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Background: After a period of institution-based mental health care, in which the asylum system was the way in which the mental patients were treated, deinstitutionalization brought a set of significant changes and transformations in the conceptualization of mental illness and, by extension, the traditional therapeutic settings in which those in most need were assisted. However, this shift in the psychiatric domain was not only accompanied by valued achievements, but also by difficulties and challenges, as has been evidenced today. Aim/objective: The aim of this paper is thus to examine the pros and cons of the closure of asylums, and the subsequent implementation of deinstitutionalization over the 60 years or so of such important transformations in the field of psychiatry. Methods: In considering this question, I examine in detail recent works of literature based on scholarly knowledge. In addition, I identify various issues involved, as well as ways of confronting these so as to attempt to overcome the difficulties they present. Results and conclusions: As I show here, the changes in the treatment and care of the mentally ill after asylum and deinstitutionalization brought a new air of hope to patients and their families, but also had undesirable effects. The paper also considers how mental health professionals today try to solve these effects on behalf of patients and society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deinstitutionalization of marriage suggests more support for divorce and the forgoing of marriage. In this study, we examine attitudes toward both marriage and divorce in the context of having children and how they coincide with each other, creating a new typology of attitudes. Based on a national probability sample of 2,789 adults from the American Marriage Survey conducted in 2021, we find that just over half (55%) of people express transformative deinstitutionalization attitudes, in which they support divorce as well as forgoing marriage, while the next largest group (22%) hold divorce deinstitutionalization attitudes, in which they support divorce but also encourage marriage when children are involved. Findings show that women, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and pansexual individuals, and those who are cohabiting or divorced are more likely to hold transformative deinstitutionalization attitudes compared to pro-institutionalization attitudes, which support marriage and oppose divorce when children are involved. Meanwhile, older individuals, those who attend religious services more frequently, and those who identify as more politically conservative are less likely to hold any form of deinstitutionalization attitudes. Interestingly, education and parenthood have no impact on this set of attitudes. Given trends that show decreases in marriage and increases in LGBT identification, there may be further movement toward the disconnection of marriage and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the concept of deinstitutionalization as applied to children’s services and to map the challenges and harm this concept has done to services for children. Originally raised in relation to the closing or reductions of asylums and mental hospitals in the 1930s, the concept was articulated by the Stockholm Declaration on Children’s Residential Care. Deinstitutionalization remains a prominent concept in many policy circles, but unfortunately, it is primarily framed and evaluated solely in terms of cost saving. The unintended consequences of deinstitutionalization include children and families being underserved in overburdened and undeveloped community-based services and increases in homeless and juvenile justice populations. It is in the best interest of the child, family, and community to provide effective care. Effective care is the right care, in the right setting, at the right time. This is best accomplished by including residential care in the service array available to children and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in the journal "Research & Practice in Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities" discusses a two-part special issue that critically examines the findings and impact of the Disability Royal Commission on people with intellectual disabilities. The articles in the issue cover various topics such as education, housing, employment, regulation, safeguarding, and health, highlighting shortcomings of the Commission's approach. Critiques include over-reliance on law and policy reform, failure to move beyond existing knowledge, neglect of positive examples, a dedifferentiated approach, and reluctance to address root causes. The editorial tentatively proposes that these shortcomings stem from the Commission's inquisitorial methods and reliance on a single paradigm, raising questions about the Commission's value and the Australian Government's response. [Extracted from the article]

This article focuses on former sites of disability institutions and activism of people with disability. It argues that planning processes for redevelopment and re-use of sites of former institutions are an important focus for activism, particularly for reparative urban planning and inclusive community engagement. This argument is made through two sets of data. First, disability activism is explored in a case study of the 2021 New South Wales (Australia) Government planning proposal for rezoning Peat Island. The proposal overlooked the island's 99-year history as an institution and excluded people with intellectual disability from engaging in planning processes. Second, the article contextualises the Peat Island case study within the authors' empirical research with people with intellectual disability about remembering institutions. Together, these sets of data underscore links between disability history and futures by bringing together institutional heritage and urban planning with recognition of lived experiences (including activism) of people who were institutionalised. This historical context is then considered alongside present-day disability activism for a more inclusive, equitable future. The article proposes further research on disability-inclusive, reparative planning approaches to redevelopment and re-use of former sites of institutions to promote disability activist leadership and contributions to the afterlives of former institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWith a focus on processes of community building from above and deinstitutionalization, the paper explores how concepts of transnational policymaking become localized in particular societal contexts. Specifically, through a case of recent transformations in a child-protection NGO in Hungary, it inquires into professional discourses of ‘deinstitutionalization’ and ‘community-based care’ in the context of post-socialist authoritarianism. The analysis exposes how financial scarcity pressured the management of the NGO to redefine family-community-institution