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The author considers the main patterns characteristic of the processes of hydrogen chloride oxidation (the Deacon reaction) and oxidative methane and ethane chlorination. It is shown that the most widely recognized and best studied catalysts of these processes are copper chloride systems that are based on different supports and contain alkali and rare-earth metal chlorides, which reduce the entrainment of an active phase from the surface of a catalyst with a simultaneous increase in its activity. The prospects for using ruthenium catalysts are also noted. The main kinetic and technological patterns of oxychlorination are considered. Conditions are described that allow the yield of target products (lower methane chlorides) to be increased in the oxychlorination of methane and vinyl chloride during the oxychlorination of ethane. Variants of reactor units for oxychlorination are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous integration of semiconductor devices, the requirements of the size accuracy and surface quality of etched lead frames are stricter. The etchant is a key factor in the etching process and etched surface quality, while the effects of the difference in etchants on the etched surface morphology of Cu alloy have not been directly studied. In this study, aqua regia, acidic FeCl3 and two CuCl2 solutions were used as etchants, and different CuCrSn specimens were etched and characterized. The results show that the etching rate in aqua regia is high, and the grain orientation, grain boundary (GB) and dislocations have significant influences on the local etching rate. The preferential etching of some atomic planes forms steps between the grains with different orientations, and preferential etching around the GB and dislocation group forms grooves, resulting in high surface roughness. For the surfaces etched by the FeCl3 and CuCl2 etchants, the steps and grooves are blurred; thus, they are less rough. The CuCrSn alloy surface etched by the aqua regia is clean, with little Cr-rich particles, while high-density Cr-rich particles remain on the surfaces etched by the FeCl3 and CuCl2 etchants. For the same kind of etchant, the ion concentration can affect the etching mechanism, rate and the etched surface morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental evaluations of metal nanoparticles (NP) rely on seperating the effects of the metal NP from its dissolution products. However, the coordinating or counter anion used in experimental controls may potentially influence biotic indicators used in ecotoxicology and soil health monitoring, thereby compromising the ability to detect real nanoparticle effects and potentially confounding interpretation of metal-NP impacts. Using the example of copper oxide (CuO) NP, we demonstrate for the first time that depending on the anion used in the metal ion control (CuCl2 versus CuSO4), different and even opposite conclusions may be drawn for CuO-NP effects. This include a key biological indicator such as enzyme activity in soil samples. Moreover, this effect was specific to environmental conditions and indicator type, raising important methodological and interpretive implications to assess the CuO-NP impacts on soils. Our findings imply that assessments of soil health impacts of metal-NP should consider multiple coordinating anion controls for a given metal, especially when the counterion is known to impact the biological indicator including nutrient ions.

In this manuscript, we present the results of ecotoxicological tests conducted on the Baltic microphytobenthos community consisting largely of cosmopolitan species showing the responses at the community (taxonomic composition and structure), population (abundance), and cellular (chloroplast shape) levels. The tests were carried out for three chemicals with different modes of action on photosynthetic organisms, i.e., copper (II) chloride (at concentrations of 2·10−5 g·dm3 and 2·10−3 g·dm−3), glyphosate in the form of Roundup® (concentrations ranging from 4.2·10−2 to 8.5 g·dm−3), and the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl (at concentrations of 1.13·10−3 g·dm−3 and 1.75·10−2 g·dm−3). The results of the study indicate that the responses of microphytobenthos at each level analysed are highly variable and difficult to predict a priori based on experiments performed on single strains. In addition, it was shown that microphytobenthic communities are relatively resistant to the substances tested, which is due to taxonomic richness and the resulting potential for substitution of sensitive taxa by more resistant taxa. The results obtained in the tests also indicate that the number of cells of individual taxa can remain at a similar level or increase over short periods of time despite the deformation of chloroplasts in a numerous group of cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of the interaction of indomethacin and copper chloride using the electrical conductance measurement in methanol, ethanol, and their binary mixture with water at room temperature (298.15 K), to determine the solvation behavior, redox behavior, and kinetics. The association parameters were computed using the Fuoss-Hsia-Fernández-Prini and Fuoss-Shedlovsky models. The standard Gibbs energy for association (ΔGoA), Walden product (Λoηo), and hydrodynamic radii (RH) were calculated to study the interaction of indomethacin and copper chloride. On the other hand, cyclic voltammetry examines the electrochemical redox behavior of copper chloride using a gold electrode and its interactions with indomethacin. Results showed changes in peak potentials and currents density in the presence of indomethacin, indicating alterations in redox behavior and reaction rates. Overall, this research can be valuable in understanding the electrochemical properties and potential applications of indomethacin and copper chloride, as well as in developing new drugs or therapeutic agents, which could have has implications in various fields, including drug development, electrochemistry, and materials science.

