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В статье рассматривается эволюция представлений о женской чести в Древней Руси, формах бесчестия и способах защиты женской чести. Историографический анализ проблемы показывает, что в настоящее время она не получила окончательного разрешения ни в отечественной, ни в зарубежной литературе. Понятие чести имело гендерную окраску и по отношению к женщине включало в себя представление о ее целомудренности и непорочности. В языческий период сохранению девушкой целомудрия не придавали какого-либо значения. Добрачный сексуальный опыт не вызывал общественного осуждения и не становился препятствием для вступления девушки в брак. Повредить ее репутации могло пренебрежение, выраженное женихом, отказавшимся от девушки после брачного сговора. На восприятие девичьей чести большое влияние оказало христианство, с принятием которого начинается процесс формирования новых норм морали, основанных на возвеличивании целомудрия. Представления о чести замужней женщины изменений не претерпели: от нее требовалось соблюдение безусловной верности своему супругу. Самыми распространенными видами бесчестия женщины на Руси были обвинение в распутном поведении, срывание головного убора, нанесение побоев посторонним мужчиной, склонение девушек к близости, изнасилова- ние. В языческий период защита чести женщины осуществлялась ее семьей, с принятием христианства эта обязанность возлагалась на церковь и государство. В зависимости от тяжести ущерба нанесенного чести женщины виновники наказывались штрафами, битьем кнутом, ссылкой, помещением в монастырь. Степень ответственности за бесчестье женщины зависела и от социального статуса пострадавшей., The article discusses the evolution of ideas about women’s honor in Ancient Russia, the forms of dishonor and ways to protect women’s honor. Historiographic analysis of the problem shows that at present it has not received a final resolution either in domestic or foreign literature. The concept of honor had a gender coloring and, in relation to a woman, included the idea of her chastity and purity. In the pagan period, the preservation of chastity by a girl was not given any importance. Premarital sexual experience did not cause public condemnation and did not become an obstacle for a girl to enter into marriage. Damage to her reputation could be the neglect expressed by the groom, who abandoned the girl after a marriage conspiracy. The perception of maiden honor was greatly influenced by Christianity, with the adoption of which the process of forming new moral norms based on the exaltation of chastity begins. Ideas about the honor of a married woman have not changed. She was required to maintain unconditional fidelity to her husband. The most common types of dishonoring a woman in Russia were accusations of dissolute behavior, tearing off a headdress, beating by an outsider, inducing girls to intimacy, and rape. In the pagan period, the protection of the honor of a woman was carried out by her family, with the adoption of Christianity, this duty was assigned to the church and the state. Depending on the severity of the damage inflicted on the woman’s honor, the perpetrators were punished with fines, whipping, exile, and placement in a monastery. The degree of responsibility for dishonoring a woman also depended on the social status of the victim., ВЕСТНИК МОСКОВСКОГО ГОРОДСКОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. СЕРИЯ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ, Выпуск 2 (46) 2022

Pozostając w binarnej relacji z honorem, wstyd był ważnym elementem przedislamskiego arabskiego systemu oceny jednostki. W mojej pracy przeanalizowałem dwa najważniejsze pojęcia odpowiadające angielskiemu pojęciu shame – ˁayb oraz ˁār – stosując podejście kulturowo-językoznawcze. Na podstawie analizy korpusu poezji staroarabskiej oraz klasycznych słowników arabskich zaproponowałem opis schematów kulturowych kodujących wiedzę przedislamskich Arabów o wspomnianych zjawiskach. W artykule prezentuję także modele metaforyczne, metonimiczne i obrazowo-schematyczne, które odpowiadają za specyficzny kształt związanych ze wspomnianymi schematami ram językowych. Dodatkowo prezentuję w nim także hipotezę o istnieniu schematu łączącego schematy związane z honorem i wstydem-dyshonorem, który przybiera postać społecznej oceny przydatności jednostki. Hipoteza ta odpowiada danym historycznym i językowym. Persisting in a binary relationship with honor, shame was an important element of the pre-Islamic Arabic social evaluation system. In my study, I analyzed the two most important EPA concepts parallel to English shame – ˁayb and ˁār – applying the Cultural Linguistic approach. Based on the analyses on corpus of Early Arabic poetry and Classical Arabic dictionaries, I represented cultural schemata encoding the knowledge shared by pre-Islamic Arabs about those phenomena. The paper presents also metaphoric, metonymic, and image-schematic models, which account for the specifics of associated linguistic frames. Moreover, I posit a hypothesis on the existence of a schema subsuming the honor- and shame-dishonor-related schemata in form of social evaluation of usefulness, which seems to correspond to the historical and linguistic data.

