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International audience; Within conventional bifunctional catalysts, active metal sites are associated with metal components, while acid sites are usually localized over oxide supports. The modification of metal sites by halogens provides an opportunity to generate acidity via the heterolytic dissociation of hydrogen directly over metal sites. Herein, we report the results of high-throughput screening of the combinations of different metals (Co, Ni, Ru, Pt, Pd, Rh) and halogens (Cl, Br, I) for acid site generation from hydrogen in the hydrogenation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The results demonstrate that only Pd and Pt catalysts demonstrate the formation of acid sites by interaction with Br, Cl, and I. The characterization in combination with density functional theory (DFT) modeling indicates hydrogen heterolytic dissociation over halogens localized at the edges and corners of Pd and Pt nanoparticles with an increase in strength of the acid sites with an increase of electronegativity of the halogen.

IntroductionChronic insomnia (CI) often co-occurs with depression and anxiety, and treatment may positively impact mood. This ongoing study collected real-world data on changes in insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms among adults with CI treated with a prescription digital therapeutic (PDT) delivering cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I; Somryst®, previously SHUTi).MethodsThis prospective, single-arm, pragmatic clinical study enrolled adults (≥18 years) in the US with CI and mobile device access. The PDT consists of six core modules completed over 6–9 weeks. In this interim analysis, participants completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7) and other self-reported outcomes—at screening (baseline/prior to Core 1), end of treatment (Day 63), and 6-month follow-up (Day 243).ResultsMean ISI scores decreased (pConclusionIn this study, treatment with digital CBT-I was associated with significant reductions in ISI, anxiety, and depression at posttreatment and at 6 months. The largest observed decreases in GAD-7 and PHQ-8 scores were among people with more severe baseline mood symptoms.FundingPear Therapeutics (US), Inc.

International audience; A non-thermal plasma (NTP) discharge is used in this study for the activation and regeneration of MS-13X pellets packed in a MS-13X & glass beads packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. NTP activation (in-situ) of MS-13X efficiently removes the adsorbed carbonaceous compounds and moisture resulting in an improved VOC adsorption. In addition, NTP exposure is used for the regeneration of the used MS-13X for cycled storage and discharge (CSD) removal of VOC from air. The amount of adsorbed toluene, products formed and the surface and bulk properties of the regenerated used MS-13X shows complete regeneration of used MS-13X. Finally, the stability of MS-13X during 10 cycles of CSD shows no degradation in performance. Thus, NTP exposure is proven to be successful for both the activation and regeneration of MS-13X pellets used for cyclic CSD process.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Prior research suggests that some individuals have a predisposition to experience insomnia following acute stressors (i.e. sleep reactivity). The present study was a proof of concept and specifically aimed to provide additional empirical evidence that the link between stressful life events and the onset of acute insomnia is moderated by sleep reactivity. METHODS: About 1,225 adults with a history of good sleep (M(age) = 53.2 years, 68% female, 83% white) were recruited nationwide for an online study on sleep health. Participants completed surveys to assess sleep reactivity (baseline), sleep patterns (daily sleep diary), and stressful life events (weekly survey). All daily and weekly measures were completed for a one-year period. Sleep diary data were used to identify sleep initiation/maintenance difficulties, including whether they met criteria for acute insomnia at any point during the one-year interval. RESULTS: Participants with high sleep reactivity compared to low sleep reactivity were at 76% increased odds of developing acute insomnia during the one-year interval. In general, greater weekly stressful life events were associated with greater insomnia during the subsequent week. Those participants with high sleep reactivity demonstrated a stronger relationship between weekly stressful life events and insomnia, such that they reported the greatest levels of insomnia following weeks where they experienced a greater number of stressful life events. CONCLUSIONS: These results further support the sleep reactivity model of insomnia, and specifically, provide evidence that sleep reactivity predicts the incidence of acute insomnia in a sample of participants with no history of insomnia.

The Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) region located in the province of Quebec was settled in the 19th century by pioneers issued from successive migration waves starting in France in the 17th century and continuing within Quebec until the beginning of the 20th century. The genetic structure of the SLSJ population is considered to be the product of a triple founder effect and is characterised by a higher prevalence of some rare genetic diseases. Several studies were performed to elucidate the historical, demographic and genetic background of current SLSJ inhabitants to assess the origins of these rare disorders and their distribution in the population. Thanks to the development of new sequencing technologies, the genes and the variants responsible for the most prevalent conditions were identified. Combined with other resources such as the BALSAC population database, identifying the causal genes and the pathogenic variants allowed to assess the impacts of some of these founder mutations on the population health and to design precision medicine public health strategies based on carrier testing. Furthermore, it stimulated the establishment of many public programmes.We report here a review and an update of a subset of inherited disorders and founder mutations in the SLSJ region. Data were collected from published scientific sources. This work expands the knowledge about the current frequencies of these rare disorders, the frequencies of other rare genetic diseases in this population, the relevance of the carrier tests offered to the population, as well as the current available treatments and research about future therapeutic avenues for these inherited disorders.

Introduction Insomnia is a major public health concern and one of the most prevalent health issues among adults. Identifying protective and risk factors for insomnia could help identify vulnerable populations and design public health interventions to prevent some adverse medical and mental health consequences. The study objective was to identify protective and risk factors for insomnia in a population-based sample of adults. Methods Data is from a large epidemiological cohort study on the natural course of insomnia conducted in Canada before the COVID-19 pandemic. Insomnia and potential protective and risk factors for insomnia were measured annually over 5 years with validated questionnaires (e.g., Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test, Arousal Predisposition Scale, Life Experiences Survey). Risk factors for insomnia were divided as predisposing or precipitating factors. Results From a cohort of 3,413 participants 1,709 adults were identified as good sleepers at baseline and were included in the analyses. A total of 202 people developed an insomnia syndrome during the 5-year follow-up. Using survival analysis for discrete events, the following variables were significant predisposing factors for insomnia: anxiety (HR=1.037; p=0.018), depression (HR=1.082; p< 0.001), perceived stress (HR=1.073; p< 0.001), number of negative life events (HR=1.478; p=0.02), perceived worse general health (HR=1.606; p=0.006), pain (HR=1.475; p=0.002), vulnerability to stress (HR=1.089; p< 0.001), and maladaptive emotional coping (HR=1.044; p< 0.001). The following variables were identified as precipitating factors for insomnia: loss of income (HR=1.346; p=0.03), increased anxiety (HR=1.070, p< 0.001), depression (HR=1.119; p< 0.001) and perceived stress (HR=1.083; p=0.001), decline in perceived general health (HR=2.061; p=0.006), and increased pain (HR=1.353; p=0.013). Physical activity was not a significant protective factor for insomnia (p=0.54). Conclusion These results provide new information that could be helpful to prevent the onset and chronicity of insomnia by targeting specific precipitating factors, and people with predisposing factors for insomnia. This is important as insomnia tends to be a persistent condition and is known to increase adverse medical and mental health outcomes. Support (if any) This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Background Omalizumab has been shown to improve the safety and feasibility of oral immunotherapy (OIT), but the optimal dosage strategy is unknown. Objective Our aim was to identify determinants of omalizumab dose–related efficacy in the context of OIT. Methods The study sample consisted of a clinical cohort of 181 patients treated with omalizumab-enabled oral immunotherapy at 3 centers. Patients received omalizumab for at least 2 months before an initial food escalation (IFE) with a mix of up to 6 allergens. Progression through IFE steps was assessed with survival analysis. Continued food dose tolerance with omalizumab weaning was also documented. Results Omalizumab dosage per weight alone was strongly associated with progression through the IFE (χ2 = 28.18; P Conclusion In the context of OIT and IgE-mediated disease, omalizumab dosages should be adjusted for body weight alone, independently of total IgE level. The fraction of allergen-specific/total IgE may be useful to predict patients at greater risk of food dosing reactions subsequent to weaning.

International audience; Currently, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the major contributor toward global climate change. Direct CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether produces an important platform molecule for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals and at the same time, utilizes large amounts of this greenhouse gas. In this paper, we prepared a series of hybrid catalysts, which are composed of alumina supported copper–palladium nanoparticles and HZSM-5 zeolite for the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from CO2. Copper active sites showed a higher intrinsic activity for CO2 hydrogenation compared to palladium. The low palladium content in the copper–palladium bimetallic catalysts was particularly beneficial for the dimethyl ether production. Undesirable methane and ethane production was completely suppressed, while the dimethyl ether selectivity was considerably increased. Extensive catalyst characterization combined with catalytic measurements was indicative of the presence of copper and palladium monometallic and bimetallic particles with different sizes and reducibility in the hybrid catalysts. The presence of even small amounts of palladium significantly improved copper reducibility and copper dispersion. Some decrease in the Brønsted acidity in the copper containing catalysts was due to the migration of unreduced copper ions in the zeolite channels during the reduction. The methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether was only slightly affected by the amounts of Brønsted acid sites in the hybrid catalysts.