In this work, twenty new polysubstituted propargylamine analogs were produced in good to excellent yields via one‐step reaction of alkynes, aromatic aldehydes, and cyclic secondary amines using CuCl2 in DMF under ultrasound irradiation at 80 °C. Twelve compounds having both quinazoline building block and propargylamine scaffolds were synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous integration of semiconductor devices, the requirements of the size accuracy and surface quality of etched lead frames are stricter. The etchant is a key factor in the etching process and etched surface quality, while the effects of the difference in etchants on the etched surface morphology of Cu alloy have not been directly studied. In this study, aqua regia, acidic FeCl3 and two CuCl2 solutions were used as etchants, and different CuCrSn specimens were etched and characterized. The results show that the etching rate in aqua regia is high, and the grain orientation, grain boundary (GB) and dislocations have significant influences on the local etching rate. The preferential etching of some atomic planes forms steps between the grains with different orientations, and preferential etching around the GB and dislocation group forms grooves, resulting in high surface roughness. For the surfaces etched by the FeCl3 and CuCl2 etchants, the steps and grooves are blurred; thus, they are less rough. The CuCrSn alloy surface etched by the aqua regia is clean, with little Cr-rich particles, while high-density Cr-rich particles remain on the surfaces etched by the FeCl3 and CuCl2 etchants. For the same kind of etchant, the ion concentration can affect the etching mechanism, rate and the etched surface morphology.

During the oxidation of hydrocarbons using hydrogen peroxide solutions, the evolution of gaseous oxygen is a side and undesirable process, in which the consumption of the oxidizer is not associated with the formation of target products. Therefore, no attention is paid to the systematic study of the chemical composition of the gas and the mechanisms of its formation. Filling this gap, the authors discovered a number of new, previously unidentified, interesting facts concerning both gas evolution and the oxidation of hydrocarbons. In a 33% H2O2/Cu2Cl4·2DMG/CH3CN system, where DMG is dimethylglyoxime (Butane-2,3-dione dioxime), and is at 50 °C, evidence of significant evolution of gaseous hydrogen, along with the evolution of gaseous oxygen was found. In the authors’ opinion, which requires additional verification, the ratio of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen in the discussed catalytic system can reach up to 1:1. The conditions in which only gaseous oxygen is formed are selected. Using a number of oxidizable hydrocarbons with the first adiabatic ionization potentials (AIPs) of a wide range of values, it was found that the first stage of such a process of evolving only gaseous oxygen was the single electron transfer from hydrogen peroxide molecules to trinuclear copper clusters with the formation, respectively, of hydrogen peroxide radical cations H2O2•+ and radical anions Cu3Cl5•− (AIP = 5 eV). When the conditions for the implementation of such a single electron transfer mechanism are exhausted, the channel of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide molecules into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen is switched on, which is accompanied by the transition of the system to an oscillatory mode of gas evolution. In some cases, the formation of additional amounts of gaseous products is provided by the catalytically activated decomposition of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen after the complete consumption of hydrogen peroxide molecules in the reaction of gaseous oxygen evolution. The adiabatic electron affinity of various forms of copper molecules involved in chemical processes is calculated by the density functional theory method.

