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Developing advanced materials with a high-entropy concept is one of the hot trends in materials science. The configurational entropy of high-entropy materials can be tuned by introducing different atomic species, which can also impart a result in excellent physical and chemical properties. In this work, we synthesized a solid-solution oxide (Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr)

With the development of new materials and technology, high entropy alloy (HEA) nitride films have attracted much attention of researchers due to their excellent optical properties and mechanical properties. Herein, a novel SS/NbMoTaWN (HEAN)/NbMoTaWON (HEAON)/SiO2 coatings are prepared, which shows a high spectral selectivity of α/e = 0.944/0.12. The preparation and optimization of the coating are studied by combining experiments with ellipsometric program and CODE software. High temperature thermal stability test is performed in depth, which proves that the coating could bear 400 °C in air for 2 h, and 600 °C for 2 h in vacuum. Long-term thermal stability researches indicate that the SSACs still keep good optical properties (α = 0.902, e = 0.106) even after annealing at 600 °C for 100 h. The failure mechanism is analyzed by XRD and Raman spectra. In addition, neutral salt spray test is performed to investigate the anti-corrosion ability, which indicates the coating has a good optical performance after soaking in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 30 days. Obviously, this work provides a new strategy to construct solar absorber coatings based on NbMoTaW high entropy alloy.

High entropy alloys (HEAs), which is at the expense of high cost compared to traditional alloy, should not be confined to the mechanical properties, but should be employed to devise a novel combination with unique functional and mechanical performances. In this work, high entropy alloy nitride (HEAN) is utilized as a novel double absorption layer to improve solar absorption in the high temperature solar selective absorbing coatings (SSACs). Our primary motivation is to lower thermal emittance (e) and enhance solar absorptance (α). In order to realize this goal, coating design (CODE) software is employed to design and optimize the proposed HEAN based SSACs using appropriate dielectric function model. The ultimate as-deposited coating shows good optical properties with a high α value of 0.965 and a low e value of 0.086 (at 82 °C). The estimate of thermal stability tests indicates that HEAN based SSACs has the ability to resist instability in high working temperature, which keeps good optical properties (α = 0.925, e = 0.070) after annealing at 600 °C for 10 h.

Solar selective absorber coatings (SSACs), with the characteristics of efficient harvesting and conversion of solar energy into the heat work fluid, are considered to be one of the key components f...

Recent advances in high-entropy alloys have spurred many breakthroughs in the fields of high-temperature materials and optical materials and they provide incredible application potentialities for photothermal conversion systems. Solar-selective absorbers (SSAs), as key components, play a vital role in photothermal conversion efficiency and service life. The most pressing problem with SSAs is their inconsistent optical performance, an instability constraint induced by thermal stress. A feasible method of improving performance stability is the introduction of high-entropy materials, such as high-entropy alloy nitrides. In this study, enabled by an intrinsic MoTaTiCrN absorption layer, the solar configuration achieves greatly enhanced, exceptional thermotolerance and optical properties, leading to the formation of a scalable, highly efficient, and cost-effective structure. Computational and experimental approaches are employed to achieve optimum preparation parameters for thicknesses and constituents. The crystal structure of high-entropy ceramic MoTaTiCrN is fully investigated, including thickness-dependent crystal nucleation. High-temperature and long-term thermal stability tests demonstrate that our proposed SSA is mechanically robust and chemically stable. Moreover, a low thermal emittance (15.86%) at 500 °C promotes the photothermal conversion efficiency. In addition, due to the exceptional spectral selectivity (α/ε = 92.3/6.5%), thermal robustness (550 °C for 168 h), and photothermal conversion efficiency (86.9% at 550 °C under 100 sun), it is possible for our proposed SSA to enhance the practical realization of large-area photothermal conversion applications, especially for concentrated solar power systems.

