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En: Doxa Comunicación: revista interdisciplinar de estudios de comunicación y ciencias sociales. e-ISSN 2386-3978 n. 31, 2020, pp 381-401. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de la presencia y funciones de los marcadores discursivos del español en Facebook, Twitter y YouTube. Los objetivos de esta investigación son identificar los principales usos de estas partículas en las redes sociales y determinar en qué medida relacionan el discurso en estas plataformas con la modalidad oral coloquial de la lengua. El análisis de un corpus de tuits y comentarios confirma que los más utilizados por los usuarios son los conectores contraargumentativo pero y aditivos además, encima e incluso, el comentador pues y los conversacionales claro, hombre, bueno y vamos con función interactiva reactiva. Estos marcadores suelen emplearse para argumentar la propia opinión y negociar la interacción en espacios en los que predomina la polémica. This paper presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the incidence and the functions of Spanish discourse markers in Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. The aims of this study are to identify the main uses of these particles on social network sites and outline the possible connection between the use of these markers and the informal oral register of Spanish in tweets and comments on these platforms. The analysis of a corpus of messages confirms that the most frequently used are the counter-argumentative connectors like pero (but), the additives además (what’s more), encima (moreover) and incluso (even), the commentator pues (well / so), and the interactional claro (of course), hombre (man), bueno (well), vamos (come on) and ¿eh? (eh?) Such markers are mainly employed in order to provide valid arguments and negotiate interaction within spaces where conflict predominates.

O artigo defende a complementaridade de dois pressupostos teóricos funcionalistas para o estudo da mudança linguística que deriva na formação de marcadores discursivos de base verbal ver no português, como em vejamos e veja lá. Assumimos que gramaticalização (GIVÓN, 1979; HOPPER, 1991) e construcionalização gramatical (TRAUGOTT e TROUSDALE, 2013; HILPERT, 2014) podem ser compatibilizados para a descrição e a análise desses constituintes, como proposto em Traugott (2021), a partir dos contextos de uso desses constituintes (DIEWALD e SMIRNOVA, 2021). The article defends the complementarity of two functionalist theoretical assumptions for the study of linguistic change that derives from the formation of verbally based discourse markers ver (see) in Portuguese, as in vejamos and veja lá. We assume that grammaticalization (GIVÓN, 1979; HOPPER, 1991) and grammatical constructionalization (TRAUGOTT and TROUSDALE, 2013; HILPERT, 2014) can be made compatible for the description and analysis of these constituents, as proposed in Traugott (2021), from the contexts of use of these elements (DIEWALD and SMIRNOVA, 2012).