Copper(I) catalysed oxidative conversion of imidazopyridines into N‐pyridinylamides has been achieved via tandem C−C and C−N bond cleavages under oxidative reaction conditions. The methodology has wide substrate scope and products were formed in good to excellent yields. This method is suitable for the oxidative conversion of both C‐3 functionalized as well as non‐functionalized imidazopyridines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple g-C3N4 and CuCl2 composite catalyst (CN@CuCl2) was prepared via direct blending-drying method and compared with ternary heterojunction series catalysts (CN/CuO/Cu2O-x) and g-C3N4 disposed by copper chloride solution (CN/CuCl2). The specific surface area and micropore surface area of g-C3N4 were increased after recombination with copper chloride, and the absorption range and ability of visible light were greatly enhanced, which showed the best photocatalytic activity. The degradation rate constant of high concentration methylene blue was about 2.6 times that of g-C3N4, and the degradation rate reached 59% after 180 min of illumination. This enhanced photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the ionic Z-scheme photocatalytic system, which relies on the charge transport of the electron mediator CuCl2 (Cu2+/Cu1+) in the redox reaction to promote the photoexcited e- and h+ separation and migration between g-C3N4 and Cu2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the oxidation of hydrocarbons using hydrogen peroxide solutions, the evolution of gaseous oxygen is a side and undesirable process, in which the consumption of the oxidizer is not associated with the formation of target products. Therefore, no attention is paid to the systematic study of the chemical composition of the gas and the mechanisms of its formation. Filling this gap, the authors discovered a number of new, previously unidentified, interesting facts concerning both gas evolution and the oxidation of hydrocarbons. In a 33% H2O2/Cu2Cl4·2DMG/CH3CN system, where DMG is dimethylglyoxime (Butane-2,3-dione dioxime), and is at 50 °C, evidence of significant evolution of gaseous hydrogen, along with the evolution of gaseous oxygen was found. In the authors' opinion, which requires additional verification, the ratio of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen in the discussed catalytic system can reach up to 1:1. The conditions in which only gaseous oxygen is formed are selected. Using a number of oxidizable hydrocarbons with the first adiabatic ionization potentials (AIPs) of a wide range of values, it was found that the first stage of such a process of evolving only gaseous oxygen was the single electron transfer from hydrogen peroxide molecules to trinuclear copper clusters with the formation, respectively, of hydrogen peroxide radical cations H2O2•+ and radical anions Cu3Cl5•− (AIP = 5 eV). When the conditions for the implementation of such a single electron transfer mechanism are exhausted, the channel of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide molecules into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen is switched on, which is accompanied by the transition of the system to an oscillatory mode of gas evolution. In some cases, the formation of additional amounts of gaseous products is provided by the catalytically activated decomposition of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen after the complete consumption of hydrogen peroxide molecules in the reaction of gaseous oxygen evolution. The adiabatic electron affinity of various forms of copper molecules involved in chemical processes is calculated by the density functional theory method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this manuscript, we present the results of ecotoxicological tests conducted on the Baltic microphytobenthos community consisting largely of cosmopolitan species showing the responses at the community (taxonomic composition and structure), population (abundance), and cellular (chloroplast shape) levels. The tests were carried out for three chemicals with different modes of action on photosynthetic organisms, i.e., copper (II) chloride (at concentrations of 2·10−5 g·dm3 and 2·10−3 g·dm−3), glyphosate in the form of Roundup® (concentrations ranging from 4.2·10−2 to 8.5 g·dm−3), and the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl (at concentrations of 1.13·10−3 g·dm−3 and 1.75·10−2 g·dm−3). The results of the study indicate that the responses of microphytobenthos at each level analysed are highly variable and difficult to predict a priori based on experiments performed on single strains. In addition, it was shown that microphytobenthic communities are relatively resistant to the substances tested, which is due to taxonomic richness and the resulting potential for substitution of sensitive taxa by more resistant taxa. The results obtained in the tests also indicate that the number of cells of individual taxa can remain at a similar level or increase over short periods of time despite the deformation of chloroplasts in a numerous group of cells.

Infections caused by the ectoparasite Rhipicephalus microplus can cause major health problems in cattle, including death. Tick control is regularly made using a range of acaricide products. As a consequence, tick populations have been heavily selected for drug resistance. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro efficacy of copper chloride and sulfate (CuCl 2 and CuSO 4) solutions against R. microplus. The adult immersion test (AIT), which measures the egg-laying and egg-hatch effects, was used for the Cu-II solutions at 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 1000 mM, in triplicates. Distilled water and the combination of cypermethrin 20% and chlorpyrifos 50% were used as controls. Histological sections were performed from the ovaries of adult engorged female ticks treated with 240, 480, and 1000 mM of CuCl 2 and CuSO 4. We have established a histological index of the damage caused by the solutions to the tick oocytes. The overall efficacy (egg laying & egg hatch) for CuCl 2 and CuSO 4 was 81.3, 82.5, 89.8, 84.5, 100.0, and 100%, and 61.7, 43.4, 62.5, 93.1, 100.0, and 98.5% respectively. Smaller oocytes were found in the Cu-II groups compared to the negative control. The histological data showed a concentration-dependent degenerative lesion of oocytes, described as cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear disorganization. The combination of cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos showed 100% efficacy. Cu-II solutions showed in vitro efficacy against adult engorged ticks being particularly harmful to oocytes. Thus, bioactive metals could be a complementary biofriendly treatment to control R. microplus and these injuries could be responsible for preventing egg hatch, and reducing pasture contamination. Safety studies are underway demonstrating the Cu-II potential in naturally infected cattle and their persistence in the environment. [Display omitted] • CuCl 2 and CuSO 4 at 480 and 1000 mM had 100% efficacy against adult ticks. • Smaller oocytes were determined in the Cu-II salt groups than in the control. • Cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear disorganization of oocytes were observed after copper solutions. • Histological alterations had a concentration-dependent effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we designed an in vitro administration device based on compartment model theory and utilized it to construct an in vitro simulated one compartment extravascular administration model of copper chloride. Within the C max range of 3.91–1000.00 μM, the measured concentration-time curves of the simulated one compartment extravascular administration model almost coincide with the corresponding theoretical curves. The measured values of toxicokinetic parameters, including k e , T 1/2 , k a , T 1/2a , T max , C max , CL , and AUC 0-∞ are close to the corresponding theoretical values. The fitting coefficients are >0.9990. In simulated one compartment extravascular administration and classic in vitro administration, copper chloride dose-dependently induced HepG2 cell death. When C max /administration concentration is equal, classic in vitro administration induces a higher cell death rate than simulated one compartment extravascular administration. However, there is no significant difference in inducing cell death between the two administration models when area under the curve is equal. In conclusion, the device designed in this study can be used to in vitro simulate one compartment extravascular administration, making in vitro toxicity testing more similar to in vivo scenarios. There are differences in copper chloride induced HepG2 cell death between simulated one compartment extravascular administration and classic in vitro administration. • This study designed an in vitro administration device based on compartment model theory. • An in vitro simulated one compartment extravascular administration model of CuCl 2 was constructed by using the device. • CuCl 2 -induced HepG2 cell death differs between simulated one compartment extravascular and classic in vitro administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic devices based on two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 show great promise as future building blocks in electronic circuits due to their outstanding electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Despite the high importance of doping of these 2D materials for designing field-effect transistors (FETs) and logic circuits, a simple and controllable doping methodology still needs to be developed in order to tailor their device properties. Here, we found a simple and effective chemical doping strategy for MoS2 monolayers using CuCl2 solution. The CuCl2 solution was simply spin-coated on MoS2 with different concentrations under ambient conditions for effectively p-doping the MoS2 monolayers. This was systematically analyzed using various spectroscopic measurements using Raman, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron and electrical measurements by observing the change in transfer and output characteristics of MoS2 FETs before and after CuCl2 doping, showing effective p-type doping behaviors as observed through the shift of threshold voltages (Vth) and reducing the ON and OFF current level. Our results open the possibility of providing effective and simple doping strategies for 2D materials and other nanomaterials without causing any detrimental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the temporary effects of the increased copper ion inflow on estuarine microphytobenthic communities, ecotoxicological tests were conducted using natural microphytobenthic assemblages obtained from an artificial substratum exposed to the waters of the southern Baltic Sea (Gulf of Gdańsk). The applied copper ion concentrations reflected permitted copper values established for waters of a good ecological status (2·10–5 g Cu·dm−3), and the maximum copper concentrations which, according to the current environmental regulations, are allowed to be discharged into the environment (2·10–3 g Cu·dm−3). In the studied communities, diverse responses of single species to CuCl2 exposure were recorded, including both growth inhibition and stimulatory effects as well. Despite the shift in the community composition and structure, total cell number remained at a similar level. The results of our investigations suggest that microphytobenthic assemblages are resistant to CuCl2 which is facilitated by the shift in the community composition resulting from the increasing cell number of copper tolerant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese-based adsorbents have been extensively researched for the removal of Hg0 from coal-fired flue gas. However, the presence of K 2 O and K 2 SO 4 in the flue gas significantly diminishes the Hg0 removal performance of the MnO x /HZSM-5 (MH) adsorbent, indicating a lack of tolerance to potassium species. To enhance its K-resistant and further improve the Hg0 removal performance, CuCl 2 was applied to modify the MH adsorbent. The optimal CuCl 2 loading of 5 wt% (noted as 5CCMH) and Hg0 removal efficiency reach 96.8–100 % between 150 and 250 °C. It was found that CuCl 2 modification decreased the surface area, enhanced both reduction ability and surface acidity with two active sites Cu2+ and Cl−, facilitating effective reactions with Hg0 to form HgCl 2 and HgO via active chlorine species (Cl*) and chemisorbed oxygen (O α). Due to the preferential interaction of Cl species with K species, active Cu and Mn species are preserved, enhancing the K 2 O and K 2 SO 4 resistance of 5CCMH absorbent with high performance for removal Hg0. Additionally, the presence of Cu2+ and Mn4+ contributes abundant acid sites and redox ability, allowing the 5CCMH