In order to improve our knowledge of the mechanical effect of the roots of mixed-plantings on soil reinforcement and slope protection, the influence of roots of a mixed-planting with four herb species (Medicago sativa L., Elymus nutans Griseb., Puccinellia distanx (L.), and Poa pratensis L.) and one shrub species (Caragana korshinskii Kom.) were investigated on the shear strength characteristics of saline loess soil. The root distribution characteristics were assessed via a survey when the plants grew for one year. The effects of the root biomass density, the root mass ratio (RMR) of the fine roots to the coarse roots, the moisture content, and the salt content on the shear strength index of the rooted soil were analyzed via a triaxial compression test, and the mechanism of these effects was discussed. The results indicate that the biomass density decreased linearly with increasing depth. The RMR initially decreased with depth and then increased, exhibiting in a quadratic relationship. The cohesion of the rooted soil increased linearly as the biomass density increased. The cohesion of the rooted soil initially increased with increasing RMR and salt content, and then it decreased. The turning point of the cohesion occurred when the RMR was 0.6 and the salt content was 1.18%. The internal friction angle of the rooted soil initially increased with biomass density and then decreased, and the turning point of the internal friction angle occurred when the biomass density was 0.015 g/cm3. The relationships between the internal friction angle of the rooted soil and the RMR and salt content were exponential incremental and linear subtractive relationship, respectively. Both the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the rooted soil linearly decreased with increasing moisture content.

Flowering time, a key transition point from vegetative to reproductive growth, is regulated by an intrinsic complex of endogenous and exogenous signals including nutrient status. For hundreds of years, nitrogen has been well known to modulate flowering time, but the molecular genetic basis on how plants adapt to ever-changing nitrogen availability remains not fully explored. Here we explore how Arabidopsis natural variation in flowering time responds to nitrate fluctuation. Upon nitrate availability change, we detect accession- and photoperiod-specific flowering responses, which also feature a accession-specific dependency on growth traits. The flowering time variation correlates well with the expression of floral integrators, SOC1 and FT, in an accession-specific manner. We find that gene expression variation of key hub genes in the photoperiod-circadian-clock (GI), aging (SPLs) and autonomous (FLC) pathways associates with the expression change of these integrators, hence flowering time variation. Our results thus shed light on the molecular genetic mechanisms on regulation of accession- and photoperiod-specific flowering time variation in response to nitrate availability.

The most recent advances in high-entropy materials provide impetus for the development of high-performance materials, simultaneously providing high-temperature robustness and excellent functional properties owing to the high configurational entropy and distorted lattices. Thus, in this work, double-layer high-entropy alloy nitride HfNbTaTiZrN with a well-designed metal content gradient is employed to fabricate a solar selective absorber coating (SSAC). We extensively investigated whether the coating meets the definition of a high-entropy material from the points of elemental analysis and phase structure, combined with thermodynamic calculation. Remarkably, the new, tailored SSAC exhibits an exceptionally high solar absorptance (α = 96%) and a suppressed thermal emittance (e = 8.2%) at 82 °C and omnidirectional absorption. Investigations of the long-term thermal stability indicate that the HfNbTaTiZrN-based SSAC due to the entropy-driven structural stabilization could endure heat treatment at 600 °C for 168 h, retaining a performance criterion (PC) value less than 0.05, which implies the feasibility of practical applications. More importantly, the photothermal conversion efficiency (η), which is utilized to quantitatively evaluate the performance at elevated temperatures, reaches 90.1% at a working temperature of 550 °C under 100 suns, and even after annealing at 600 °C for 168 h, the efficiency drop is still less than 5%. Overall, the combination of thermal robustness and photothermal conversion efficiency at working temperatures less than 600 °C provides significant potential to maximize solar energy harvesting and pioneers an opportunity to explore simultaneous multifunctional applications of high-entropy alloys.