boundaries, to legitimize the downsizing of services and staff, and to reassign childcare duties to less-paid and less-recognized positions. Austerity measures disguised as emancipatory processes of deinstitutionalization have already been described in numerous European contexts. To nuance this picture, we show how discourses of the East-West slope of modernization emerging in Central-Eastern Europe, and recent discourses of familisation and carefare dominating pubic policies in Hungary enhance such discursive shifts. Through our case study we draw attention to the role of professional and political discourses, transnational and national, in reinforcing restricted imaginaries of care. We also formulate the call for empirical analyses on how the caring for children unfold into hybrid – state and civic dominated - contexts, in practice, beyond simplistic and essentialising ideological categorisations of ‘family’, ‘community’ and ‘institution’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPoints of interestIn this article, we build upon a historical and critical analysis of de-institutionalisation strategies, representing a fundamental shift in disability policy and practice starting in the 1960’s. We state that de-institutionalisation has commonly been interpreted and translated as a vital ‘transition’ – referring to the dismantling of residential care and institutions – in rights discourse, policy, and (self-) advocacy. Whereas de-institutionalisation currently often interferes with neo-liberal welfare state reforms, we argue that the focus on ‘transition’ tends to ignore controlling and oppressive institutional care cultures that circulate in a variety of settings, whether ‘community based’ or not. In this article, we elaborate on Francois Tosquelles’ Institutional Pedagogy as a theoretical framework to radically ‘transform’ (residential) care in a wide variety of settings. Our analysis is based on qualitative interviews with residential care providers and (self-) advocacy groups, and offers a more in-depth insight in the complexities of de-institutionalisation as ‘transformation’.The common interpretation of de-institutionalisation states that large institutions for citizens with a disability need to be dismantled. It is claimed that institutions should be replaced by care and support in society to realise human rights for all.The article examines how closing down institutions hasn’t changed institutional ways of thinking, like oppressive and controlling ways of acting. It also has not facilitated inclusive relations. We state that de-institutionalisation should also focus on transforming the culture of residential institutions, no matter where this care and support are organised.The article uses a theory of Francois Tosquelles, Institutional Pedagogy, to rethink and transform institutions.The research builds on interviews with board members of care organisations that are changing, and with (self-) advocacy groups in Flanders.The article describes the need to transform residential institutions in a radical way. After all, residential care might still be the choice or last resort for citizens with a disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does work come to be constructed as a service to the worker? In the United States, the payment of subminimum wages to disabled workers has been legal since 1938 and was entrenched by 1986 legislation eliminating the previously mandated floor of 50 percent of the minimum wage. This article draws on primary historical materials to explain the passage of these amendments, which I analyze as a case of delaborization, a process through which work is mystified as such and reclassified as something else (e.g., service). I find that the managers of segregated workshops for disabled manual laborers rose to control disability employment policy in the aftermath of deinstitutionalization. Professionals mobilized disability stigma to frame the subminimum wage as a social welfare issue subject to their expertise and to lobby successfully for its entrenchment. Weaknesses in the disability–labor coalition enabled this seizure of jurisdiction. This research illuminates professional expertise, the withdrawal of labor unions, and identity-based stigma as major mechanisms driving delaborization, an important contemporary influence on the organization of work. The case of the subminimum wage thus develops sociological literatures on labor, disability, and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a novel application of machine learning and apply it to the interview transcripts from the American Voices Project (N = 1,396), using discourse atom topic modeling to explore social class variation in the centrality of family in adults' lives. We take a two-phase approach, first analyzing transcripts at the person level and then at the line level. Our findings suggest that family, as represented by talk, is more central in the lives of those without a college degree than among the college educated. However, the degree of institutional overlap between family and other key institutions--health, work, religion, and criminal justice--does not vary by education. We interpret these findings in the context of debates about the deinstitutionalization of family in the contemporary United States. This demonstrates the value of a new method for analyzing qualitative interview data at scale. We address ways to expand the use of this method to shed light on educational disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on research on cohort-specific trends in life-course differentiation and destandardization, our study seeks to explore how patterns of family-life-course diversity relate to characteristics of sociopolitical regimes. Applying sequence analysis, we analyse cohort-specific family life courses from nine European countries and Canada, classifying them into five sociopolitical regimes (Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Mediterranean, Continental, Eastern). We use data from the Harmonized Histories and the German National Educational Panel Survey. Our results indicate that sociopolitical regimes differentiate patterns of life-course diversity quite well in the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, and Eastern European countries but to a lesser degree in the Mediterranean and Continental countries. In methodological terms, our results suggest that distinguishing patterns of diversity between and within life courses helps to create a more nuanced empirical account of changing life-course patterns, particularly in a cross-national perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the centenary of Emil Kraepelin's death and the evolving debates in psychiatry, emphasizing the challenges to his legacy and the relevance of Walter Benjamin's ideas in rethinking the field. Topics include Kraepelin's impact on psychiatric classification, the historical and social context of psychiatry, and how Benjamin's dialectical thinking can provide a critical lens for modern psychiatric practice.