BACKGROUND Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder worldwide and cognitive behavioural therapy is the front-line treatment. Digital health technologies have a role to play in screening and delivering interventions remotely and without the need for human intervention. The KANOPEE app, which provides a screening and behavioural intervention for insomnia symptoms through an interaction with a virtual agent, showed encouraging results in previous studies during and after the COVID-19 lockdown, but has not yet been evaluated in a controlled study. OBJECTIVE This study aims at comparing the benefits of KANOPEE, a smartphone application proposing repeated interactions with a virtual companion to screen and deliver personalized recommendations to deal with insomnia complaints; with another application proposing an electronic sleep diary and named “My Sleep Diary”. The acceptance and potential benefits of these digital solutions are demonstrated in real-life settings (i.e. without soliciting human medical resources) and in the general population. METHODS Subjects were included if they downloaded one of the apps between December 2020 and October 2021; and were of legal age. Both apps are available on downloading platforms in France and both groups were equivalent in terms of baseline characteristics. Primary outcome was Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and secondary outcomes were Total Sleep Time (TST) and Sleep Efficiency (SE). RESULTS 535 users completed the 17-day intervention with KANOPEE and 489 users completed My Sleep Diary for 17 days. A differential effect was obtained for KANOPEE users compared to My Sleep Diary users regarding ISI score (interaction Time*Group: F[2,2014] = 16.9, P 15) benefited the most from KANOPEE (interaction severity*Time: F[4,2014] = 26.3, P CONCLUSIONS KANOPEE provides significantly greater benefits than an electronic sleep diary regarding reduction of insomnia complaints in a self-selected sample of the general population. CLINICALTRIAL NCT05074901

More than 107 pathogenic variations were identified in Keratin 14 gene (KRT14) in patients affected by epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a rare skin disease with still no curative treatment. Disease models as human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are promising tool for further advance the knowledge about this disorder and accelerate therapies development. Here, two hiPSC lines were reprogrammed from skin fibroblasts of two EBS patients carrying mutations within KRT14 by using CytoTune®Sendai virus. These iPSCs display pluripotent cell morphology, pluripotent markers expression, and the capability to differentiate into the three germ layers.

Cette etude porte sur le developpement d’un augment proclitique le observe dans le francais poitevin au tournant du xvie au xviie siecle, qui s’apparente au redoublement des pronoms a la source de la gemination du proclitique objet elide l’ de certaines varietes modernes du francais. Apres avoir rappele en introduction les hypotheses en presence pour expliquer l’origine de cette gemination, je presente dans une premiere section quelques cas classiques de redoublement d’elements grammaticaux dans les dialectes septentrionaux de la Gallo-Romania. Je presente ensuite un certain nombre de faits qui militent en faveur de l’hypothese selon laquelle l’augment clitique le devant proclitiques objets que l’on observe dans le francais regional du Poitou des xvie et xviie siecles (il le l’a epousee) et dans les parlers saintongeais des xviiie et xixe siecles (i le les allumit « il les alluma ») est de tout autre nature.

