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3. Growth and optical properties of GaN/AlN quantum wells

Author

Adelmann, C., Sarigiannidou, E., Jalabert, D., Hori, Y., Rouviere, J. -L., Daudin, B., Fanget, S., Bru-Chevallier, C., Shibata, T., and Tanaka, M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We demonstrate the growth of GaN/AlN quantum well structures by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy by taking advantage of the surfactant effect of Ga. The GaN/AlN quantum wells show photoluminescence emission with photon energies in the range between 4.2 and 2.3 eV for well widths between 0.7 and 2.6 nm, respectively. An internal electric field strength of $9.2\pm 1.0$ MV/cm is deduced from the dependence of the emission energy on the well width., Comment: Submitted to APL

Published
2003
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5. Demonstration of a Multi-Level μA-Range Bulk Switching ReRAM and its Application for Keyword Spotting

Author

Wu, Y., primary, Cai, F., additional, Thomas, L., additional, Liu, T., additional, Nourbakhsh, A., additional, Hebding, J., additional, Smith, E., additional, Quon, R., additional, Smith, R., additional, Kumar, A., additional, Pang, A., additional, Holt, J., additional, Someshwar, R., additional, Nardi, F., additional, Anthis, J., additional, Yen, S-H., additional, Chevallier, C., additional, Uppala, A., additional, Chen, X., additional, Breil, N., additional, Sherwood, T., additional, Wong, K., additional, Cho, W., additional, Thompson, D., additional, Hsu, J., additional, Ayyagari, B., additional, Krishnan, S., additional, Lu, Wei. D., additional, and Chudzik, M., additional

Published
2022
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16. Supplementary Material S5.pdf from Variability in repeated economic games: comparing Trust game decisions to other social trust measures

Author

Safra, L., Lettinga, N., Jacquet, P. O., and Chevallier, C.

Abstract

Economic games are well-established tools that offer a convenient approach to study social behaviour. Although widely used, recent evidence suggests that decisions made in the context of standard economic games are less predictive of real-world behaviour than previously assumed self-reported questionnaires. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that economic games decisions in the laboratory are more likely to be influenced by the current situation, while questionnaires are specifically designed to measure people's average behaviour across a long period of time. To test this hypothesis, we performed a longitudinal study where 275 respondents played 16 Trust games every 2 days within a three-week period, and filled out a questionnaire that measures social trust. This study confirmed the instability of our measure of trust behaviour over time and the substantial stability of questionnaire responses. However, we found a significant association between self-reported social trust and participants' average behaviour in the Trust game measured across sessions, but also with participants' behaviour measured only in Session 1. Nevertheless, analysis of behavioural changes in the Trust games over time revealed different behavioural profiles, highlighting how economic games and questionnaires can complement each other in the study of social trust.

Published
2022
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21. The belief-action gap in environmental psychology: How wide? How irrational?

Author

Chevallier C, Grandin A, and Boon-Falleur M

Subjects
Action (philosophy), Irrational number, Environmental psychology, Psychology, Epistemology
Abstract

The belief-action gap was originally conceptualized by psychologists who aimed to ground behaviour in beliefs but found that their models had little predictive value. The recurrent use of this concept often comes with the assumption that human behaviour is somewhat irrational or weirdly misaligned with their beliefs. This gap is particularly striking in the environmental domain, where many people seemingly think one way but act another. In this chapter, we review a number of factors that hinder general beliefs from translating into actual behaviours. We emphasize the existence of measurement issues, information deficits about the exact impact of one’s actions, structural factors and psychological factors that together impact the robustness of the association between beliefs and actions. In particular, socio-cognitive factors have a massive impact on people’s decisions to act in ways that are aligned with their deep- seated beliefs. Once all these factors are properly taken into account, it becomes clear that the belief-action gap is not a token of human irrationality but should in fact be expected.