Background: Secure forensic hospital treatments are resource-intensive, aiming to rehabilitate offenders and enhance public safety. While these treatments consume significant portions of mental health budgets and show efficacy in some countries, their effectiveness in Czechia remains underexplored. Previous research has highlighted various factors influencing the likelihood of discharge from these institutions. Notably, the role of sociodemographic variables and the length of stay (LoS) in the context of forensic treatments has presented inconsistent findings across studies. Methods: The study, part of the 'Deinstitutionalization project' in Czechia, collected data from all inpatient forensic care hospitals. A total of 793 patients (711 male, 79 female and 3 unknown) were included. Data collection spanned 6 months, with tools like HoNOS, HoNOS-Secure, MOAS, HCR-20V3 and AQoL-8D employed to assess various aspects of patient health, behaviour, risk and quality of life. Results: The study revealed several determinants influencing patient discharge from forensic hospitals. Key assessment tools, such as HoNOS secure scores and the HCR-20 clinical subscale, showed that higher scores equated to lower chances of release. Furthermore, specific diagnoses like substance use disorder increased discharge odds, while a mental retardation diagnosis significantly reduced it. The type of index offense showed no influence on discharge decisions. Conclusion: Factors like reduced risk behaviours, absence of mental retardation diagnosis, social support and secure post-release housing plans played significant roles. The results underscored the importance of using standardized assessment tools over clinical judgement. A standout insight was the unique challenges faced by patients diagnosed with mental retardation, emphasizing a need for specialized care units or tailored programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adopts a multiple-case study design to address 'Does copyright law protect automated news, and if so, how' in three jurisdictions: the United States, the European Union and China. Through doctrinal legal analysis of the copyright laws and document analysis of policy reports, corporate responses and other empirical evidence, this study has found that the three copyright regimes differ substantively with regard to both formal texts and informal enforcement of copyright claims to artificial intelligence (AI)-generated news. In the United States, there has been a policy silence. In the European Union (EU), eager regulators have rushed to enact premature laws and failed policy patchwork. In China, the state is instrumentalising both laws and journalism to further its own interests. These findings suggest that current regulatory frameworks in all cases have led to a weakening of the institution of copyright, which, in turn, has contributed to the deinstitutionalisation of journalism and the institutionalisation of algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of deinstitutionalisation gained momentum in the late 20th century, driven by disability rights movements and increased awareness of the harms of institutionalisation. This paper provides an overview of deinstitutionalisation in South Korea, focusing on the transformation of large disability residential facilities since the 1970s, with efforts towards promoting independent living. Current debates highlight conflicting perspectives among stakeholders. Advocates, primarily disabled individuals, support accelerated deinstitutionalisation for its benefits in autonomy, social integration, and improved quality of life. However, oppositions from families and service providers express concerns about care gaps and the need for specialized support for people with higher support needs. The paper underscores the importance of establishing a consensus on deinstitutionalisation objectives and proposes multidimensional alternatives, including legislative reforms, expanded community services, and improved facilities. Fostering social agreement is identified as pivotal for successful deinstitutionalisation and the well-being of disabled individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformation of regional identities by administrative spatial restructurings has been relatively little studied, particularly in the context of regional deinstitutionalization. This article develops further a theoretical and conceptual framework of regional identities in spatial restructurings by discussing how deinstitutionalized 'phantom' regions with 'penumbral' borders beget more hybrid spatial identities. Empirically, the focus is on the Huizhou region in China: we study the changes in regional identity generated by several spatial de‐ and reconstruction processes. Underlining hybridity, we show that, although regional identity is shifting away from territorial belonging to Huizhou in some parts of the region (e.g. Wuyuan County), cultural identification with the Huizhou region remains strong even after a long period of administrative separation. Relatedly, we point out that deinstitutionalization in the Huizhou region has not been exhaustive and its regional identity is being increasingly reconstructed in a utilitarian manner for economic purposes. Despite (and partly because of) this, a sense of regional belonging has been maintained. Regional identities associated with Huizhou are relational and, more precisely, hybrid, as they are connected to regions that are neither fully institutionalized nor deinstitutionalized but appear as multilayered palimpsests that are being transformed through processes of constant making and remaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay documents growing partisan social uprootedness across Latin America over time, manifested in diminishing social trust toward parties, debilitation of links between parties and social collectivities, lowering levels of partisanship, and rising incidence of personalism in the electorate. It focuses on some unrecognized and undertheorized causal factors behind partisan involution in the region, putting emphasis on mutually reinforcing processes. First, it identifies forces endogenous to the traits of origin of diminished parties that foster their uprootedness and decay; second, it lays out some of the manifold ways that the weakening of political parties fuels regime malperformance, in a mutually reinforcing vicious circle; third, it outlines the existence of mutual feedback loops between political agency and structure; fourth, it identifies various agential sources of party decay. There are strong theoretical and empirical reasons to expect continued party deinstitutionalization across Latin America going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars theorize the effect of modernization on religious and familial institutions in a parallel way. Some argue that both are irreversibly in decline—as secularization and deinstitutionalization, respectively—while others argue that they have either merely changed or are in fact growing stronger. However, correctly interpreting institutional change depends not only on how one evaluates the empirical starts and endpoints but also on how one defines the domains under change themselves. In