PURPOSE Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is more prevalent in some founder populations, but relatively unexplored in Canada. This study aimed at investigating the French-Canadian patients through phenotypic and genotypic characterization. METHOD Phenotype and demographic characterization were done for 12 affected individuals belonging to eight unrelated families. Samples from 11 cases were analyzed in a molecular clinical laboratory, and muscle biopsies were reviewed for two individuals with a limb-girdle muscle dystrophy. RESULTS The clinical phenotype was similar to that observed in European Caucasian populations but differed in the non-endocrine spectrum from the American-reported series of cases. Two cases exhibited a limb-girdle muscle dystrophy, and we found preliminary evidence of a mitochondrial dysfunction, since all three biopsies examined showed COX-deficient fibers in excess of what would be expected for age. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial accumulation without abnormal cristea or inclusions. The c.1616C > T variant in the AIRE gene was responsible for 100% of APECED cases in the French-Canadian population of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean in Quebec, Canada. CONCLUSIONS We report the first series of French-Canadian cases affected with APECED. The Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region was uncovered as a new founder population for this condition. Muscle biopsy findings expanded the range of previously described APECED-related myopathology. Long term follow-up of our genetically homogeneous French-Canadian cases may help determine if the c.1616C > T variant increases the risk of muscle involvement. A neonatal screening program is under consideration to prevent undesired life-threatening endocrine manifestations.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 crisis and consequent confinement restrictions have caused significant psychosocial stress and reports of sleep complaints, which require early management, have increased during recent months. To help individuals concerned about their sleep, we developed a smartphone-based app called KANOPEE that allows users to interact with a virtual agent dedicated to autonomous screening and delivering digital behavioral interventions. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the feasibility of this app, in terms of inclusion rate, follow-up rate, perceived trust and acceptance of the virtual agent, and effects of the intervention program, in the context of COVID-19 confinement in France. METHODS The virtual agent is an artificial intelligence program using decision tree architecture and interacting through natural body motion and natural voice. A total of 2069 users aged 18 years and above downloaded the free app during the study period (April 22 to May 5, 2020). These users first completed a screening interview based on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) conducted by the virtual agent. If the users were positive for insomnia complaints (ISI score >14), they were eligible to join the 2-stage intervention program: (1) complete an electronic sleep diary for 1 week and (2) follow personalized sleep recommendations for 10 days. We collected and analyzed the following measures: sociodemographic information, ISI scores and sleep/wake schedules, and acceptance and trust of the agent. RESULTS Approximately 76% (1574/2069) of the app users completed the screening interview with the virtual agent. The virtual agent was well accepted by 27.4% (431/1574) of the users who answered the acceptance and trust questionnaires on its usability, satisfaction, benevolence, and credibility. Of the 773 screened users who reported sleep complaints (ISI score >14), 166 (21.5%) followed Step 1 of the intervention, and only 47 of those (28.3%) followed Step 2. Users who completed Step 1 found that their insomnia complaints (baseline mean ISI score 18.56, mean ISI score after Step 1 15.99; PP21) did not respond to either intervention. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that the KANOPEE app is a promising solution to screen populations for sleep complaints and that it provides acceptable and practical behavioral advice for individuals reporting moderately severe insomnia.

International audience; Surface functionalisation of mesoporous silicas is critical to their application as sorbents and catalyst supports. Here we report the impact of chloride on the physicochemical properties of SBA-15, notably the surface density of reactive hydroxyl groups. Bulk and surface properties were characterised by N2 porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and Inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Increasing the HCl concentration from 0.1 → 2.0 M during the sol-gel preparation of SBA-15 increased the surface silanol coverage two-fold, and slightly widened mesopores from 4.2 to 4.9 nm. IGC reveals that the specific surface energy and corresponding surface polarity of SBA-15 correlate with surface silanol properties, and hence tuning the HCl concentration during SBA-15 synthesis offers a facile route to hydrophilic or hydrophobic silicas, and in turn a means to control their functionalisation and sorptive properties.

Dans sa recherche sur l'apprentissage de la norme des marques du pluriel en français, Hébert (1977) a recueilli en 1973 de nombreuses données nouvelles sur l'usage (provoqué) d'une population représentative d'enfants québécois entre les âges de cinq et onze ans, qui illustrent la mise en place du système morphologique verbal dans la grammaire mentale des enfants de ce groupe d'âge et que je réexaminerai ici en montrant comment elles permettent de mieux comprendre la dynamique interne propre au système morphologique du français, sa stabilisation dans la grammaire mentale du sujet parlant, et la relation entre la mise en place de ce système, l'actuation et la transmission du changement historique.