The functional application of high entropy alloys, which emerge as a novel multi-principal component alloy, has been constantly expanding in the field of solar photothermal harvesting from optical materials to high temperature materials due to their excellent properties. A solar spectrally selective absorbing coating requires such materials that show not only outstanding optical properties but also prominent thermal stability. It is desirable but challenging to fabricate high performance solar absorbing coatings. A prospective strategy for the preparation of solar absorbing coatings is the introduction of high entropy alloys. In this work, we have developed a simple, cost-conscious, scalable and highly efficient solar selective absorbing coating using a single layer high entropy nitride AlCrTaTiZrN by choosing appropriate elemental compositions. The as-deposited coatings show an outstanding spectral selectivity of α/e = 92.8%/5.1% or 91.6%/5.1%. High temperature thermal stability tests are performed in depth, indicating that the coating could endure annealing treatment at 800 °C for 2 h with insignificant reflectance spectrum variation. A prolonged period of thermal stability characterization presents that this coating could maintain good optical performance after annealing at 650 °C for 300 h. Furthermore, high temperature thermal emittance can be suppressed to as low as 15.4% at 600 °C, which contributes to the state-of-the-art photothermal conversion efficiency under 100 suns (87.7% at 600 °C, and 84.6% at 650 °C). Overall, the high entropy nitride AlCrTaTiZrN based coating contributes to good thermal stability and optical properties, showing great potential for extensive applications in solar energy harvesting.

The purpose of this study was to determine the serum uric acid levels and the prevalence of hyperuricemia among Chinese adults in 2015 and compare the differences between urban and rural areas, as well as the differences between eastern, central, and western regions.A national representative sample of 180,208 participants were included using a stratified, multistage, and random sampling method. The demographic characteristics and blood samples were collected to determine the serum uric acid levels and prevalence of hyperuricemia among subgroups using complicated sampling weight. AThe weighted mean uric acid level in Chinese adults was 310.4 μmol/L (317.5 μmol/L in urban areas and 302.9 μmol/L in rural areas). The weighted average values of uric acid in eastern, central, and western China were 315.5 μmol/L, 303.5 μmol/L, and 310.4 μmol/L, respectively. The weighted prevalence of hyperuricemia in Chinese adults was 14.6%, with a prevalence of 16.5% in urban areas and 12.5% in rural areas. The weighted prevalence of hyperuricemia in eastern, central, and western China was 16.0%, 12.5%, and 14.8%, respectively.The uric acid level in Chinese adults is relatively high. Effective actions are warranted to improve this metabolic abnormality.

Genome-wide identification of WD40-like genes reveals a duplication of COP1-like genes, one of the key players involved in regulation of flowering time and photomorphogenesis, with strong functional diversification in Rosaceae. WD40 proteins play crucial roles in a broad spectrum of developmental and physiological processes. Here, we conducted a systematic characterization of this family of genes in Rosa chinensis 'Old Blush' (OB), a founder genotype for modern rose domestication. We identified 187 rose WD40 genes and classified them into 5 clusters and 15 subfamilies with 11 of RcWD40s presumably generated via tandem duplication. We found RcWD40 genes were expressed differentially following stages of vegetative and reproductive development. We detected a duplication of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1-like genes in rose (RcCOP1 and RcCOP1L) and other Rosaceae plants. Featuring a distinct expression pattern and a different profile of cis-regulatory-elements in the transcriptional regulatory regions, RcCOP1 seemed being evolutionarily conserved while RcCOP1L did not dimerize with RcHY5 and RcSPA4. Our data thus reveals a functional diversification of COP1-like genes in Rosacaeae plants, and provides a valuable resource to explore the potential function and evolution of WD40-like genes in Rosaceae plants.

Heavy metals are widely distributed contaminants in natural environments and their potential threats to human health have attracted worldwide concerns due to the food chain. Therefore, great efforts have been made to reduce them to a safe level in soil. Compared with the traditional methods, the method using plants to remove them has been accepted as a feasible and efficient way. Herein, the geochemical behavior of heavy metals and the restoration methods with phytoremediation were reviewed. In addition, issues on heavy metal speciation as well as its influencing factors, phytoremediation mechanism, phytoremediation effect and vegetation selection principle used for phytoremediation were discussed.

Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through saltleaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and ovendried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways (moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.

