laborais desenvolvidas no seu ambiente, bem como orientações sobre as consequências dos acidentes de trabalho. Palavras-chave: Acidentes de Trabalho. Enfermagem. Ambiente Hospitalar. Abstract The work activities of nursing professionals are subject to risks and situations that generate professional wear, contributing to the occurrence of diseases and the environment contamination. The objective was to analyze the occupational risks related to hospital biological waste present in the daily lives of nursing teams from different childcare sectors hospital. It is a research of an applied nature with a quantitative approach of an exploratory, cross-sectional descriptive character, carried out at the University Hospital in São Luís do Maranhão, where the nursing team is composed of nurses, technicians and nursing assistants. Questionnaires were applied to 98 nursing professionals who made up the child health unit of the university hospital in São Luís do Maranhão, in the year 2018. Regarding occupational accidents suffered by professionals who have less than five years of service, the category of nurse presented a higher percentage (31.6%) followed by a nursing technician (21.6%). Most workers (75.6%) who reported having received on-the-job training did not have an accident. Preventive measures and health education strategies must be assimilated among nursing professionals, regarding the adequate waste management and encourage the precautions implementation to minimize the occurrence of injuries that compromise health and work activities carried out in their environment, as well as guidance on the consequences of accidents at work. Keywords: Accidents at Work. Nursing. Hospital Environment.

As leishmanioses são zoonoses de grande distribuição global, que apresentam várias espécies de reservatórios e vetores, que ao se relacionarem no tempo e espaço estabelecem os ciclos de transmissão dessa doença negligenciada, cujas estratégias de controle devem ser estruturadas sob a perspectiva da Saúde Única, que tem como premissa a interconectividade da saúde humana, animal e ambiental. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a percepção da população residente em uma Comunidade Quilombola, no interior de Mato Grosso do Sul, no que se refere às leishmanioses, assim como discutir a importância da educação em saúde como estratégia de prevenção. Estudo seccional, analítico, transversal, em uma Comunidade Quilombola, pertencente ao município de Jaraguari, Mato Grosso do Sul, com setenta indivíduos selecionados por conveniência e de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade, representando suas famílias. A Comunidade estudada aparenta ter pouco conhecimento sobre leishmaniose e estratégias de educação e saúde focadas ao tema, baseadas em uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, conforme preconizado pelos defensores da saúde única devem ser pautadas pelas equipes de saúde do município a que pertence. Os dados revelam eminência de uma epidemia canina, pois o ambiente é favorável e a densidade vetorial é abundante, o que normalmente antecede à proliferação de casos humanos. Palavras-chave: Meio Ambiente. Educação em Saúde. Zoonoses. Saúde Única Abstract Leishmaniasis are zoonoses of great global distribution, which present several species of reservoirs and vectors, which, when relating in time and space, establish the transmission cycles of this neglected disease, whose control strategies should be structured under the perspective of Saúde Única, which has as assumption the interconnectivity of human, animal and environmental health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population perception residing in a Quilombola community, in the interior of Mato Grosso do Sul state, regarding leishmaniasis, as well as to discuss the importance of health education as a prevention strategy. Sectional, cross-sectional, analytical study in a Quilombola community, belonging to the municipality of Jaraguari, Mato Grosso do Sul, with seventy individuals selected for convenience and according to the eligibility criteria, representing their families. The studied Community seems to have little knowledge about leishmaniasis and education and health strategies focused on the theme, based on a multidisciplinary perspective, as recommended by the advocates of Saúde Única should be guided by the health teams of the municipality to which it belongs. Data reveal the eminence of a canine epidemic, since the environment is favorable and vector density is abundant, which usually precedes the human cases proliferation. Keywords: Environment. Education in Health. Zoonoses. Saúde Única