BACKGROUND Leigh syndrome, French Canadian type is a rare neurodegenerative disease. To our knowledge, there have been no studies based on ocular findings published for this disease. The purpose of this study is to describe ophthalmic findings in these patients. PATIENTS Six patients genetically identified as having the syndrome were included in this study. METHODS Four patients had an ophthalmic examination with an ophthalmologist including evaluation of visual acuity, extraocular motility and lid position, orthoptic workup, evaluation of stereopsis, refraction, evaluation of pupils, color vision, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, measurement of intraocular pressure, and fundoscopy. Two patients had a chart review. RESULTS Visual acuity ranged from 0.00 logmar to 1.55 logmar. Extraocular motility abnormalities and ptosis were noted in half of the patients. Strabismus was present in the entire cohort, and stereopsis was absent in half of these patients. Amblyopia was noted in 83% of individuals and suppression in 33%. Only one patient had nystagmus. Refraction varied throughout patients. It included severe hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and significant anisometropia. Pupils, anterior segment, fundus, and color vision were normal in all patients. Intraocular pressure was slightly elevated in one patient. CONCLUSION Patients with Leigh syndrome, French Canadian type display a variety of ophthalmic findings, and screening at a young age is recommended.

Background This study reports the genetic features of four Caucasian males from the Saguenay‒Lac‐St‐Jean region affected by partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) with hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay, microcephaly, hypoplasia, and autistic behavior. Methods We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify new genes involved in this pathological phenotype. The regions of interest were subsequently sequenced for family members. Results Single‐nucleotide variations (SNVs) and insertions or deletions were detected in genes potentially implicated in brain defects observed in these patients. One patient did not have mutations in genes related to ACC, but carried a de novo pathogenic mutation in Mucolipin‐1 (MCOLN1) and was diagnosed with mucolipidosis type IV. Among the other probands, missense SNVs were observed in DCLK2 (Doublecortin Like Kinase 2), HERC2 (HECT And RLD Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 2), and KCNH3 (Potassium channel, voltage‐gated, subfamily H, member 3). One patient also carried a non‐frameshift insertion in CACNA1A (Cav2.1(P/Q‐type) calcium channels). Conclusion Although no common genetic defect was observed in this study, we provide evidence for new avenues of investigation for ACC, such as molecular pathways involving HERC2, CACNA1A, KCNH3, and more importantly DCLK2. We also allowed to diagnose an individual with mucolipidosis type IV., We performed whole exome sequencing to identify new genes involved in partial agenesis of the corpus callosum with hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay, microcephaly, hypoplasia, and autistic behavior. Although no common genetic defect was observed, we provided new insights on genes potentially implicated in this pathological phenotype, such as DCLK2.

Un homme de 65 ans, adepte du PASSIFLORA et compléments alimentaires, aux antécédents de NOIAA vasculaire gauche en 2015 est hospitalisé dans note unité de Médecine Polyvalente pour baisse de l’acuité visuelle à droite depuis trois semaines avec NOIAA vasculaire sans amélioration. Il est suspecté une maladie de Horton. Lors de l'examen clinique d'entré, les urines du patient sont fluorescentes. Cela est dû à la fluorescéine injectée au patient lors de l'examen ophtalmologique. C'est un effet secondaire connu de ce produit.

Definitions and epidemiology of insomnia Complaints of poor sleep are numerous and frequent in the general population. One of the most important is insomnia. As it is a subjective complaint, it can be difficult to define and diagnose. Various nosologies propose a common definition even if no consensus has yet been reached. Insomnia may be associated to or be the consequence of various psychiatric and somatic comorbidities. The purpose of this article is to present various definitions used to diagnose insomnia and provide updated knowledge about its prevalence, incidence, determinants and consequences.Définitions et épidémiologie de l’insomnie Les plaintes de mauvais sommeil sont multiples et fréquentes dans la population générale. Parmi ces plaintes, l’une des plus importantes est l’insomnie. Du fait de son côté subjectif, elle peut s’avérer difficile à définir et à diagnostiquer. Différentes nosologies tendent à proposer une définition commune même si aucun consensus n’a encore été vraiment trouvé. L’insomnie peut être associée ou être la conséquence de nombreuses comorbidités psychiatriques et somatiques. L’objectif de cet article est de donner les définitions utilisées pour poser un diagnostic d’insomnie, et d’apporter quelques connaissances sur sa prévalence, son incidence, ses déterminants et ses conséquences.