This study aims to assess the hydrological effects of four herbs and four shrubs planted in a selfestablished test area in Xining Basin of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The Rainfall-Intercepting Capability (RIC) of the herbs and shrubs was evaluated in rainfall interception experiment at the end of the third, fourth and fifth month of the growth period in 2007. The leaf transpiration rate and the effects of roots on promoting soil moisture evaporation in these plants were also assessed in transpiration experiment and root-soil composite system evaporation experiment in the five month’s growth period. It is found that the RIC of the four studied herbs follows the order of E. repens, E. dahuricus, A. trachycaulum and L. secalinus; the RIC of the four shrubs follows the order of A. canescens, Z. xanthoxylon, C. korshinskii and N. tangutorum. The RIC of all the herbs is related linearly to their mean height and canopy area (R2 ≥ 0.9160). The RIC of all the shrubs bears a logarithmic relationship with their mean height (R2 ≥ 0.9164), but a linear one with their canopy area (R2 ≥ 0.9356). Moreover, different species show different transpiration rates. Of the four herbs, E. repens has the highest transpiration rate of 1.07 mg/(m2·s), and of the four shrubs, A. canescens has the highest transpiration rate (0.74 mg/(m2·s)). The roots of all the herbs and shrubs can promote soil moisture evaporation. Of the four herbs, the evaporation rate of E. repens root-soil composite system is the highest (2.14%), and of the four shrubs, the root-soil composite system of A. canescens has the highest evaporation rate (1.41%). The evaporation rate of the root-soil composite system of E. dahuricus and Z. xanthoxylon bears a second-power linear relationship with evaporation time (R2 ≥ 0.9924). The moisture content of all the eight root-soil composite systems decreases exponentially with evaporation time (R2 ≥ 0.8434). The evaporation rate and moisture content of all the plants’ root-soil composite systems increases logarithmically (R2 ≥ 0.9606) and linearly (R2 ≥ 0.9777) with root volume density. The findings of this study indicate that among the four herbs and four shrubs, E. repens and A. canescens possess the most effective hydrological effects in reducing the soil erosion and shallow landslide in this region.

The newly increasing development of abruptly high entropy alloy nitride (HEAN), especially the refractory HEAN, manifests excellent mechanical, corrosion resistance , and optical properties, which exhibits a wide application prospect in the field of coatings. Herein, we develop a high entropy nitride NbMoTaWN-based solar selective absorber coatings (SSACs), providing a potential to strengthen structural and optical advance through component selection and structure design. The coating exhibits a high solar absorptance (α) of 0.936 and a low thermal emittance ( e ) of 0.126 at 82 °C. Investigation on structural and optical robustness demonstrates that the NbMoTaW HEAN-based SSAC could endure heat treatment at 500 °C for 10 h in vacuum environment. In addition, through the evolution of XRD and Raman spectra after annealing, the failure mechanism of coatings annealed in vacuum at 500 °C for 10 h and 400 °C in air for 5 h are obtained. Obviously, the advantages such as low-cost preparation, easily scalable production, convenient technology process, and repeatability in this work promise potentially valuable applications for photothermal conversion techniques.

With the rapid advance of science and technology, it is essential to research and develop new intrinsic solar absorber coatings with the simple production process and excellent photo-thermal conversion efficiency. Herein, we have developed a novel AlCrMoTaTiN intrinsic absorber layer by radio frequency (RF) reactive sputtering method via adjusting the deposition time and the flow rate of N2. The AlCrMoTaTiN intrinsic absorber layer exhibits a high absorptance of 0.752 and a low emittance of 0.074 at 82 °C. The AlCrMoTaTiN/Al2O3 solar absorber coating is deposited by using Al2O3 works as an anti-reflective layer and the spectral selectivity (α/e) is 0.929/0.082. This coating also possesses a good thermal stability, which can be stabilized at 300 °C in air and 500 °C in vacuum for 2 h, respectively. In addition, a prolonged period of thermal stability characterization is carried out, which indicates that this coating could keep good optical performance after annealing at 600 °C for 100 h. The corresponding failure mechanism is obtained by analyzing the Raman spectroscopy and XRD. Obviously, the AlCrMoTaTiN/Al2O3 solar absorber coating has a broad application prospect in large-scale and efficient industrial production.