Faz-se necessário refletir as práticas de educação em saúde e o papel do profissional que a executa de forma responsável. São considerados diversas variáveis que influenciam na sistemática do desenvolvimento da mesma, como as metodologias empregadas pelo educador, o conhecimento deste a respeito do seu público alvo e das necessidades que os mesmos possuem, assim como a influência do acesso ao serviço de saúde para a eficácia da educação em saúde. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, analítico, retrospectivo, caracterizado como revisão sistemática. Desenvolver a educação em saúde com eficácia demanda diversos conhecimentos, além de planejar os propósitos envolvidos. O público alvo, as necessidades reais e os indicadores epidemiológicos e demográficos complementam o hall de variáveis importantes para a concretização do processo. Deve-se, ainda, ponderar as características desta comunidade envolvida, desvendando o conhecimento prévio e de educação básica afim de não subjulgar tampouco supervalorizar aquilo que se acredita como verdade. Conclui-se que a noção de territorialidade, didática, compreensão dos princípios da atenção primária e formação de vínculos são essenciais para que a conquista do tema possa acontecer, além do envolvimento do profissional que está à frente desta comunidade. Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem. Pessoal da Saúde. Saúde da Família. Abstract It is necessary to reflect the health education practices and the role of the professional who performs it responsibly. Several variables are considered that influence the educator’s systematic development, such as the methodologies employed by the educator, his or her knowledge of his or her target audience and of the needs they have, as well as the influence of health service access on the health education effectiveness. This is a descriptive, analytical, retrospective study characterized as a systematic review. To develop health education effectively requires several types of knowledge, in addition to planning the purposes involved. The target audience, the real needs and the epidemiological and demographic indicators complement the hall of variables that are important for the process implementation. It is also necessary to consider the characteristics of this community involved, revealing the prior knowledge and basic education in order not to underjudge or overvalue what is believed to be true. It is concluded that the notion of territoriality, didactics, understanding of the primary care principles and bonds formation are essential for the conquest of the theme to happen, in addition to the professional involvement who is at the head of this community Keywords: Learning. Health Personnel. Family Health.

Leishmaniasis involves the participation of several species of both wild and domestic mammal hosts and sandfly vectors, which demonstrates the eco-epidemiological complexity observed in this disease. Bats are among the most abundant types of mammals and the scarcity of research on Leishmania infection in these animals gives evidence of the importance of new studies that aim to clarify this relationship. This study aimed to detect the Leishmania spp. in bats. 146 bats, representing 16 different species belonging to the Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, and Phyllostomidae families, were received and processed for collection of tissues. Skin samples were collected from 100% of the bats, and liver samples were collected from 87% (n = 127). After evaluating the quality of the DNA extracted by means of PCR directed to the IRBP gene, the samples considered suitable for the Leishmania detection test were submitted for PCR directed to Leishmania kDNA, and to confirm positivity, were tested to the SSUrRNA gene-directed Nested-PCR. The Leishmania presence in the species Molossus pretiosus, Nyctinomops macrotis, and Lasiurus cinereus are the first reports this encounter in these species of bats in Brazil. Furthermore, new species of bats as possible hosts for L. infantum are reported, such as Molossus pretiosus, Myotis nigricans, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis, and, for L. braziliensis, Lasiurus cinereus and Cynomops planirostris. These findings in bats in an area endemic for leishmaniasis indicate that these animals may be involved in sustaining the disease cycle in this location., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis that is expanding in Brazil and is considered an important public health problem. • The role of bats in the epidemiology of leishmaniais is still unclear. • The ability of bats to disperse and their longevity could facilitate the maintenance and dispersal of Leishmania. • We detected presence of L. infantum and L. braziliensis DNA in bats in the Brazilian Midwest. • Infected bats in areas endemic for leishmaniasis may indicate participation in the maintenance of parasites in these places.