International audience; The catalytic reforming of pyrolytic oil comes from scrap tires rubber (STR) was studied using as catalyst three different heteropolyacids (HPA) supported on commercial silica (CARiACT Q-10); H3PW12O40 (HPW), H3PMo12O40 (HPMo) and H4PMo11VO40 (HPMoV). A specify attention was given to influence of acidity of catalysts (i.e. strength and acid site types i.e. Lewis and/or Brønsted) on the concentration of cymenes in the pyrolytic oil. The catalytic performance was evaluated in a fixed bed reactor at laboratory-scale equipped with two independent thermal zones; in the first, the STR pyrolysis takes place to produce volatile compounds which, consequently, were transformed in a catalytic zone. The resulting pyrolysis oil in each test was collected in two cooling traps and characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID for the identification and quantification of all aromatic compounds. The results showed a decrease on the pyrolytic oil yield when HPA based catalysts were used, which seems to be promoted by an higher number of Brønsted sites. It has reached an increase in the aromatic concentration, compared to the test without catalyst, of up to 140% for the Molybdenum-based catalysts and close to 89% for the Tungsten-based catalyst. The major compounds obtained were cymenes and its production was closely associated to the type and strength of acid sites. Thus, the highest amount of cymenes (mainly p-cymene) was obtained with the highest number of Lewis sites and the highest ratio of Lewis/Brønsted acid sites, i.e. Molybdenum-based catalysts. On the contrary, the lowest yields were obtained when the Tungsten-based catalyst was used associated to its higher number of Brønsted acid sites and its strong acidity that promote the cracking reactions.

The acrolein production from methanol and ethanol mixtures over iron-molybdate-based catalysts was studied. The reaction to acrolein can be described by two successive steps: the first consists on the oxidation of both alcohols into their corresponding aldehydes and the second step is the subsequent aldol condensation of the as-formed aldehydes. The iron-molybdate catalysts were modified by doping with La and Ce (1%mol) in order to improve the aldol condensation step of the process. Series of catalysts were thus synthesized with different Mo/Fe ratios (i.e., 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5) and calcined at three different temperatures (i.e, 350 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C). The best catalytic performance was observed for FeMoCe2.0 (400 °C) for which the acrolein yield reached 42% (T = 320 °C, MetOH/EtOH = 1, GHSV = 3900 h−1). Furthermore, all the samples were characterised by TGA-DSC, HT-XRD, XPS, BET, LEIS, XRF, CO2-TPD, Pyridine (FTIR) and NH3 (calorimetry) adsorption. The increase in acrolein yield observed upon La and Ce doping was attributed to acid/base properties modification.

International audience; NiW catalysts supported on g-Al 2 O 3 (NiW/Al 2 O 3), commercial Beta (NiW/HB) and hierarchical Beta prepared by base-acid treatment (NiW/HB-M) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 sorption, infrared spectroscopy (IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic performance of these catalysts was evaluated in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene. The results indicate that NiW/HB as well as NiW/HB-M endured important and rapid deactivation showing that the introduction of additional mesopores/macropores in the support could not prevent the deactivation tendency. Interestingly, NiW/HB or NiW/HB-M mixed with NiW/Al 2 O 3 and the utilization of Na +-exchanged Beta as a support remarkably improved the anti-deactivation ability of the catalysts. As a result, the catalysts NiW/NaB-M (NiW catalyst supported on Na +-exchanged hierarchical Beta) and NiW/20HB-M (20% NiW/HB-M mixed with 80% NiW/Al 2 O 3) gave superior catalytic activity than NiW/Al 2 O 3 .

Background Primary care patients are often cited as a cause of Emergency Department overcrowding (ED). The aim of this study was to evaluate a physician led redirection procedure of selected patients towards an out of hours general practice (OHGP) in an Emergency Department with 55,000 admissions per year. Methods Observational monocentric study over a period of 2 months. Every patient redirected to the OHGP was included and subsequently contacted by telephone to answer a standardized questionnaire, in order to measure:Redirection rate over the entire period and during weekdays or weekends/holidayRate of redirected patients who went to the OHGPRate of redirected patients who consulted in an ED in the next 72 h for the same reasonRedirected patients’ satisfaction rate Results During the study period 9551 patients presented to the ED, of which 288 were redirected towards the OHGP (3%). The redirection rate was 1.9% during weekdays and 5.7% during weekends/holiday (p

TiO 2 -anatase-supported rhenium catalysts were prepared by oxidative redispersion of metallic rhenium. The structure and the activity of the as-prepared catalysts were found to be similar to those prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation technique. Interestingly, our results suggest that the active phase of those catalysts retain oxorhenate species in which the rhenium could be involved as Re 6+ in small clusters, as suggested by UV–visible absorption and XPS experiments. Such catalysts were found to be highly active in methanol conversion to methylal. However, we have evidenced that the low rhenium surface coverage catalyst is prone to surface poisoning because of the formation of rhenium carbonyl species and coke in the absence of oxygen. A comprehensive multi-techniques in situ and operando study made it possible to show that the redox couple(s) implied in the target reaction involve Re 7+ , Re 6+ and Re 4+ species and to make a rational link between the pieces of the puzzle.

