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Na licenciatura, enquanto modalidade do ensino superior com foco na atuação docente, o estudante deve adquirir conhecimentos que são imprescindíveis para a sua formação. Dentre esses, encontra-se a Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABP) e o Ensino por Investigação. Este estudo objetivou analisar o conhecimento de estudantes de licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas de uma universidade pública brasileira, acerca do tema ABP e Ensino por Investigação no ensino de ciências para o ensino fundamental. De abordagem quali-quantitativa, este estudo caracteriza-se como pesquisa de opinião, tendo como público estudantes da universidade foco do estudo. Constatamos que a maioria dos estudantes possui conhecimento sobre a importância de se trabalhar com ABP e Ensino por Investigação nas escolas da educação básica e instituições de ensino superior. Contudo, entendem que precisam conhecer e aprender mais acerca das temáticas, principalmente no que se refere à abordagem sobre assuntos relacionados às Ciências Biológicas.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar as percepções de estudantes de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas de uma universidade pública brasileira a respeito da disciplina Didática para o Ensino da Biologia, desenvolvida no formato remoto, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. De abordagem quali-quantitativa, este estudo se caracteriza como pesquisa de opinião. Os participantes são 10 estudantes e os dados foram gerados a partir de questionários aplicados a eles via Google Forms no ano de 2021, por meio de uma atividade avaliativa desenvolvida nessa mesma disciplina curricular. Dentre alguns resultados, os estudantes mencionaram a diminuição da qualidade da disciplina ministrada de forma remota; a sobrecarga e a difícil concentração nesse período.

Este estudo objetivou relatar a opinião de estudantes de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas de uma universidade pública brasileira acerca do ensino-aprendizagem de Embriologia no Ensino Médio e no Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE) em decorrência da pandemia da COVID-19. A partir dos relatos dos estudantes, constatou-se que o ensino-aprendizagem dos estudantes, tanto no Ensino Médio quanto no ERE, apresentou algumas problemáticas, como a falta de infraestrutura, tempo de aula, recursos didáticos adotados e ausência de aulas práticas. Dessa forma, recomenda-se que os professores adotem novas metodologias e usem recursos didáticos alternativos para o ensino de Embriologia, o que facilitará o ensino-aprendizagem dessa área do conhecimento, tanto no Ensino Médio quanto no Ensino Superior. This study aimed to report the opinion of Biological Sciences Licentiate students from a Brazilian public university about the teaching-learning of Embryology in High School and Emergency Remote Teaching (ERE) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. From the students' reports, it was found that the teaching and learning of students, both in High School and in the ERE, presented some problems, such as lack of infrastructure, class time, didactic resources adopted, and absence of practical classes. Thus, it is recommended that teachers adopt new methodologies and use alternative teaching resources, which will facilitate the teaching-learning of this area of knowledge, both in High School and at the Graduation level. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo informar la opinión de estudiantes de Licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas de una universidad pública brasileña sobre la enseñanza- y el aprendizaje de Embriología en la educación secundaria y a distancia de emergencia (ERE) como resultado de la pandemia de COVID-19. A partir de los relatos de los alumnos, se constató que la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los alumnos, tanto de Bachillerato como de la ERE, presentaban algunos problemas, como falta de infraestructura, tiempo de clase, recursos didácticos adoptados y ausencia de clases prácticas. Así, se recomienda que los docentes adopten nuevas metodologías y utilicen recursos didácticos alternativos para la enseñanza de la Embriología, que facilitarán la enseñanza- y el aprendizaje de esta área del conocimiento, tanto en la Educación Secundaria como en la Educación Superior.

Este estudo objetivou compreender o perfil e a percepção ambiental dos professores, atendentes e gestores escolares das unidades de ensino básico, níveis Educação Infantil e Fundamental, de Luiz Alves/SC, nos anos de 2008 e 2018. Para a coleta dos dados, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas objetivas, com justificativa de respostas em algumas das perguntas. Participaram da pesquisa 56 professores, atendentes e gestores em 2008 e 43 em 2018. Em sua maioria, os professores, atendentes e gestores têm conhecimento do conceito de educação ambiental. A maior parte relatou que aborda o tema em sala de aula, apesar de terem mencionado que materiais didáticos específicos e mesmo palestras poderiam ajudá-los a abordar melhor o tema em suas aulas. Embora tenha sido detectada pouca inclusão de atividades ambientais fora dos espaços escolares, observou-se um aumento nas construções de hortas escolares, grande aliada na abordagem de temas ambientais nas escolas. Percebeu-se uma lacuna entre a teoria e a prática no que tange às mitigações dos problemas ambientais apontados para o município de Luiz Alves. Formações complementares em educação ambiental de maneira integrada, contínua e a longo prazo tornam-se necessárias nas unidades de ensino do município.