This paper aimed to analyze, in the form of a case study, some (anti)democratic projections of the phrase given by the Federal Deputy Jair Bolsonaro towards the Federal Deputy Maria do Rosário: "She doesn’t deserve because she is very bad, because she is very ugly, she is not my type, I would never rape her. I'm not a rapist, but if I were, I wouldn’t rape her because she doesn’t deserve it.” This sentence gave rise to an action for compensation for moral damages and to the Criminal Investigation No. 3.932, in process in the Federal Supreme Court, subject of this brief. In this text, the study of Criminal Investigation No. 3932 is read with the lenses of the works of Disgrace, by J. M. Coetzee, and On the Democracy, by Robert Dahl. This dialogue aims not only to make a connection between the works, but also to demonstrate how male honor is a strong and present point in the matter of the differentiation of men in relatuion to women. Using the logical-deductive method, a theoretical research was carried out, with a descriptive character and bibliographical research, seeking the analysis and interpretation of the theoretical reference and the present case. No presente trabalho teve-se por objetivo analisar, em forma de estudo de caso, algumas projeções (anti)democráticas da frase desferida pelo deputado federal Jair Bolsonaro em direção à igualmente deputada federal Maria do Rosário: “Não merece porque ela é muito ruim, porque ela é muito feia, não faz meu gênero, jamais a estupraria. Eu não sou estuprador, mas, se fosse, não iria estuprar, porque não merece.” Essa frase deu ensejo a uma ação de natureza civil e ao Inquérito Penal n. 3.932, em trâmite no Supremo Tribunal Federal, objeto deste escrito. Neste texto, o estudo do Inquérito Penal n. 3.932 é lido com as lentes das obras Desonra, de J. M. Coetzee, e Sobre a Democracia, de Robert Dahl. Esse diálogo visa não somente fazer uma ligação entre as obras, mas demonstrar como a honra masculina é ponto forte e presente na questão da diferenciação do homem em relação à mulher. Empregando o método lógico-dedutivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa teórica, de cunho descritivo, com o levantamento bibliográfico e documental, buscando a análise e interpretação do referencial teórico e do caso em apreço.

Mannens heder är livet, kvinnans vanheder är döden Förövarnas legitimering av hedersmord Beian Wilén Den största rädslan i en hederskultur är risken att förlora sin heder och då även sin sociala status. För kvinnorna gäller det att bevara sin kyskhet och att följa de sociala koderna oavsett om hon blir förtryckt och kontrollerad. När en kvinna blir misstänkliggjord och rykten börjar florera tvingas mannen agera för att rena skammen, och enda lösningen är hedersmord. I denna innehållsanalys användes nio hedersrelaterade domar där 11 gärningsmän dömdes för mord. Syftet med detta var att ta reda på hur gärningsmännen legitimerar sitt brott i relation till hedersbegreppet. Resultatet påvisade fyra centrala kategorier som gärningsmännen använde för att legitimera sitt brott (1) kränkta och vanhedrade, (2) oro och psykisk instabilitet, (3) nödvärn, (4) förnekelse av heder. Framtida forskning kan leda till att utveckla metoder som kan användas i samtal med ungdomar som lever i en hederskultur för att påverka deras sätt att tänka kring heder. Keywords: honor, dishonor, culture, violence, honor killing