Yves Charles Morin analyzes a common form of diphthongization that affected unstressed non-low back vowels in some dialects of Northern Gallo-Romance. Contrary to the traditional view, he argues that the diphthong of poireau resulted from a genuine sound change that developed in the Paris region in ways similar to, but historically independent from, the diphthongization observed in Southern Picardy and Western Normandy.

Les auteurs examinent la pertinence et l’interet du concept de « Rappel a la loi » (morale ou autre) dans la dynamique educative et soignante destinee aux adolescents pervers. Ayant constate que l’indifference au mal qui caracterise le pervers n’abolit pas le sentiment de dignite personnelle, les auteurs proposent une alternative au recours a une loi insaisissable. Ils preconisent de privilegier une reference moins abstraite donc plus a meme d’etre recue et comprise par les jeunes en faisant appel au sentiment personnel de dignite. Ils fournissent les pistes de travail dont ils ont reconnu l’utilite dans la prise en charge des adolescents pervers.

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a skin disorder resulting from a weakened cytoskeleton of the proliferative compartment of the epidermis, leading to cell fragility and blistering. Although many mutations have been identified in intermediate filament keratins KRT5 and KRT14, detailed pathogenic mechanisms and the way these mutations affect cell metabolism are unclear. Therefore, we performed genomic and transcriptomic study in six Canadian EBS patients and six healthy subjects. We first characterized these patients at the genetic level and identified six pathogenic mutations of which two were novel. Then, we performed an expression microarray analysis of the EBS epidermis tissue to identify potential regulatory pathways altered in this disease. Expression profiling comparisons show that 28 genes are differentially expressed in EBS patients compared to control subjects and 41 genes in severe phenotype patients (EBS-DM) compared to their paired controls. Nine genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and two genes in epidermal keratinization are common altered expressed genes (up regulated) between the two subgroups. These two biological pathways contribute both to the formation of the cell envelope barrier and seem to be defective in the severe EBS phenotype. This study identifies, for the first time, the fatty acid metabolism disruption in EBS.

RésuméCe travail examine la thèse de Malcah Yaeger-Dror sur l’évolution des voyelles moyennes du français voulant qu’elle soit régie par des principes généraux sur les changements en chaîne. En français, les voyelles toniques longues non hautes auraient tendance à se fermer vers les positions extrêmes [e:], [ø:] et [o:], puis, arrivées à cette étape, à renverser leur trajectoire et à s’ouvrir en direction de [a:] et de [a:]. Cette deuxième étape est retardée dans une classe de mots pour lesquels Yaeger-Dror pense que seules seraient pertinentes leurs connotations sociales, sans tenir compte de l’étymologie, de l’environnement phonétique et de la fréquence. Le présent article reprend la problématique générale de l’évolution des voyelles moyennes du français et propose une nouvelle analyse de la formation de voyelles longues et de leur évolution en français.

Cet article reprend l’analyse des -s finals non étymologiques à la 1sg de certains verbes français, par ex., (je) Ii > (je) lis. Il y est montré que cet -s n’était pas à l’origine un simple fait de graphie, mais qu’il notait une consonne articulée [s] - au moins dans certains dialectes - et que cette consonne se prononçait encore au milieu du XVIe siècle. Ce -s n’est pas une forme analogique de la 2sg, comme il est souvent admis. Au contraire, il s’est créé une nouvelle marque de 1sg à la suite de changements phonétiques réguliers tels que la consonne finale -s de certains radicaux verbaux a été réinterprétée comme une marque de 1sg, phonétiquement identique à celle de la 2sg. C’est le syncrétisme entre ces deux marques de personne qui a permis la généralisation (incomplète) du -s de 1sg à de nouvelles formes verbales., This article re-examines the status and development of non-etymological final -s of 1sg verb forms in the history of French, e.g., (je) Ii > (je) lis 'I read'. It is argued that these consonants were not mere silent graphic signs, but represented an [s]-sound—at least in some dialects—still pronounced in the middle of the 16th century. This ending was not analogically derived from the 2sg person ending, as is often claimed. Instead, a new 1sg person ending was created when regular phonetic changes allowed some stem-final -s's to be reinterpreted as a 1sg person marker, phonetically identical to the etymological 2sg person marker -s, as in (tu) lis 'you read'. The ensuing syncretism between the two person markers is responsible for the (partial) generalization of 1sg -s to new verb forms.