O Brasil é um dos maiores consumidores de medicamento do mundo, e estudos apontam que a grande parte da população realiza o descarte desses medicamentos no lixo comum, impactando o meio ambiente. Há legislação vigente para o correto descarte minimizando os impactos ambientais, porém, com fragilidades em sua composição e aplicação. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar aspectos normativos do gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos domiciliares no Brasil, por meio da análise da legislação federal sobre o tema, apontando seus pontos fortes e fragilidades. Observou-se que o Brasil já dispunha de aparato legal que versava sobre os resíduos de medicamentos dos serviços de saúde, e mais recentemente deu um salto a fim de solucionar a lacuna que existia, ao iniciar a implantação do sistema de logística reversa para medicamentos domiciliares, ainda em andamento. O sistema prevê a responsabilidade compartilhada entre todos os agentes responsáveis pelo ciclo de vida dos medicamentos domiciliares e suas embalagens, em consonância com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Esta parece ser uma alternativa promissora para o problema do descarte desse tipo de resíduo no Brasil, porém de forma incompleta, pois exclui as cidades com menos de 100.000 habitantes, necessitando complementações na legislação vigente, bem como, de ações de educação da população para que esse sistema possa ser de fato efetivado com sucesso.

We report the first molecular detection of Leishmania infection (subgenus Viannia) in the yellow-faced parrot (Alipiopsitta xanthops), at a wildlife rehabilitation center located in the city of Campo Grande, Brazil, an endemic area for leishmaniasis. PCRs targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and the small subunit of ribosomal RNA of Leishmania spp. were performed, both positive, followed by the sequencing of the amplified region of the SSU rDNA gene, which confirmed the identity of the parasite. This is the first report of success obtained in the use of PCR targeting the IRBP (Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein) gene as an internal control in the molecular diagnosis of pathogens in bird species.

Leishmaniasis represents a complex of diseases with a broad clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity. Involving a variety of agents, reservoirs, and vectors, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presents different transmission patterns, which makes its control especially difficult. Epidemiological characterization with identification of existing Leishmania species in a particular region is essential for understanding this parasitosis epidemiology. Because similar results may be observed in places with overlapping transmission of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, contributing to knowledge about the epidemiological cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis is of global interest. This study proposes to identify the different species of Leishmania present in human CL cases in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Slides of imprint tissue were selected from patients diagnosed with CL from 2009 to 2013 at the Laboratorio de Parasitologia Clinica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. The slides were scraped and extracted genetic material was amplified with PCR addressing the Leishmania spp. kDNA region. The reaction product was subjected to RFLP for the specific identification of Leishmania. Forty-three samples (82.7%) amplified with PCR were considered positive. Of these, it was possible to determine the species in 40 samples (76.9%) through analysis of electrophoresis profiles. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum were identified as the etiologic agents of CL in Mato Grosso do Sul. The results of this study permit a more detailed understanding of CL epidemiology and the geographical distribution of its agents.