Published
2021

23. To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Author

Jones, B.C. DeBruine, L.M. Flake, J.K. Liuzza, M.T. Antfolk, J. Arinze, N.C. Ndukaihe, I.L.G. Bloxsom, N.G. Lewis, S.C. Foroni, F. Willis, M.L. Cubillas, C.P. Vadillo, M.A. Turiegano, E. Gilead, M. Simchon, A. Saribay, S.A. Owsley, N.C. Jang, C. Mburu, G. Calvillo, D.P. Wlodarczyk, A. Qi, Y. Ariyabuddhiphongs, K. Jarukasemthawee, S. Manley, H. Suavansri, P. Taephant, N. Stolier, R.M. Evans, T.R. Bonick, J. Lindemans, J.W. Ashworth, L.F. Hahn, A.C. Chevallier, C. Kapucu, A. Karaaslan, A. Leongómez, J.D. Sánchez, O.R. Valderrama, E. Vásquez-Amézquita, M. Hajdu, N. Aczel, B. Szecsi, P. Andreychik, M. Musser, E.D. Batres, C. Hu, C.-P. Liu, Q.-L. Legate, N. Vaughn, L.A. Barzykowski, K. Golik, K. Schmid, I. Stieger, S. Artner, R. Mues, C. Vanpaemel, W. Jiang, Z. Wu, Q. Marcu, G.M. Stephen, I.D. Lu, J.G. Philipp, M.C. Arnal, J.D. Hehman, E. Xie, S.Y. Chopik, W.J. Seehuus, M. Azouaghe, S. Belhaj, A. Elouafa, J. Wilson, J.P. Kruse, E. Papadatou-Pastou, M. De La Rosa-Gómez, A. Barba-Sánchez, A.E. González-Santoyo, I. Hsu, T. Kung, C.-C. Wang, H.-H. Freeman, J.B. Oh, D.W. Schei, V. Sverdrup, T.E. Levitan, C.A. Cook, C.L. Chandel, P. Kujur, P. Parganiha, A. Parveen, N. Pati, A.K. Pradhan, S. Singh, M.M. Pande, B. Bavolar, J. Kačmár, P. Zakharov, I. Álvarez-Solas, S. Baskin, E. Thirkettle, M. Schmidt, K. Christopherson, C.D. Leonis, T. Suchow, J.W. Olofsson, J.K. Jernsäther, T. Lee, A.-S. Beaudry, J.L. Gogan, T.D. Oldmeadow, J.A. Balas, B. Stevens, L.M. Colloff, M.F. Flowe, H.D. Gülgöz, S. Brandt, M.J. Hoyer, K. Jaeger, B. Ren, D. Sleegers, W.W.A. Wissink, J. Kaminski, G. Floerke, V.A. Urry, H.L. Chen, S.-C. Pfuhl, G. Vally, Z. Basnight-Brown, D.M. Jzerman, H.I. Sarda, E. Neyroud, L. Badidi, T. Van der Linden, N. Tan, C.B.Y. Kovic, V. Sampaio, W. Ferreira, P. Santos, D. Burin, D.I. Gardiner, G. Protzko, J. Schild, C. Ścigała, K.A. Zettler, I. O’Mara Kunz, E.M. Storage, D. Wagemans, F.M.A. Saunders, B. Sirota, M. Sloane, G.V. Lima, T.J.S. Uittenhove, K. Vergauwe, E. Jaworska, K. Stern, J. Ask, K. van Zyl, C.J.J. Körner, A. Weissgerber, S.C. Boudesseul, J. Ruiz-Dodobara, F. Ritchie, K.L. Michalak, N.M. Blake, K.R. White, D. Gordon-Finlayson, A.R. Anne, M. Janssen, S.M.J. Lee, K.M. Nielsen, T.K. Tamnes, C.K. Zickfeld, J.H. Rosa, A.D. Vianello, M. Kocsor, F. Kozma, L. Putz, Á. Tressoldi, P. Irrazabal, N. Chatard, A. Lins, S. Pinto, I.R. Lutz, J. Adamkovic, M. Babincak, P. Baník, G. Ropovik, I. Coetzee, V. Dixson, B.J.W. Ribeiro, G. Peters, K. Steffens, N.K. Tan, K.W. Thorstenson, C.A. Fernandez, A.M. Hsu, R.M.C.S. Valentova, J.V. Varella, M.A.C. Corral-Frías, N.S. Frías-Armenta, M. Hatami, J. Monajem, A. Sharifian, M.H. Frohlich, B. Lin, H. Inzlicht, M. Alaei, R. Rule, N.O. Lamm, C. Pronizius, E. Voracek, M. Olsen, J. Giolla, E.M. Akgoz, A. Özdoğru, A.A. Crawford, M.T. Bennett-Day, B. Koehn, M.A. Okan, C. Gill, T. Miller, J.K. Dunham, Y. Yang, X. Alper, S. Borras-Guevara, M.L. Cai, S.J. Tiantian, D. Danvers, A.F. Feinberg, D.R. Armstrong, M.M. Gilboa-Schechtman, E. McCarthy, R.J. Muñoz-Reyes, J.A. Polo, P. Shiramazu, V.K.M. Yan, W.-J. Carvalho, L. Forscher, P.S. Chartier, C.R. Coles, N.A.