In this work, a study was conducted on the verb to be from the perspective of functional linguistics, in order to demonstrate its classification in the narratives of personal experience, taking into account its discursive function. We studied its trajectory as a linking verb in different grammars: historical, traditional, and functional. In this aspect, we analyze the verb to be in its conjugated form, and within the narratives of personal experience, we count its occurrences and classify it into linking verbs and discursive markers. In this sense, we direct our study to the functioning of this lexical item, in order to investigate its use in orality, since it is more spontaneous, natural, and consequently, less monitored. We used the assumptions of Classical Functional Linguistics, specially Furtado da Cunha and Tavares, 2018; Givón, (1984); Oliveira and Votre, (2009). From this moment forward, we analyze the phenomena that constitute the object of a functional study, the verb to be, in its conjugated form, among which the occurrences of use in the narratives of personal experience are analyzed in more detail, we explain the procedures used. We collected occurrences that could evidence, in a systematic way, the use of the verb to be as a grammatical item, taking into account its discursive function. More broadly, we present the most recurrent function in the use of the verb to be in the narratives of personal experience. In the specific objectives, we analyzed whether these occurrences/use of the verb to be, as a discursive marker, exert the function of a functional item. We researched the trajectory around grammar in order to understand the various definitions presented for the item studied within different aspects from etymology to understanding the status of linking verb and as a main factor we directed the analysis to the view of functional linguistics. We established a journey through the theoretical foundation of functionalism and an explanation of some themes of this theory that were used more closely in our analyses, such as “prototypicality”, “grammaticalization”, “functional cycle” and “unidirectionality”. The results presented in this item were obtained from excerpts from narratives of personal experience extracted from Corpus Discurso&Gramática: the spoken and written language in the city of Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998), aiming to analyze the recurrences of the linking verb ser/ it is under the approach of functional linguistics. This research is classified as quali-quantitative, as it is quantifiable, and brings information for analysis using resources and techniques for such an approach. That said, we also emphasize the presence of the quantitative approach, which is justified by the use of data extracted from the Corpus Discurso&Gramática that were studied in an environment without any manipulation by the researcher. To summarize, we conclude that the analyzes obtained through the functionalist study on the verb to be in the narratives of personal experience are dissonant from the constructions foreseen in the normative and historical grammars, we affirm that the lexical item studied, within the analyzed oral narratives, presents a new categorization grammatical: a discursive marker. Nenhuma Neste trabalho, é feito um estudo sobre o verbo ser sob a ótica da linguística funcional, a fim de demostrar sua classificação nas narrativas de experiência pessoal, levando em consideração sua função discursiva. Estudamos sua trajetória enquanto verbo de ligação nas diferentes gramáticas: histórica, tradicional e funcional. Nesta vertente, analisamos o verbo ser na sua forma conjugada é dentro das narrativas de experiência pessoal, contamos suas ocorrências e classificamos em verbos de ligação e em marcadores discursivos. Nesse sentido, direcionamos nosso estudo para o funcionamento desse item lexical, de modo a investigar seu uso na oralidade, uma vez que ela é mais espontânea, natural, consequentemente, menos monitorada. Utilizamos os pressupostos da Linguística Funcional Clássica, notadamente, Furtado da Cunha e Tavares, 2018; Givón, (1984); Oliveira e Votre, (2009). A partir desse ponto, analisamos os fenômenos que constituem o objeto de um estudo funcional, o verbo ser, na sua forma conjugada é, dentre os quais são analisados mais minuciosamente as ocorrências de uso nas narrativas de experiência pessoal, explanando os procedimentos utilizados. Coletamos ocorrências que pudessem evidenciar, de forma sistematizada, o uso do verbo ser/ é como item gramatical, levando em consideração sua função discursiva. De forma mais ampla, apresentamos a função mais recorrente no uso do verbo ser nas narrativas de experiência pessoal. Nos objetivos específicos, analisamos se essas ocorrências/uso do verbo ser, como marcador discursivo, exercem a função de item funcional. Pesquisamos a trajetória em torno das gramáticas objetivando compreender as várias definições apresentadas para o item estudado dentro de diferentes vertentes desde a etimologia até a compreensão do status de verbo de ligação e, como fator principal, direcionamos as análises para a visão da linguística funcional. Fizemos um percurso passando pela fundamentação teórica do funcionalismo e uma explanação sobre alguns temas dessa teoria que foram utilizados mais de perto em nossas análises, como “prototipicidade”, “gramaticalização”, “ciclo funcional” e “unidirecionalidade”. Os resultados apresentados neste item foram obtidos a partir de trechos de narrativas de experiência pessoal extraídos do Corpus Discurso & Gramática: a língua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998), objetivando analisar as recorrências do verbo de ligação ser/é sob a abordagem da linguística funcional. Esta pesquisa se classifica como quali-quantitativa, pois é quantificável, e traz para análise informações com uso de recursos e técnicas para tal abordagem. Dito isto, ressaltamos também a presença da abordagem quantitativa, que se justifica pela utilização dos dados extraídos do Corpus Discurso & Gramática que foram estudados em um ambiente sem qualquer manipulação do pesquisador. Por fim, concluímos que as análises obtidas por meio do estudo funcionalista sobre o verbo ser nas narrativas de experiência pessoal são dissonantes das construções previstas nas gramáticas normativas e históricas, o que nos possibilita afirmar que o item lexical estudado, dentro das narrativas orais analisadas, apresenta uma nova categorização gramatical: a de marcador discursivo.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the ‘discursive space’ concept, in general, and its realization in Spanish popular science sphere of IT, in particular, as an indispensable element of substantial linguistic investigation. The paper gives rationale behind the investigation by justifying the fact that discursive space needs to be analyzed from three interrelated perspectives, namely: its structural composition, topical and linguistic content, and functional diapason of its discursive markers. Proving that Spanish popular science IT-discourse belongs to one of the most productive areas for multiplex linguistic research, the main focus of the article is on the analysis of discursive space formation. The main purpose of the article consists in the integrated analysis of contemporary Spanish popular science IT-discourse in order to single out the dominant features of this discursive space in terms of its textual and spatial architectonics, topical and linguistic content, as well as the functionality of those elements. In order to meet the objectives of the research, the author resorts to continuous sampling method with corpus data collection, functional analysis, discourse analysis, and statistical data analysis. The obtained results let us conclude that Spanish popular science IT-discourse has the following range of discursive markers which shape the perlocutionary effect of its discursive space: terminological units, colloquialisms, set phrases, discursive formulas (conversational gambits), inversions, intensifiers, slang, idioms. The analysis of each given discursive marker allows us to state their pragmatic-communicative charge and reveals the whole functional spectrum, taking into account the functional diapason of both architectonic and discursive elements. It is also shown that all the discursive markers tend to collaborate with one another, leading to a strong functional synergistic effect, when the combined usage of several discursive markers provides the pragmatic charge of a much greater magnitude rather than a simple sum of pragmatic charges produced by each of the markers separately.