Furnas do Dionísio is a Brazilian Afro-descendant settlement in the city of Jaraguari, 21.4 miles from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Approximately 96 families live in this quilombola (Maroon) settlement, also known in Brazil as a remnant community of descendants of African slaves. Recent studies found 20% of households were infested by triatomines, 18% of insects captured in the community were infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, and 22.7% of dogs presented T. cruzi antibodies. The low prevalence of Chagas disease observed in humans in Mato Grosso do Sul State is attributed to its arrival via colonist migration and subsequent transplacental transmission. In order to gain a better understanding of the T. cruzi cycle in residents of the study community, serological and molecular tests were carried out to diagnose Chagas disease. In the present study, 175 residents between 2 and 80 years old were included. A total of 175 participants were interviewed and 170 provided blood samples, which were tested for T. cruzi antibodies with serological tests. Molecular diagnosis was performed in 167 participants by PCR (KDNA) and NPCR (satellite DNA) tests. One of the 170 samples tested positive for all serological tests performed. The overall frequency of Chagas disease in the community was low (0.6%). Interview responses revealed that 66.3% knew of triatomine insects and 65.7% reported having had no contact with them. Physical improvements to residences, together with vector surveillance and control by the State and municipal governments and local ecological conservation contribute to the low frequency of the Chagas disease in this quilombola community.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious chronic disease with a lethality rate of up to 10 % in humans. In urban areas of Brazil, dogs are the main reservoirs of the etiological agent (Leishmania infantum) of VL, and the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends the euthanasia of animals that are seropositive in both the immunochromatographic dual path platform rapid test (DPP(®); Bio-Manguinhos) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an L. major-like antigen (Bio-Manguinhos). Vaccination is an additional tool in the control of canine VL, but the use of Leishmune(®) (Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), which contains the fucose mannose ligand (FML) isolated from L. donovani, is not currently recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health because vaccinated animals may exhibit positive serology and there are reservations regarding the efficacy of the vaccine. The aims of the present study were: (i) to verify the abilities of the fast agglutination screening test (FAST), the direct agglutination test (DAT), the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT), the DPP rapid test, and ELISA tests with L. major-like and FML antigens to differentiate between L. infantum-infected and Leishmune(®)-vaccinated dogs, and (ii) to analyze the sensitivities and specificities of the different methods. The reactivities to these tests of Leishmune(®)-vaccinated dogs (n = 71), asymptomatic (n = 20) and symptomatic (n = 20) naturally infected dogs, and unvaccinated healthy control dogs (n = 5) were compared. None of the Leishmune(®)-vaccinated dogs tested seropositive in FAST and DAT, although one dog was reactive to DPP and four dogs to ELISA/L. major-like and IFAT tests. While 69 (97 %) of vaccinated dogs reacted to ELISA/FML, only one was seropositive in both ELISA/L. major-like and IFAT tests. Individually, all immunodiagnostic tests presented high specificities and positive likelihood ratios (LR+), and high specificity values were obtained when the tests were considered in pairs. However, sensitivity and LR- values were low for ELISA/L. major-like and IFAT tests individually, and for all pair combinations of tests except for FAST with DPP

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-09-21 Fundacao de Desenvolvimento, Ensino, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) Background Intestinal parasitic infections constitute a public health issue in developing countries, with prevalence rates as high as 90%, a figure set to escalate as the socioeconomic status of affected populations deteriorates. Investigating the occurrence of these infections among inmates is critical, since this group is more vulnerable to the spread of a number of infectious illnesses. Methods This cross-sectional, analytical, quantitative study was conducted in July 2015 at prison facilities located in Midwest Brazil to estimate the prevalence of parasitic infection among inmates. For detection of parasites, 510 stool samples were examined by ether centrifugation and spontaneous sedimentation. Results Eight parasitic species were detected, with an overall prevalence of 20.2% (103/510). Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar were the most frequent pathogenic parasites. Endolimax nana was the predominant non-pathogenic species. Nearly half of the subjects (53/103; 51.4%) were positive for mixed infection. Logistic regression revealed that inmates held in closed conditions were more likely to contract parasitic infections than those held in a semi-open regime (OR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.19-3.25; p = 0.0085). A higher prevalence of parasitic infections was observed among individuals who had received no prophylactic antiparasitic treatment in previous years (OR = 10.2; 95% CI = 5.86-17.66; p < 0.001). The other factors investigated had no direct association with the presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusion Infections caused by directly transmissible parasites were detected. Without adequate treatment and prophylactic guidance, inmates tend to remain indefinitely infected with intestinal parasites, whether while serving time in prison or after release. Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Grad Program Infect & Parasit Dis, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Mato Grosso Sul, Dept Anim Sci, Aquidauana, MS, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Sch Med, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biostat, Biosci Inst Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biostat, Biosci Inst Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Knowledge of potential reservoirs of Leishmania spp. in an anthropic environment is important so that surveillance and control measures can be implemented. The aim of this study was to investigate the infection by Leishmania in small mammals in an area located in Minas Gerais, Brazil, that undergoes changes in its natural environment and presents autochthonous human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). For the capture of the animals, Sherman and Tomahawk traps were used and distributed in the peridomicile of houses with reports of autochthonous cases of CL or VL. Six catches were carried out on two consecutive nights with intervals of two months during one year and samples of spleen, liver, tail skin, ear skin and bone marrow of the animals were obtained. Parasitological and molecular methods were used to detect the infection. Identification of the Leishmania species was performed by PCR RFLPhsp70. Twenty five animals of four species were captured: ten Rattus rattus, nine Didelphis albiventris, five Cerradomys subflavus and one Marmosops incanus. In the PCR-hsp70, five animals were positive (20%). The Leishmania species identified in PCR-RFLPhsp70 were: Leishmania braziliensis in D. albiventris (2), C. subflavus (1) and R. rattus (1) and Leishmania infantum in R. rattus (1). The highest positivity rate for L. braziliensis was obtained in the liver samples. The spleen was the only tissue positive for L. infantum. It was isolated in culture medium L. braziliensis from two samples (liver and spleen) of R. rattus. This is the first record of isolation of L. braziliensis from R. rattus in the southeastern region of Brazil. These results are relevant to the knowledge of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the region, mainly in the investigation of the presence of hosts and possible reservoirs of the parasite.

