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Analogical reasoning is considered to be a critical cognitive skill in programming. However, it has been rarely studied in a block-based programming context, especially involving both virtual and physical objects. In this multi-case study, we examined how novice programming learners majoring in early childhood education used analogical reasoning while debugging block code to make a robot perform properly. Screen recordings, scaffolding entries, reflections, and block code were analyzed. The cross-case analysis suggested multimodal objects enabled the novice programming learners to identify and use structural relations. The use of a robot eased the verification process by enabling them to test their analogies immediately after the analogy application. Noticing similar functional analogies led to noticing similarities in the relation between block code as well as between block code and the robot, guiding to locate bugs. Implications and directions for future educational computing research are discussed.

Tinkering is often viewed as arbitrary practice that should be avoided. However, tinkering can be performed as part of a sound reasoning process. In this ethnomethodological study, we investigated tinkering as a reasoning process that construes logical inferences. This is a new asset-based approach that can be applied in computer science education. We analyzed artifact-based interviews, video observations, reflections, and scaffolding entries from three pairs of early childhood teacher candidates to document how they engaged in reasoning while tinkering. Abductive reasoning observed during tinkering is discussed in detail.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between routine/non-routine problem-solving achievements and self-regulation skills of seventh-grade students who are educated in Turkey. For this purpose, in the 2016-2017 academic year, 133 seventh-grade students who were randomly selected in Denizli and Bursa provinces were studied. In the scope of the study, students were asked to answer routine/non-routine problem-solving tests, prepared by the researchers and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). When the data obtained from the analysis were examined, it was explained that the seventh-grade students attending the study need to develop their routine problem-solving skills and focus more on non-routine problem-solving skill development. Also, it was concluded that there are low-level and positive relationships between students' routine problem-solving and self-regulation skills, and non-routine problem-solving and self-regulation skills.

This study aimed to analyze the abstraction process of twelve-grade students' continuity knowledge through the RBC+C abstraction model. With this aim, a semi-constructed interview was conducted with two twelfth-grade students and recorded with a video camera. Two different research problems were addressed in the interview, and the students were asked to think about these problems loudly by discussing each other. As a result, it was understood that these students found difficult to build-with some prior knowledge that is required for abstracting continuity knowledge even though they recognized them. Nevertheless, it was observed that the students constructed continuity knowledge to some extent.

Background: Formal reflection assignments help students process and learn from engagement experiences more fully. Guided reflection can help students engage more deeply with out-of-the-classroom learning experiences and record personal learning. However, it is unknown if students perceive such assignments as valuable. Purpose: This study examined undergraduate students' attitudes toward journaling assignments during a one-week study-away experience within an academic course. Methodology/Approach: The engagement experience comprised firsthand learning about sustainability and energy practices and related policies in Colorado. Qualitative data were collected from nine participants via pre- and post-travel surveys. Thematic analysis was used. Findings/Conclusions: Four themes emerged: prompts helped to elicit quality reflections; journaling enabled integration of learning, emotions, and plans; journaling served as a retrospective resource and reinforces learning; and students felt constrained by the time commitment and public nature of journaling assignments. Implications: Findings suggest that journaling can help reinforce learning and help students monitor their learning, feelings, and plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored online assessment and highlighted significant assessment strategies, such as capstone projects, quizzes, and self-assessments. Inquiry-based assessment, transformative assessment, and scaffolding with self-assessment resources formed the framework. Our goal was to determine the effects of certain self-assessment parameters on student achievement in online learning, including the frequency of answering online self-assessment questions, the points earned for correct answers, and the time spent answering questions. Data from undergraduate geoscience courses were analyzed using a hierarchical linear model, and the results showed that frequently answering online self-assessment questions is a strong predictor of higher final grades, capstone project success, and quiz results. The frequency of answering online self-assessment questions was a more significant factor than the amount of time spent on these questions and the total points earned. Educators are encouraged to redesign their courses to include self-assessment resources that promote frequent student engagement instead of just one-time interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research study, it was aimed to examine failures and inabilities of eleventh grade students about quadratic equations and functions. For this purpose, these students were asked ten open-ended questions. The analysis of the answers given by the students to these questions indicated that a significant part of these students had failures and inabilities about quadratic equations and functions. The students were often unable to decide what to do in relation to the mathematical operations and made some arithmetical mistakes.