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The current readiness of the agricultural sector in Croatia to transform is limited. Creating and using an open data ecosystem in which data truly is the main force of the innovation process offers an opportunity to strengthen cooperation in this sector. The stakeholders of the agricultural data ecosystem in Croatia were not investigated until now. The main goal of this paper was to identify key stakeholder groups in the Croatian agricultural data ecosystem using a complex query. Five groups of stakeholders with different roles were identified. Their needs are focused on greater cooperation in the sector and they all strive for the economic, environmental, and social sustainability.

The successful adoption of digital innovations in agricultural production systems is based on the proactive participation of all stakeholders and represents an important step in establishing resilient agri-food chains and creating sustainable value. The key tool for the creation of sustainable value is integrating the nine aspects of the business process (cooperation ; inclusion ; financing ; diversification ; communication ; policies ; knowledge with entrepreneurship ; and production) by re-using of open governmental and public endeavours data as well as by the contractual sharing. The objectives of this research are to identify stakeholders in the Croatian agricultural system, and to explore their roles and their potential for data supply and needs for data uptake. Open access repositories were queried to identify stakeholders. Direct observation methods and semi- structured conservational qualitative interviews were used for stakeholder characterisation and data flow detection. Stakeholder importance with respect to current data supply was analysed. Underdeveloped data flow relationships in the agricultural data ecosystem in Croatia could be built in a spontaneous process following the data opening of the Research and Consumer group of stakeholders and promoting data sharing initiatives of the early adopters in the Supplier group. In that way, data opening would be the driver of the effective cooperation creation required for sustainable value creation but also the adoption of the best management practices, sustainable solutions and digital development.

Učinkovita suradnja i razmjena podataka u sektoru poljoprivrede i dalje su ograničeni zbog složenosti poljoprivrednog sustava, velikog broja dionika s različitim perspektivama, interesima, vrijednostima i zabrinutostima u vezi s poslovnim procesima, uz nedostatak i decentraliziranost razmjene podataka i informacija. Primjena novonastalih digitalnih tehnologija i njihova integracija u praksu poljoprivrednih poslovnih procesa, kružni pristup i sudjelovanje, dijeljenje podataka i prijenos znanja, identificirani su kao ključne značajke strateškog planiranja, donošenja odluka i upravljanja u složenim sustavima kao što je poljoprivreda. Suradnja svih dionika iz nekoliko razina i njihova razmjena podataka nužna je u svrhu poboljšanja poljoprivredne produktivnosti, razvoja održivih poljoprivrednih praksi i rješavanja složenih odnosa, uključujući tako ograničenja i interese različitih skupina dionika. Naglasak u ovom istraživanju je na kružnoj perspektivi poljoprivrednog ekosustava, usmjerenoj na suradnju svih dionika, što nudi razumijevanje stvaranja održive vrijednosti temeljene na podacima.

Open data is critical for digital innovation in the sector of agriculture. We aimed to identify the four key elements of the open data ecosystem for the agricultural domain in Croatia. 357 data files available via the Croatian Open data portal, the internet pages of the Ministry of agriculture, the Croatian agency for agriculture and food, as well as the Paying Agency for Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development were analysed. The main G2B publishers of the agriculture domain have not yet reached their potential in opening data. There are still many raw and aggregated datasets not openly available. The published data lack a suitable format for data linking and information on licencing.

Critical for digital innovation in the sector of agriculture, open data is diverse across different agricultural fields. Fourteen dataset categories are listed as important to be assessed for openness in Croatian open data ecosystem using the TODO readiness framework. Governmental responsibility to collect, maintain and enable timely, comprehensive, comparable and interoperable data is supported by Interdisciplinary research group focused on open data founded in 2020 at University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture. Connecting agriculture data to specific stakeholder needs depends upon defining the six common policies for the specific agricultural fields. Of the six policies empowering the small producers is emphasized. Preliminary landscaping results show the Open data portal (open.gov.hr) is not being used by the central or other government organizations of the agriculture sector. Data sets and data files available via the internet pages of the Ministry of agriculture, the Croatian agency for agriculture and food, as well as the Paying Agency for Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development are using predominately closed file formats. Databases and applications of the mentioned organizations curated for diverse target groups provide access with registration and no information on how users can be registered. NGOs are also providing data and portals in the role of citizen science that can be useful for the sector (e.g. biologer.hr). Centers of excellence provide and curate databases and provide portals of good spatial data quality (e.g. cpgrd.hapih.hr). Data literacy assessment of the sector based on the literacy provided by the courses of Faculty of agriculture shows developing digital competences of the students and developing data literacy of the lecturers is not the focus of the institution. Additionally, the technical and conceptual skills required to understand and effectively use data, and to combine domain knowledge with data literacy is present in 8% of the undergraduate and 24% of the master courses according to the ECTS catalogue. In conclusion, open data research of the agricultural sector should focus on identifying distinct data needs across different fields with emphasis on the small producers. Developing open data ecosystem in the sector of agriculture in Croatia requires raising of the data literacy in the sector and empowering the governmental institutions in upgrading current level of open data provision by national and local-level consultations and the uptake of good examples and synergy with institutions of the sector of nature and environment.

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi najbolji odgovarajući model laktacijskih krivulja za količinu mlijeka, sadržaj proteina i mliječne masti za istarsku i pašku ovcu. Podaci su prikupljeni od Ministarstva poljoprivrede za 2016., 2017. i 2018. godinu. Koristili smo pet laktacijskih modela u ovome radu: Wood, Wilmink, Ali-Schaeffer, Guo-Swalve te Kubični model. Za statističku analizu podataka korišten je statistički program SAS 9.4 i procedura NLIN, u kojem je izračunati i koeficijent determinacije za mlijeko koji se kretao od 0, 726 do 0, 884, za razinu mliječne masti od 0, 898 do 0, 971, te za bjelančevine u mlijeku od 0, 928 do 0, 992. U radu je pokazano da su Wood, Ali-Schaeffer te Guo- Swalve modeli koji najbolje opisuju laktacijsku krivulju za istarsku i pašku ovcu, dok su druga dva (Wilmink i Kubični) neznatno slabiji// The goal of this work was to determine the most suitable lactation curve model for milk, protein and fat from Istrian and Pag sheep. All data were acquired from the Ministry of Agriculture in the period from the year 2016 to 2018. Five different lactation models were used in the analysis: Wood, Wilmink, Ali-Schaeffer, Guo-Swalve and Cubic. Statistical program SAS 9.4 was used for data analysis and prodecure NLIN, where coefficient of determination was calculated for milk ranging from 0, 726 to 0, 884, milk fat content from 0, 898 to 0, 971 and milk protein content from 0, 928 to 0, 992. It was concluded that Wood, Ali-Schaeffer and Guo-Swalve models are the most efficient in describing lactation curve for Istrian and Pag sheep, while Wilmink and Cubic were a bit less efficient.