Bio-synthesis of nano-metal oxide particles is gaining lot of significance and recommended as promising substitute not only physical methods but also chemical methods. Here in, we demonstrate the nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) particles were successfully prepared by an eco-friendly process using plant Barleria gibsoni (B. gibsoni) aqueous leaf extract. The water leaf extract of B. gibsoni responsible for not only reducing source but also protective agent. The prepared nano-ZnO particles were studied by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance (UV-DRS), Photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform (FT-IR) infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (X-RD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal (TG-DTA) analysis and particle size by zeta sizer, dynamic light scattering (DLS). UV-DRS spectrum of nano-ZnO particles showed below at wave length 400 nm. FT-IR spectra showed that plant metabolites like polyphenols, flavonoids and amino acids etc., are act as reducing and protective agent. X-RD studies revealed the formed nano-ZnO particles have hexagonal (wurtzite) structure. TEM analysis confirmed the range of nanoparticles between 30 and 80 nm, which is supported by DLS analysis. The antibacterial property of synthesized nano-ZnO particles was tested with bacterial pathogens showed good results. The developed nano-ZnO gel act as an efficient and superior another tropical antimicrobial formulations for healing of burn infections. Moreover, the formulated nano-ZnO gel exhibited a remarkable wound healing potential in rats.

A novel TiC-TiN/Al2O3 tandem solar selective absorbing coating was successfully deposited on Si (1 0 0) and stainless steel (SS) substrates by reactive RF magnetron sputtering deposition. The spectral characteristics, microstructure, thermal stability and solar-thermal conversion efficiency of the coating before and after a long annealing in vacuum were investigated systematically. The optical constants of the coating are measured by an Ultraviolet–visible-near-infrared (UV/Vis/NIR) spectrometer, and the chemical composition analysis, structure information and surface morphology are investigated using XRD, XPS and FESEM. An excellent absorptance (α = 0.92) and a low emittance (e = 0.11) at 82 °C are obtained by the as-prepared coatings. After annealed at 500 °C for 100 h in vacuum, there is no significant change in micromorphology and optical properties of the coating, which produces a good solar-thermal conversion efficiency. These results indicate that it can be applied as a potential coating material to a high temperature concentrated solar power (CSP) system.

The aim of the present study was to explore the roles and possible molecular mechanism of the alleviating effect of sevoflurane pre‑treatment on the extracorporeal circulation and to investigate the possible involvement of the Toll‑like receptor (TLR3) signaling pathway. A total of 64 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: The sham operation group (H group; n=8), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) group (C group; n=24) and sevoflurane pre‑conditioning group (S group; n=32). The C group was subjected to tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, vessel puncture and catheter placement in the right femoral artery and right internal jugular vein, while no CPB was performed in the H group. The S group was pre‑treated with 2.4% sevoflurane for 1 h prior to establishing the CPB model. The CPB in the C and S groups was performed for 1 h. Blood of the rats was analyzed and clinical parameters were detected prior to, during and at various time‑points after CPB. In addition, eight rats from the C and S groups each were sacrificed at these time‑points and brain tissue samples were analyzed. The levels of the brain damage‑specific protein S100‑β as well as IL‑6 and IFN‑β in the serum were detected by ELISA; furthermore, the expression levels of TLR3 and TIR‑domain‑containing adapter‑inducing interferon‑β (TRIF) in the left hippocampus were assessed by ELISA and/or western blot analysis. The right hippocampus was assessed for neuronal apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. The mean arterial pressure, heart rate and hematocrit were significantly decreased following CPB (P

The aim of this study was to describe changes in waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of abdominal obesity over a period of 10 years among Chinese adults in different socio-economic status (SES).Data derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2002 and 2010-2012. We calculated the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity by gender, place of residence, SES indicators (education, income, and marital status), and body mass index (BMI) categoriesand used pooled t-tests to assess the differences between the two time periods.26.0% of men and 25.3% of women had abdominal obesity in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted mean WC increased by 2.7 cm among men and 2.1 cm among women; the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 7.7% among men and 5.3% among women. The rising trends were observed in all subgroups except for a negative growth in high-income women. People living in rural areas with low education and income and with a BMI of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 had a greater absolute and relative increase in WC. People living in rural areas with low income had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity.The mean WC and prevalence of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults have increased during the past 10 years. Gender differences were noted using various SES indicators.