this paper, I examine these debates, detail the structural similarities in their arguments, and outline a new analytical approach informed by recent work in institutional logics to better answer the definitional questions. Theorizing both institutions together and their parallel trajectories in modernity reveals unique insights about the scholarly discourse on modernization and is especially important given the unique influence of religion and family on one another as (seemingly) privatized spheres of social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite capitalizing on many new possibilities offered by the digital revolution, our research community still remains bound by the 17th-century technology of research results reporting. Our work can progress faster and achieve greater impact within and beyond academia if we replace the one-package manuscript form, born three hundred years ago, with a full package that takes advantage of everything digital technology has to offer. However, the switch from paper-bound to digitally enabled logic will not be easy as our thinking and practices have been formed by decades of honing skills that bring success in the current conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group homes have been an important option for people with intellectual disabilities leaving the family home or institutions. They were one focus of the Royal Commission on Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disabilities. Much evidence was collected about harm experienced by people in group homes through submissions, and dedicated and other hearings about disability services more generally. In its Final Report the Commission considered group homes to be both a flawed model and subject to weak implementation similar to that identified across the Australian disability service system more generally. This article describes the Commission's approach to group homes, the evidence heard, and its conclusions; and critiques its stance, processes, and recommendations, identifying links to the NDIS Review published after the Commission's Report in 2023. The Commission's recommended reforms to practice, and replacement of group homes with alternative options reflect current policy directions, but raise issues that will be important for implementation; including; uncertainty about alternatives to group homes, the risk of alternatives not having better outcomes and thus the loss of good services, risk of neglecting quality of support practice in new alternatives and recurrence of institutional practice in them, and potential negative impacts on existing residents of signalling group homes as a flawed model. The Commissions' approach missed opportunities for appreciative enquiry about conditions that lead to good outcomes in some group homes. The article concludes by considering the benefits for people with intellectual disabilities of singling out long-term residents and people with complex or high support needs, together with the potential for a quicker pace of change that may result from the Commission's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-appropriate sexuality education is considered a vital factor in promoting sexual and reproductive health. This study aimed to provide sexuality education through mindfulness activities based on assessing prior knowledge and attitudes and measuring post-intervention effectiveness. A pilot study using a one-group pretest-posttest design was carried out on 33 Indian destitute female adolescents in the age group of 13 to 16 in an institutional home, a residential care facility for a larger population in India. The program incorporated mindfulness activities and traditional teaching methods, with eight sessions each lasting one hour per week. The data was collected using a validated questionnaire to measure knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality education and were analyzed using the paired t-test to measure the effectiveness of the intervention. The results showed a significant difference in the overall knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality education post-intervention. In conclusion, sexuality education using mindfulness activities can facilitate a non-judgmental and present-moment awareness when learning about sexual and reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Psychology & Sociology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This paper aims to offer a new history of management by tracing a religious dimension of scientific management. The thesis is that the good was foundational for bringing scientific management to success in Taylor's native Quaker Philadelphia in the 1880s. The paper's main contribution is to contrast the philosophical origins of Taylor's ideas in scientific management to his native Quaker roots, and how Taylor, over time, into the 1910s, wrestled with this issue. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is situated in historical interpretivism and subjectivism, leaning on contextual and narrative research on religious morality. Findings: Quaker morality prevented managerial opportunism at Taylor's Midvale Steel in the 1880s. Conversely, by the 1900s and 1910s, interest conflicts between workers and managers escalated when scientific management moved out of its traditional cultural contexts of Quaker Philadelphia and spread across the USA. The historical implication is, already for Taylor's time, that scientific management never was the "one-best way" of management. Research limitations/implications: Future research needs to deepen and broaden research on scientific management when tracing the significance of religion and culture in management thought. Practical implications: The paper has implications for modern studies of business morality by uncovering the practical relevance of religious business ethics at the outset of management studies. Social implications: The historic emergence of scientific management points to a theory of institutional evolution and economic growth, when religiously grounded governance of the firm deinstitutionalized, and institutional economic governance, with different but superior economic advantages, progressed by the 1900s. Originality/value: The paper suggests an alternative version of the intellectual heritage of management studies by tracing the legacy of Taylor's Quakerism and how religious and cultural ideas contributed to the formation of science in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolf Meyer (1866–1950), a Swiss-born American psychiatrist, was a prominent figure in the development of Anglo-American psychiatry. He rose to prominence as the president of the American Psychiatric Association. His psychobiological approach emphasized a holistic understanding of mental illness, integrating social, psychological, and biological factors. This laid the foundation for a new approach to psychiatry focusing on individualized care and the importance of social adaptation as a biological function. Meyer’s work challenged traditional biomedical views by advocating for a comprehensive model that considered the mind and body as interconnected entities. He was directly responsible for transforming “insane asylums” into “mental hospitals.”