Due to the pandemic of COVID-19 and the need for social isolation, following World Health Organization guidelines, teaching activities began to be offered remotely in educational institutions. This study aimed to report the opinion of Biological Sciences undergraduate students from a public Brazilian university about the discipline Pedagogical Practice, developed in the remote format, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a qualitative-quantitative study, of the opinion poll type, with 17 students as public. The students' opinion was collected through an evaluative activity applied at the end of the course Pedagogical Practice online through Google Forms in the year 2021. Among some results, the students mentioned the decrease in the quality of the subject taught remotely, problems and difficulties in accessing the internet, with slow or unstable connections; the absence of face-to-face practical classes that makes it impossible to contact and socialize with teachers and classmates, and the overload and difficult concentration during this period.

Estudos diversos tem mostrado a importância das percepcoes dos professores que ministram as disciplinas de ciencias e biologia e da avaliacao do material didatico utilizado em sala de aula. Neste contexto, apresentamos e discutimos as informacoes referentes as percepcoes de doze professores das redes estadual, municipal e particular de tres municipios do Estado do Tocantins e dois municipios do Estado do Amazonas com foco nas areas de genetica, biologia molecular e biotecnologia e a analise dos livros didaticos de ciencias e biologia contendo esses temas e usados em sala de aula. Aplicou-se um questionario semiestruturado com dezenove perguntas. Com esse questionario buscou-se caracterizar o perfil dos docentes por meio de questoes sobre sua formacao academica e complementar; dados da escola onde o docente trabalha; perfil do conhecimento nas areas da genetica, biologia molecular e biotecnologia e a analise do livro didatico de ciencias e biologia. As respostas dadas as questoes fechadas foram categorizadas em porcentagens e as questoes abertas pela tecnica de analise de conteudo. Dentre as fontes de informacoes mais utilizadas houve destaque significativo para o livro didatico e pela internet. Os professores sentem-se aptos a lecionar o conteudo de genetica e areas afins e de acordo com os mesmos, o conhecimento que se tem e adequado, porem falta tempo para trabalhar o conteudo basico de genetica juntamente com temas de biologia molecular e biotecnologia

O artigo teve como objetivo averiguar o conhecimento prévio sobre o tema solos com estudantes do 3º período dos cursos de Engenharia Agronômica de duas universidades do Tocantins. A atividade foi realizada em sala de aula no primeiro dia das disciplinas de solos, durante os anos de 2016 a 2019. As respostas foram categorizadas por similaridades de tema/assunto e analisadas com o uso da estatística descritiva e de conteúdo. De forma geral, as conceituações de solos dadas pelos estudantes corroboram conceitos chaves da área, mesmo que de forma simplificada. Para esses estudantes, o solo é importante e pode ser utilizado para diversas atividades como, por exemplo, produção alimentar. Contudo, constatamos que esses estudantes, em sua maioria, desconhecem o solo, simplificando sua composição e o representam de forma superficial, o que reforça a necessidade de uma maior educação em solos, visto que o solo é um componente essencial do meio ambiente.