adsorbents to maintain high Hg0 removal efficiency even after the introduction of K 2 O and K 2 SO 4. This study provides guidance for designing active adsorbents in power plants using high-alkali-content coal and offers theoretical support for practical applications. • The 5 wt% CuCl 2 -modified MnO x /HZSM-5 exhibited outstanding performance and resistance to K-poisoning for Hg0 removal. • Introducing of CuCl 2 into MnO x /HZSM-5 significantly enhances its reduction ability and surface acidity. • CuCl 2 doping inhibits the formation of Mn4+ on the adsorbent. • Cl species preferentially interact with K species, thereby protecting active Cu and Mn species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airway smooth muscle contraction is one of the primary factors involved in the initiation and progression of asthma which in turn is regulated by increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration from intracellular stores and through transmembrane ion channels. Calcium-independent factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) depletion and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways also contribute to tracheal smooth muscle contraction. Studies on copper toxicity suggest significance of this essential micronutrient overdose in acute respiratory disorders, allergic asthma and ciliary motion in tracheal explants. However, the mechanism of copper caused hypercontraction upon direct exposure to tracheal smooth muscle is largely unknown. In this study we investigate the effect of copper exposure on isolated tracheal rings and relative contributions of various factors in acetylcholine-induced contractions. Results obtained suggest that rise in intracellular calcium concentration via voltage-operated Ca2+ channel (VOCC), store-operated Ca2+ channel (SOCC), stretch-activated channels (SAC) and TRP channel (transient receptor potential channel) activation is the major factor in copper-mediated hypercontraction. ROS generation or COX-dependent pathways do not appear to significantly contribute to Cu2+ caused hypercontraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Chlorination of 1-oxo tetrahydrocarbazole has been achieved by using inexpensive reagent copper chloride in dimethyl sulphoxide at 120 oC. This method, found to tolerate a broad range of functional groups, gives higher yields, mild, efficient and easy work up conditions. The reaction is highly chemoselective, regioselective and it is the first report on chlorination of 1-oxo tetrahydrocarbazole. The reported compounds posses' 50-97 % yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing Co(II) chloride into a styrene epoxide–CuCl2–α-naphthol ternary system inhibits the consumption of epoxide and α-naphthol and the absorption of oxygen by the system in a methanol solution (305– 330 K). Similarly, oxygen absorption is inhibited by the introduction of CoCl2 into a cyclohexene epoxide–CuCl2– α-naphthol ternary system. When ionol is used instead of α-naphthol as an aromatic alcohol in a ternary system, the introduction of cobalt(II) chloride does not inhibit the oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of the epoxide–chloride Cu (II)–an aromatic alcohol ternary system containing an alicyclic series epoxide derivative is studied for the first time. The concentration dependence of the rate of oxygen uptake by the CE–CuCl2–IOL ternary system, where CE is cyclohexene epoxide and IOL is ionol, is expressed as V = k [CE]0 [CuCl2]0.6[IOL]0.7 for [CE] [IOL] > [CuCl2] in a methanol solution. The Arrhenius dependence of the effective oxidation rate constant in the temperature range 313–328 K has the form k = 8.0 × 106 exp (–54.0/RT). A reaction mechanism based on the copper chloride-catalized electron transfer from the OH-bond of the substituted phenol to the C–O bond of the epoxide with the formation of an oxyalkyl radical is proposed. The free radical yield, estimated from the ratio of the rate of oxygen uptake to the rate of epoxide consumption, is ~50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common and highly prevalent pathogen causing upper respiratory diseases in kittens and felines in recent years. Due to the substantial genetic variability of the viral genes, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection. Therefore, research on FCV antiviral drugs has received much attention. Results In this study, we found that copper chloride had dose-dependent antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells. We also found that the combination of copper chloride and ribavirin had a synergistic protective effect against FCV in F81 cells. In contrast, the combination of copper chloride and horse anti-FCV immunoglobulin F (ab’)2 showed an antagonistic effect, likely because copper chloride has an effect on F (ab’)2 immunoglobulin; however, further research is needed to clarify this supposition. Conclusions In summary, we found that copper chloride had low cytotoxicity and significant antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells, providing a new drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of FCV infection.

Electronic devices based on two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 show great promise as future building blocks in electronic circuits due to their outstanding electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Despite the high importance of doping of these 2D materials for designing field-effect transistors (FETs) and logic circuits, a simple and controllable doping methodology still needs to be developed in order to tailor their device properties. Here, we found a simple and effective chemical doping strategy for MoS2 monolayers using CuCl2 solution. The CuCl2 solution was simply spin-coated on MoS2 with different concentrations under ambient conditions for effectively p-doping the MoS2 monolayers. This was systematically analyzed using various spectroscopic measurements using Raman, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron and electrical measurements by observing the change in transfer and output characteristics of MoS2 FETs before and after CuCl2 doping, showing effective p-type doping behaviors as observed through the shift of threshold voltages (Vth) and reducing the ON and OFF current level. Our results open the possibility of providing effective and simple doping strategies for 2D materials and other nanomaterials without causing any detrimental damage.