Cilj istraživanja bio je dati uvid u podatkovnu pismenost agrikulturnog sektora na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu pregledom zastupljenosti edukacije o otvorenim podacima (OP), i uporabe OP za učenje u kolegijima preddiplomskih i poslijediplomskih studija. Analizom dokumenata, prvenstveno ECTS kataloga kolegija Agronomskog fakulteta, identificirani su rani usvajači koji educiraju o OP ili koriste OP kao materijal za usvajanje gradiva. Utvrđena je ograničena edukacija o OP i uporaba OP u edukaciji. Kvalitativnim opisnim dizajnom klasificirani su rezultati polustrukturiranih intervjua s odabranim ranim usvajačima i dokumentne analize materijala koje koriste za svoje kolegije. Tematska analiza s fokusom na podatkovne vještine i znanje pokazala je kako se najmanji broj intervjua i dokumenata odnosio na razvijanje digitalnih kompetencija studenata i podatkovne pismenosti predavača. Najviše se referenci u intervjuima i dokumentima odnosilo na tehničke i konceptualne vještine potrebne za razumijevanje i učinkovito korištenje podataka, te kombiniranje domenskog znanja s podatkovnom pismenošću. Primjenom postojećih konceptualnih okvira za potporu korištenju OP u učenju mogle bi se proširiti korištene aktivnosti učenja, ali i razviti javno korištenje OP u poljoprivrednom sektoru s utjecajem na naprednu i prediktivnu poljoprivredu, ublažavanje klimatskih promjena i razvoj precizne poljoprivrede.

Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio prikupiti podatke četiri komercijalna izmuzišta tipa riblja kost i paralelno te procijeniti njihovu učinkovitost. Prikupljeni su jednogodišnji podaci sa četiri farme koje su opremljene Afimilk elektroničkim mjeračima količine mlijeka, kao i management programom koji je pohranio podatke svake pojedine mužnje. Priprema vimena za strojnu mužnju se razlikovala na farmama, pa su tako dvije farme imale osam do deset muznih mjesta po muzaču, dok su ostale dvije imale pet muznih mjesta po muzaču. Varijable korištene u analizi su: prosječno trajanje mužnje, protoci mlijeka (0-15 s ; 15-30 s ; 30-60 s i 60-120 s), trajanje najmanjeg protoka mlijeka, učinkovitost mužnje, količina mlijeka na sat po muznom mjestu i bimodalnost. Primjenom metoda glavnih komponenti utvrđene su dvije glavne komponente PCA1 (za protok mlijeka i trajanje mužnje) sa 53, 9% i PCA2 (za učinkovitost strojne mužnje) sa 21, 1% objašnjenje ukupne varijabilnosti. Rezultati analize pokazuju da farme sa većim brojem muznih mjesta po muzaču imaju manju učinkovitost nego farme sa manjim brojem muznih mjesta po muzaču. Analizom glavnih komponenti je jednostavno utvrditi farme koje imaju duže trajanje mužnje sa najvećim protokom mlijeka. Zaključno, primjenom glavnih komponenti PCA1 (za protok mlijeka i trajanje mužnje) i PCA2 (za učinkovitost strojne mužnje) moguće je primijeniti za svako izmuzište, te ga analizirati jednostavno i objektivno.

Increased milking frequency and incomplete milking have differential effects on milk yield and mammary gland physiology that are important for optimization of milking prac-tices in dairy herds. The objectives of this experi-ment were to determine the effects of increased milking frequency and incomplete milking on milk production rate (MPR) and milk compos-ition and to determine if milking 3 times daily (3×) could rescue the negative production effects of incomplete milking. Twenty-two multiparous cows were enrolled onto this experiment begin-ning at 5 days in milk (DIM) and continuing through 47 DIM. A split-plot design was used to randomize the 2 treatments, which were milking frequency and incomplete milking. Eleven cows were randomly assigned to be milked 2 times (2×) daily and 11 cows were randomly assigned to be milked 3×. Within each cow, a contralat-eral half-udder was randomly assigned to be in-completely milked (30% milk remaining in the gland ; IM), and the other half-udder was ran-domly assigned to be milked completely (CM). Quarter-level milk yields were recorded at each milking session. Milk samples from all quarters were collected twice weekly at the beginning of the morning milking for analysis. Cows milked 2× tended to have reduced MPR compared with 3× milked cows (1.81 ± 0.06 vs. 1.97 ± 0.06 kg milk/h ; P = 0.06). Half-udders that were CM and IM produced 1.09 ± 0.03 and 0.80 ± 0.03 kg milk/h, respectively. There was an interaction between incomplete milking treatment and week of lactation (P = 0.04). No interaction was de-tected between milking frequency and incom-plete milking for MPR or milk components. Cows milked 3× had increased milk fat percent (1.93 ± 0.09% vs. 1.65 ± 0.09%, P = 0.047), de- creased milk lactose percent (4.80 ± 0.04% vs. 4.93 ± 0.04%, P = 0.04), and exhibited no dif- ferences in milk protein percent or milk somatic cell count (SCC) compared with cows milked 2×. Half-udders that were IM had increased milk fat percent (2.15 ± 0.07% vs. 1.43 ± 0.07%, P < 0.0001), decreased lactose percent (4.75 ± 0.03% vs. 4.99 ± 0.03%, P < 0.0001), increased milk log10SCC (4.22 ± 0.05 vs. 4.41 ± 0.05, P = 0.0004), and no differences in milk protein percent compared with CM half-udders. These results indicate that a 3× milking frequency in IM half-udders was not able to improve milk production compared with IM half-udders milked 2×. Our results indicate that 30% milk re-maining in the gland had an irreversible impact on milk yield as increased milking frequency was not able to reverse the milk yield lost.

Number of biological populations and their spatial boundaries for 13 sheep breeds of the Eastern Adriatic coast was inferred using Geneland 4.0.8. package for R. Random unrelated genotypes of 22 to 51 sheep from each breed were analyzed, where 51 samples of Istrian sheep were collected in Croatia and Slovenia. Clustering was performed under spatial and non- spatial models for the 28 genotyped microsatellite markers, with and without the assumption of correlated allele frequencies. Stochastic inference was tested for 4 different groups of models (10 repetitions each, 106 iterations of the Markov chain Monte Carlo, 200 burn-in runs). Models with one to 18 clusters of genotypes were tested, accounting for putative null-alleles and treating the double missing genotype as genuine missing data. Explicit spatial coordinates of the samples were clumped, covering area of approximately 160, 000 km2 and were treated with the parameter of uncertainty of 10. Maximal number of nuclei in non-spatial models was set to the number of samples (317), and 3 times as much in spatial models. Non-spatial models showed poor chain mixing implying problems with convergence that can arise due to departure from modeling assumptions. Spatial model without assumed frequencies correlation recognized only 3 clusters. The expected low differentiation of the clusters due to larger variability within the breeds than among them, and spatial information found to be relevant in other sheep clustering studies, adduced toward a posteriori preference of the spatial model with correlated allele frequencies. A map of population membership was created for the best run of modal k = 14. Samples clustered according to the breed origin with lower resolution for the southern populations. The estimated spatial scale parameter (b = 63) and the low a parameter (a = 3.9) confirm the admixture structured in space and the value of explicit spatial data in indigenous sheep diversity assessment. Possible isolation by distance pattern in the sample may adduce toward recommendation of clustering using tessellation polygons.