On attribue un grand nombre des changements historiques ayant affecté le timbre des voyelles en français à l’effet de la loi de position, qui dans une de ses formulations, dit que les voyelles ont tendance à s’ouvrir en syllabe fermée et à se fermer en syllabe ouverte. Nous examinons ici différentes interprétations de cette loi (formulation, portée, progression dans le temps, valeur descriptive et explicative), et montrons que celle-ci ne constitue qu’un schéma vague, souvent incorrect et sans vraie valeur explicative. Nous proposons au contraire que les changements décrits par la loi de position s’expliquent essentiellement en fonction de la durée vocalique, et en particulier que les voyelles longues tendent à se fermer et les voyelles brèves à s’ouvrir., Many changes in the history of the French vowel system have been credited to a simple law—the loi de position, one formulation of which says that vowels tend to rise in open syllables and to fall in closed ones. I examine here various proposals concerning this diachronic law: its formulation, its scope, the period during which it applies, its descriptive and explanatory value, and conclude that it is altogether imprecise, inaccurate and unexplanatory. A better analysis directly relates these changes to vowel length, in particular, long vowels often rise and short vowels often fall.

La loi de position tire sa force de son imprécision, de son refus d’examiner avec rigueur les faits du passé et de son recours au futur pour ignorer les cas les plus récalcitrants. Spence (1988) se porte néanmoins à sa rescousse dans ce numéro. Son argumentation, cependant, est minée par de nombreuses généralisations hâtives, pour ne pas dire fausses. Il concède à mes remarques antérieures (Morin 1986) que la longueur pourrait avoir eu une influence, mais déforme souvent mes propos. En particulier, il m’attribue à tord la thèse que « la qualité des voyelles contemporaines [du français] se rattacherait […] à leur longueur en français moyen »— une thèse qui est clairement farfelue et qu’il n’a aucun mal à discréditer., The loi de position draws its strength from its lack of precision, its cursory concern for historical facts, and its appeal to future evolution to set aside recalcitrant data. Spence (1988) will nevertheless champion its cause in this journal. His argumentation, however, suffers from being based on numerous hasty—not to say false—generalizations. He will concede that vocalic length might have had some influence, but to much less an extent than he claims I proposed (Morin 1986). He presents a distorted view of my analysis; in particular, he imputes me the thesis that "vowel quality in modern French would derive from vocalic length in middle French"—which is so obviously false that he has no difficulty in falsifying it.

Cet article examine la source des oppositions de longueur des voyelles e accentuées des mots se terminant par -esse — par exemple presse [prε̄s] avec une voyelle longue et messe [mε̆s] avec une voyelle brève — et leur évolution jusqu’en français moderne.Les voyelles brèves continuent des [e] fermés de l’ancien français primitif et les voyelles longues des [ε] ouverts. Contrairement à ce qu’enseignent les manuels de phonétique historique du français, il n’y a donc pas eu de neutralisation entre ces deux voyelles dans tous les contextes pendant la période de l’ancien français.Cette distinction s’observe dans la norme parisienne du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle et y disparaîtra progressivement ensuite, alors qu’elle se maintient fidèlement au Québec., This article examines the source of the length contrast between long [ε̄] and short [ε̆] in the words ending with -esse in French—e.g., presse [prε̄s] 'press' vs. messe [mε̆s] 'mass'—and the evolution of these vowels from Early Old to Modern French.The short vowels are the reflexes of Early Old French close [e]; the long ones, that of Early Old French open [ε]. In contradiction with traditional descriptions, one must conclude that the opposition between these two vowels has not been neutralized in Old French in all contexts.The length contrast was retained in Standard French from the 16th to the 18th century and eventually disappeared, while it is still prevalent in Québec French.