This study aimed to analyze the profile of the students entering the Agronomic Engineering course, in 2019, of a public university in the state of Tocantins, as well as their motivations for choosing, in particular, that university, considering the range of other institutions possibilities, as well as their perspectives in relation to the course during and after graduated. The research was exploratory and descriptive, of a qualitative and quantitative nature and the data collection was made through a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions, these being, with multiple choice option. The answers to closed questions, were analyzed based on descriptive statistics, through percentages, and the justifications for the answers to open questions through content analysis. The students entering in 2019 in the Agricultural Engineering course at the researched University were between 17 and 24 years old, with a predominance of male students, the majority of whom were from the state of Tocantins. It was not found in the study the influence of the parents' profession for the choice of the course, since most of the parents of these students work in varied activities and not linked to the agricultural / rural environment, however the choice of Agronomic Engineering by half of the students interviewed was a matter of affinity, and they are satisfied with the beginning of the course. In addition, most students mentioned that after graduating, they intend to work as Agricultural Engineers in state, with the expectation that the course will prepare them for the job market. Este estudio tuvo objetivo analizar el perfil de los estudiantes que ingresaron al curso de Ingeniería Agronómica de una universidad pública en el estado de Tocantins, en 2019, así como sus motivaciones para elegir en particular dicha universidad considerando la gama de otras posibilidades de instituciones, y sus perspectivas en relación al curso durante y después de la graduación. La investigación fue exploratoria y descriptiva, de naturaleza cualitativa y cuantitativa, y la recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario semiestructurado con preguntas abiertas y cerradas, siendo las últimas de opción múltiple. Las respuestas a las preguntas cerradas, se analizaron con estadística descriptiva, usando porcentajes, y las justificaciones de las respuestas a las preguntas abiertas mediante el análisis de contenido. Los estudiantes que ingresaron el año 2019 en el curso de Ingeniería Agrícola en la Universidad investigada tuvieron entre 17 y 24 años, con predominio de estudiantes varones, la mayoría de los cuales eran del estado de Tocantins. En este estudio no se encontró que existiera alguna influencia de la profesión de los padres en la elección del curso por parte de los estudiantes, puesto que la mayoría de los padres ejercen actividades variadas, que no están vinculadas al entorno agrícola y/o rural. No obstante, hallamos que la elección de Ingeniería Agronómica por la mitad de los estudiantes entrevistados era una cuestión de afinidad, y que estaban satisfechos con el comienzo del curso. Además, encontramos que la mayoría de los estudiantes mencionaron que después de graduarse, tienen la intención de trabajar como Ingenieros Agrónomos en el mismo estado, con la expectativa de que el curso los preparé para ingresar al mercado laboral. O estudo objetivou analisar o perfil dos ingressantes no curso de Engenharia Agronômica, em 2019, de uma universidade pública do estado do Tocantins, bem como suas motivações para a escolha, em particular, dessa universidade, tendo em vista a gama de outras possibilidades de instituições, além das suas perspectivas em relação ao curso no decorrer e após formados. A pesquisa foi exploratória e descritiva, de caráter quali-quantitativa e a coleta de dados se deu por meio de um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas abertas e fechadas, sendo estas, com opção de múltipla escolha. As respostas às perguntas fechadas foram analisadas com base na estatística descritiva, por meio de porcentagens e as justificativas às respostas das perguntas abertas, por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os estudantes ingressantes do ano de 2019, no curso de Engenharia Agronômica, da universidade pesquisada, apresentaram entre 17 a 24 anos, com predomínio de estudantes do sexo masculino, sendo a maioria natural do estado de Tocantins. Não foi encontrado no estudo influência da profissão dos pais para a escolha do curso, uma vez que, a maior parte dos pais desses estudantes, exercem atividades variadas e não ligadas ao meio agrícola/rural, porém a escolha de Engenharia Agronômica, pela metade dos estudantes entrevistados, se deu por questão de afinidade, e os mesmos encontram-se satisfeitos com o início do curso. Além disso, a maior parte dos estudantes mencionaram que após formados, pretendem atuar como Engenheiros Agrônomos no próprio estado, com expectativa que o curso os prepare para o mercado de trabalho.

The interaction between insects, both larval and adult, and yeasts associated with their digestive tract (DT), has been of interest in recent years, since it can be beneficial for both partners. Studies focusing on this habitat have contributed to the expansion of knowledge about diversity, biogeography and functional characterization of yeasts, especially in ecosystems still poorly exploited, such as the Brazilian Cerrado. We investigated the interaction between larvae of Phylloicus spp. (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae), which is an aquatic insect, and the yeasts isolated from its DT. The larvae were collected from first-order Cerrado streams of two States (Mato Grosso – MT and Para – PA) in Brazil. Yeasts were cultivated and identified based on sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of rRNA genes. A total of 20 yeast species, belonging to six genera of Ascomycota and five Basidiomycota, is harbored in the DT of the larvae. The most frequent genera were Candida, Papiliotrema, Rhodotorula (19.3% each) and Issatchenkia (15.8%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were only yeast species isolated from the DT of larvae in both locations. The most species-rich community was that associated with DT of Phylloicus spp. in MT samples (H′ = 1.48) as compared to PA samples (H′ = 0.67). All species were accidental (frequency