Abstract

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. Protocol registration: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Published
2021

25. To which world regions does the valence-dominance model of social perception apply?

Author

Jones, BC, DeBruine, LM, Flake, JK, Liuzza, MT, Antfolk, J, Arinze, NC, Ndukaihe, ILG, Bloxsom, NG, Lewis, SC, Foroni, F, Willis, ML, Cubillas, CP, Vadillo, MA, Turiegano, E, Gilead, M, Simchon, A, Saribay, SA, Owsley, NC, Jang, C, Mburu, G, Calvillo, DP, Wlodarczyk, A, Qi, Y, Ariyabuddhiphongs, K, Jarukasemthawee, S, Manley, H, Suavansri, P, Taephant, N, Stolier, RM, Evans, TR, Bonick, J, Lindemans, JW, Ashworth, LF, Hahn, AC, Chevallier, C, Kapucu, A, Karaaslan, A, Leongomez, JD, Sanchez, OR, Valderrama, E, Vasquez-Amezquita, M, Hajdu, N, Aczel, B, Szecsi, P, Andreychik, M, Musser, ED, Batres, C, Hu, C-P, Liu, Q-L, Legate, N, Vaughn, LA, Barzykowski, K, Golik, K, Schmid, I, Stieger, S, Artner, R, Mues, C, Vanpaemel, W, Jiang, Z, Wu, Q, Marcu, GM, Stephen, ID, Lu, JG, Philipp, MC, Arnal, JD, Hehman, E, Xie, SY, Chopik, WJ, Seehuus, M, Azouaghe, S, Belhaj, A, Elouafa, J, Wilson, JP, Kruse, E, Papadatou-Pastou, M, De la Rosa-Gomez, A, Barba-Sanchez, AE, Gonzalez-Santoyo, I, Hsu, T, Kung, C-C, Wang, H-H, Freeman, JB, Oh, DW, Schei, V, Sverdrup, TE, Levitan, CA, Cook, CL, Chandel, P, Kujur, P, Parganiha, A, Parveen, N, Pati, AK, Pradhan, S, Singh, MM, Pande, B, Bavolar, J, Kacmar, P, Zakharov, I, Alvarez-Solas, S, Baskin, E, Thirkettle, M, Schmidt, K, Christopherson, CD, Leonis, T, Suchow, JW, Olofsson, JK, Jernsather, T, Lee, A-S, Beaudry, JL, Gogan, TD, Oldmeadow, JA, Balas, B, Stevens, LM, Colloff, MF, Flowe, HD, Gulgoz, S, Brandt, MJ, Hoyer, K, Jaeger, B, Ren, D, Sleegers, WWA, Wissink, J, Kaminski, G, Floerke, VA, Urry, HL, Chen, S-C, Pfuhl, G, Vally, Z, Basnight-Brown, DM, Jzerman, H, Sarda, E, Neyroud, L, Badidi, T, Van der Linden, N, Tan, CBY, Kovic, V, Sampaio, W, Ferreira, P, Santos, D, Burin, D, Gardiner, G, Protzko, J, Schild, C, Scigala, KA, Zettler, I, Kunz, EMO, Storage, D, Wagemans, FMA, Saunders, B, Sirota, M, Sloane, G, Lima, TJS, Uittenhove, K, Vergauwe, E, Jaworska, K, Stern, J, Ask, K, van Zyl, CJJ, Korner, A, Weissgerber, SC, Boudesseul, J, Ruiz-Dodobara, F, Ritchie, KL, Michalak, NM, Blake, KR, White, D, Gordon-Finlayson, AR, Anne, M, Janssen, SMJ, Lee, KM, Nielsen, TK, Tamnes, CK, Zickfeld, JH, Dalla Rosa, A, Vianello, M, Kocsor, F, Kozma, L, Putz, A, Tressoldi, P, Irrazabal, N, Chatard, A, Lins, S, Pinto, IR, Lutz, J, Adamkovic, M, Babincak, P, Banik, G, Ropovik, I, Coetzee, V, Dixson, BJW, Ribeiro, G, Peters, K, Steffens, NK, Tan, KW, Thorstenson, CA, Fernandez, AM, Hsu, RMCS, Valentova, JV, Varella, MAC, Corral-Frias, NS, Frias-Armenta, M, Hatami, J, Monajem, A, Sharifian, M, Frohlich, B, Lin, H, Inzlicht, M, Alaei, R, Rule, NO, Lamm, C, Pronizius, E, Voracek, M, Olsen, J, Mac