Oxidation by molecular oxygen of the ternary styrene epoxide (SE)–CuCl2–ionol (IOL) system in a methanol solution is studied. It is found that the rate of oxidation V is directly proportional to [IOL], and the orders of SE and copper chloride are fractional, equal to 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. It is shown for the first time that the oxygen uptake is characteristic of analogous ternary systems, which include epoxides of a different structure instead of SE. The specificity of the action of the chloride anion in oxidation was revealed: the ternary SE–Cu(II) acetate–ionol system does not absorb oxygen. The introduction of sodium chloride into this system activates oxidation. The SE–NaCl–ionol system is not oxidized, but the introduction of Cu(II) acetate into it causes the absorption of oxygen. The experiment proves the necessity of the presence of the chloride anion for the oxidation of the ternary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Graphite-loaded CuCl 2 for NH 3 adsorption; • Graphite significantly improves the porosity; • The cumulative NH 3 adsorption capacity of CuCl 2 -G (20) was 5.80 g/NH 3 g adsorbent; • CuCl 2 -G (20) has long-term stable circulation; • CuCl 2 -G (20) is a potential NH 3 adsorbent to be further studied. Ammonia is considered a good hydrogen storage material due to its advantages of high hydrogen content density. At the same time, the characteristic of efficient heat transfer of ammonia makes it develop rapidly in many energy industries. However, unutilized NH 3 can cause corrosion and poisoning, therefore, NH 3 must be captured in time. Metal chloride is a green, efficient and sustainably utilized material for NH 3 adsorption and capture. In this paper, a novel composite adsorbent was proposed by loading graphite to CuCl 2 to enhance the NH 3 adsorption·NH 3 adsorption–desorption experiments of composite adsorbents were performed on the fixed bed. The results showed that the optimal loading of graphite on CuCl 2 was 20 wt% and the optimal adsorption temperature was 25 ℃. The optimal adsorption of CuCl 2 -G (20) was 0.64 g NH 3 /g adsorbent. Moreover, the composite adsorbents showed good stability in NH 3 adsorption properties during long-term cycling. The cumulative NH 3 adsorption capacity of CuCl 2 -G (20) in the 10 cycles was up to 5.8 g NH 3 /g adsorbent, which was 0.07 g NH 3 /g adsorbent higher than that of CuCl 2. Notably, all graphite-loaded composite adsorbents showed a stronger NH 3 adsorption capacity than a single CuCl 2 in the 2nd and subsequent cycles. Thus, CuCl 2 -G (20) is a promising adsorbent with potential application in the removal and enrichment of excess NH 3 produced in industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple and low-cost hydrogen sulfide gas sensors based on polyaniline-copper chloride and polyaniline- tungsten trioxide- copper chloride composites were developed. The sensing film was produced by drop cast of the dispersed composite on top of screen-printed carbon electrodes on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. A fast onset time of detection of 10 s and 20 s towards 0.1 ppm of hydrogen sulfide were obtained for polyaniline-tungsten trioxide-copper chloride and polyaniline-copper chloride sensors, respectively. The calibration curve displays a good working range between 0.1 and 1 ppm with a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 155 and 512 ppb, respectively. The polyaniline-CuCl2 sensor presented a high response to humidity change. In contrast, the incorporation of tungsten oxide into the polyaniline-CuCl2 composite exhibited significantly improved the response time to target gas from 15 min to 4 min and make it nearly insensitive to humidity changes up to 40 %. Gas-sensing tests show that polyaniline- tungsten trioxide-copper chloride composites exhibit a high and fast response as well as an excellent selectivity to hydrogen sulfide at ppm level in room temperature. The proposed sensors could be used for different industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, 10 different pyrotechnic blue flame compositions were designed and compared. Chromaticity and luminosity parameters of the flame were measured using Ocean Optics JAZ‐ULM VIS‐Spectrometer equipped with a cosine corrector. Color saturation, luminous intensity, specific luminous intensity, oxygen balance, burn rate, actual and theoretical maximum density, color coordinates (X, Y) are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) is a highly effective electron transport material. On the other hand, the low intrinsic conductivity of SnO 2 , the high trap-state density on the surface and bulk of SnO 2 , and inadequate interface contacts between SnO 2 and perovskite significantly impact device performance. Herein, small-molecule copper(II) chloride (CuCl 2 ) is introduced into the SnO 2 dispersion, which inhibits the agglomeration of SnO 2 colloids and improves the quality of the electron transport layer. Furthermore, the introduction of CuCl 2 optimizes the energy-level array between the ETL and perovskite layer (PVK) and passivates the anion/cation defects in SnO 2 , perovskite, and their interface, realizing the systematic modulation of the photoelectronic properties of the ETLs and PVKs as well as the PVK/ETL. As a result, the CuCl 2 -opmized PSC exhibits an impressive power conversion efficiency of 23.71%, along with improved stability.