The present study is the first report on the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi associated with the leaves from medicinal plant (Kalanchoe pinnata [Lam.] Pers.). For this, plant material was collected in the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, in the state of Pará, in the rainy season and in the dry season. After disinfection of the surface, fragments (0.25 mm2) of the leaves were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium containing chloramphenicol (0.1 μg.mL-1). A total of 86 different isolates were obtained and grouped into 33 morphological types (morphotypes). By means of classical taxonomy, it was possible to identify 73.3% of the morphotypes obtained: Acremonium (10.5%), Aureobasidium (7.0%), Aspergillus (26.7%), Chrysosporium (12.8%), Cladosporium (3.5%), Fusarium (11.6%) and Penicillium (1.2%). These fungal taxonomic groups are the most frequent representatives of the coroma's endophytic community. It was observed a greater richness and diversity of fungi in rainy season in relation to the dry season. In addition to contributing to the knowledge and preservation of biodiversity of Amazonian fungi, the specimens obtained in this study represent a valuable opportunity for future prospecting of fungi with biological activities of biotechnological interest. Keywords: Fungus-plant interaction; Endophytic micro-organisms; Symbiosis., El presente estudio relata pioneramente el aislamiento e identificación de hongos endofíticos asociados a las hojas de la planta medicinal Corama (Kalanchoe pinnata [Lam.] Pers.). Las colectas de material vegetal se realizaron en el Bosque Nacional del Tapajós, en el estado de Pará, en período lluvioso y de sequía. Después de la desinfección de la superficie, fragmentos (0,25 mm2) de las hojas fueron inoculados en medio de cultivo Patata Dextrosa Agar (BDA) conteniendo cloranfenicol (0,1 μg / ml-1). Se obtuvieron 86 aislados, que pudieron agruparse en 33 tipos morfológicos (morfotipos). En la mayoría de los casos, se observó un aumento de la mortalidad por rotavirus en los últimos años, (7,0%), Cladosporium (3,5%) y Penicillium (1,2%). Estos grupos taxonómicos de hongos son los representantes más frecuentes de la comunidad endofítica de la Corama. Se observó mayor riqueza y diversidad de hongos en período lluvioso en relación al período de sequía. Además de contribuir al conocimiento y preservación de la biodiversidad de los hongos de la Amazonia, los especímenes obtenidos en este estudio representan una valiosa oportunidad para la futura prospección de hongos con actividades biológicas de interés biotecnológico. Descriptores: Interacción fungo-planta; Microorganismos endofíticos; Simbiosis., No presente estudo, é relatado pioneiramente o isolamento e identificação de fungos endofíticos associados às folhas da planta medicinal Corama (Kalanchoe pinnata [Lam.] Pers.). Coletas de material vegetal foram realizadas na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, no estado do Pará, em período chuvoso e de estiagem. Após desinfecção da superfície, fragmentos (0,25 mm2) das folhas foram inoculados em meio de cultura Batata Dextrose Ágar (BDA) contendo cloranfenicol (0,1 μg/mL-1). Foram obtidos 86 isolados, que puderam ser agrupados em 33 tipos morfológicos (morfotipos). Por meio de taxonomia clássica, foi possível identificar 73,3% dos morfotipos obtidos: Aspergillus (26,7%), Chrysosporium (12,8%), Fusarium (11,6%), Acremonium (10,5%), Aureobasidium (7,0%), Cladosporium (3,5%) e Penicillium (1,2%). Esses grupos taxonômicos de fungos são os representantes mais frequentes da comunidade endofítica da Corama. Observou-se maior riqueza e diversidade de fungos em período chuvoso em relação ao período de estiagem. Além de contribuir para o conhecimento e preservação da biodiversidade de fungos da Amazônia, os espécimes obtidos neste estudo representam uma valiosa oportunidade para futura prospecção de fungos com atividades biológicas de interesse biotecnológico. Palavras-chave: Interação fungo-planta; Micro-organismos endofíticos; Simbiose.

AIMS The purpose of this study is to identify species from genus Diaporthe associated with a medicinal plant Costus spiralis by ITS, EF 1-α, TUB and CAL gens. METHODS AND RESULTS The 30 isolates from the genus Diaporthe associated with the medicinal plant Costus spiralis were characterized based on morphological characters and the microculture technique and grouped by DNA fingerprinting with the ISSP gene. Afterwards, a total of 12 isolates were selected for the identification of the species based on the comparative research on the blast through the sequences of the ITS gene. Phylogenetic Tree of Maximum Likelihood were generated with the ITS gene individually and with the genes ITS, TUB, CAL and EF1-α combined with the Diaporthe species recognized and with the additional sequences obtained from GenBank for these species. CONCLUSIONS It was not possible to characterize the 30 isolates microscopically and macromorphologically through the microculture technique and the macromorphological characteristics. The 12 isolates selected based on the DNA fingerprinting profile identified phylogenetically, revealed five distinct species of Diaporthe which are present in C. spiralis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The molecular analyses used in this study are excellent alternatives for species-level identification of Diaporthe associated with medicinal plants.