Giolla, E, Akgoz, A, Ozdokru, AA, Crawford, MT, Bennett-Day, B, Koehn, MA, Okan, C, Gill, T, Miller, JK, Dunham, Y, Yang, X, Alper, S, Borras-Guevara, ML, Cai, SJ, Tiantian, D, Danvers, AF, Feinberg, DR, Armstrong, MM, Gilboa-Schechtman, E, McCarthy, RJ, Munoz-Reyes, JA, Polo, P, Shiramazu, VKM, Yan, W-J, Carvalho, L, Forscher, PS, Chartier, CR, Coles, NA, Jones, BC, DeBruine, LM, Flake, JK, Liuzza, MT, Antfolk, J, Arinze, NC, Ndukaihe, ILG, Bloxsom, NG, Lewis, SC, Foroni, F, Willis, ML, Cubillas, CP, Vadillo, MA, Turiegano, E, Gilead, M, Simchon, A, Saribay, SA, Owsley, NC, Jang, C, Mburu, G, Calvillo, DP, Wlodarczyk, A, Qi, Y, Ariyabuddhiphongs, K, Jarukasemthawee, S, Manley, H, Suavansri, P, Taephant, N, Stolier, RM, Evans, TR, Bonick, J, Lindemans, JW, Ashworth, LF, Hahn, AC, Chevallier, C, Kapucu, A, Karaaslan, A, Leongomez, JD, Sanchez, OR, Valderrama, E, Vasquez-Amezquita, M, Hajdu, N, Aczel, B, Szecsi, P, Andreychik, M, Musser, ED, Batres, C, Hu, C-P, Liu, Q-L, Legate, N, Vaughn, LA, Barzykowski, K, Golik, K, Schmid, I, Stieger, S, Artner, R, Mues, C, Vanpaemel, W, Jiang, Z, Wu, Q, Marcu, GM, Stephen, ID, Lu, JG, Philipp, MC, Arnal, JD, Hehman, E, Xie, SY, Chopik, WJ, Seehuus, M, Azouaghe, S, Belhaj, A, Elouafa, J, Wilson, JP, Kruse, E, Papadatou-Pastou, M, De la Rosa-Gomez, A, Barba-Sanchez, AE, Gonzalez-Santoyo, I, Hsu, T, Kung, C-C, Wang, H-H, Freeman, JB, Oh, DW, Schei, V, Sverdrup, TE, Levitan, CA, Cook, CL, Chandel, P, Kujur, P, Parganiha, A, Parveen, N, Pati, AK, Pradhan, S, Singh, MM, Pande, B, Bavolar, J, Kacmar, P, Zakharov, I, Alvarez-Solas, S, Baskin, E, Thirkettle, M, Schmidt, K, Christopherson, CD, Leonis, T, Suchow, JW, Olofsson, JK, Jernsather, T, Lee, A-S, Beaudry, JL, Gogan, TD, Oldmeadow, JA, Balas, B, Stevens, LM, Colloff, MF, Flowe, HD, Gulgoz, S, Brandt, MJ, Hoyer, K, Jaeger, B, Ren, D, Sleegers, WWA, Wissink, J, Kaminski, G, Floerke, VA, Urry, HL, Chen, S-C, Pfuhl, G, Vally, Z, Basnight-Brown, DM, Jzerman, H, Sarda, E, Neyroud, L, Badidi, T, Van der Linden, N, Tan, CBY, Kovic, V, Sampaio, W, Ferreira, P, Santos, D, Burin, D, Gardiner, G, Protzko, J, Schild, C, Scigala, KA, Zettler, I, Kunz, EMO, Storage, D, Wagemans, FMA, Saunders, B, Sirota, M, Sloane, G, Lima, TJS, Uittenhove, K, Vergauwe, E, Jaworska, K, Stern, J, Ask, K, van Zyl, CJJ, Korner, A, Weissgerber, SC, Boudesseul, J, Ruiz-Dodobara, F, Ritchie, KL, Michalak, NM, Blake, KR, White, D, Gordon-Finlayson, AR, Anne, M, Janssen, SMJ, Lee, KM, Nielsen, TK, Tamnes, CK, Zickfeld, JH, Dalla Rosa, A, Vianello, M, Kocsor, F, Kozma, L, Putz, A, Tressoldi, P, Irrazabal, N, Chatard, A, Lins, S, Pinto, IR, Lutz, J, Adamkovic, M, Babincak, P, Banik, G, Ropovik, I, Coetzee, V, Dixson, BJW, Ribeiro, G, Peters, K, Steffens, NK, Tan, KW, Thorstenson, CA, Fernandez, AM, Hsu, RMCS, Valentova, JV, Varella, MAC, Corral-Frias, NS, Frias-Armenta, M, Hatami, J, Monajem, A, Sharifian, M, Frohlich, B, Lin, H, Inzlicht, M, Alaei, R, Rule, NO, Lamm, C, Pronizius, E, Voracek, M, Olsen, J, Mac Giolla, E, Akgoz, A, Ozdokru, AA, Crawford, MT, Bennett-Day, B, Koehn, MA, Okan, C, Gill, T, Miller, JK, Dunham, Y, Yang, X, Alper, S, Borras-Guevara, ML, Cai, SJ, Tiantian, D, Danvers, AF, Feinberg, DR, Armstrong, MM, Gilboa-Schechtman, E, McCarthy, RJ, Munoz-Reyes, JA, Polo, P, Shiramazu, VKM, Yan, W-J, Carvalho, L, Forscher, PS, Chartier, CR, and Coles, NA