Worldwide, the community transition process away from institutions has increased in the past 30–50 years among persons with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. This process, also known as “deinstitutionalization”, could potentially impact problem behaviors and communication. This study examined the impacts of community transitions on behavioural and communication outcomes in Canadians with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Data were collected using the Comprehensive Health Assessment Program and medical chart reviews. Descriptive, aggregate-level, and individual-level analyses were conducted for 32 adults who transitioned to community living. Descriptive analyses and the McNemar Chi-Square Test were conducted. Following community transitions, the study group experienced a significant decrease in problem behaviours and changes in communication. The study findings suggest that deinstitutionalization could provide effective strategies for addressing problem behaviors and fostering improvements in communication, promoting the well-being and quality of life of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

This symposium Article describes how prison abolitionist arguments also support the hypothesis that a defining goal of health law should be the abolition of hospitals. Like prison abolitionism, the hospital abolition hypothesis can provide a constructive way to shift the focus of legal analysis from substantive dimensions (in health law — cost, quality, access, and equity) to the dimension of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a taken-for-granted institutional form, shelters for unhoused New Yorkers, through the neo-institutional lens of institutional inertia and critical case study methodology. It focuses on the external shock of COVID-19, NYC's use of unoccupied hotels for social distancing, and the return to shelters when COVID waned. For guidance, we examine other instances of interrupted institutional inertia following shocks. Using Lewin's force field analysis, we explore why changes to some institutional forms amidst COVID persisted while novel approaches to shelter dissipated. We conclude that directly involving unhoused people in the design and implementation of homeless services may improve outcomes. Human service professionals share a body of knowledge and assumptions – a kind of echo chamber that amplifies and confirms beliefs. It is important to look beyond traditional and familiar models of service delivery to find alternative ideas and approaches that may be effective. Returning to Kurt Lewin's concept of force fields provides opportunities to think effectively and holistically about how to modify or change services, policies, and organizations. People served by human services – those with lived experiences – possess unique expertise that can inform organizational decisions and planning in new and helpful ways. As practitioners, we need to find ways to be more inclusive of the perspectives and ideas of those our programs serve through participatory methods of planning, decision making, and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative explores the impact of deinstitutionalization policies on the quality of life and care outcomes for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. We offer a historical perspective on these policies, their implications on dementia care, and the barriers to deinstitutionalization. The potential benefits of deinstitutionalization, such as improved quality of life and access to community-based support and services, are highlighted. Challenges and controversies surrounding safety, caregiver burden, and resource allocation are also examined. Ethical considerations related to the autonomy and decision-making capacity of people living with dementia are discussed. We present best practices and innovative models in dementia care that balance deinstitutionalization with appropriate care. We further put forth recommendations for future research and policy development in dementia care and deinstitutionalization, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that respects the autonomy and preferences of people living with dementia while ensuring their safety and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My research is situated within the literature looking at the processes of deinstitutionalisation of the mental health system through the lived geographies placed in between the walls of the asylum. It addresses mental health geographers' call for a situated knowledge about mental health and, by using the Italian psychiatric experience of the 1960s and 1970s as an example, stresses the importance of looking at care in both spatial and relational terms. Through a geographical understanding of the Italian psychiatric reform, that goes from Franco Basaglia's renowned work to the underrepresented experience of Turin, in northwest Italy, I will examine how space is intertwined with processes of mental health care. Additionally, I assess the role played by the interaction between spatial and relational elements in potentially enabling patients' self‐determination, empowerment and inclusion. The case of Turin—the story of which will be told through the analysis of archival material from a grassroots association called Associazione per la Lotta contro le Malattie Mentali—will serve to expand the common narrative around the Italian lesson and to give resonance to the instrumental role played at the time by both patients and civil society. By looking at the key events that led to the gradual dismantlement of the traditional psychiatric institutions in the metropolitan area of Turin, this paper contributes to the spatial turn in mental health studies, calling upon researchers to look at past achievements as something we still need to learn from and safeguard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes research on the places people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) live and disparities in housing and long-term services and supports (LTSS) outcomes for people with IDD from racially and culturally minoritized groups. It also summarizes the conclusions and recommendations of the Housing and Long-Term Services and Supports strand of the 2022 State of the Science Conference on the Intersection of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion and Supports and Services for People with IDD, identifies limitations of the available research and recommends strategies to improve research, knowledge