Jair Bolsonaro’s victory is likely to further reduce investments in several of Brazil’s strategic sectors, such as education and other important departments concerning the development of the nation and the quality of life of Brazilians, as these are not the priority issues for his government (Editorial 2018). The prioritization and maintenance of existing investments in strategic institutions, particularly in Brazilian universities, is important to promote the development of the nation, because almost all research produced in the country is performed in these institutions (ABC 2019). Such research includes the studies aimed, for example, at preserving the environment and combating the use of pesticides. The reduction in financial resources allocated to the two federal environmental agencies, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), is of particular significance when considering environmental issues. It should be considered a threat to nature, and especially to the world’s largest rainforest, the Amazon, which has been affected by deforestation and biodiversity decline for years. Many Brazilian scientists estimate that almost 7,000 km2 of the Amazon had been deforested by 2017 (Tollefson 2018), which can further increase deforestation in this region, as it happened in 2019. That is, according to the data from the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE 2019), deforestation in the Amazon region due to fires and the acceleration of mining activities increased by 29.54% in 2019, a significant rise compared to 2018 (Brazilian National Institute for Space Research 2019). Natural resources and ecosystems in Brazil continue to disappear, and getting support from the universities, development agencies, research institutes and indigenous communities at this time is of crucial importance.

Microbial lipases are prominent biocatalysts able to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and nonaqueous media. In this work, filamentous fungi isolated from leaves decomposed in an aquatic environment were screened for lipase production with hydrolytic activity and esterification. Agar plates with Tween 20 and Rhodamine B were used for selection, while submerged cultures with olive oil were subsequently used to select 38 filamentous fungi. Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium solani, Trichoderma harzianum F5, and Penicillium sp. F36 were grown in six different culture media. F. solani presented the highest lipase production (2.37 U/mL) with esterification activity of 0.07 U/mL using medium composed of (g.L−1) KH2PO4 1.00, MgSO4 H2O 1.123, and CuSO4 0.06. Supplementation of this culture medium with organic nitrogen sources increased lipase production by 461.3% using tryptone and by 419.4% using yeast extract. Among the vegetable oils from the Amazon region, degummed cotton oil induced lipase production up to 8.14 U/mL. The lipase produced by F. solani F61 has great potential to application in conventional processes and biodiesel production by transesterification of vegetable oils, as well as food industries in the production of fatty acid esters by hydrolysis and esterification.

β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) andβ-D-fructosyltransferase (FTase) are enzymes used in industrial processes to hydrolyze sucrose aiming to produce inverted sugar syrup or fructooligosaccharides. In this work, a blackAspergillussp. PC-4 was selected among six filamentous fungi isolated from canned peach syrup which were initially screened for invertase production. Cultivations with pure carbon sources showed that invertase and FTase were produced from glucose and sucrose, but high levels were also obtained from raffinose and inulin. Pineapple crown was the best complex carbon source for invertase (6.71 U/mL after 3 days of cultivation) and FTase production (14.60 U/mL after 5 days of cultivation). Yeast extract and ammonium chloride nitrogen sources provided higher production of invertase (6.80 U/mL and 6.30 U/mL, respectively), whereas ammonium nitrate and soybean protein were the best nitrogen sources for FTase production (24.00 U/mL and 24.90 U/mL, respectively). Fermentation parameters for invertase using yeast extract wereYP/S= 536.85 U/g andPP= 1.49 U/g/h. FTase production showed values ofYP/S= 2,627.93 U/g andPP= 4.4 U/h using soybean protein. The screening for best culture conditions showed an increase of invertase production values by 5.10-fold after 96 h cultivation compared to initial experiments (fungi bioprospection), while FTase production increased by 14.60-fold (44.40 U/mL) after 168 h cultivation.A. carbonariusPC-4 is a new promising strain for invertase and FTase production from low cost carbon sources, whose synthesized enzymes are suitable for the production of inverted sugar, fructose syrups, and fructooligosaccharides.