In this paper, prehydrolysis was used as the first treatment of poplar slab for producing high-grade dissolving pulp, the optimum prehydrolysis conditions of poplar were obtained as followings: liquid ratio 1:6, H2SO41.0%, the highest temperature of 160±5°C, heating time of 90min, holding time of 120min. Hydrolyzed poplar slab was cooked to determine the effects of various alkali charges on pentosans, alpha-cellulose, kappa number, and degree ofpolymerization (DP). The optimum cooking process conditions of poplar were obtained as followings: alkali dosage 24%, sulfidity 5% ,the highest temperature of 160±5°C, heating time of 60min, holding time of 120min.Cooked pulps were bleached using Op-Q-P sequence. As a consequence, the poplar slab dissolving pulp of pentosan 3.73%, alpha-cellulose 95.13%,kappa number1.58, brightness 86.4%ISO, degree of polymerization (DP) 488.84 was obtained in our laboratory.

With the Internet expanding quickly and there being a tremendous underlying market for digital content distributing, it brings a new technology that protects digital content from pirating and destroying--digital rights management (DRM),DRM not only protects content by encrypting, but also protects the content creator and owners rights and interests. The article primarily studies the multimedia courseware DRM in the distance network learning system. It firstly introduces the DRM based theory, then presents a DRM structure model and functional model, which is very important for the ulterior development.

Aluminium silicate fiber is an excellent high-temperature material which is widely used in special paper industry in recent years. Due to its property of hardly interweave into the paper and the low strength of the single inorganic fibers paper, it is difficult to make a general basis weight paper. In response to these issues, the strength of the paper was improved by adding some plant fibers. This study takes advantage of good resistance to high temperature of inorganic adhesive and bonding capacity of organic intensifier. Meanwhile two inorganic adhesives (waterglass and ludox) and one organic adhesives carboxymethy starch (CMS) were used in the process of preparing the aluminium silicate paper. The physical properties and insulation properties of the paper which prepared from the difference conditions were studied. The experiment results showed that the adhesive of waterglass and ludox can improve the properties of resistant to high temperature. The adding dosages were 10% and 7.5ml, respectively. The best ratio of alumina silicate fiber to conifier fiber is 7 to 3.The using of CMS can decrease the amount of the plant fiber and its best usage is 10%.

The stickies in pulp and paper machinery especially in the blankets will cause a lot of problems such as paper defects, increasing the time of machine shut down . Therefore, Inhibiting the Stickies of blanket is very important to regular production. In this study,we mainly studied on the inhibition of Stickies in the blanket with enzyme. The processed blanket was treated by several kinds of enzymes. The results showed that the optimum enzyme treatment conditions were obtained as followings:PH of 7, temperature of 50°C, 2×104U/g of cellulose enzyme, 2×103U/g of amylase and 104U/g of lipase. The blankets obtained better cleaning situation under this conditions.

In this paper, author presents a new computational model where both the results of emotional interactions from the intrinsic emotion and recognition and the extrinsic environmental stimulation (another agent), the two parts play an important role in everyday life. We take a kind of six basic emotion states (happiness, surprise, anger, fear, sadness, disgust), and updates its state depending on its current emotional and cognitive state and meeting with another one in random environment. At last, we also design some experiments to verify the effects of affective cognitive algorithm. Those experimental results are accordance with the emotion principle of human being.

The layer of Al-modified austenitic stainless steel was formed by laser cladding with pre-placed FeNiCrAl powder on 304SS surface. No porosity and free of cracks was observed at power density of 31.25 w·s·mm-2. The microstructure of cladded layer was observed by OM (optical microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope). Compared with 304 (the substrate), laser cladding FeNiCrAl layer exhibit excellent pitting resistance in mixed acid solution. Anodic polarization curve indicated that the corrosion potential of laser cladding layer was 70 mV higher than that of 304SS (-345.7 mV), while self-corrosion current density of 304SS was 2.4 times as high as that of laser cladding layer.