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common and highly prevalent pathogen causing upper respiratory diseases in kittens and felines in recent years. Due to the substantial genetic variability of the viral genes, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection. Therefore, research on FCV antiviral drugs has received much attention. Results: In this study, we found that copper chloride had dose-dependent antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells. We also found that the combination of copper chloride and ribavirin had a synergistic protective effect against FCV in F81 cells. In contrast, the combination of copper chloride and horse anti-FCV immunoglobulin F (ab')2 showed an antagonistic effect, likely because copper chloride has an effect on F (ab')2 immunoglobulin; however, further research is needed to clarify this supposition. Conclusions: In summary, we found that copper chloride had low cytotoxicity and significant antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells, providing a new drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of FCV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increasing applications and anti-bacterial and anti hyperactive properties of different drug the author have synthesized Imine complexes of Atomexetine with O-hydroxy benzaldehyde. These were depicted with various techniques via Elemental Analysis, UV, FT-IR, NMR, ESR, VSM, Conductivity and TG-DTA. These ligands and metal complexes were also screened for biological activity and DNA Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid method for the oxidative dehydrogenation of dihydrobenzocarbazoles has been introduced by using bench scale and commercially available reagent; copper chloride, in excellent yield with easy workup. The scope of the reaction has been studied with broad range of substitutes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitive devices using a bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)-based separator and electrodes, providing mechanical support with high surface area while allowing the permeability of ions and avoiding short circuits, have been assembled and characterized. For the electrodes, BNC membranes were incorporated with polypyrrole (PPy) at different concentrations using copper chloride as oxidizing agent. As the separator, pure nanocellulose membranes were used. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that increasing the pyrrole concentration from 0.04 mol/L to 0.08 mol/L and the molar ratio of oxidizing agent to monomer (CuCl2:Py) from 2:1 to 4:1 resulted in a uniform BNC coating. Symmetrical supercapacitor devices were assembled and subjected to cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge measurements, and cycle stability testing. A maximum specific capacitance value of 1789 mF/cm2 was extracted from the voltammetry curves for the device constructed using the membrane with the highest Py concentration and oxidizing agent-to-monomer ratio. The best power density and energy density values obtained during discharge testing at 1 mA/cm2 were 5.47 mW/cm2 and 187 μWh/cm2, respectively. These promising results confirm the feasibility of using BNC as both the separator and electrodes when building supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes oxidation of a ternary system (styrene epoxide (SE)—hydroquinone (Hq)—Cu(II) chloride) with oxygen in the solvent (tert-butanol/water (4 : 1 by volume)). The expression of the rate in the concentration: V = k[CuCl2]1[SE]0[Hq]0 at [SE] > [Hq] > [CuCl2] is explained by the formation of the ternary complex, antecedent of oxidation. The effective rate constant of the oxidation is k [s–1] = 92.5 exp (–22/RT) at 323–343 K. The ratio of concentration of absorbed oxygen to copper catalyst [O2] /[CuCl2] 1, i.e., the oxidation is a catalytic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dithiocarbomates are a class of sulfur-based metal-chelating compounds commonly used in industry, agriculture, and medicine. 2,6 di methoxy Aniline dithiocarbamate Complexes of Copper and Ruthenium have been prepared and Characterized by Spectroscopic methods like IR,NMR and also analysis of Biological activity. The investigation of these complexes confirmed that the stability of metal–ligands coordination through, S & S,N atoms as bidendate chelates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors (SCs) are electrochemical energy-converting and storing devices that show great promise. Transition metal sulfides have received substantial research attention as an electrode material for SC applications. The pristine MnCuS demonstrated a poor storage capacity of 370C/g. MnCuS was doped with Graphene quantum Dots (GQDs) at various weight ratios to increase its performance. MnCuS-GQDs were evaluated in a three-electrode assembly, demonstrating an enhanced specific capacity of 883C/g. MnCuS-GQDs were also used to make a supercapattery (MnCuS-GQDs//AC). The MnCuS-GQDs//AC device performed exceptionally well electrochemically, having a 126C/g capacity. The energy of the MnCuS-GQDs reached 42.09 W.h/kg while retaining 1362 W/kg power. The MnCuS-GQDs//AC device was tested for 5000 cycles to determine its longevity. The findings revealed an amazing 89 % capacity retention. According to the findings, MnCuS-GQDs with a weight ratio of 95/5 % is a