translation, and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of deinstitutionalisation and the introduction of community care in the latter part of the twentieth century have revolutionised mental-health service provision across Europe, although implementation, timing and services have varied widely in different countries. This article compares the changing dimensions of mental-health provision in post-independence Ireland with that in England, and will shed light on the current state of mental healthcare in both countries. The article calls for more research into the impact of deinstitutionalisation, such as the challenges faced in the community for those in need of continuing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of statements issued by the Polish Ministry of Family and Social Policy, relating to care homes and the threat to the health and lives of their inhabitants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the declared intention by the government to carry out the transition from residential care to community-based support, the results of the study reveal that under the slogans of care, safety, and commitment, the traditional vision of disability that promotes the operation of segregated institutions is reinforced. Ensuring safety is understood as strengthening the institution of a care home by emphasizing its importance, allocating additional resources, and introducing organized isolation practices that do not necessarily account for subjectivity and residents' rights. The authors, using the critical approach, point to elements of the discourse that may be remembered most by recipients. The paper is focused on an approach presented by the Polish Ministry of Family and Social Policy during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding care homes. While the discussion about transition from residential care to community-based support in Poland seems to be advanced, there are still facilities for over 100 inhabitants. In the face of the COVID-19 crisis, the Ministry's communication related to facilitating the transition to independent living was pushed aside, while the traditional institutional-oriented approach came to the fore. The communication by the Ministry is transmitting to the public a strong message that presents care homes as safe places that should be supported and developed as a key housing option. The lack of attention to issues such as transition from residential care to community-based support and a human-rights approach in communication led us to formulate the concept of a turbo-institutional approach implicit in the Ministry's communiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a detailed analysis of the Spanish context in relation to the independent living of people with disabilities. It emphasises the importance of accessibility, deinstitutionalisation, and personal assistance as key factors. Four years after Spain’s review by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a thorough examination of the policies and laws implemented by the Spanish government is conducted from a human rights perspective. The article updates and delves into the debates on achieving independent and autonomous living for people with disabilities in Spain, offering a comprehensive view of the legal and political environment that facilitates this essential transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be integrated into the care of dependent and disabled people in Spain, highlighting its capacity to promote autonomy and person-centred care. Inspired by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the document proposes a shift from the institutionalised care model to a more community and homeintegrated one, where technology, especially AI, plays a crucial role. The benefits and risks of AI in care are discussed, such as improving quality of life and service efficiency, while raising the need for careful analysis to avoid discrimination and ensure respect for human rights. In addition, examples of current technologies, such as home care robots and remote monitoring systems, are detailed, showing the increasing integration of AI in the field of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, the community transition process away from institutions has increased in the past 30–50 years among persons with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. This process, also known as "deinstitutionalization", could potentially impact problem behaviors and communication. This study examined the impacts of community transitions on behavioural and communication outcomes in Canadians with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Data were collected using the Comprehensive Health Assessment Program and medical chart reviews. Descriptive, aggregate-level, and individual-level analyses were conducted for 32 adults who transitioned to community living. Descriptive analyses and the McNemar Chi-Square Test were conducted. Following community transitions, the study group experienced a significant decrease in problem behaviours and changes in communication. The study findings suggest that deinstitutionalization could provide effective strategies for addressing problem behaviors and fostering improvements in communication, promoting the well-being and quality of life of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes and explores the application of no-restraint policies in General Hospital Psychiatric Units (GHPUs) in Italy, a country pioneering in deinstitutionalization and psychiatric reform. The research aims to assess the organizational characteristics and effectiveness of no-restraint practices, contributing to the global discourse on humane psychiatric care. Following a purposive sampling approach, a nationwide descriptive study was conducted involving a detailed online survey distributed to 24 GHPUs actively engaged in or aspiring toward no-restraint practices. The survey, comprising 60 items across seven sections, gathered comprehensive data on the structural, organizational, and operational dimensions of the units, along with the prevalence and management of restraint episodes. Results reveal a significant commitment to no-restraint policies, with 14 GHPUs reporting zero restraint incidents in 2022. Despite variations in infrastructure and staffing, a common thread was the implementation of systematic procedures and risk management training aimed at reducing coercive practices. The study identified a correlation between the use of exclusive garden spaces and an