Abstract

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1 .

Published
2021

26. Environmental adversity is associated with lower investment in collective actions

Author

Lettinga, N., Jacquet, P. O., André, J.-B., Baumand, N., Chevallier, C., Lettinga, N., Jacquet, P. O., André, J.-B., Baumand, N., and Chevallier, C.

Abstract

Environmental adversity is associated with a wide range of biological outcomes and behaviors that seem to fulfill a need to favor immediate over long-term benefits. Adversity is also associated with decreased investment in cooperation, which is defined as a long-term strategy. Beyond establishing the correlation between adversity and cooperation, the channel through which this relationship arises remains unclear. We propose that this relationship is mediated by a present bias at the psychological level, which is embodied in the reproduction-maintenance trade-off at the biological level. We report two pre-registered studies applying structural equation models to test this relationship on large-scale datasets (the European Values Study and the World Values Survey). The present study replicates existing research linking adverse environments (both in childhood and in adulthood) with decreased investment in adult cooperation and finds that this association is indeed mediated by variations in individuals’ reproduction-maintenance trade-off.

Published
2021

37. A zero-cost attention-based approach to promote cleaner streets

Author

Wyart, Mus M, Abdel Sater R, and Chevallier C

Subjects
Mathematical optimization, Computer science, sense organs, skin and connective tissue diseases, Zero (linguistics)
Abstract

In an effort to inform interventions targeting littering behaviour, we estimate how much a change in trash-bag colour increases trash can visibility in Paris. To that end, we apply standard Signal Detection techniques to test how much changing trash-bag colour from grey to red affects subjects' detection rates. In three pre-registered studies (total N = 922), we find that changing trash bag colour from grey to red translates into a 28% increase in the perceived number of bins. This means that a zero-cost change of trash-bag colour from grey to red is equivalent to installing 8,400 additional bins in the city ofParis, in terms of perceived density. Replication studies investigating additional colour changes show that changing the colour from grey to either green or blue further increases visibility, with blue exhibiting the highest increase in visibility.