In the New World genus Leishmania parasites are etiological agents of neglected zoonoses known as leishmaniasis. Its epidemiology is very complex due to the participation of several species of sand fly vectors and mammalian hosts, and man is an accidental host. Control is very difficult because of the different epidemiological patterns of transmission observed. Studies about Leishmania spp. infection in bats are so scarce, which represents a large gap in knowledge about the role of these animals in the transmission cycle of these pathogens, especially when considering that Chiroptera is one of the most abundant and diverse orders among mammals. Leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil are remarkably frequent, probably due to the abundance of its regional mastofauna. The recent record of L. braziliensis in bats from this state indicates the need to clarify the role of these mammals in the transmission cycle. In this study we evaluated the presence of Leishmania parasites in the skin of different species of bats, using PCR directed to Leishmania spp. kDNA for screening followed by PCR/RFLP analysis of the hsp70 gene for the identification of parasite species. Leishmania species identification was confirmed by PCR directed to the G6PD gene of L. braziliensis, followed by sequencing of the PCR product. Samples from 47 bats were processed, of which in three specimens (6.38%) was detected the presence of Leishmania sp. kDNA. PCR/RFLP and sequencing identified the species involved in the infection as L. braziliensis in all of them. This is the first report of Leishmania braziliensis in bats from Pantanal ecosystem and the first record of this species in Platyrrhinus lineatus and Artibeus planirostris, bats with a wide distribution in South America. These results reinforce the need to deepen the knowledge about the possibility of bats act as reservoirs of Leishmania spp. especially considering their ability of dispersion and occupation of anthropic environments.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different species of the Leishmania genus. Leishmania(Leishmania) infantum, causing cutaneous leishmaniasis, has been described in patients living in areas where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. In this study, it was possible to characterize this species in seven slides from cutaneous tissue imprints from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a mamoplastia de aumento pela via transaxilar apresenta potencial de prejudicar a identificação futura do linfonodo sentinela. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo controlado em que foram selecionadas 22 pacientes divididas em grupo pós-mamoplastia e grupo controle, totalizando 43 mamas (22 no grupo pós-mamoplastia e 21 no grupo controle) avaliadas por meio de linfocintilografia imediatamente após injeções periareolares de fitato-99mTc. Os testes estatísticos consideraram como diferenças significativas valores de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Todas as mamas do grupo pós-mamoplastia apresentaram drenagem linfática para a cadeia axilar, sem diferença com o grupo controle (p = 0,488). A média de linfonodos captantes foi de 1,27 ± 0,46 no grupo pós-mamoplastia e 1,33 ± 0,58 no grupo controle (p = 0,895). A média de tempo para visualização do primeiro linfonodo foi de 3,14 ± 4,42 minutos no grupo pós-mamoplastia e 5,48 ± 5,06 minutos no grupo controle, novamente sem diferença significativa (p = 0,136). CONCLUSÃO: A mamoplastia de aumento pela via transaxilar não acarretou prejuízo na identificação futura do linfonodo sentinela.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential influence of transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty on future detection of sentinel lymph node. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective controlled study where 22 patients were selected and divided into two groups (post-mammoplasty and control) corresponding to 43 breasts (22 in the post-mammoplasty group and 21 in the control group) evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy immediately after periareolar 99mTc-phytate injections. In the statistical analysis, p values < 0.05 were considered as significant. RESULTS: All the breasts in the post-mammoplasty group presented lymphatic drainage to the axillary chain, with no difference as compared with the control group (p = 0.488). The average number of hot lymph nodes was 1.27 ± 0.46 in the post-mammoplasty group, and 1.33 ± 0.58 in the control group (p = 0.895). The mean time required to visualize the first lymph node was 3.14 ± 4.42 minutes in the post-mammoplasty group, and 5.48 ± 5.06 minutes in the control group (p = 0.136). CONCLUSION: Transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty did not affect the future detection of sentinel lymph node.