Introducao : A esquizofrenia e uma doenca de foro psiquiatrico caracterizado por incapacidade de adaptacao ao ambiente externo, descoordenacao ao nivel dos sentimentos e raciocinio, alucinacoes visuais e auditivas e indiferenca perante os outros. Objetivo : Trata-se de um estudo teorico buscando identificar as possibilidades de utilizacao da pratica da acupuntura para o tratamento da esquizofrenia. Material e Metodos : Revisao de literatura narrativa realizada por meio de busca de artigos cientificos e livros em lingua portuguesa e inglesa nas bases de dados como SciELO, LILACS e Medline, utilizando-se os descritores "Acupuntura, Esquizofrenia e Terapia Alternativa". Resultados : De acordo com os estudos analisados, a pratica da acupuntura para o tratamento da esquizofrenia e viavel. Notou-se uma melhora significativa na regressao dos sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes, mostrando a influencia positiva da tecnica no tratamento da esquizofrenia. Consideracoes Finais : O presente trabalho de revisao permitiu considerar o uso da acupuntura como uma terapia para o tratamento da esquizofrenia. No entanto, mais estudos experimentais usando a acupuntura para o tratamento da esquizofrenia sao necessarios a fim de testar sua melhor eficacia e seus beneficios. Alem disso, estudos em longo prazo devem ser considerados. Descritores: Acupuntura. Esquizofrenia. Terapia Alternativa

Intra- and interspecific genetic diversity of the lizard species Plica plica (9 localities) and Plica umbra (19 localities) from the Brazilian Amazon was analysed using two mitochondrial (16S rDNA and CO1) and one nuclear (prolactin receptor – PRLR) genes. We generated a maximum-likelihood and Bayesian hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships, and using the bPTP and ABGD lineage delimiting methods inferred the most likely number of lineages within each species. Both methods delimited five distinct lineages in Plica plica and six lineages within Plica umbra. The nominal subspecies of Plica umbra was comprised of one lineage, while Plica umbra ochrocollaris was comprised of five lineages. In majority of the cases, lineages were restricted to the interfluves of major Amazonian rivers, and different lineages occupied distinct areas of endemism. Phylogenetic relationships of the lineages are largely concordant with the hypothesized formation of the areas of endemism. The geographic structuring of the clades and the delimitation of these clades as distinct lineages suggest the possibility that these lineages represent species. If the observed diversity of lineages within the genus Plica is characteristic of squamate reptiles of the Amazon region, the diversity of squamates is grossly underestimated.

O estudo objetivou analisar o perfil dos ingressantes no curso de Engenharia Agronômica, em 2019, de uma universidade pública do estado do Tocantins, bem como suas motivações para a escolha, em particular, dessa universidade, tendo em vista a gama de outras possibilidades de instituições, além das suas perspectivas em relação ao curso no decorrer e após formados. A pesquisa foi exploratória e descritiva, de caráter quali-quantitativa e a coleta de dados se deu por meio de um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas abertas e fechadas, sendo estas, com opção de múltipla escolha. As respostas às perguntas fechadas foram analisadas com base na estatística descritiva, por meio de porcentagens e as justificativas às respostas das perguntas abertas, por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os estudantes ingressantes do ano de 2019, no curso de Engenharia Agronômica, da universidade pesquisada, apresentaram entre 17 a 24 anos, com predomínio de estudantes do sexo masculino, sendo a maioria natural do estado de Tocantins. Não foi encontrado no estudo influência da profissão dos pais para a escolha do curso, uma vez que, a maior parte dos pais desses estudantes, exercem atividades variadas e não ligadas ao meio agrícola/rural, porém a escolha de Engenharia Agronômica, pela metade dos estudantes entrevistados, se deu por questão de afinidade, e os mesmos encontram-se satisfeitos com o início do curso. Além disso, a maior parte dos estudantes mencionaram que após formados, pretendem atuar como Engenheiros Agrônomos no próprio estado, com expectativa que o curso os prepare para o mercado de trabalho.