The geographical patterns of genetic variation in domestic species are the outcome of spatially explicit demographic events. Technological advances have made the obtaining of spatial information easier and different techniques have been developed to analyse spatial patterns of genetic variation. Relatively weak geographic trends found in sheep populations suggested the use of more powerful approaches, such as spatial principle component analysis. The aim of the study was to assess if application of spatial approach could reveal structures and patterns of genetic variation in indigenous Eastern Adriatic sheep breeds and contribute to our current knowledge about their genetic differentiation. We found south-east to north-west cline as the global structure using spatial principal component analysis, which outperformed the principal component analysis in this study and complemented understanding of variability of the investigated breeds reported in other multivariate and model-based clustering methods applied on this microsatellite data in previous research. Kernel density estimation suggested the Lika pramenka sheep belongs to a separate patch, not recognized in the spatial effects of the spatial principal component analysis. This potential structure should be further investigated.

Istrian sheep is an indigenous endangered breed reared at extensive or semi-extensive farms in Croatia. The number of farms applying machine milking is increasing due to high quality dairy products. The objective of this work was to evaluate morphometry of the udder and milk flow kinetics in the Istrian sheep in Croatia, and to explore possible preferences of udder shape type on farms that apply machine milking. Using Lactocorder© (WMB ; Switzerland) we measured milk flow kinetics in five commercial herds. Using digital photographs of the posterior view of the udder and Image Tool software we measured udder height, width, cisternal part below the teat orifice and the angle that teat closes with the vertical axis of the udder in eleven herds. Breeding values were estimated using univariate animal models and REML (Restricted Maximum Likelihood). Istrian sheep breed in Croatia has excellent udder shape for machine milking: desirable angle that teat closes with the vertical axis of the udder, and cisternal height below the teat orifice is small. Ewes that are machine milked have higher udder, lower cisternal part below the teat orifice, and teats are more vertically implanted, which is the udder conformation beneficial for more efficient machine milking. BLUP value differences indicated that machine milked herds tend to have ewes with smaller cisternal part below the teat orifice that are of less udder height in the beginning of lactation and wider at the end of lactation, although there is no official selection of udder shape.

Cilj ove knjige sastoji se u objašnjenju temeljnih znanja koja su potrebna za razumijevanje rasta i razvoja mliječne žlijezde, početka i održavanja laktacije te u obrazloženju osnovnih principa strojne i robotske mužnje.

Cilj ovog rad bio je utvrditi količinu i kemijski sastav mlijeka Kupreške, Privorske, Stolačke i Vlašićke pramenke. U tu svrhu analizirano je ukupno 852 uzoraka mlijeka tijekom laktacije. Određena je količina proizvedenog mlijeka tijekom mužnje, količina mliječne masti, proteina i laktoze, te ukupni broj somatskih stanica i bakterija u mlijeku. Kod ukupnog broja somatskih stanica i bakterija izvršena je logaritamska transformacija po bazi 10. Najveću prosječnu proizvodnju imala je Vlašićka sa 0, 48 kg, potom Kupreška sa 0, 40 kg, Privorska 0, 31 kg, te Stolačka pramenka sa 0, 31 kg mlijeka po mužnji. Najveću količinu proizvedene mliječne masti su imale Vlašićka i Kupreška pramenka sa 7, 2%, dok je najveću količinu proteina u mlijeku imala Kupreška pramenka sa 6, 4%. Sadržaj laktoze u mlijeku je bio sličan kod svih pramenki i iznosio je od 4, 3% kod Kupreške i Privorske do 4, 4% kod Vlašićke i Stolačke. Prosječni ukupan transformirani broj bakterija u mlijeku kretao se od 4, 20 kod Privorske do 5, 05 kod Vlašičke pramenke. Prosječni ukupan transformirani broj somatskih stanica bio je između 4, 72 kod Privorske i 5, 15 kod Vlašićke pramenke. Zaključeno je da je proizvodnost mlijeka na promatranom uzorku najveća kod Vlašićke i Kupreške pramenke.

Istarska ovca je u Hrvatskoj ugrožena i zaštićena izvorna pasmina. Kombinirani je tip ovce rentabilan zbog proizvodnje sira od visokokvalitetnog mlijeka, a značajna je i zbog doprinosa identitetu sjevernojadranskih krških krajolika. Model aktivnosti koje omogućuju opstanak ovoj pasmini zadržavanjem konkurentnosti na tržištu zasad izostaje zbog nedostatka sustavne procjene proizvodnih karakteristika ove pasmine, osobito u tehnologiji proizvodnje mlijeka. S ciljem definiranja muznosti istarske ovce pri strojnoj mužnji, mjerili smo maksimalan i prosječan protok mlijeka, ukupno trajanje mužnje te količinu pomuzenog mlijeka. Mjerenje je vršeno Lactocorderom© (WMB, Švicarska) tijekom večernje strojne mužnje 214 istarskih ovaca na pet komercijalnih farmi. Dobivene prosječne vrijednosti protoka mlijeka bile su 0, 66 kg/min za maksimalni i 0, 53 kg/min za prosječni. Strojna mužnja prosječno je trajala 0, 89 min, a prosječna pomuzena količina mlijeka je 0, 48 kg. Ovi rezultati ne opravdavaju rezerviranost uzgajivača istarske ovce prema uvođenju strojne mužnje. Veći uzorak s detaljnim uvidom u proces strojne mužnje može dati odgovor kako olakšati prilagodbu uzgajivača istarske ovce strojnoj mužnji kroz poboljšanje rutine mužnje i ispravnost muznih uređaja. Brza i laka strojna mužnja može povoljno utjecati i na veličinu stada ove ugrožene pasmine.

On 15th of December 2006 on Brijuni island (Brijun veliki) we electronically tagged with ruminal boluses (Rumitag, hdx, 70 g) 5 fallow deer’s (Dama dama), 5 mouflon’s (Ovis musimon) and 2 zebus (Bos indicus). All of these species are ruminants so we used ruminal boluses as tagging method. Bolus after application ends in ruminal sacs where it stays for life. Tagged animals were read with handheld reader Gesreader 2 (Rumitag). As they are wild animals before tagging we had to tranquilize them first and it was done with tranquilizing rifle (DAN-INJECT CO2). Most important thing was that during the tranquilizing period animal doesn’t lose swallowing reflex. Tagging process is important in frames of traceability of animals and their products. Before mentioned animals are raised in ecological production system and should be declared as such. For traceability it is very important to be able to identify each animal. Even though wild animals are not usually tagged during their life this could be good way to do so. Wild ruminant population on Brijun veliki numbers some 2.000 animals. With this tagging method we could do full inventory of the ruminant population. In the same time, by installing of the dynamic readers on animal paths on the island we could update population size and get knowledge upon animal migrations in National park Brijuni.