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a mamoplastia de aumento pela via transaxilar apresenta potencial de prejudicar a identificação futura do linfonodo sentinela. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo controlado em que foram selecionadas 22 pacientes divididas em grupo pós-mamoplastia e grupo controle, totalizando 43 mamas (22 no grupo pós-mamoplastia e 21 no grupo controle) avaliadas por meio de linfocintilografia imediatamente após injeções periareolares de fitato-99mTc. Os testes estatísticos consideraram como diferenças significativas valores de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Todas as mamas do grupo pós-mamoplastia apresentaram drenagem linfática para a cadeia axilar, sem diferença com o grupo controle (p = 0,488). A média de linfonodos captantes foi de 1,27 ± 0,46 no grupo pós-mamoplastia e 1,33 ± 0,58 no grupo controle (p = 0,895). A média de tempo para visualização do primeiro linfonodo foi de 3,14 ± 4,42 minutos no grupo pós-mamoplastia e 5,48 ± 5,06 minutos no grupo controle, novamente sem diferença significativa (p = 0,136). CONCLUSÃO: A mamoplastia de aumento pela via transaxilar não acarretou prejuízo na identificação futura do linfonodo sentinela. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential influence of transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty on future detection of sentinel lymph node. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective controlled study where 22 patients were selected and divided into two groups (post-mammoplasty and control) corresponding to 43 breasts (22 in the post-mammoplasty group and 21 in the control group) evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy immediately after periareolar 99mTc-phytate injections. In the statistical analysis, p values < 0.05 were considered as significant. RESULTS: All the breasts in the post-mammoplasty group presented lymphatic drainage to the axillary chain, with no difference as compared with the control group (p = 0.488). The average number of hot lymph nodes was 1.27 ± 0.46 in the post-mammoplasty group, and 1.33 ± 0.58 in the control group (p = 0.895). The mean time required to visualize the first lymph node was 3.14 ± 4.42 minutes in the post-mammoplasty group, and 5.48 ± 5.06 minutes in the control group (p = 0.136). CONCLUSION: Transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty did not affect the future detection of sentinel lymph node.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil Leishmania braziliensis and L. infantum are the principal species responsible for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases, respectively. Domestic dogs are the main reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis, while rodents and marsupials are the main reservoirs for cutaneous leishmaniasis. It has also been suggested that dogs could play a role in transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The identification of the species of Leishmania, the reservoirs, and the vectors involved in each particular transmission cycle is critical for the establishment of control activities. Belo Horizonte has emerged as an endemic region for leishmaniases, however, epidemiological studies assessing the contribution of wild reservoirs to transmission are scarce in the area. The aim of this study was to investigate Leishmania spp. infection in possible reservoirs of an urbanized area. RESULTS: A high rate of infection was found in small mammals (64.9%) and dogs (DG1 30.4% and DG2 48.6%). The presence of L. infantum and L. braziliensis was detected in small mammals and dogs, and mixed infections by both species were detected in rodents which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first description of this phenomenon in an urban area. Additionally, L. amazonensis was detected in the canine samples. CONCLUSION: The possible role of these animals as a source of infection of the vector of each species of Leishmania identified should not be overlooked and should be taken into account in future control activities. The results of mixed infection by L. braziliensis and L. infantum in cosmopolitan rodents as M. musculus and R. rattus, may have important implications in the context of the control of leishmaniasis in urban areas, especially when considering that these rodents live in close relationship with human dwellings, especially those in more precarious conditions. The authors wish to thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) and European Community (EC - LeishEpiNetSA Consortium) for financially supporting the study. We are also grateful to the Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte for assistance and logistic support, and to Zoraida del Carmen Fernandez Grillo for assistance in revising the text in English. Sí