The article discusses the linear cohesion regularities of the blogger’s initiating message and the respondent’s subsequent reaction, which in the process of forming the integral text replace each other based upon the relay principle. Special attention is paid to the cohesive frames, which are treated as the relay structures, revealing the stable correlation of the corresponding slots in the stimulus and reaction. In the blogger’s and respondent’s messages, slots that implement the cohesive frame take a certain functional position, are represented by a finite list of specific discourse markers. Supporting the unison with the blogger, the respondent adapts to his/her dialogical settings, to stimulate a higher number of respondents to the unveiling of the new aspects of the information.

Рассматривается понятие «стратегическая речевая компетенция» в составе коммуникативной компетентности, ее структура, представленная содержательным и прагматичным компонентами. Содержательный компонент отражает специфику корейского языка, а именно знание культурных традиций, знание социальных ситуаций и социальные функции общения, невербальные особенности устно-речевого общения на корейском языке. Прагматичный компонент представлен комплексом компенсаторных, перцептивных и дискурсивных умений. Особое внимание уделяется определению дискурсивного умения, дискурсивного маркера. Выделяются дискурсивные маркеры на корейском языке. Предлагаются методические приемы, направленные на формирование стратегической речевой компетенции и обучение устно-речевого общения на корейском языке.

El marcador discursivo pues, uno de los marcado-res con alta frecuencia de uso tanto en la comunicación escrita como oral, resulta ser poco definido, insuficientemente tratado y de difícil adquisición para los aprendices de español como lengua extranjera (Uribe Mallarino, 2006: 9). El presente trabajo versa sobre su combinatoria en el vasto ámbito de pragmalingüística hispánica y los equivalentes traductológicos respectivos en la lengua croata, tanto desde el punto de vista de la lingüística contrastiva, como desde la perspectiva de la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera, con el fin de ofrecer un número considerable de correspondencias croatas partiendo de una investigación basada en los corpus lingüísticos. The discursive marker pues, one of the markers with the highest frequency of use in both written and oral communication, it proves to be poorly defined and treated, just as its acquisition for learners of Spanish as a foreign language represents a big obstacle (Uribe Mallarino, 2006: 9). This paper deals with respective combinations in the vast field of Hispanic Pragmalingusitics, as well as with the translational equivalents in the Croatian language within the field of contrastive linguistics, and from the point of view of the acquisition of Spanish as foreign language, in order to offer a considerable number of Croatian correspondences based on a research within cor-pus linguistics. Le marquer discursif pues, l'un des marqueurs à haute fréquence d'utilisation, tant dans la communication écrite que dans l’orale, s'avère mal défini, insuffisamment traité et d’une acquisition difficile pour les apprenants de l'espagnol comme langue étrangère (Uribe Mallarino 2006 : 9). Le présent travail traite le thème de sa combinatoire dans le vaste domaine de la pragmalinguistique hispanique et les équivalents traductologiques respectifs en croate dans le domaine de la linguistique contrastive, ainsi que du point de vue de l’acquisition de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère, afin d'offrir un nombre considérable de correspondances croates sur la base d'une investigation des corpus linguistiques