Strojna mužnja koza predstavlja izmuzivanje maksimalne količine mlijeka u što kraćem vremenu. Predstimulacija utječe na ukupnu količinu mlijeka te na ostale muzne karakteristike. Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi optimalne muzne karakteristike primjenom različitih duljina trajanja predstimulacije tijekom strojne mužnje koza pasmine alpina. Predstimulacija u trajanju od 30 sekundi rezultirala je mužnjom s najvećom količinom i protokom mlijeka u najkraćem vremenu. Dulji interval između mužnji rezultirao je većom količinom pomuzenog mlijeka, najvećim protokom, ali i najduljim trajanjem strojne mužnje koza. Koze četvrte laktacije imale su veći prosječni i najveći protok mlijeka, dok su koze treće laktacije imale dulje trajanje strojne mužnje te veću količinu pomuzenog mlijeka. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da se predstimulacijom u trajanju od 30 sekundi postižu optimalne muzne karakteristike tijekom strojne mužnje koza pasmine alpina.

The aim of this study was to determine the udder morphology and milking characteristics changes throughout lactation during machine milking of the sheep. Additionally, udder morphology was analyzed by using slide ruler and digital picture. Milking characteristics were influenced by milking interval and day of lactation. Udder morphology traits did not change throughout lactation, except for udder width. The repeatability between slide ruler and digital picture measurements was high (r=0.53 to 0.68). Milkability in Istrian dairy crossbreed ewes could be improved if udder traits are incorporated in selection scheme. Digital picture analysis for faster recording of udder morphology measurements in sheep can be used.

Cilj rada je bio utvrditi utjecaj duljine predstimulacije (0, 30 i 60 s) na pokazatelje muznosti krava simentalske, holstein-friesian i smeđe pasmine. Pokus je proveden na 12 krava (po četiri svake pasmine) na farmi Kovažik prema “ change-over“ pokusnom planu. Svaki tretman trajao je 2 dana nakon čega je bio 1 dan pauze. Promatrani su slijedeći pokazatelji mužnje: količina namuzenog mlijeka, ukupno trajanje mužnje, trajanje glavne faze mužnje, maksimalni i prosječni protok mlijeka. Predstimulacija od 60 s rezultirala je u najkraćem trajanju ukupne (8.20 min) i glavne faze (6.89 min) mužnje i najvećim prosječnim protokom mlijeka (2.48 kg/min). Najveći maksimalni protok mlijeka (3.57 kg/min) bio je poslije 30 s predstimulacije. Trajanje glavne faze mužnje je bilo kraće (5.21 min) kod smeđe u odnosu na holstein-friesian (8.47 min) i simentalsku (7.61 min) pasminu. Količina namuzenog mlijeka je bila najveća (20.38 kg) kod holstein-friesian pasmine. Značajno najveći (4.05 kg/min) prosječni protok mlijeka bio je kod smeđe pasmine. Općenito, povećanjem vremena predstimulacije, mužnja je trajala kraće uz povećanje protoka i količine mlijeka. U ovom radu pasmina najboljih muznih svojstava pokazala se smeđa, a najmliječnija holstein-friesian pasmina. Implikacija navedenog istraživanja bi bila primjena prosječnog protoka mlijeka u selekciji, sa ciljem ostvarivanja maksimalne količine mlijeka pri što kraćem trajanju strojne mužnje.

Kontrola ispravnosti muznih uređaja provedena je u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji tijekom 2004. i 2005. godine na ukupno 27 farmi sa najmanje 5 krava. Mužnja u kantu se obavlja na 25 farmi, dok dvije farme koriste mljekovod. Na polovici od ukupno testiranih 40 muznih jedinica utvrđen je neispravan broj pulzacija, razina vakuuma i odstupanje kanala pulzatora. Regresijskom analizom utvrđeno je da su neispravni muzni uređaji (broj pulzacija u minuti, odstupanje, razina vakuuma i omjer pulzacija) utjecali na povećanje broja somatskih stanica u mlijeku iznad fiziološke razine. Istovremeno, nije utvrđen negativan utjecaj mjerenih parametara strojne mužnje na proizvodnju mlijeka. Poboljšanje higijenske kvalitete mlijeka može se postići samo ispravnim i redovito kontroliranim muznim uređajem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of milking interval (8 and 16 h) on milk constituents (fat, protein, lactose and dry matter percentage, and somatic cell count) in different milk fractions in Istrian x Awassi x East Friesian crossbreed ewes. Milk fraction samples of 20 ewes were collected during morning and evening milking in early lactation after 25% (M25), 50% (M50), 75% (M75) and 100% (M100) of main milk yield, and machine stripping fraction (MS) when milk flow decreased below 100 g/min from the whole udder. For the statistical analysis, a repeated measures model was used with ewe as a random effect and milking time, peak flow rate, total milk yield, milking interval and milk fraction nested within milking interval defined as fixed effects. The relationships between milk fractions and constituents within milking interval were tested by using linear, quadratic and cubic contrasts. The fat content during main milking ranged from 5.81 to 6.30 % and from 3.00 to 5.70 % after the 8 and 16 h from previous milking, respectively. Compared to the main milk fractions, the MS fraction fat content was higher (P < 0.05) after both milking intervals. Protein, lactose and dry matter did not change (P > 0.05) through the main milking fractions in both milking intervals. In contrast, MS fraction was lowest (P < 0.05) for protein and lactose, while highest for dry matter. Higher somatic cell count were observed in the M25 and MS fractions compared to all other milk fractions (P

The aim of the study was to determine the variance of longissimus muscle area (LMA) measurements associated with the standard use of polar planimeter (REISS Precision 3005, Germany) and ¨Image tool¨ software program. Measurements were conducted on six dorsal samples taken between 7th and 9th rib of the right halfs of beef carcasses. Firstly, LMA was traced on acetate paper and measured using a planimeter. Secondly, the images of longissimus muscles for computer analysis were obtained by scanning (UMAX PowerLook II) dorsal samples in ratio 1:1. LMA size was determined with ¨Image tool¨ software. Triplicate measurements of LMA were performed by six measurers for each sample and method. Variance components for LMA measurement method associated with measurer, sample and measurement replicates were estimated by REML. The proportion of the total variance in LMA measurement beetwen samples was greater with ¨Image tool¨ (99.79%) than with planimeter (96.49%). The proportion of variance between measurers was 0.12% with ¨Image tool¨ and 0.34% with planimeter. The proportion of error variance due to measurement replicates associated with the use of ¨Image tool¨ program was smaller (0.09 %) than with the planimeter (3.17%). The application of ¨Image tool¨ showed greater precision in measuring LMA than standard planimeter method.