In the present study we surveyed the fauna of phlebotomine sand flies and small mammals in peridomestic areas from a Brazilian municipality where the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic. A total of 608 female phlebotomine sand flies were captured during nine months in 2009 and 2010. Seven different species were represented with 60% of them beingLutzomyia intermediaandLu. whitmani, both incriminated vectors of ACL.Lu. longipalpis, a proven vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was also captured at high proportion (12.8%). Genomic DNA analysis of 136 species-specific pools of female sand flies followed by molecular genotyping showed the presence ofLeishmania infantumDNA in two pools ofLu. longipalpis. The sameLeishmaniaspecies was found in one blood sample fromRattus norvegicusamong 119 blood and tissue samples analysed. This is the first report ofLe. infantuminR. norvegicusin the Americas and suggests a possible role for this rodent species in the zoonotic cycle of VL. Our study coincided with the reemergence of VL in Governador Valadares.

Leishmania nested PCR (LnPCR) targeted to the SSUrRNA gene and DNA sequencing were used to analyze 315 tissue samples from 80 Rattus norvegicus specimens trapped in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Of the samples analyzed, 17.46% (55/315) of all tissues, 10% (8/80) of skin, 26.92% (21/78) of blood, 30.76% (24/78) of bone marrow and 2.53% (2/79) of spleen were positive for Leishmania. The overall infection prevalence was 36.25% (29/80) The DNA sequencing showed that 65.51% (19/29) of the positive animals were infected by parasites belonging to the Leishmania braziliensis complex. The identification of L. braziliensis DNA in R. norvegicus in an area with a high prevalence of leishmaniasis might imply a zoonotic role of this species. The rodent control programs and health education may represent important measures toward the control of leishmaniasis.

The aim of this work was to establish a modified pre-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol using a single primer set that enables successful amplification of a highly conserved mammalian sequence in order to determine overall sample DNA quality for multiple mammalian species that inhabit areas endemic for leishmaniasis. The gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), but not other conserved genes, was efficiently amplified in DNA samples from tail skin, ear skin, bone marrow, liver and spleen from all of the species tested. In tissue samples that were PCR-positive for Leishmania, we found that DNA from 100%, 55% and 22% of the samples tested resulted in a positive PCR reaction for the IRBP, beta-actin and beta-globin genes, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing of an IRBP amplicon resolved any questions regarding the taxonomical classification of a rodent, which was previously based simply on the morphological features of the animal. Therefore, PCR amplification and analysis of the IRBP amplicon are suitable for pre-diagnostically assessing DNA quality and identifying mammalian species living in areas endemic to leishmaniasis and other diseases.

The efficacies of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the identification of Leishmania species, have been assessed. Quantitative real-time PCR employing a SYBR Green dye-based system was standardised for the quantification of Leishmania kDNA minicircles. Skin, peripheral blood and bone marrow samples collected from 217 dogs, asymptomatic or symptomatic for CVL, were analysed. The PCR method, which was based on the amplification of a 120 bp kDNA fragment conserved across Leishmania species, was able to detect the presence in clinical samples of protozoan parasite DNA in amounts as low as 0.1 fg. Bone marrow and skin samples proved to be more suitable than peripheral blood for the detection of Leishmania by PCR and presented positive indices of 84.9% and 80.2%, respectively. PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that 192 of the PCR-positive dogs were infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi, whilst L. braziliensis was identified in two other animals. Quantitative PCR revealed that bone marrow samples from dogs presenting positive conventional tests contained a higher number of copies of Leishmania kDNA than peripheral blood, although no significant differences were detected between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs in terms of parasite load. This study demonstrates that PCR can be used for the detection of Leishmania in clinical samples derived from naturally infected dogs, and that PCR-RFLP represents a rapid and sensitive tool for the identification of Leishmania species. Additionally, qPCR is effective in quantifying Leishmania DNA load in clinical samples.