Published
2020

38. Why would anyone elect a narcissistic untrustworthy leader? A behavioural ecology approach

Author

Safra L, Chevallier C, Baumard N, BULTEL, Charlotte, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives & Computationnelles (LNC2), Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Jean-Nicod (IJN), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Philosophie - ENS Paris, Sciences Po (Sciences Po), Centre de recherches politiques de Sciences Po (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CEVIPOF), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Centre de recherches politiques de Sciences Po (CEVIPOF)

Subjects
[SHS.ANTHRO-SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, [SCCO]Cognitive science, [SHS.EVOLUTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/domain_shs.evolution, Ecology (disciplines), Environmental ethics, Sociology, [SCCO] Cognitive science, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, [SHS.EVOLUTION] Humanities and Social Sciences/domain_shs.evolution
Abstract

Leader choice is a cornerstone of modern democracies and a central topic in cognitive sciences. In the present paper, we discuss an unresolved question in leader choice research: How can the cognitive mechanisms underpinning leader choice be both exquisitely responsive to contextual cues and blatantly suboptimal? Specifically, leaders displaying features that clearly threaten group coordination or that risk harming individuals’ interests are sometimes preferred. Our review of the literature suggests that this pattern can be explained by the fact that leader choice recycles social heuristics that evolved to evaluate individual’s achievements and track their competence. Achievement evaluations are a useful guide to select who to take information from and who to grant influence to in group decisions. When used in ‘leader choice' contexts however, this heuristic leads people to select high achievers whether or not they have adequate leadership skills (i.e. skills to successfully lead and coordinate the group).

Published
2020

39. Shrinkage and subsidence in a marsh soil: measurements and preliminary model

Author

Bernard, M., Dudoignon, P., Chevallier, C., and Pons, Y.

Subjects
Subsidences (Earth movements) -- Research, Soil temperature -- Measurement, Soils -- Thermal properties, Soils -- Measurement, Earth sciences
Abstract

Modeling the shrinkage and subsidence of soils is generally based on the laboratory shrinkage curves established from liquid state to shrinkage limit, rarely exhibited in situ. We studied the vertical behavior of day-dominant soils from the Marais de l'Ouest (France) in the 20 to 100% water content range. The consolidation states were quantified by recording profiles of wet density ([[gamma].sub.b]) and gravimetric water content (W) down to the depth of 2.50 and 2.00 m in a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field and a grassland, respectively. Under the evident surface consolidation, a paleosol was observed at 1.3-m depth in the sunflower field. The W profiles show two superimposed layers: in the upper layer, W increased from the shrinkage limit ([W.sub.s]) to the plasticity limit ([W.sub.p]), the W profiles bounded by the wet and dry season profiles; in the subjacent layer (100% > W > [W.sub.p]), the W profiles were quite constant. The depth of [W.sub.p] marks the end of the downward progression of the shrinkage cracks. The properties of shrinkage were established through drying stages on intact samples. In the [W.sub.s] to [W.sub.p] domain, the linearity of the volume-water content relation allows the modeling of the interseasonal volumetric distribution of the macro-porosity due to the shrinkage cracks. The preliminary model of porosity behavior proposed agrees with the two superimposed layers: the [W.sub.s] to [W.sub.p] domain characterized by isotropic shrinkage (shrinkage geometry factor r = 3), and the W > [W.sub.p] domain characterized by subsidence only (r = 1).

Published
2006

42. Photo reflectance study of GaAsSb/InP heterostructutes

Author

Chouaib, H., Bru-Chevallier, C., Guillot, G., Lahreche, H., and Bove, P.

Subjects
Gallium arsenide -- Electric properties, Gallium arsenide -- Optical properties, Indium -- Electric properties, Indium -- Optical properties, Physics
Abstract

Photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy experiments are reported on GaAsSb/InP heterosrtuctures. A study is conducted on the GaAsSb/InP PR spectrum as a function of temperature and the transition nature is shown to change from Franz-Keldysh oscillations (FKO) at room temperature to a third derivative functional form (TDFF) line shape at low temperatures.

Published
2005

49. How to grow cubic GaN with low hexagonal phase content on (001) SiC by molecular beam epitaxy

Author

Daudin, B., Feuillet, G., Hubner, J., Samson, Y., Widmann, F., Philippe, A., Bru-Chevallier, C., Guillot, G., Bustarret, E., Bentoumi, G., and Deneuville, A.

Subjects
Gallium nitrate -- Research, Silicon carbide -- Research, Raman spectroscopy -- Usage, Photoluminescence -- Usage, X-rays -- Diffraction, Physics
Abstract

Micro-Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, x-ray diffraction and reflection high-energy electron diffraction are used to examine molecular beam epitaxy of cubic gallium nitrate on silicon carbide films deposited by chemical vapor deposition on silicon. Results showed that the wurtzite/zinc-blende ratio is influenced by N/metal ratio and the initial substrate roughness.

Published
1998

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