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi varijabilnost pri mjerenju površine m.longissimus dorsi (MLD) standardnom metodom planimetriranja i primjenom računalnog programa Image tool za analizu digitalne slike. Površina MLD-a mjerena je na šest leđnih isječaka trupa goveda (7/9 rebro). Površina MLD-a opcrtana je na paus papir i izmjerena polarnim planimetrom. Slike za mjerenje površine mišića primjenom računalnog programa dobivene su skeniranjem leđnih isječaka u mjerilu 1:1. Sva mjerenja površine MLD-a su obavljena u tri ponavljanja po svakom uzorku od strane šestoro različitih mjerača. Komponente varijance procjenjene su REML metodom. Udio varijance greške u ukupnoj varijanci usljed ponavljanja mjerenja kod korištenja ¨Image tool¨ programa bio je mnogo manji (0.09 %) u odnosu na udio varijance greške kod standardne primjene planimetra (3.17 %). Primjena ¨Image tool¨ računalnog programa imala je 35 puta veću preciznosti mjerenja površine MLD-a u odnosu na standardnu metodu planimetriranja.

The aim of this study is to evaluate milking characteristics and udder morphology during machine milking in Istrian dairy crossbreed ewes. The analyzed data belong to a total of 63 Istrian dairy crossbreed ewes (twelwe crosses with 75% Istrian and 25% Awassi, IAI ; fourteen crosses with 25% Istrian, 25% Awassi and 50% East Friesian, IAEF ; and thirty-seven crosses with 50% Istrian and 50% Awassi, IA). Milking time, milk yield, peak flow rate and average flow rate were measured during early, mid and late lactation. From the analyses performed, it can be concluded that IAEF Istrian dairy crossbreed has the highest milk production, average, peak flow rate and good udder shape, although all Istrian crossbreed ewes are well adapted to machine milking.

In conventional milking systems, dairy cows are driven to the milking stall twice or thrice daily, whereas in automatic milking systems (AMS), the cows enter the milking stall voluntarily. In this study, noninvasive methods were used to analyze the physiological reaction of 17 cows toward the changeover from conventional to automatic milking. Milk yield and composition were analyzed. Heart rate was recorded continuously, and feces was sampled twice daily to determine cortisol metabolites (11, 17-dioxoandrostanes) for a period of 2 wk. During the first visit to the AMS (without milking), heart rate was elevated compared with parlor milking by 35+/-3 beats per minute (bpm) above basal heart rate (P < 0.05). Heart rate during the first milking in AMS (eighth visit) was already similar to the heart rate previously measured during milking in the parlor (18.1+/-2.2 bpm above basal level). Concentration of fecal cortisol metabolites was unchanged during the changeover compared with parlor milking. A decreased (P

U radu je istrazen utjecaj nacina muznje na promjenu duzine i promjera vrha sise, te kolicinu i protok mlijeka. Usporedena su dva nacina muznje. U prvom muzac odlucuje o trenutku skidanja muzne jedinice s vimena krave a u drugom, kada se protok mlijeka smanji ispod 200 g/min, muzna jedinica se sama skida s vimena. Na farmama A i B obavljena su mjerenja 15 slucajno izabranih krava koje nisu pokazivale znakove klinickog mastitisa. Rezultati pokazuju da izmedu farme A i B ne postoje znacajne razlike u duzini sisa i promjera vrha sisa prije i poslije muznje. Strojna muznja je na farmi A trajala prosjecno 6 min i 58 s, dok je na farmi B trajala 5 min i 3 s. Na farmi B prosjecno je namuzeno 12, 9 kg mlijeka, a na farmi A 13, 4 kg. Trajanje strojne muznje bilo je krace na farmi B u odnosu na farmu A. Prosjecna kolicina pomuzenog mlijeka po kravi bila je priblizno ista na obje farme. Automatsko skidanje muzne jedinice (tezine 2 kg), kada protok mlijeka padne ispod 200 g/min smanjuje trajanje muznje sto je dobro za ocuvanje zdravlja vimena.

Four different ways of teat preparation during milking in an automatic milking system (AMS) were studied in two experiments on Red Holstein/German Fleckvieh crossbreed cows. Milking routines used were either milking without pre-milking teat preparation, with one cleaning cycle (58-60 s) with cold (13-15 C) or warm (30-32 C) water or two cleaning cycles (122 s) with warm water. In experiment 1 milking characteristics were evaluated and milking routines were randomly assigned to cows during three measuring periods of 24 h each. In experiment 2 ten randomly selected cows were assigned to the same milking routines during four days and blood samples for oxytocin (OT) determination were taken during milking in addition to milk flow recording. Milk production, peak flow rate, total and quarter milk yields showed no differences between treatments. Baseline OT concentrations were consistently low. At the start of teat cup attachment without pre-milking teat preparation OT concentrations remained on the basal level but were elevated in all other treatments. Already 30 s from the start of milking OT concentrations were markedly increased in all treatments and were no longer different between treatments. Pre-milking preparation with cold compared to warm water showed no differences in OT release, milk yield, peak flow rate, milking time, average flow rate and time until main milk flow. In conclusion, the teat cleaning device in the used AMS, similarly with warm or cold water, was suitable to induce milk ejection in cows before the start of milking.

Milking characteristics and udder evacuation in 3 different quarter specific milking routines were evaluated. The findings are based on single quarter milk flow profiles of 10 cows. Each treatment was applied in blocks of 4 subsequent milkings. After the fourth milking of each treatment 10 I.U. oxytocin were i.v. injected to obtain the residual milk. The intramammary pressure was recorded during pre-milking stimulation and after the teat cup removal to study the course of the milk ejection. Quarter specific milking routines avoided an overmilking of single teats, and partially decreased the total machine on-time. In comparison to non-stripping routines, the stripping routines had no benefit on udder evacuation or machine on-time. The milk ejection in single quarters was completely terminated when the milk flow ceased and the teat cups were removed. The degree of udder evacuation was therefore not influenced by the tested quarter specific routines.

In automatic milking systems (AMS) teats are cleaned by water, towel or brush. The stimulatory effect of teat cleaning induces milk ejection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the number of cleaning cycles on milking characteristics in forty-eight German Fleckvieh cows milked in a single stall AMS (Merlin, Lemmer-Fullwood). Cows were randomly assigned to the treatments B0 (no brushing), B1 (1 brushing cycle for 16 s, 4 s per teat), B2 (2 brushing cycles), B4 (4 brushing cycles) and B6 (6 brushing cycles). Each treatment period lasted for two days. Quarter milk yield and milk flow was recorded during milking. Time needed for attachment of all four teat cups was similarly short in all treatments (19 to 23 s). Total milk yield and milk production rate (kg/h) did not differ between treatments. Milking time was prolonged (P

In this work oxytocin release and milking characteristics during machine milking of mares were investigated. Two experiments were performed twice each in all animals. In experiment 1 mares were milked twice subsequently and residual milk was collected after milking 2 with injection of oxytocin (10 i.u. i.v.). In experiment 2 mares were also milked twice, but residual milk was collected already after milking 1. Oxytocin concentrations peaked during pre-stimulation and decreased after the teat cups were attached. Total milk yield was 1.1 +/- 0.1 kg during milking 1 and 0.5 +/- 0.1 kg during milking 2 in experiment 1. Residual milk obtained after second milking was 0.7 +/- 0.1 kg. Total milk yield during milking 1 in experiment 2 was also 1.0 +/- 0.1 kg. Residual milk obtained after milking 1 was 0.9 +/- 0.1.kg. As expected there was scarcely milk left in experiment 2 after the residual milk was collected. A short peak without plateau phase characterizes milk flow curves in both experiments. Obviously oxytocin release during machine milking was insufficient for complete udder emptying.