increased incidence of restraints, suggesting nuanced factors influencing restraint practices. The findings underscore the viability and ethical alignment of no-restraint practices within psychiatric care, highlighting the crucial role of organizational protocols and training. This research adds empirical weight to the advocacy for restraint-free environments in mental health settings, signaling a paradigm shift toward more humane and rights-respecting psychiatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Entrepreneurship research increasingly acknowledges marriage as an important resource for long-term commitment to entrepreneurial ventures. At the same time, family scholars emphasize the deinstitutionalization of marriage in many countries, meaning that marriage as formalized and long-term companionship has lost importance. We contend that outdated ideological positions in entrepreneurship studies on marriage potentially obscure the more complex reality of the marriage norms of entrepreneurs. Using representative panel data from Germany, our study demonstrates that there is substantial heterogeneity among marriage norms internalized by entrepreneurs in various contexts. While entrepreneurs, on average, are less likely to internalize companion marriage norms than the general population, family entrepreneurs are significantly more likely to internalize companion marriage norms. We provide new insight into the link between marriage norms and entrepreneurship and open promising new areas of inquiry with regard to social norms and entrepreneurial activity. Plain English Summary: Entrepreneurs and family entrepreneurs embrace different marriage norms. Entrepreneurs are less inclined to embrace traditional companion marriage norms compared to the general population, while family entrepreneurs tend to be more traditional. Previous research on entrepreneurship suggests that marriage can be beneficial for business development, providing a long-term perspective. However, marriage norms have changed significantly in Western countries and now challenge traditional views. This study examines marriage norms among entrepreneurs using representative panel data from Germany. The results highlight the need to update assumptions about marriage in entrepreneurship research. Scholars should view marriage not as a binary status but as dynamic sets of norms that vary among entrepreneurs and family entrepreneurs. Future entrepreneurial theory should consider social norms at the crossroads of institutional changes, entrepreneurial contexts, and internalized norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedents: People with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) with extensive support needs are more likely to live in segregated and highly institutionalized environments. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in functioning and quality of life for people with IDD and extensive support needs after transitioning to ordinary homes in the community. Method: The sample included 54 adults with IDD and extensive support needs, who were assessed at three time points: before transition, six months later, and one year after transition. The Resident Choice Scale, San Martin Quality of Life Scale, Active Support Participation Measure, and the Behavior Problem section of the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning were administered. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and t-tests for repeated measures were carried out. Results: There were significant improvements in decision-making, participation and independence in daily activities and quality of life, as well as a reduction in the presence and intensity of behavioral problems. Conclusions: The benefits found in this study support transformation processes towards more inclusive services and professional practices that foster people's rights and feeling of belonging to the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the literature, the success of deinstitutionalization (DI) practices in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) is dependent on key factors including, a well‐functioning family‐based alternative care and social protection system, adequate funding and resources, and professional and other stakeholders' engagement and support. Following a practice research qualitative method, the study explored practitioner's experiences and perceptions on the status of Ghana's ongoing DI efforts and their recommendations for improving implementation. The study's main themes were establishing the need for residential homes for children (RHCs), RHCs not being an ideal family environment and RHCs as respite. Family marital problems, poor financial situation, stigma attached to some children in care, abusive parents and a lack of suitable alternatives when families have a crisis were identified as key factors that impede DI implementation in Ghana. The findings suggest the need for a progressive approach towards DI implementation in LMICs, with the first step being the re‐positioning of RHCs as respite care centres while progressively developing other alternative family‐based care options (such as kinship care) for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Addressing relevant determinants for preserved person-centered rehabilitation in mental health is still a major challenge. Little research focuses on factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization in exclusive outpatient settings. Some variables have been identified, but evidence across studies is inconsistent. This study aimed to identify and confirm factors associated with hospitalization in a specific outpatient population. Methods: A retrospective monocentric case-control study with 617 adult outpatients (216 cases and 401 controls) from a French community-based care facility was conducted. Participants had an index outpatient consultation between June 2021 and February 2023. All cases, who were patients with a psychiatric hospitalization fromthe day after the index outpatient consultation and up to 1 year later, have been included. Controls have been randomly selected from the same facility and did not experience a psychiatric hospitalization in the 12 months following the index outpatient consultation. Data collection was performed from electronic medical records. Sociodemographic, psychiatric diagnosis, historical issues, lifestyle, and follow-up-related variables were collected retrospectively. Uni- and bivariate analyses were performed, followed by a multivariable logistic regression. Results: Visit to a psychiatric emergency within a year (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 13.