A través de este estudio intentaremos mostrar que existen determinados operadores, más concretamente modales, que pueden funcionar y comportarse en el discurso de una manera no descrita en anteriores trabajos. Más concretamente nos referimos a que estas partículas que suelen moverse dentro de un territorio extra-oracional pueden, en ocasiones, ocupar el hueco sintáctico de una oración, y, dejando a un lado su función marginal, aparecer relacionadas con otra construcción oracional a través de una conjunción coordinada (y/pero). De esta manera, entre el operador y la construcción se llega a establecer cierta equivalencia funcional. Por otro lado, algunas de estas construcciones terminan gramaticalizándose mediante el uso, dando lugar a nuevos operadores que poseen matices discursivos más complejos. In this article we will try to demonstrate that some discursive markers, specifically modal markers, can work in a particular way never described in previous studies. Specifically, we are talking about some words, which usually work beyond the sentence, can be employed as sentence sometimes, and, omitting its marginal function, can also appear coordinated with a sentence through an adversative or copulative conjunction. So, some functional equivalence is created between marker and sentence. On the other hand, some linguistics constructions grammatize because of use, creating new markers which have more complex discursive touches.

For this research work, a corpus of semi-guided interviews was created from the questionnaire proposed by the Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish in Spain and America (PRESEEA). The informants are young people between the ages of 18 and 34 who have completed high school, have grown up in the Monseñor Lezcano neighbourhood, one of the oldest in the municipality of Managua, and currently live in the same locality. From the transcripts of the recordings, the conversational markers of the oral discourse of the young people were identified with the help of Word Smith software, in order to classify them according to the proposal of Martín and Portolés (1999) in markers of epistemic modality, markers of deontic modality, focusers of otherness and conversational metadiscursives. Finally, the pragmatic functions of these discursive units were described., Para este trabajo investigativo, se creó un corpus con entrevistas semidirigidas a partir del cuestionario propuesto por el Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América (PRESEEA). Los informantes son jóvenes de 18 a 34 años que han completado su bachillerato, han crecido en el barrio Monseñor Lezcano, uno de los más antiguos del municipio de Managua, y actualmente residen en la misma localidad. A partir de las transcripciones de las grabaciones, se identificó con ayuda del software Word Smith cuáles eran los marcadores conversacionales del discurso oral de los jóvenes, para clasificarlos de acuerdo con la propuesta de Martín y Portolés (1999) en marcadores de modalidad epistémica, marcadores de modalidad deóntica, enfocadores de la alteridad y metadiscursivos conversacionales. Finalmente, se describió las funciones pragmáticas de estas unidades discursivas.