Oxytocin (OT) is released in response to tactile teat stimulation and causes alveolar milk ejection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of teat cleaning by two rolling brushes on OT release and milk ejection during milking in a single stall automatic milking system (AMS, Merlin, Lemmer-Fullwood). Forty-eight German Fleckvieh cows were investigated during their voluntary milkings. Five treatments B0 (no brushing), B1 (1 brushing cycle for 16 s, 4 s per teat), B2 (2 brushing cycles), B4 (4 brushing cycles) and B6 (6 brushing cycles) were performed for 2 days each and quarter milk flow was recorded. In addition blood samples were taken from 10 cows during milking at 1-min intervals for OT determination in treatments B0, B2, B4 and B6. Basal OT concentrations were similar (2.7 to 3.8 pg/ml) in all treatments. At the start of milking, OT concentration was lower (P

For the planning of the barn layout, cow traffic and facility locations (such as: cubicles, forage lane, etc.), the farmer has to know the milking robot utilization of his production herd. Therefore, prediction of the milking robot utilization has to be done. The milking robot utilization depends on the cow’s visiting pattern and capacity of the milking robot. The models used for prediction were generalized multiple regression models. Behavioural data were obtained by video observations and electronic measurements. For eleven behavioural variables used in the model from all three experiments, only two (number of cows and sum of milk yields per hour in kilograms) were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) and measurable on a commercial farm. A part from the milking capacity, forage feeding routine influenced utilization of the robot. Combined cow traffic used in experiments appeared to be feasible.

The main purpose of this article is to describe interaction between physiology of lactation and milking machine. This is important in order to avoid bad influences (such as: high somatic cell count (SCC), mastitis, etc.). The paper is divided into two parts: The anatomy part describes udder characteristics needed for healthy udder and high milk yield. The milking machine part describes milking machine parameters needed for good and easy milking. The main conclusions on udder physiology and milking machine interaction showed that the most important good milking machine routine, regular cow hygiene, regular cow mastitis control, milking pleasant to the cows and presence of three most important hormones (oxytocine, prolactin and growth hormone) for lactation.

The Project "How to improve the raw milk quality on dairy farms in Croatia", met its main aim which was to help producers meet the EU standards for somatic cell and bacteriological counts. In first step of project attention was paid to estimate the influence of different type of milking (hand or machine) on total bacterial and somatic cell counts. Between September 1998 to April 1999, 641 samples of bulk milk from 241 family farms were monthly collected. Farms had different types of cattle housing and level of milk hygiene but same a simmental cows or their crosses. Bacterial counts were determined by standard plate count (SPC) and somatic cell counts (SCC) by Fossomatic cell counting. Repeated measurement model was used to analyze obtained data. Type of milking was defined as a fixed effect and farm within type of milking as a random effect. Differences between hand and machine milking were significant (P

Uspješna mužnja podrazumijeva sekreciju maksimalne količine mlijeka u što kraćem roku bez negativnih posljedica na zdravlje samih životinja. Na mužnju utječe niz faktora među kojima se kao najznačajniji ističu vrsta sisne gume te vakuum koji se javlja u njenom vršnom dijelu. Odabir neadekvatnih sisnih guma direktno utječe na tkivo sise, a indirektne posljedice su vidljive u obliku nepoželjnih razina vakuuma koje se stvaraju prilikom mužnje. Visoke razine vakuuma povećavaju rizik od pojave bolesti, a jedan od načina regulacije razina vakuuma tijekom mužnje je ventilacija sisnih guma. Ovo istraživanje se provodilo na muznim kravama pasmine Holstein-Friesian pri čemu su se pratili vakuum u vršnom dijelu sisne gume te kretanje sisne gume. Statistički značajni efekti modela su vrsta sisne gume, ventilacija sisne gume te interakcija između vrste sisnih guma te ventilacije. Successful milking implies the secretion of the maximum amount of milk in the shortest possible time without negative consequences for the health of the animals themselves. Milking is affected by a number of factors, among which the type of teat rubber and the vacuum that occurs in its peak stand out as the most important. Choosing inadequate liners directly affects the teat tissue, and indirect consequences are visible in the form of undesirable vacuum levels that are created during milking. High vacuum levels increase the risk of disease, and one way to regulate vacuum levels during milking is to ventilate the liners. This research was conducted on dairy cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed, where the vacuum in the mouthpiece chamber and the movement of the liners were monitored. Statistically significant effects of the model are the type of liners, ventilation of the liners and the interaction between the type of liners and ventilation.

U natrag nekoliko desetljeća napravljena su mnoga istraživanja na temu utjecaja svjetlosnog perioda na proizvodne karakteristike krava. Više od nekoliko njih ide u prilog da svjetlost itekako ima utjecaja na proizvodnju mlijeka, pravilnom manipulacijom stočari bi u teoriji mogli utjecati na količinu mlijeka. Ovim istraživanjem se pokušalo potvrditi brojne radove i prihvatiti alternativnu hipotezu o utjecaju svijetla na proizvodnju mlijeka, kao i ispitati muzne karakteristike krava koje su bile izložene periodu dugog dana u odnosu na krave izložene periodu kratkoga dana. Također, ispitivan je i direktan utjecaj prolaktina na proizvodnju mlijeka i muzne karakteristike krava. Ovim istraživačkim radom se zaključilo da svjetlosni period nema utjecaja na proizvodnju mlijeka, kao ni na muzne karakteristike krava. S druge strane otkriveno je da prolaktin ima značajan utjecaj na maksimalni protok mlijeka, ali ne i na prinos mlijeka i ostale ispitivane varijable. In the past few decades, many studies have been done on the topic of the influence of the light period on the production characteristics of cows. More than a few of them are in favor of the fact that light does indeed have an effect on milk production, with proper manipulation, livestock farmers could in theory influence the amount of milk. This research attempted to confirm numerous works and accept an alternative hypothesis about the influence of light on milk production, as well as examine the milking characteristics of cows exposed to a long day period compared to cows exposed to a shorter day period. Also, the direct influence of prolactin on milk production and milking characteristics of cows was investigated. This research work concluded that the light period has no influence on milk production, as well as on the milking characteristics of cows. On the other hand, it was discovered that prolactin has a significant influence on the maximum milk flow, but not on the milk yield and other investigated variables.