Rape is a recurrent motive in J. M. Coetzee’s fiction, it being present in novels such as Disgrace (1999), Diary of a bad year (2007) and Elizabeth Costello (2003). This work’s objective is to analyze each representation of rape in those novels to discuss the views on violence and disgrace presented. I also relate them to Coetzee’s own views such as his vison of what – despite his denial of censorship – might better remain unsaid. In Disgrace, David Lurie sees himself as falling into disgrace after he is charged by the student with whom he had an abrupt affair. Later, his daughter, Lucy, is brutally raped and chooses to keep it as a private affair. She ends up questioning male sexuality as a whole. In Diary of a bad year, Anya believes dishonor to fall over those who raped her, and not over her. However, Señor C disagrees, seeing dishonor as miasma. Finally, in Elizabeth Costello, the protagonist remembers an experience with evil she passed through with a man. She then defends that some things should not be read or written and discusses the risk that writers go through by exploring darker areas of human experience, a view which echoes Coetzee’s own. *O estupro na ficção de J. M. Coetzee: Desonra, Diário de um ano ruim e Elizabeth Costello*O estupro é um tema recorrente na ficção de J. M. Coetzee, estando presente em romances como Desonra (1999), Diário de um ano ruim (2007) e Elizabeth Costello (2004). O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar cada representação de estupro desses romances para discutir as visões de violência e de desgraça apresentadas, relacionando-as às visões do próprio Coetzee, como a do quê – apesar de ele negar a censura – talvez seja melhor não ser dito. Em Desonra, David Lurie se vê caindo em desgraça após ser acusado pela aluna com quem teve um caso abrupto. Mais tarde, sua filha, Lucy, é brutalmente estuprada e prefere manter o incidente como privado. Ela acaba questionando a sexualidade masculina como um todo. Em Diário de um ano ruim, Anya acredita que a desonra recai sobre aqueles que a estupraram, e não sobre ela. Entretanto, Señor C discorda, vendo a desonra como miasma. Finalmente, em Elizabeth Costello, a protagonista relembra uma experiência com o mal pela qual passou com um homem. Ela então defende que algumas coisas não deveriam ser lidas ou escritas e discute o risco pelo qual escritores passam ao explorar áreas mais sombrias da experiência humana, visão que ecoa a de Coetzee.

Este artigo elabora uma cartografia analítica do programa de pesquisa perseguido ao longo dos três livros do autor: Urban outcasts (2008), Punishing the poor (2009) e Deadly symbiosis: race and the rise of the penal State (no prelo). Nessa trilogia, são desfeitos os nexos triangulares entre fragmentação de classe, divisão étnica e remodelagem do Estado na cidade polarizada, na virada do século, para explicar a produção política, a distribuição socioespacial e a gestão punitiva da marginalidade mediante o acoplamento de políticas sociais disciplinares e de justiça criminal neutralizante. Indico como utilizei noções-chave de Pierre Bourdieu (espaço social, campo burocrático, poder simbólico) para clarificar categorias que permaneceram fluidas (como a de gueto) e forjar novos conceitos (estigmatização territorial e marginalidade avançada, contenção punitiva e paternalismo liberal, hiperencarceramento e sociodiceia negativa) como ferramentas para uma sociologia comparada da gênese inconclusa do precariado pós-industrial, da regulação penal da pobreza na era da insegurança social difusa e da construção do Leviatã neoliberal. This article draws an analytic map of the research programme pursued across my three books Urban Outcasts (2008), Punishing the Poor (2009), and Deadly Symbiosis: Race and the Rise of the Penal State (in press). In this trilogy, I disentangle the triangular nexus of class fragmentation, ethnic division, and state-crafting in the polarizing city at century's turn to explain the political production, sociospatial distribution, and punitive management of marginality through the wedding of disciplinary social policy and neutralizing criminal justice. I signpost how I deployed key notions from Pierre Bourdieu (social space, bureaucratic field, symbolic power) to clarify categories left hazy (such as the ghetto) and to forge new concepts (territorial stigmatization and advanced marginality, punitive containment and liberal paternalism, hyperincarceration and negative sociodicy) as tools for the comparative sociology of the unfinished genesis of the post-industrial precariat, the penal regulation of poverty in the age of diffusing social insecurity, and the building of the neo-liberal Leviathan.

CONTENIDO Artículos Iraida Vargas Hacia una teoría feminista en arqueología Luis Alberto Ramírez Méndez Amor honor y desamor en Mérida colonial Leslie Arvelo Arregui Maternidad, paternidad y género Harumí Grössl Retrato de un delito invisible. Un acercamiento a la mujer como víctima de la violencia de género. Entrevista a Irvin Waller Documentos de Interés luisramirez81@yahoo.com semestral Nivel analítico