The study analyzes the knowledge and consumption of organic foods and the understanding on the concept of food security of 60 regular elementary school students and 46 students of the youth and adult education (YAE) from a public school in Palmas, Tocantins State. From a qualitative-quantitative and exploratory approach, this study used as a methodological data collection instrument a semi-structured questionnaire with five questions, applied to regular elementary and high school students. The answers given to the questions were categorized in percentages and analyzed by the techniques of statistical and content analyses. Among other results, the research verified the lack of knowledge of these students regarding this subject. Given this, school must develop strategies and effective practical actions, not just theoretical ones, able to encourage the adherence of healthier food choices to students. It is concluded that it is essential to emphasize the theme of healthy eating in science teaching.

The present study approaches the perceptions about agroecology of 30 university students from the 2 nd and 8 th periods of the Agronomic Engineering course at the State University of Tocantins. In order to collect the data, the students answered a questionnaire consisting of nineteen questions with multiple choices, but some questions were asked for justifications. The answers given to the closed questions of this qualitative-qualitative research were categorized in percentages and the open questions by the technique of content analysis. A significant portion of the students said their family members own rural property. Still, the students of the two periods mentioned that they have already heard about agroecology and conceptualized as an agriculture that uses less aggressive means to the environment. A sgnificant portion is unaware of agroecological rural producers in Tocantins. However, for most of the 8 th period students, future farming will be based on the agroecology principles, while the 2 nd period students believe it will be fully technized. In addition, most of the students expressed interest in participating in research and/or extension projects in this area; since they know about sustainable food production practices and have already consumed some agroecological product. However, a great amount of students is unaware of the environmental service concept and believes that soy monoculture is a financially good initiative and environmentally poor.

We used a microsatellite enriched library to isolate and characterize 12 di-nucleotide microsatellite loci of Caiman crocodilus. Microsatellites were characterized in populations of C. c. crocodilus from Piagacu-Purus, Amazonas, Brazil and C. c. yacare from Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Results of characterization were comparable between the two subspecies, with number of alleles varying from three to 20 and one to 14 per locus in C. c. crocodilus and C. c. yacare, respectively. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.088 to 0.816 and 0.115 to 0.833, respectively. Joint paternity exclusion (QC) was >0.999 in both subspecies, and probability of genetic identity varied from 4.631 × 10−13 in C. c. crocodilus to 2.233 × 10−8 in C. c. yacare. All loci are unlinked, and with the exception of three loci in C. c. crocodilus all loci were at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The characteristics of these loci makes them an excellent tool set for the study of mating systems, and fine-scaled population structuring in the Caiman crocodilus species complex.

We used a microsatellite-enriched library to isolate and characterize 16 di-nucleotide microsatellite loci in Semaprochilodus insignis. Microsatellites were characterized in a population sample from Piagacu-Purus (Purus River, Amazonas, Brazil) and in eight individuals each of S. brama from Itaipavas (Araguaia River, Para, Brazil), S. taeniurus from Novo Airao (Negro River, Amazonas, Brazil), S. kneri (Caura River, Venezuela), and Prochilodus nigricans also from Piagacu-Purus. In S. insignis observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.516 to 0.968, expected heterozygosities from 0.574 to 0.973, and the number of alleles per locus varied from 4 to 32 in 31 analyzed individuals. All loci were unlinked and three loci showed significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Most markers could be successfully transferred to the other four prochilodontids, making them potentially useful for conservation genetic studies of Semaprochilodus spp.

Leposoma percarinatum is one of the two recognized parthenogenetic species in the lizard family Gymnophthalmidae, and only females have been reported to date. Here we report and describe the first known males attributed to the species from two localities of northwestern Amazonia. We compare the morphological variation (15 meristic and 10 discrete characters, all relevant to species identification in Leposoma) of males and females from these populations with that of specimens from unisexual populations to test the hypothesis that they belong to the same species. We did not find significant morphological differences between unisexual and bisexual populations, except for those associated with sexual dimorphism. Additionally, we reviewed literature dealing with the origin of parthenogenesis in L. percarinatum and we provide some insights into this subject, in view of the discovery of males in this species.

The purpose of this study was to define the factors that influence the production of cellulases by Penicillium oxalicum , a strain obtained from a leaf-cutting ant colony and identified based on the ITS gene . The experimental design included solid state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse and lignocellulosic sorghum as the lignocellulosic substrate. The variables were analyzed using a 2 5-1 fractional factorial design, with three replicates on the central point. All the variables analyzed influenced the production of at least one of the three cellulose types analyzed. The highest values observed were: FPase 4.2 U g -1 , CMCase 9.2 U g -1 and Avicelase 8.4 U g -1 using lignocellulosic sorghum as the substrate. The best conditions for enzyme production were: incubation temperature at 40oC, initial moisture of 60%, pH of 4.0 and a growth period of four days using lignocellulosic sorghum as the substrate.