Three serological methods, indirect fluorescent immunoassay (IFI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and direct agglutination test (DAT) that are commonly employed in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), have been assessed. A total of 234 domestic dogs, drawn from an area in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, were submitted to clinical and parasitological examinations and serological assay. Sera collected from confirmed non-infected dogs (n = 20), and from dogs with other parasitic diseases including Trypanosoma cruzi (n = 7), Leishmania braziliensis (n = 5), Toxoplasma gondii (n = 5) and Ehrlichia canis (n = 3), were also included in the study. IFI presented a lower sensitivity (72%) than ELISA (95%), although the specificities of these assays were low (52 and 64%, respectively) and both exhibited cross-reactivity with sera from dogs infected with T. cruzi, L. braziliensis and E. canis. In contrast, DAT exhibited a high sensitivity (93%) and a high specificity (95%) and cross-reacted with only one serum sample derived from an E. canis-infected dog. The reproducibilities of the ELISA and DAT assays were excellent, whilst that of IFI was considered to be acceptable. The results produced by ELISA and DAT were in complete agreement, those between ELISA and IFI were at an acceptable level of agreement, whilst the concurrence between the IFI and DAT results were either acceptable or poor depending on the clinical conditions of the group of dogs examined. Since there is no readily accessible method for the diagnosis of CVL that offers 100% specificity and sensitivity, the choice of technique employed must depend on the aim of the investigation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Wound healing is a complex process that deals with different biological and immunological systems and is essential to keep the organism integrity. Three well-defined phases occur: inflammatory, proliferative and maturation. A failure or lengthy phase may result in a delay or absence of it.The aim of this paper is to analyse comparatively the histological alteration provided by the use of the aqueous extract of Orbignya phalerata, in the healing process of bladder surgical wounds.Forty adult, male Wistar rats were used. The experimental procedure consisted of a longitudinal 2 cm long bladder incision and single layer interrupted suture of 5-0 polyglactine 910. Post-operatively, the rats were randomly divided into two groups of 20. The substance was not used in the control group. The Orbignya phalerata aqueous solution was used in the study group. The animals were observed and killed three and seven days later. Comparative histological analysis was accomplished between the groups.Significant statistical differences were observed in the neo-formation variables (p= 0.001), chronic inflammation (p= 0.002) and fibroblastic proliferation (p= 0.023). Acute inflammation was very evident in the control group.The time factor of wound healing showed homogeneity between experimental and control groups, however faster in the experimental one. The Orbignya phalerata had a favoring healing effect in the surgical incision on rats bladder.

Introduction Primary intracardiac tumors are rare and approximately 50% are myxomas. The majority of myxomas are located in the left atrium and have variable clinical presentation. We report a case of a large myxoma in the right atrium, which is an uncommon location for this type of tumor. Case presentation A 45-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of palpitation had dyspnea on great exertion and discrete weight loss. A cardiac evaluation showed splitting of S1. An echocardiogram showed a large mass in the right atrium, suggesting myxoma; chest computed tomography confirmed the diagnostic hypothesis. Our patient underwent surgical treatment with excision of a 10 cm multilobulated mass. She presented with supraventricular tachycardia during the operation. She was placed in the intensive care unit and her condition improved after the use of amiodarone. The diagnosis of myxoma was confirmed by histopathological study. Conclusions In this case report, we emphasize the rarity of large myxomas in the right atrium and the difficulty of differential diagnosis given their dimension and location.