El marcador discursivo pues, uno de los marcado-res con alta frecuencia de uso tanto en la comunicación escrita como oral, resulta ser poco definido, insuficientemente tratado y de difícil adquisición para los aprendices de español como lengua extranjera (Uribe Mallarino, 2006: 9). El presente trabajo versa sobre su combinatoria en el vasto ámbito de pragmalingüística hispánica y los equivalentes traductológicos respectivos en la lengua croata, tanto desde el punto de vista de la lingüística contrastiva, como desde la perspectiva de la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera, con el fin de ofrecer un número considerable de correspondencias croatas partiendo de una investigación basada en los corpus lingüísticos., The discursive marker pues, one of the markers with the highest frequency of use in both written and oral communication, it proves to be poorly defined and treated, just as its acquisition for learners of Spanish as a foreign language represents a big obstacle (Uribe Mallarino, 2006: 9). This paper deals with respective combinations in the vast field of Hispanic Pragmalingusitics, as well as with the translational equivalents in the Croatian language within the field of contrastive linguistics, and from the point of view of the acquisition of Spanish as foreign language, in order to offer a considerable number of Croatian correspondences based on a research within cor-pus linguistics., Le marquer discursif pues, l'un des marqueurs à haute fréquence d'utilisation, tant dans la communication écrite que dans l’orale, s'avère mal défini, insuffisamment traité et d’une acquisition difficile pour les apprenants de l'espagnol comme langue étrangère (Uribe Mallarino 2006 : 9). Le présent travail traite le thème de sa combinatoire dans le vaste domaine de la pragmalinguistique hispanique et les équivalents traductologiques respectifs en croate dans le domaine de la linguistique contrastive, ainsi que du point de vue de l’acquisition de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère, afin d'offrir un nombre considérable de correspondances croates sur la base d'une investigation des corpus linguistiques

This paper investigates the uses of the Picard word toudis ‘always/still’, for the part of France where it is resorted to, and compares them with the uses of its French counterpart toujours. It shows that toudis has the same semantic range as toujours as a temporal adverb, and to a large extent as a discursive marker. However, both as an adverbial and as a pragmatic marker, toudis has some particular features. As an adverbial, it can combine with the adverb cor ‘still/again’ and yield an original value of habitual iteration ; as a discursive marker, either inside the clause or in a fronted position followed by que ‘that’, it can mark a return to the main theme. Some other specific features may stem from more general properties of Picard, such as toudis’s behavior under negation, the left-detachement of the expression toudis est-i, or its use without subject inversion, ch’est toudis que., Este artículo explora los usos de la palabra picarda toudis ‘siempre’, para la parte del territorio francés donde se utiliza, en comparación con el uso de su homólogo francés toujours. Muestra que toudis comparte todos los matices semánticos de toujours como adverbio de tiempo, así como tres de sus sentidos como marcador de discurso. Sin embargo, como gramema y como pragmatema, toudis tiene especificidades. Como adverbio de tiempo, su combinación con el adverbio cor ‘todavía/de nuevo’ manifiesta un sentido original, la iteración habitual como marcador de discurso, se utiliza como marcador de vuelta al tema, tanto cuando se integra sintácticamente en la oración como cuando encabeza la frase, seguido de que. Otras características, más marginales, podrían resultar del funcionamiento general del picardo, como su comportamiento en la negación, el uso de la frase toudis est-i en la periferia izquierda, o su uso sin inversión del sujeto, ch’est toudis que., Cet article explore les emplois du mot toudis en picard, pour la partie du territoire français où il est utilisé, en comparaison avec les usages de toujours en français. Il montre que toudis partage toutes les nuances sémantiques de toujours comme adverbe de temps, ainsi que trois de ses emplois comme marqueur discursif. Néanmoins, comme grammème et comme pragmatème, toudis présente des spécificités. Comme adverbe de temps, sa combinaison avec l’adverbe cor donne lieu à un effet de sens original, d’itération habituelle ; comme marqueur discursif, il est utilisé comme marqueur de relance thématique, aussi bien quand il est syntaxiquement intégré à la proposition qu’en tête de phrase suivi de que. D’autres particularités, plus secondaires, pourraient découler du fonctionnement général du picard, comme le comportement de toudis sous la négation, et l’emploi de la locution toudis est-i détachée en tête de phrase ou sans inversion du sujet, ch’est toudis que.

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