An approach for fabricating functionally graded specimens of Co-based alloy and molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) compositions via Selective Laser Cladding (SLD) is presented. The focus aimed at using the functionally graded material (FGM) concept to gradually grade powdered compositions of MoSi2 within a base material of Co-based alloy. A high power CO2 laser was used to process the material compositions to a high density with gradual but discrete changes between layered compositions. The graded specimens initially consisted of 100% Co-based alloy with subsequent layers containing increased volume compositions of MoSi2 (0-80wt.%). Specimens were examined for porosity, phase composition and microstructure. It was found that crack sensitivity of layer can be reduced by adding Co-based alloy into the pure MoSi2 powder.

The tensile test of casting ferritic stainless steel was conducted on SHIMADZU AG-10 at different temperatures of 300, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 950°C, respectively. The engineering stress-strain curves with the thermal deformation at the different temperatures, the tensile strength and elongation curves were obtained. Metallographic test samples were prepared and the morphology of deforming zone was observed by optical microscopy. The experimental results showed that the tensile strength of the test samples decreased with increasing temperature. From 300 to 500°C, the work hardening occurred and the tensile strength increased with increasing engineering strain. The softening occurred and the tensile strength decreased with increasing engineering strain at temperatures from 600 to 950°C. The strength of 430 stainless steel decreased, and the plasticity increased with the increase in temperature. The fractures were basically intergranular fractures within the range of 300~950°C. A transition occurred to the form of fracture from the ductile to the brittle, which might be related to the nitrogen atom in the 430. Grain deformation along specimen tensile direction concentrated in the necking region, where appeared banded structure in martensite. The organization at the edge of the sample was fine, while the organization at the central region was coarser.

The fuzzy adaptive integral sliding mode control is used, take advantage of sliding mode switching surface weaken the steady-state error and improve robust performance and the precision of steady-state of single maglev guiding system. the output of fuzzy adaptive controller is used to replace the output of switch control for the chattering problem of sliding mode control, and the adaptive control is introduced to estimate and adjust the fuzzy and clear gravity center value. Simulation results show that system achieves good performance with strong robustness.

For external disturbances and parameter perturbation problem of Electromagnetic guiding system, the adaptive sliding mode control method is used, take advantage of sliding mode switching surface eliminate the steady-state error and increase the precision at steady-state and robust performance of single electromagnetic guiding system. Matlab Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy shows good tracking performance and strong robustness

Olympic torches are the fantastic combination of successful design, appropriate materials and optimum processing which are the basic concept concepts in the major of Materials science and engineering. London Olympic torch was designed to be a three-sided pyramidal in shape, reflecting the features of the Olympic host country and the implication of designers. The material of Olympic torch selected aluminum alloys with a lightweight, high-strength, low thermal conductivity and environmentally friendly recycle; if low weight and high strength are key criteria for the torch, perhaps we can look forward to the incorporation of grapheme in the 2016 Olympic Games torch. The processing of Olympic torch involved laser cutting for 8000 holes and physical vapor deposition for gold-colored titanium nitride film on the surface of the aluminum plates, which embodied the best manufacturing route and the host country's technological capabilities.

According to the arrangement of atoms, the solid materials can be divided into the crystals and the non-crystals. Short for quasi-periodicity crystal, quasicrystal, also known as the "quasi crystal" or "mimetic crystal", is an intermediate between crystals and non-crystals. Three mathematical laws hidden in the quasicrystal are Penrose puzzles, Fibonacci sequence and golden section, and the uniqueness of quasicrystals is five rotational symmetry nonexistent in common crystals. A few quasicrystals (such as Al65Cu20Fe10Mn5, Al75Fe10Pd15) are stable phases, while most of the quasicrystals belong to the metastable products, both of which are formed largely by the method of rapid cooling. Quasicrystal materials have a very high hardness, low coefficient of friction and non-stick characteristic, of which the unique performance is successfully applied in the frying pans, razor blades and surgical tools.

The mechanical and physical properties of metals are closely related to engineering applications. As ecological materials, color, taste and toxicity of metals should be taken into consideration. Metals have specific colors, such as gold, silver, bronze and iron. "Metallic taste" is another taste different from the sour, sweet, bitter, saltiness and umami. Directives in European Union reveal different toxicities on the health hazards.