possible electrode materials for supercapacity applications. [Display omitted] • The MnCuS and MnCuS-GQDs are synthesized hydrothermally. • The MnCuS-GQDs delivered an extraordinary value of specific capacity of 883C/g. • The supercapattery (MnCuS-GQDs//AC) showed a high capacity of 126C/g • A high value of power density (1362 W/kg) and energy density (42.09 Wh/kg) • Device retained 89 % of its capacity after completing 5000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous oxidative chlorination of methane was investigated. The target product is methyl chloride. The investigated terms and conditions of oxychlorination of methane: process temperature 400°C, pressure 0.1-0.9 MPa, catalyst (% weight.): copper chloride (II) 1-8%; potassium chloride 2.5%; lanthanum chloride 1%; carrier - aluminosilicate. Powder X-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy showed that the active catalyst components (CuCl2, KCl, LaCl3) are unevenly distributed on the support surface (α-Al2O3·SiO2) and form agglomerates with a high salt content, including binary chlorides such as KCuCl3, K2CuCl3 or K2CuCl4, hydrates K2CuCl4·2H2O and CuCl2·2H2O and hydroxychlorides Cu3Cl4(OH)2 and Cu2Cl(OH)3. The kinetics of methane oxychlorination was studied in a gradientless reactor at 400°C and pressure 0.1 - 0.9 MPa by varying the partial pressures of the reactants. Analysis of the products was carried out by GC. An equation of the reaction rate including partial pressures of methane, hydrogen chloride and water to the 0.77, 0.01 and 0.64 power, respectively, but of zero order by oxygen and chlorine provides an adequate description of methyl chloride formation rate. Significant influence of water partial pressure is proved for the reaction under consideration.

We present the results of the pulsed ultraviolet laser effect on the spectral properties of the potassium-aluminium-borate glasses doped with the copper chloride nanocrystals with the average size of 3.1-6.3 nm. We have studied the changes of the exciton absorption spectra of the CuCl nanocrystals induced by different duration of the laser exposure. The results show the possibility of the laser-induced crystallization and growth of the nanocrystals. For the first time the effect of the irreversible photochromism has been obtained in the potassium-aluminium-borate glasses doped with the copper chloride nanocrystals. The effect is associated with the formation of the temperature stable Cu0n colloidal color centers.

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of the interaction of indomethacin and copper chloride using the electrical conductance measurement in methanol, ethanol, and their binary mixture with water at room temperature (298.15 K), to determine the solvation behavior, redox behavior, and kinetics. The association parameters were computed using the Fuoss-Hsia-Fernández-Prini and Fuoss-Shedlovsky models. The standard Gibbs energy for association (ΔG o A ), Walden product (Λ o η o ) were calculated to study the interaction of indomethacin and copper chloride. On the other hand, cyclic voltammetry examines the electrochemical redox behavior of copper chloride using a gold electrode and its interactions with indomethacin. Results showed changes in peak potentials and currents density in the presence of indomethacin, indicating alterations in redox behavior and reaction rates. Overall, this research can be valuable in understanding the electrochemical properties and potential applications of indomethacin and copper chloride, as well as in developing new drugs or therapeutic agents, which could have has implications in various fields, including drug development, electrochemistry, and materials science.H ) were calculated to study the interaction of indomethacin and copper chloride. On the other hand, cyclic voltammetry examines the electrochemical redox behavior of copper chloride using a gold electrode and its interactions with indomethacin. Results showed changes in peak potentials and currents density in the presence of indomethacin, indicating alterations in redox behavior and reaction rates. Overall, this research can be valuable in understanding the electrochemical properties and potential applications of indomethacin and copper chloride, as well as in developing new drugs or therapeutic agents, which could have has implications in various fields, including drug development, electrochemistry, and materials science., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This paper studies the preparation of Copper powder from Copper Sulphate aqueous solution(CuSO4.5H2O), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and copper chloride (CuCl2.2H2O)by using the process of electro-deposition. Process of Powder deposition have been investigated for copper powder, it is a fine layer on cathode electrode by using the value of different from current densities (0.12, 0.14, 0.16, and 0.18) A/cm2 .as it is noticed the weight of the powder rises with there is of current density. Diffractions of X-ray (XRD) revealed high crystallinity and pure copper powder not contain impurity or oxides. Size of the Crystallite has been measured by Scherrer's Formula about (38.44 -43.161) nm. Optical microscopes have revealed the particles of copper have dendritic shapes. The size of Particles analyzer measured the size of a particle which is about (2.4 – 8.7) μm.