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.32-23.97), drug treatment discontinuation within a year (aOR: 6.43, 95% CI: 3.52-12.03), history of mental healthcare without consent (aOR: 5.48, 95% CI: 3.10-10.06), medical follow-up discontinuation within a year (aOR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.70-5.95), history of attempted suicide (aOR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.48-4.30) and unskilled job (aOR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10--0.65) are the independent variables found associated with hospitalization for followed up outpatients. Conclusions: Public health policies and tools at the local and national levels should be adapted to target the identified individual determinants in order to prevent outpatients from being hospitalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Health & Society is the property of Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Periodicojs and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. 27 percent of PHC providers in Poland employ the healthcare coordinator. Objectives. The aim was to determine the expected competencies of the coordinator in light of the needs of employers and the possibilities of an educational system. Material and methods. In the first stage, 24 study programs were analyzed in terms of qualifications of a new profession. In the second, a survey was conducted to assess the usefulness of knowledge, skills and social competencies among the representatives of 22 PHC providers. In the third, an expert panel developed the key competencies of the coordinator. Results. The analysis identified a number of new, unique qualifications. In the area of knowledge: understanding of work in PHC including new concepts (patient-centered care, value-based care, deinstitutionalization), population approach, key healthcare measures, interpersonal and health communication, basics of clinical work of all members of an interdisciplinary team, reporting of services. In the area of skills: communication using call-center systems, organization of teamwork, identification of patients for HC interventions in IT systems, effective recruitment, evaluation of PHC activities, health coaching and advocacy, providing health campaigns in social media. With regard to social competencies: the coordinator should build and maintain permanent relationships between the members of an interdisciplinary teams, be open to changes and new solutions, can be a guide for a patient and has a patient-centric attitude. Conclusions. We defined the professional profile of an iPHC coordinator as a guide oriented on patient’s needs, who is open to changes and innovations and who is effective in communication and interdisciplinary team-work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores Ralph Ellison's engagement with social psychiatry in Invisible Man as it pertains to psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan's interpersonal theory of psychiatry. The novel renders traumatic experiences of psychiatric violence into a comprehensible form of political expression and dissent. Ellison's representation of violence, particularly through electric shock, constitutes a deinstitutionalized psychiatric subject that challenges the role of institutionalized psychiatry in adjusting subjects to Fordist production through a form of deinstitutionalized individual therapy of withdrawal and self-regulation. However, this deinstitutionalized therapy would later be appropriated by mental health consumerism in a post-institutionalization era beginning in the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for how to deal with a crisis in a community setting, with the aim of deinstitutionalizing mental health care, and reducing hospitalization and coercion, is important. In this article, we argue that to understand how this can be done, we need to shift the attention from acute moments to daily uncertainty work conducted in community mental health teams. By drawing on an empirical ethics approach, we contrast the modes of caring of two teams in Utrecht and Trieste. Our analysis shows how temporality structures, such as watchful waiting, are important in dealing with the uncertainty of a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, "personalisation" is at the centre of the evolution of disability policies and more generally of the Welfare state. It refers on one hand to the question of self-determination through the allocation of personalised budgets, and on the other to the adaptation of care to the specificities of a given person, through the development of "person-centred" care. In this article we study the issue of the personalisation of care from a point of view intermediate to these two dimensions, that of the transformation of social care organisations. Using the example of care provided to people with multiple impairments in France, we analyse how new social care organisations have addressed the diversity and specificity of the needs of these people. This analysis thus proposes a new way to think about the personalisation of policy responses implemented by the welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family members living with and caring for a relative diagnosed with schizophrenia may experience severe challenges that can result in secondary stress and influence various life domains. This article is based on a study which aimed to explore and describe the lived experiences of these family members. The study applied a qualitative research approach with phenomenology as the strategy of inquiry. The study implemented voluntary snowball sampling to select participants for the study. Data collection consisted of unstructured interviews followed by thematic analysis to establish the findings of the research. These findings specified the challenges experienced by family members caring for a relative with schizophrenia. The findings also indicated the social support and social work interventions which can mitigate or prevent the adverse effects when family members care for a relative diagnosed with schizophrenia. Effective and comprehensive social work services, which are family sensitive and inclusive, are imperative. Active engagement with both the family carer(s) and relative diagnosed with schizophrenia can contribute to minimising these adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]