Pretpostavka je da se nakon određenog intervala mužnje (8 i 16 sati) kemijski sastav mlijeka u vimenu ovaca mijenja. Radi lakše statističke procjene, količina mlijeka podijeljena je na frakcije (0-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-100% te frakciju izmuzivanja). Procijenjen je i utjecaj intervala na muzne karakteristike (maksimalni i prosječni protok mlijeka, te vrijeme mužnje). U eksperimentu je korišteno devetnaest križanih ovaca (Istarska x Awassi x Istočnofrizijska) u change-over pokusnom planu. Prosječni protok mlijeka i količina mlijeka po mužnji bili su manji nakon 8 sati u odnosu na 16 sati. Sastav mliječne masti, suhe tvari i broja somatskih stanica bilježe veće vrijednosti nakon intervala između mužnji od 8 sati. Sastav proteina se nije mijenjao kroz frakcije mlijeka. Laktoza se nije mijenjala tijekom intervala od 8 sati, bilježi pad nakon 16 sati u frakcijama 75-100% i frakciji izmuzivanja. Veza između kemijskog sastava mlijeka i frakcija opisana je polinomnim funkcijama. Rezultati su pokazali da intervali mužnje značajno utječu na sadržaj mliječne masti i suhe tvari, prosječni protok mlijeka i količinu mlijeka po mužnji. It is assumed that milk composition after a different milking intervals (8 and 16 hours) in udder of ewes changes. Milk yield was divided into milk fractions for easier statistical estimation (0-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-100% and stripping fraction). Also, the effects of the milking intervals on milking characteristics was determined (average milk flow, peak flow rate, milking time). Nineteen crossbred ewes (Istrian x Awassi x East Friesian) were enrolled in experiment in a change-over trial plan. Average milk flow rate and milk yield per milking were lower in the 8h milking interval compared to the 16h milking interval. Milk fat, dry matter content and SCC were increased in the 8h interval. Milk protein content did not change through milk fractions. Lactose content did not change within the interval of 8h, it decreased in 16h milking interval in fractions 75-100% and MS. The relationship between milk composition and milk fraction was described by polynomial contrasts. The results showed milking intervals significantly affect the milk fat and dry matter content, average milk flow and milk yield per milking.

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi najbolji odgovarajući model laktacijskih krivulja za količinu mlijeka, sadržaj proteina i masti za istarsku i pašku ovcu. Podaci su prikupljeni od Ministarstva poljoprivrede za 2016., 2017. i 2018. godinu. Koristili smo pet laktacijskih modela u ovome radu: Wood, Wilmink, Ali-Schaeffer, Guo-Swalve te Kubični model. Za statističku analizu podataka korišten je statistički program SAS 9.4 u kojem je izračunati i koeficijent determinacije za mlijeko koji se kretao od 0,726 do 0,884, za razinu mliječne masti od 0,898 do 0,971, te za bjelančevine u mlijeku od 0,928 do 0,992. U radu je pokazano da su Wood, Ali-Schaeffer te Guo-Swalve modeli koji najbolje opisuju laktacijsku krivulju za istarsku i pašku ovcu, dok su druga dva (Wilmink i Kubični) neznatno slabiji. The goal of this work was to determine the most suitable lactation curve model for milk, protein and fat from Istrian and Pag sheep. All data were acquired from the Ministry of Agriculture in the period from the year 2016 to 2018. Five different lactation models were use din this thesis: Wood, Wilmink, Ali-Schaeffer, Guo-Swalve and Cubic. Statistical program SAS 9.4 was used for data analysis where coefficient of determination was calculated for milk ranging from 0,726 to 0,884, milk fat content from 0,898 to 0,971 and milk protein content from 0,928 to 0,992. It was concluded that Wood, Ali-Schaeffer and Guo-Swalve models are the most efficient in describing lactation curve for Istrian and Pag sheep, while Wilmink and Cubic were a bit less efficient.