To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013).The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was determined against WHO's 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census (2010). The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression.The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under 5-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas.The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.

Tectonic uplift is the primary control upon the low relief yet moderately undulating plateau landscapes that make up much of the source zone of the Yellow River. Steep ravines and gullies are restricted to mountain ranges at the northern and southern margins. This contrasts starkly with the deeply dissected landscapes at the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Although the high elevation induces low mean annual temperatures, diurnal temperature ranges are high. Precipitation is sparse but concentrated, and gales are frequent. Hillslope processes such as landslides, debris flows, solifluction and soil erosion are extensively developed in the region. This chapter presents an overview of hillslope stability in the Yellow River Source Zone. First, the landscapes and topography of the Yellow River Source Zone are introduced. Landslide, debris flow, soil erosion (aeolian and rill/gully) and freeze-thaw processes are shown to be key drivers of patterns and rates of grassland degradation. Human activities and climate change are key agents of landscape change. The influence of vegetation management upon hillslope stability and in reducing geological disasters is demonstrated. Vegetation plantation and increased vegetation cover enhance the mechanical and hydrologic effects of hillslope protection, increasing soil shear strength and interception of rainfall.

In this paper, we studied the possibility of wood powder in place of mechanical pulp in paper making to get high bulkness, also the dry-bleaching method of wood powder, the strength enhancement and retention effect for wood powder during paper making were all introduced and analyzed in detail.

The residues from wheat straw pulping mainly include uncooked chips and fiber bundles. In order to achieve high quality pulp, the residues require removal from the system. It was not necessary that the residues were re-cooked because of its high contents of non-cellulosic constituent. The achievement of low density foamed buffer material with the residues of wheat straw pulping would make the second pollution problem of the residues be solved, and achieve a replacer of foamed plastic material. The paper discussed the producing techniques of foamed buffer material with the residues of wheat straw pulping. The result showed that the best foamed properties of the residues were achieved with proper dosage of natural bonding agent like wheat flour, inorganic foamed agent, crosslink agent, and proper foamed temperature. The density and compression of foamed buffer material with the residues of wheat straw pulping were achieved with 60 kg /m3 and 60 kPa respectively at the optimum foaming condition.

The paper studied the possibility of using the whole stalk kenaf as a raw material for producing high yield and good quality bleachable pulp. The stem of kenaf has two distinct parts: the bast and the core. which have markedly different chemical components and fiber morphology. In general, the length of bast fiber ranges from about 2-2.5mm, while that of the core varies from about 0.5-0.8mm, so it is important to achieve a balance of the bast fiber and the core during pulping. The study indicated that using the selected continuous cooking conditions, the properties of kenaf pulp approached to the hardwood pulp and would be easily bleached.

Objective To investigate the association between birth defects and dietary nutrient intake in a high risk area of China. Methods A dietary survey was performed and serum folic acid was measured in women whose pregnancy was affected by neural tube defects (NTDs) or unaffected by any birth defects (BDs) in Zhongyang and Jiaokou Counties in Shanxi Province of China. Results The local average consumption of foods including dark green vegetables, fruits, fat and meat, and nutrient intake ( e.g. energy, protein, retinol, riboflavin, vitamin E, and selenium) were lower than the national average level. In women of childbearing age, these regions, the intake of nutrients was much lower than the recommended nutrient intake (9%-77%). The case-control dietary nutrition study of women whose pregnancy was affected by BDs (including NTDs and congenital heart defects) demonstrated that, in early pregnancy, adequate nutrition ( i.e. eating meat, fresh vegetables, fruit more than once a week) was a protective factor, while eating germinated potatoes was a risk factor. The geometrical mean (p5-p95) of serum folic acid in women with NTD birth defects was 9.6 nmol/L (3.6, 23.03), which was significantly lower than that in normal women (14.03 nmol/L). Conclusion Women of childbearing age in the two counties of Shanxi Province, China, have a marked insufficient intake of some nutrients, especially folic acid, zinc, vitamins A and B12. This nutrient deficiency may be an important risk factor for the high prevalence of birth defects in these regions. Therefore, adequate dietary nutrition in early pregnancy can prevent BDs.