The mating system of the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was investigated in the Piagacu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil. We used 6 polymorphic microsatellite loci to genotype 13 females and 174 hatchlings representing 20 nests sampled over 4 consecutive reproductive seasons (2007-2010). Paternity was determined by 2 methods: simple counts, and statistical analysis using Gerud 2.0. Results were congruent between the 2 approaches, and the null hypothesis of single paternity was rejected in 19 of the 20 nests analyzed, thereby demonstrating that C. crocodilus females are polyandrous and that the breeding system of the species can be characterized as polygamous. The data suggest that 1-4 fathers were responsible for the paternity of the offspring, and that the males contributed differently (9-100%) to each of the 20 nests. A total of 53 males copulated with the 20 females mothering the nests. This is the first study on the mating system of C. crocodilus and the frequency of multiple paternity is among the highest values (95%) reported thus far for crocodilians.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo comparar y estandarizar un protocolo eficiente para la extracción de ADN de fragmentos de tejido de Podocnemis expansa y evaluar el poder informativo de los marcadores moleculares RAPD e ISSR para el análisis de la estructura genética de la especie colectada en el entorno del parque Nacional do Araguaia, Tocantins, Brasil. El método de extracción fue estandarizado a partir de la evaluación de tres diferentes protocolos permitiendo la obtención de ADN de buena calidad y en cantidad adecuada para las reacciones de RAPD e ISSR. La razón A de las muestras presentó un valor entre 1.8 a 2.3, indicando que estas presentan baja contaminación por proteínas y que los ADNs podrían ser utilizados para evaluar el poder informativo de los marcadores RAPD e ISSR. Los dos marcadores demostraron ser una herramienta eficiente para estudios genéticos de P. expansa

Background The turtles are usually associated with low substitution of individuals in the population because they have longer life than any other vertebrates. The order Testudines or Chelonia, the oldest among all vertebrates, comprising the turtles, terrestrial, marine and freshwater. These have as main characteristics, low growth rates and long periods required for mature, causing many turtles are vulnerable to extinction. Like other turtles, P. unifilis, popularly known as tracaja, leaves long-lived animals with late sexual maturity, characterized by a small mortality of adult animals, but high mortality rate of embryos and hatchlings, with natural predation as one of the most important factors of low hatching success of these species. This species is one of the most important representatives of the fauna of the Amazon turtle, but their eggs, meat and offal provide food for local communities, and have their hooves used as adornment and household items. The implementation of large hydropower enterprise cause many environmental damage. The scientific emphasis in EIA/RIMA should be held primarily in the study of special targets, and should take into account the genetic structure of populations. Mitochondrial molecular markers have particular maternal characteristics and high rates variation, which allow us to analyze the behavior of populations. The deployment of hydropower modifies the natural habitat of the turtles, which have difficulty in adapting. This work aimed to study the genetic structure of populations of P. unifilis analyzing the behavior of females in conditions of ambient modified by Tucurui, and Antonina-PA and Xambioa-TO, where will be built the dam of Santa Isabel. Methods We performed the sequencing of fragments of the control region of mitochondrial DNA, generating data of gene diversity and nucleotide, numbers of haplotypes and segregating sites, AMOVA, levels of structuring by pairwise comparison of FST and Mantel test in ARLEQUIN program. Clades were grouped checked by software Treefinder and the haplotype tree was held at hapview software.

The present study reports an inventory of lizard species from a region at the central Jatapú River located in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The lizard fauna was surveyed using three sampling methods: diurnal and nocturnal visual search, pitfall traps with drift fences, and incidental collections. We recorded 24 lizard species belonging to 18 genera and eight families. Non-parametric estimators of richness (Bootstrap, Chao 2, Jackknife 1, Ace) were used to estimate the percentage of total richness sampled. Expected species richness varied from 27 species estimated via Bootstrap to 30 species with Jackknife 1. The composition of the lizard fauna encountered in the rio Jatapú plot was compared with seven other published surveys carried out in the region of the Brazilian Guiana Shield. The composition of the Jatapú lizard fauna was most similar to FLOTA Faro (84%) and least similar to ESEC Grão-Pará Center (66%). There was no association between faunal similarity and geographic distance. The present species list contributes to our knowledge of lizards of the southern portion of the Guiana Shield in Brazil.