Budući oplemenjivački zahvati s ciljem poboljšanja proizvodnje ovčjeg mlijeka u BIH ovisiti će o kvaliteti procijene količine proizvedenog mlijeka, te kemijskog sastava mlijeka. Nužnost prelaska sa ručne na strojnu mužnju je najveći uzgojni izazov i predstavlja imperativ opstojnosti proizvodnje autohtonih sireva i opstanka mliječnog ovčarstva. Stoga, nužna procjena morfoloških osobitosti vimena dominantnih pasmina ovaca u BIH, značajno bi doprinijela u optimizaciji povoljnih sustava strojne mužjne ovaca. Zbog toga je bitno radi utvrđivanja budućih jasnih selekcijskih kriterija kod dominantnih pasmina ovaca u BIH (kupreške, privorske, stolačke (humske) i vlašićke pramenke), istražiti njihovu proizvodnju mlijeka, analizirati kemijski sastav mlijeka i utvrditi broj somatskih stanica i ukupan broj mikroorganizama u mlijeku. Kako bi odredili njihovu pogodnost za strojnu mužnju izmjerili smo vanjske mjere vimena i ujedno odredili dužinu, promjer i kut koji sisa zatvara sa okomicom vimena. Utvrdili smo laktacijske krivulje procijene proizvodnje mlijeka i laktacijske krivulje procijene kemijskog sastava mlijeka. Prilikom odabira stada na početku laktacije uvažen je kriterij izvornog okolišnog ambijenta koji je utjecao na formiranje pasminskih specifičnosti ovaca. Uzorkovano je po jedno stado od svake pasmine (98 kupreških pramenki, 73 vlašićke pramenke, 100 stolačkih (humskih) pramenki i ukupno 83 privorske pramenke). Sve odabrane ovce su iz ekstezivnog uzgoja, te su ručno mužene. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćene odrasle ovce od druge do pete laktacije. Uz mjerenje tjelesne mase ovaca za vrijeme rane, srednje i kasne laktacije, skupljeni su uporedo i uzorci mlijeka za utvrđivanje fizikalno kemijskih svojstava i ukupnog broja mikroorganizama i broja somatskih stanica u mlijeku, te su mjerene dimenzije vimena. Uzorkovanje je izvršeno u razdoblju od 80.-100. (rana laktacija) dana laktacije, zatim od 140.-160. dana laktacije (sredina laktacije) i u razdoblju od 200.-220. dana laktacije (kasna laktacija). Istražena je prosječna proizvodnja mlijeka, sadržaj masti, proteina, laktoze, suhe tvari, suhe bezmasne tvari, te broj somatskih stanica i ukupan broj mikroorganizama u mlijeku. Od vanjskih mjera vimena analizirani su: širina vimena na spoju, maksimalna širina vimena, širina vimena između baza sisa, maksimalna visina vimena, visina vimena na spoju, visina lijeve cisterne vimena ispod sisnog otvora, visina desne cisterne vimena ispod sisnog otvora, prosječna visina cisterne vimena ispod sisnog otvora lijeve i desne sise, dužina lijeve sise, promjer lijeve sise, dužina desne sise, promjer desne sise, prosjek dužine sisa, prosjek promjera sisa, kut koji lijeva sisa zatvara s okomicom vimena, kut koji desna sisa zatvara s okomicom vimena, te prosjek kutova koje sise zatvaraju s okomicom vimena. Nakon provedenih istraživanja zaključujemo da sve pasmine imaju malu prosječnu proizvodnju mlijeka koja se smanjuje kroz laktaciju, dok udio mliječne masti, proteina i suhe bazmasne tvari raste. Ukupan broj mikroorganizama i broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku kroz laktaciju blago se povećavaju te njihov ukupan broj upućuje na kvalitetu i dobro zdravlje vimena. Sadržaj laktoze u mlijeku je najveći početkom laktacije kada imamo i najveću proizvodnju mlijeka, nakon čega blago pada. Zbog činjenice da su dominantne pasmine ovaca u BIH držane u ekstenzivnim uvjetima s lošim menadžmentom koji se posebice očituje u nekontroliranom pripustu ovnova, sve su imale atipične laktacijske krivulje proizvodnje mlijeka, osim kupreške pramenke. Najbolju procijenu laktacijskih krivulja većine svojstava imao je Guo- Swalve matematički model, jer je imao najveći koeficijent determinacije i najmanji korijen srednje kvadratne pogreške. Male izmjerene dimenzije vimena (dužina i širina vimena), uz mali dio cisterne vimena koji se nalazi ispod otvora sisa i malih kuteva koje sise zatvaraju s okomicom vimena, kod svih istraživanih ovaca, ukazuju na izostanak selekcije na mliječnost. Sve dominante pasmine ovaca u BIH imaju morfološke osobitosti vimena koje su pogodne za strojnu mužnju. Tjelesne mase promatranih pasmina ovaca povećavaju se tijekom laktacije. Future breeding goals needed to increase the sheep milk production in BIH will mainly depend on the quality of estimated milk production and chemical composition of milk. There is an increasing demand to change the milking process from hand milking to machine milking in order to ensure the survival of the autochtonous cheese production and the dairy sheep breeding. Therefore, it is important to define which dairy sheep breeds in BIH have the udder morphology suitable for machine milking. To define the clear selection criterium the dominant dairy sheep breeds in BIH (Kurpes, Privor, Stolac and Vlasic pramenka) their milk production was measured, chemical milk composition, somatic cell count and total bacterial count were analysed. Suitability for machine milking was determind by measurement of the exterior udder measurements together with teat length, width and angle the teat closes with the vertical axis of the udder. Lactation curves for milk production and chemical composition of milk were determined. Heards were chosen based on typical environment of the breed with typical characteristics of particular breed. Kupres breed was measured in one herd with 98 sheep, Vlasic breed was measured in one heard with 73 sheep, Stolac breed was measured in one heard with 100 sheep and Privor breed was measured in one heard with 100 sheep. Body weight was measured three times in lactation were from extensive pasture based environment and were milked by hand. Measurements were made on mature sheep in their second to fifth lactation. Milk yield, chemical composition of milk and udder morphology were measured in early (day 80-100), mid (day 140-160) and late lactation (day 200-220). Measurements were made for milk production, percentage of milk fat, milk protein, lactose, dry matter, total solids non fat, somatic cell count and total bacterial count. External udder measurements consisted of: udder width at connection point, maximum udder width, udder width between teats, maximum udder height, udder height at connection point, left cistern height below teat orifice, right cistern height below teat orifice, aveagecistern height below teat orifice, left teat length, left teat width, right teat length, right teat width, average teat lenght, average teat width, left teat angle, right teat angle and average teat angle. Results of this thesis confirm that all of the analysed breeds have low milk production which is decreasing throughout lactation while the percentage of milk fat, protein and total solid-non fat is increasing. Total bacterial and somatic cell counts in milk are slightly increasing throughout latcation and their concentration shows good udder health. Lactose percentage is the highest in milk during the early lactation when milk production is the highest, while afterwards it is decreasing. Due to fact that all of the investigated breeds were keptin the extensive pasture based conditions in BIH,all had atypical milk production lactation curve. The best lactation prediction model was selected based on the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest root mean square error. The best lactation prediction was achieved with the Guo- Swalve mathematical model. Small udder height and width together with small cistern height below the teat orifice in all dominant sheep breeds in BIH show lack of selection for high milk production. Therefore, we can conclude that all of the dominant dairy sheep breeds in BIH are suitable for machine milking. Body weight in all of the breeds is increasing during lactation.

SAS makro programi se sastoje od SAS makro naredbi i varijabli. Oni se najviše koriste u Base SAS-u i to za prilagođavanje korisnikovim potrebama: procesiranja datoteka, koraka u procedurama, u kreiranju izvješća, te u prebacivanju podataka između koraka u SAS programu. SAS makro programi smanjuju potrebnu količinu napisanog koda i zato su puno učinkovitiji od običnih SAS programa. U današnje vrijeme sve je više empirijskih podataka u stočarstvu, te je uz pomoć SAS makro programa moguće obraditi empirijske podatke puno učinkovitije. Stoga će se u ovom radu objasniti korištenje SAS makro naredbi i varijabli na primjerima iz područja stočarstva. SAS macro programs consist of SAS macro commands and variables. They have been used mostly in BASE SAS program to meet user need such as: data set processing, steps in procedures, report writing and to move data from different steps in SAS program. SAS macro programs reduce amount of written code and therefore they are much more efficient than regular SAS programs. Today a lot of empirical data exist in the animal husbandry and therefore by using macro programs much more data can be processed efficiently. Therefore, this thesis will explain benefits of using SAS macro programs in the field of animal husbandry efficiently.

Istarska ovca je lokalna mliječna pasmina s morfologijom vimena pogodnom za strojnu mužnju, koju je potrebno očuvati u budućim selekcijama. U ovom radu prikazana je analiza kvalitete podataka opisnim statističko-numeričkim i grafičkim metodama, te je izvršena procjena genetskih parametara za svojstva oblika vimena. Vanjski oblik vimena istarske ovce mjeren je na 11 komercijalnih farmi tri puta tijekom laktacije i uključuje: punu visinu vimena (Fh), maksimalnu širinu vimena (Mw), kut koji sisa zatvara s vertikalnom osi vimena (Alfa) i visinu cisteralnog dijela vimena koji se nalazi ispod otvora sisinog kanalića (Cis). Uzgojne vrijednosti procjenjivane su pomoću animal modela korištenjem procedure MIXED u računalnom programu SAS. Procijenjeni heritabiliteti za oblik vimena iznosili su 0.71 za Cis i 0.05 za Alfu. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da bi visina cisterne ispod sisnog kanalića bila pogodna za selekciju zbog visokog heritabiliteta. Istrian sheep is a local dairy breed with a good udder morphology, which needs to be preserved in future selections. This paper presents the analysis of data quality by descriptive statistical-numerical and graphical methods, and the evaluation of genetic parameters for the udder morphology. Udder morphology of the Istrian sheep was measured on 11 commercial farms three times during lactation and includes: full height (Fh), maximum width (Mw), the teat angle (Alfa ) and the height of the cisternal part below the teat orifice (Cis). Heritabilities were estimated using an animal model using the MIXED procedure in the SAS program. The udder shape heritabilities were 0.71 for and 0.05 for Alpha. Obtained results show that Cis trait could be suitable for selection due to high heretability.